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INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY
Appendix A
Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Prepared By
Robert C. Yoder
Siena College
Instructor's Manual to accompany:
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
To create databases in Microsoft Access 2016
To create tables in Microsoft Access 2016
To understand Microsoft Access 2016 data types
To insert data into tables in Microsoft Access 2016
To create relationships between tables in Microsoft Access 2016
To create Query-by-Example (QBE) queries in Microsoft Access 2016
To create SQL views in Microsoft Access 2016
To understand the use of the Form Wizard in Microsoft Access 2016
To understand the use of the Report Wizard in Microsoft Access 2016
ERRATA
There are no known errors at this time. Any errors that are discovered in the future will
be reported and corrected in the Online DBP e15 Errata document, which will be
available at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke.
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
Microsoft Access 2016 provides a good starting point for student DBMS use.
Microsoft Access 2016 is commonly available in many computer labs, and many
students will already be familiar with the software.
If your students are not familiar with Microsoft Access 2016, use this material at
the start of your class. It should be completed before, or soon after, you start
Chapter 1. Chapter 1 assumes student familiarity with Microsoft Access 2016,
and the chapter figures contain screenshots from a database in Microsoft
Access. In addition, the Chapter 1 Project Questions require student use of
Microsoft Access 2016.
Microsoft Access 2016 is one of the software programs included in the set of
software available through the Microsoft DreamSpark program. Participation by
your department in this program will allow you to make Access available to your
students for academic purposes at no cost to them. See the DreamSpark Web
site (https://www.dreamspark.com/ )for more information.
The material in this Appendix is not intended to be a full coverage of Microsoft
Access 2016. If you want your students to have a better Microsoft Access 2016
reference, you might consider supplementing this text with a Microsoft Access
2016 textbook.
Page A-3
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Keep in mind that starting with Chapter 2, this text uses and illustrates features
not available in Microsoft Access 2016. There are versions of Microsoft SQL
Server 2017, Oracle Database 11g Express Edition and MySQL 5.7 that can be
downloaded at no cost. Consider using one of these DBMSs as your primary
teaching tool for later chapters.
The application generator has built-in support for forms and reports that are not found in enterprise-
class DBMS products as programs have to be written to create applications.
A.2 What is a primary key? What is a foreign key? How are foreign keys used to create
relationships between tables?
A primary key is an attribute in a relation that makes each row unique. It also establishes the ordering
of rows in a table. A foreign key is an attribute that matches a primary key IN ANOTHER TABLE,
thereby establishing a relationship between the two tables.
A.3. What file extension is used to identify Microsoft Access 2016 database files?
Access database filenames end with the extension accdb that has been used since Access 2007.
A.4. What is the Microsoft Office Fluent user interface? Describe the components of the
Fluent user interface as used in Microsoft Access 2016.
The Office Fluent user interface is shared among most of the Office applications, so that learning one
application will help with learning another Office application. It is comprised of the Ribbon and
Command Tabs. The Ribbon contains sets of appropriate commands for the selected Command tab.
A.5. What is the Microsoft Access 2016 Quick Access Toolbar, and what is it used for?
The Quick Access toolbar contains commonly-used commands such as accessing the File menu,
along with Undo/Redo. It can be customized.
The Navigation Pane displays a list of the database objects, such as tables, queries, forms, and reports.
The types of database objects displayed can be customized.
A.7. How does Microsoft Access 2016 create surrogate keys in tables?
The AUTONUMBER datatype is used for that purpose. The Access DBMS supplies values for
autonumber attributes.
Page A-4
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
This is done graphically using the Relationship window. The participating tables are added to the
window, then the Primary key of one table is connected to the Foreign key of another table via drag-
and-drop. Internally this generates an SQL constraint between the tables.
Referential integrity is used to ensure that a foreign key field has a value in it that matches an existing
primary key in another related table. This helps maintain data consistency.
A.10. What is an SQL view, and how are views created in Microsoft Access 2016?
For Access, a view is simply a query that is saved along with other database objects. Other DBMSes
store queries externally in script files, but store views as a part of the database. Views can have
special restrictions that regular queries do not have in other DBMSes.
Page A-5
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
ANSWERS TO EXERCISES
A.11. Using the Student-Class-Grade database that you created in this Appendix:
a. Create and run an Access QBE query to duplicate the results in Figure 1-12.
Save the query as QBE-Query-A-02.
