11 Technologies That Are Used To Study And Understand Oceans

By Sukant Kumar | In: Marine Technology | Last Updated on December 7, 2020

Man is inescapably dependent on the sea. Yet, he knows very little about it. Ocean observation
systems broaden our knowledge about ocean touching our shores.

Study and understanding of oceans is also important for the shipping industry. The data
received from the oceans is helpful is predicting weather and sea conditions, which is vital for
ships in planning courses and taking necessary precautions.

Moreover, ocean observation systems also help to understand ocean pollution, climate
changes, untapped resources, changes in currents, behavior of marine organisms etc.

Mentioned below are eleven important technologies that are used to study and understand
oceans around the world.

11 Technologies That Are Used To Study And Understand Oceans

1. High Frequency Radars: HFR measures the speed and direction of ocean surface currents
near the coast, from a few kilometers to 200 km. offshore. It also helps in detecting objects
floating on the sea surface and therefore is extremely useful in search and rescue operations.

The radar transmitter sends a signal out to the sea and the conductive seawater surface
returns a signal, measuring the Doppler shift and giving velocity and direction.

This weatherproof device can generate current field every 15 minutes. It is also a core
component of the website Sccoos that displays environmental conditions at the entrance of
the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach to provide help in marine navigation.

Traditionally, current measuring devices are directly placed into the water by ship’s crew
member to retrieve current speeds. But, HF radars have uniqueness of measuring large area
current profile at once with all required details, which even satellites are incapable of doing.

2. SeaGliders: Seaglider is an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) or underwater glider

developed for continuous, long term measurement of oceanographic parameters. Rather than
an electrically driven propeller, the vehicle uses small changes in buoyancy and wings to
achieve forward motion. The system’s pitch and roll are controlled using adjustable ballast
(the vehicle battery).
The equipment is designed for missions covering thousands of miles and lasting for many
months. It can operate at depths up to 1000 meters and the hull compresses as it sinks,
matching the compressibility of seawater. It moves through the water in a saw-tooth like
pattern and surfaces regularly to determine its position using GPS. The internal sensors
determine the vehicle heading, depth and attitude while it dives, whereas its external sensors
scan the ocean to collect oceanographic data.

3. Animal Telemetry: Animal Telemetry involves marine animals to carry electronic tags. This
tagging technology enables us to know how these animals interact with the ocean. This
knowledge is helpful to understand the vast ocean and the challenges of climate change and
marine environmental pollution.

This device has been used since 1990 on sharks, sea turtles, seals, whales etc. Sensors track
the animals and collect valuable data from the most unreachable areas in the ocean where
conventional oceanographic sensing methods are technically or economically unfeasible.

4. Buoy System: Buoy is a floating instrumentation platform in the sea that can be used to
collect information about sea and environmental conditions. Surface buoy, Telemetry and
Shore station constitute its working mechanism.

Surface buoy collects information such as sea-surface temperature, current speed, humidity,
wave parameters, wind speed & direction using various sensors. The data is sent to shore
stations through satellite, which analyses the data and predicts sea-state for that particular
area. In case of Tsunami Buoy System, there is a 4th component called Bottom Pressure
Recorder (BPR), which is deployed at ocean bottom and fitted with pressure sensor. The
sensor measures pressure at the bottom and predicts height of the water above the sea-floor.

5. Drifters: Using this device, oceanographers can study global ocean currents and its effects.
With recent advancements, drifters provide ocean circulation patterns in real time. The
“shallow water” drifter can be deployed from a ship or an airplane. Once it is floated,
transmitter starts sending data to the satellite, which further transmits it to receiving stations
where the data is processed. Other sensors for surface temperature, wind, ocean colour,
pressure and salinity may also be housed in the device to get more information from the sea.

6. Underwater Hydrophone: Underwater hydrophone is designed to detect underwater noise

in the ocean. It is based on the principle of a special property (piezoelectricity) of certain
ceramics that produces a small electrical current when subjected to pressure changes. The
hydrophone when exposed to underwater sounds propagating from any direction, produces
small-voltage signals over a wide range of frequencies. Sound in the sea can be measured
more precisely by amplifying and recording these electric signals and deploying several
hydrophones in an array. Hydrophone sensor is the basic tool for several underwater acoustic
technologies such as Sonobuoys, Cabled hydrophones and Autonomous hydrophones.

7. Clod Cards: These ice cube shaped identical trapezoids made up of alabaster or plaster of
paris are used to study underwater flow patterns. Using submersible, ROVs or scuba diver, pre
weighed clod cards are deployed at predetermined sites. After a fixed time period (usually 24-
48 hours) of time, these are retrieved, dried and reweighed. Precise weight of plaster of paris
lost from each card can be determined. Accordingly it can be concluded that clods losing more
weight were exposed to greater water flow than those losing less weight. Similarly they can be
used to measure several other important parameters from the sea.Clod Cards

8. Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing,
checking, and displaying geographical data. With enough good information given, a GIS can
create a virtual ocean inside a computer. With the click on the mouse, GIS gives images of
underwater cliffs and flora and fauna flourishing at the ocean floor at any particular site in the
ocean. Modern GIS technologies use digital input. Normally CAD program is used for
digitalizing map and survey plan.

9. SONAR: Sound Navigation and Ranging—SONAR is a technology which uses sound wave to
find and identify objects in water. Sound wave holds advantage of attenuating less in water
than electromagnetic waves. First used during World War-1, the technology has improved
greatly with the development of digital computers in the 1960s which made plotting of sonar
data much more easier.

SONAR is generally categorized as Active and Passive sonar. Active sonar transducers emits
acoustic signal and detects any object if sound wave is reflected to the receiver. The same
method is used to measure water depth at various locations. Passive sonar is primarily used to
detect noise from submarines, ships or marine animal and is therefore very useful in naval
operations.

Currently, NOAA is involved in the process of seabed mapping using SONAR technology.

10. Satellite Oceanography: Though the most important purpose of satellite is to establish
communication from ocean to land, it also serves as a vital role in ocean observing as well.
Environmental satellites provide images of sea surface temperature which is helpful in
knowing water circulation patterns.
Satellite also gives data of the color of the ocean (among other data) which help
oceanographers to determine impact of floods along the coast and to detect algal blooms. In
recent years, remote sensing technology has equipped satellite with altimetry (which
measures sea surface height) and scatterometry (which measures wind speed and direction).

Geosynchronous environmental satellites monitor the development of major storms, such as

hurricanes and tornadoes. Satellite imagery maps also provide information on coral reefs,
coastal habitats, and similar environments.

Satellite Oceanography
11. ROVs: ROV or Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicle is an unoccupied vehicle similar to a
robot. It is fitted with sensors and sampling tools to collect various types of data from the
oceans. A network of cables is utilized to establish a connection between the operator and the
remotely operated vehicle, which would enable the proper movement of the ROV. The ROV is
well-equipped with modern technology and consists of a lighting system and a video camera
to record a better subaquatic panorama and contribute to geology education and sea life
learning.