Page A-6
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
b. Use the Form Wizard to create a data input form for the STUDENT table. Name
the form Student Data Input Form. Using the student data shown in Figure A-
54, add the new students to the STUDENT table.
Page A-7
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
c. Use the Form Wizard to create a data input form for the CLASS table. Name the
form Class Data Input Form. Using the class data shown in Figure A-55, add
the new classes to the CLASS table.
Page A-8
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
d. Use the Form Wizard to create a data input form for the GRADE table. Name the
form Grade Data Input Form. Using the grade data shown in Figure A-56, add
the new grades to the GRADE table.
Page A-9
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
e. Use the Form Wizard to duplicate the CLASS form in Figure 1-11. Note that this
form uses more than one table.
Page A-10
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
f. Use the Report Wizard to create a report of the data in the STUDENT table.
Name the report Student Data Report.
Page A-11
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
g. Use the Report Wizard and the CLASS, STUDENT and GRADE tables to
duplicate the Class Grade Report shown in Figure 1-13. Note that your version
of this report will display additional data because of the data you added to the
database in steps B, C and D above.
Page A-12
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
A.12. In this exercise, you will build the Cape Codd database used for the SQL examples in
Chapter 2. The Access 2016 tables and relationships are shown in Figure 2-4.
b. The column characteristics for the BUYER table are shown in Figure A-57. Using
this data, create the BUYER table.
c. The column characteristics for the RETAIL_ORDER table are shown in Figure A-
58. Using this data, create the RETAIL_ORDER table.
Page A-13
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
d. The column characteristics for the SKU_DATA table are shown in Figure A-59.
Using this data, create the SKU_DATA table.
e. The column characteristics for the ORDER_ITEM table are shown in Figure A-
60. Using this data, create the ORDER_ITEM table.
f. The data for the BUYER table are shown in Figure 2-6(a). Populate the BUYER
table.
Page A-14
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
g. The data for the RETAIL_ORDER table are shown in Figure 2-6(a). Populate the
RETAIL_ORDER table.
h. The data for the SKU_DATA table are shown in Figure 2-6(a). Populate the
SKU_DATA table.
i. Create the relationship between the BUYER and SKU_DATA tables. Enforce
referential integrity.
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Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
m. The data for the ORDER_ITEM table are shown in Figure 2-6(a). Populate the
ORDER_ITEM table.
n. Why did you enter the ORDER_ITEM data only after creating the relationships
between the tables? (and the RETAIL_ORDER and SKU_DATA tables were
populated)
This question can be misleading. The (parent) RETAIL_ORDER and SKU_DATA tables
need to be populated before we can set the referential integrity constraints in ORDER_ITEM.
Otherwise, adding a new row would immediately violate the integrity constraint since there is
no matching PK in RETAIL_ORDER or SKU_DATA to the new FK we just added in
ORDER_ITEM.
Further, by entering the ORDER_ITEM data after referential integrity constraints were
created, we made sure that no inappropriate values could be inserted into
ORDER_ITEM.OrderNumber and ORDER_ITEM.SKU.
Page A-16
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
o. Create a QBE query to display Department and Buyer in the SKU_DATA table.
Save the query as QBE-Query-A-RQ-01.
Page A-17
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
p. Create an SQL View to display the same Department and Buyer data from the
SKU_DATA table as shown in QBE-Query-A-RQ-01. Save the SQL view as
viewSKUDeptBuyer.
Page A-18
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Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
r. The data for the CATALOG_SKU_2017 table is shown in Figure 2-6(b). Populate
the CATALOG_SKU_2017 table.
Page A-19
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
s. The data for the CATALOG_SKU_2018 table is shown in Figure 2-6(b). Populate
the CATALOG_SKU_2018 table.
Page A-20
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix A – Getting Started with Microsoft Access 2016
Page A-21
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY
Appendix B
Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Prepared By
Robert C. Yoder
Siena College
Instructor's Manual to accompany:
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
To understand information systems
To understand business processes
To understand and be able to apply the systems development life cycle (SDLC)
model
To understand business process modeling using Business Processing Modeling
Notation (BPMN)
To be able to gather data and information during requirements analysis
To understand use cases
To understand business rules
To be able to create a user requirements document (URD)
To be able to create a statement of work (SOW)
To understand how the topics in this appendix link to Database Processing (15th
Edition)
ERRATA
There are no known errors at this time. Any errors that are discovered in the future will
be reported and corrected in the Online DBP e15 Errata document, which will be
available at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke.
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
The general purpose of this appendix is to provide a context for the study of data
models in Chapter 5 and database designs in Chapter 6. It can be used as an
introduction to or in conjunction with DBP Part II – Database Design, and you should
assign it as a reading before your students read Chapter 5 or Chapter 6 depending
on how it fits into your presentation of this material.
However, there is enough significant overlap with Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 topics
that you may want to assign it in parts, or, alternatively, have your students reread
appropriate sections as you work through the chapters.
There is also material (on the SDLC Implementation and System Maintenance steps)
that can be used with Chapter 9 on database administration and managing multiuser
databases. You can tie many of the topics in that chapter back to the SDLC.
Page B-3
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
According to Porter’s five forces model, the structure of an industry is determined by relative
strength or weakness within the industry of:
The bargaining power of customers: can the industry’s customers influence the
industry?
The availability (“threat”) of substitutable products: what other products do
competitors have?
Page B-4
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
The bargaining power of suppliers: can the industry’s suppliers influence the industry?
The ease (“threat”) of new competitors entering the industry: how easily can a new
company get a start in the industry?
The rivalry between competitors: how many competitors are there, and how much do
they really compete?
Michael Porter defines the primary activities or operational activities of a business as:
Inbound logistics: receiving, storing, and distributing product inputs
Manufacturing operations: transforming inputs into the final product
Outbound logistics: collecting, storing, and distributing the product to buyers
Sales and marketing: convincing customers to buy the product and selling it to them
Customer service: assisting the customers in their use of the product
Michael Porter defines the support activities, which, as the name implies, support the operational
activities, as:
Procurement: managing supplier relationships and buying the product inputs
Technology management: product research and development and new procedures,
methods, and techniques
Human resources management: managing employee resources
Firm infrastructure management: general management of the firm, finances,
accounting, legal services, and government affairs
Information systems support business processes by providing applications that help the process
operate more efficiently.
Page B-5
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Output: The answer to the query will be presented to the requesting user as a report
detailing the current status of the parts in the raw materials inventory.
Systems analysis and design is the process of creating and maintaining information systems.
The classic methodology used in systems analysis and design to develop information systems is
called the systems development life cycle (SDLC).
There are different interpretations or conceptualizations of the SDLC, each of which uses a
different number of steps. This book uses the same set of steps discussed by David Kroenke, and
includes five steps or stages:
1. System definition
2. Requirements analysis
3. Component design
4. Implementation
5. System maintenance
Each step should result in one or more deliverables, such as documents, designs, prototypes, data
models, database designs, Web screens, and so on.
The system definition step is a process that starts with the need for an information system to
support a business process as its input, and produces a project plan as its output. During this
process, we will need to:
Define the information system project goals and scope
Assess the feasibility of the project (cost, schedule, technical, organizational)
Form the project team
Plan the project (specify tasks, assign personnel, determine task dependencies, set
schedules)
Page B-6
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
The requirements analysis step is a process that starts with the project plan as its input, and
produces a set of approved user requirements as its output. During this process, we will need
to:
Conduct user interviews
Evaluate existing systems
Determine needed new forms/reports/queries
Identify needed new application features and functions
Consider security
Create the data model
Consider the five components of an information system—hardware, software, data,
procedures, and people
The component design step is a process that starts with the approved user requirements as its
input, and produces a final system design as its output. During this process, we will need to:
Determine hardware specifications
Determine program (software) specifications
Create the database design
Design business procedures
Create job descriptions for business personnel
The implementation step is a process that starts with the final system design as its input, and
produces a final system as its output. During this process, we will need to:
Build system components
Conduct component tests
Integrate the components
Conduct integrated component tests
Convert to the new system
The system maintenance step is a process that starts with the implemented system as its input,
and produces an updated system or a request for system modification using the SDLC as its
output. During this process, we will need to:
Update the system with patches, service packs, and new software releases
Record and prioritize requests for system changes or enhancements.
Project scope is the work that needs to be done to deliver a product, service, or result with the
required functions and features.
B.17 What is a use case? How well does Microsoft Visio 2016 support modeling use cases?
Use cases are descriptions of the ways users will employ the features and functions of the new
information system. A use case consists of a description of the roles users will play when utilizing
the new system, together with descriptions of activities’ scenarios.
Page B-7
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Microsoft Visio 2016 does a good job of supporting modeling use cases, and has a UML Use
Case diagram template with which to do so.
Business rules are constraints on database activities. Generally, such rules arise from business
policy and practice.
B.19 What is a user requirements document (URD)? What purpose does it serve?
The purpose of a URD is to formalize the project team’s understanding of the users’ requirements
so that the users can review the document. Note that the data model for the database is presented
as part of the URD.
A statement of work (SOW) is a possible deliverable for the requirements analysis step of the
SDLC. There is no set format for a SOW, and a SOW for an in-company project may be very
different from a SOW between a consultant and client.
Typically a SOW may contain:
A history of the problem or need that generated the project
An identification of the client for the work
An identification of who will do the work
The scope of the work to be done
The objectives of the work to be done
Any constraints on the work to be done
The location of the work (where the work will be done)
A set of tasks with an associated timeline:
o An outline of the tasks that will make up the work to be done
o The time period for the work (start date, finish date, details about how many
hours may be worked, etc.)
o A deliverables schedule
Criteria for determining whether the project has been successfully completed
Page B-8
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
A payment schedule
Signature blocks to record acceptance of the SOW by all parties
The WP database keeps track of the WP projects, the resources allocated to those projects
(employees and MaxHours), project expenses (HoursWorked) and progress on those
projects (StartDate and EndDate).
Page B-9
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
B. How does this business process overlay Michael Porter’s set of primary and
support business activities? Draw a diagram to illustrate this overlap.
The Sales process overlays two of Porter’s support activities, but none of Porter’s
primary activities. The support activities are firm infrastructure management and human
resources management. While primary activities have a natural process flow, secondary
activities do not. This can make drawing a diagram a bit more difficult, but we can
picture this process as:
PROJECT
EMPLOYEES RESOURCES TRACKING AND
ACCOUNTING
PROJECT
Page B-10
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix B – Getting Started with Systems Analysis and Design
Functional Requirements
R-6 WP project managers must be able to view and print project reports.
Business Rules
Page B-11
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL
TO ACCOMPANY
Appendix C
E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Prepared By
Robert C. Yoder
Siena College
Instructor's Manual to accompany:
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
To understand IDEF1X standard E-R diagrams
To be able to model non-identifying connection relationships, identifying
connection relationships, nonspecific relationships, and categorization
relationships using IDEF1X E-R model
To understand the differences between E-R generalization/subtype relationships
and IDEF1X categorization relationships
To understand the use of domains in the IDEF1X E-R model
To understand UML-style E-R diagrams.
To be able to model HAS-A, nonidentifying, identifying, and IS-A relationships
using UML symbols.
To understand the object-oriented programming language constructs used in
UML.
ERRATA
There are no known errors at this time. Any errors that are discovered in the future will
be reported and corrected in the Online DBP e15 Errata document, which will be
available at http://www.pearsonhighered.com/kroenke.
TEACHING SUGGESTIONS
Figure C-1 (reproduced below) provides a good transition between the enhanced
E-R model and the IDEF1X model. Use it to introduce the IDEF1X model and
compare it to the enhanced E-R model.
You can organize your lecture around E-R model HAS-A and IS-A relationships,
stressing the corresponding IDEF1X equivalents. Teach 1:1, 1:N, and N:M
relationships as varieties of HAS-A relationships. Teach categorization clusters
as IS-A relationships.
Domains are probably the most useful but most overlooked element of database
design. Stress the importance of domains to clarify attributes and reduce the
maintenance requirements.
Page C-3
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Note that the solutions in this IM section were created using Microsoft Visio
2016 and the IDEF1X Database Notation stencil. In the IDEDF1X stencil,
Microsoft Visio 2016 uses the following line endings, which match the notation
shown in the appendix itself:
Line End Symbol: Meaning:
1 (parent required) [This line end must
be added manually]
Zero or 1 (parent optional)
Zero or more
Page C-4
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Figure C-1 – Correspondence of Terms between the Extended E-R Model and the
IDEF1X Version of the E-R Model
Page C-5
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
IDEF1X became a national standard and companies that sold data modeling tools had to conform
to IDEF1X in order to sell to the government. Such a large market could not be ignored, so most
of today’s popular data modeling products, such as erwin and Visio, use IDEF1X. This means
that IDEF1X is the E-R version you are most likely to encounter, even more so than the extended
E-R model.
The four types of IDEF1X relationships are (1) non-identifying connection relationship, (2)
identifying connection relationship, (3) nonspecific relationship, and (4) categorization
relationship.
Non-identifying connection relationships are 1:1 or 1:N relationships between two non-ID
dependent entities. These are the same as the 1:1 and 1:N HAS-A relationships in the extended
E-R model.
C.4. What is an identifying connection relationship? How do such relationships relate to the
extended E-R model described in Chapter 5?
Identifying connection relationships are relationships between two ID dependent entities. These
are the same as ID-dependent relationships in the extended E-R model.
C.5. What is a nonspecific relationship? How do such relationships relate to the extended E-
R model described in Chapter 5?
Nonspecific relationships are many-to-many relationships. These are the same as the N:M HAS-
A relationships in the extended E-R model.
There are two major differences between categorization relationships and supertype/subtype
relationships:
(1) In categorization relationships, category entities (subtypes) are always grouped into mutually
exclusive categorization clusters, and
(2) There are two specific types of categorization clusters – complete (every possible category in
the cluster is shown) and incomplete (not all categories are shown).
In the E-R model, subtypes are not mutually exclusive, and there is no distinction between
complete and incomplete groups of subtypes.
Page C-6
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
A domain is a named set of values that can be assigned to an attribute. The advantages are:
(1) Domains reduce ambiguity for attributes with values that look similar but are not the same.
For example, the work LANGUAGE may mean a computer language such as C# or Java, or a
spoken/written language such as English. By defining a domain, no inappropriate values will be
entered in the attribute.
(2) Domains are efficient. If several attributes share one domain, a change in the set of values in
that domain immediately affects all the variables. Without this feature, each attribute’s allowed
values would have to be changed individually.
(3) Domains provide a reference of determining the definition of an attribute. If two or more
attributes appear to be similar, their definitions can be checked by checking their domains.
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. Each agent is assigned to exactly one computer.
Page C-7
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. Each agent is assigned to many clients, and each client
must be assigned to exactly one agent.
AGENT CLIENT
CLIENT-ASSIGNMENT
AgentID ClientID
LastName LastName
FirstName 1..1 1..* FirstName
Phone Address
Email City
Location State
ZIP
Identifier: AgentID
Phone
Methods:
Email
Identifier: ClientID
Methods:
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. Each client may be interested in many properties, and
each property may appeal to many clients.
Cardinalities are represented in the format x..y. In this format, x is the minimum cardinality and y
is the maximum cardinality. If x=0, no entity is required, and if x=1, one entity is required.
Page C-8
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. Each development is made up of 1 or more units, each
of which has its own unique address. Therefore, the relationship is non-identifying.
NOTE: The diamond shown in the relationship should be a solid black, rather than white as
shown.
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. Each property is made up of 1 or more units, each of
which is identified by the property address and a unit number. Therefore the units are dependent
on the property address, and the relationship is identifying.
NOTE: The diamond shown in the relationship should be a solid black, rather than white as
shown.
Page C-9
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
We’ll use a Real Estate Agency database. We would have PROPERTY as a supertype, and
HOUSE, DUPLEX, APARTMENT_HOUSE, COMMERCIAL as subtypes.
PROPERTY
PropertyID
PropertyType
Address
City
State
ZIP
Identifier: PropertyID
Methods:
PropertyType
HOUSE COMMERCIAL
NumberOfBedrooms NumberOfUnits
{Other Attributes} TotalFloorSpace
{OtherAttributes}
DUPLEX APARTMENT_HOUSE
NumberOfParkingSpaces NumerOfUnits
{OtherAttributes} Manager
{OtherAttributes}
C.15. What are class attributes? How are they documented in UML?
In UML, some OOP constructs are added to entity UML classes. Entity classes that will be
stored in a database are labeled with the keyword <<Persistent>>. UML also introduces class
attributes, which are attributes that pertain to the entity class itself rather than to the entity
instances.
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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
C.16. How would class attributes be represented in the extended E-R model described in
Chapter 5?
Class attributes are not stored in the E-R model. They may either be (1) computed by an
application at run time, or (2) stored in an entity designed to specifically hold class attributes.
These three symbols indicate the visibility of attributes in the UML model. “+” indicates public
attributes, “#” indicates protected attributes, and “-” indicates private attributes. A public
attribute or method can be accessed by any method of any object. A protected attribute or method
can be accessed only by methods of its associated object class and that class’s subclasses. A
private attribute or method can only be accessed by methods of its associated object class.
E-R models typically use primary key, alternate key, foreign key, referential integrity, and
attribute values constraints.
The Real Estate Agency Client-Assignment 1:N relationship for review question C-10 is shown
below with primary key (PK) and foreign key (FK) constraints.
AGENT CLIENT
CLIENT-ASSIGNMENT
AgentID ClientID
LastName LastName
FirstName 1..1 1..* FirstName
Phone Address
Email City
Location State
ZIP
PK Constraint: AgentID
Phone
Methods:
Email
PK Constraint: ClientID
FK Constraint: AgentID
Methods:
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Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
NOTE: Microsoft Visio 2010 and Microsoft Visio 2016 both have a UML template, and the
drawings below were done using the Microsoft Visio 2010 template.
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
PROFESSOR
+CollegeName +DepartmentName
#DeanFirstName #ProfessorFirstName
#Phone
#DeanLastName CHAIRED BY / CHAIRS #ProfessorLastName
#TotalMajors
#Phone #Building
#Building
#Building 1..1 1..* 0..1 1..1 #OfficeNumber
#Room
#Room #Phone
+Indentifier: DepartmentName()
+Indentifier: CollegeName() +Identifier: ProfessorName()
+Methods:()
+Methods:() +Methods:()
1..1
1 1
<identifying> <identifying>
STUDENT
APPOINTMENT
-StudentNumber ADVISED BY / ADVISES
-Title -Title
-StudentFirstName -Terms
0..* 1..1
-StudentLastName +Indentifier:()
-HomeStreet +Methods:()
-HomeCity
-HomeState
-HomeZip
-Phone
+Identifier: StudentNumber()
+Methods:()
C.1. Describe the ways in which UML and commercial database processing are misfits. How
do you think this situation will be resolved?
Object-oriented notation does not fit well with today’s commercial database processing
procedures. There is no sense in hiding an entity attribute in an object unless (1) only object-
oriented programs are processing the data and (2) they do so in conformance with the policy of
putting the entity attributes in the object. However, this is seldom done.
As discussed in Chapter One, object-oriented DBMSs have not gained commercial success.
Given this fact, it is unlikely the UML models object-oriented notation will be of much practical
use to database developers. The extended E-R model with crow’s foot or the IDEF1X notation
will probably continue to be the most useful notations for database development.
Page C-12
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Note that erwin always requires the user to switch between Information Engineering [IE] and
IDEF1X notation. From the menu bar, choose Model | Model Properties | Notation Tab. The
student can either draw the model in IDEF1X originally, or duplicate Figure 5-52 in IE crow’s
foot style and then switch to the IDEF1X notation.
Page C-13
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
C.22. Answer Exercise 5.56, but use IDEF1X instead of the crow's foot model.
a. Create a model with one entity. Specify the identifier and attributes.
Page C-14
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
b. Create a model with two entities, one for customer and a second for subscription.
Specify identifiers, attributes, relationship name, type, and cardinalities.
Model A would be the best model if a Customer can only have one subscription.
d. Under what conditions do you prefer the model in B to that in A?
Model B would be the best model if a Customer can have one or more (i.e., multiple)
subscriptions.
C.23. Answer Exercise 5.59, but use IDEF1X instead of the crow's foot model. Redraw Figure
5-57 in IDEF1X notation.
Page C-15
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
Note that the date in Figure 5-56 shows model numbers with an “A” to indicate the type A
=125 PSI Air Performance Characteristics—for example R12A-17. The data sheet notes that
type E = 150 PSI units are indicated by substituting an “C” for the “A”—for example, R12C-
17. In our data model, we will design the identifier Model to specify models with an “x” as
an indeterminate place holder for model type—“x” as in R12x-17.
An attribute named ModelType (with values “A”, “C” and others when available) will be a
determinant of the subtypes. An instance diagram looks like this:
Type A
R12x-17 A Characteristics
Type C
R12x-17 C Characteristics
Page C-16
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
The entities, identifiers, attributes, and relationships are shown in the above diagram. In
IDEF1X, this would be called an “incomplete category cluster” —according to the question,
there may be “additional products with different types of Air Performance” which means
there may be more models then just the A and C models shown.
Page C-17
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
Appendix C – E-R Diagrams and the IDEF1X and UML Standards
B. Figure 5-57 shows a different model for the compressor data. Explain the entities,
their type, the relationship, its type, and its cardinality. How well do you think this
model fits the data shown in Figure 5-56?
Unfortunately, the model misses the fact that each AIR_PERFORMANCE_TYPE is related
to many SS_COMPRESSORs, and therefore the relationship should be N:M (or N:2 given
the limit of only two (2) existing AIR_PERFORMANCE_TYPESs. This can be seen in the
following instance diagram:
Page C-18
Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.
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