MJ1

Unit III + Unit IV (Integral Calculus)

Objective questions

1. Define integration.
Ans: Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
2. Define definite integral.
Ans: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a constant function defined on an interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and let the antiderivative
𝑏
of 𝑓(𝑥) be 𝐹(𝑥). Then, the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) over [𝑎, 𝑏], denoted by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑏
given by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥)]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹(𝑏) − 𝐹(𝑎).
3. What is fundamental theorem of Integral Calculus.
Ans: Let 𝑓(𝑥) be a constant function defined on an interval [𝑎, 𝑏] and let the antiderivative
𝑏
of 𝑓(𝑥) be 𝐹(𝑥). Then, the definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) over [𝑎, 𝑏 ], denoted by ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ,
𝑏
given by ∫𝑎 𝑓 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = [𝐹(𝑥) ]𝑏𝑎 = 𝐹 (𝑏) − 𝐹 (𝑎 ).

𝑑𝑥
4. Write the value of ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2.

𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥−𝑎
Ans: ∫ 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 2𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥+𝑎 , 𝑥 > 𝑎
𝑎
5. Write the value of ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function of x.
𝑎 𝑎
Ans: ∫−𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, if 𝑓(𝑥) is an even function of x.
1+xlog 𝑥
6. Evaluate: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( ) 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥
1+xlog 𝑥
Ans: ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ( 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + 𝐶.
𝜋/2
7. Write the value of ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥,
𝜋/2 1
Ans: ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝜋𝑙𝑜𝑔2.
𝑑𝑥
8. Write the value of ∫ .
√2𝑏𝑥−𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑏
Ans: ∫ = sin−1 𝑏 + 𝐶.
√2𝑏𝑥−𝑥 2
𝜋/2 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
9. ∫0 √𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+√𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =?
𝜋
Ans: 4
10. What is the formula to calculate area between two ordinates.
Ans: When the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) lies above the x-axis. Then, the area bounded by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), the x-axis, and the ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = 𝑏 is given by
𝑏
Area = ∫𝑎 𝑦𝑑𝑥.
11. Write the formula for calculating volume of a curve.
Ans. Volume = ∫ 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 𝜋𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦.
12. Write the formula for calculating Surface area of a curve.
Ans. Surface area = ∫ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑟 ∫ 2𝜋𝑥𝑑𝑠.
Short questions
𝑥 2+1
1. Integrate ∫ 𝑥(𝑥 2−1) 𝑑𝑥.

(𝑥 2+1) (𝑥 2+1) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
Solution: Let = = + +
𝑥(𝑥 2−1) 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝑥 𝑥+1 𝑥−1

Or, 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥(𝑥 + 1).

Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝐴 = −1, putting 𝑥 = −1, 𝐵 = 1and putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝐶 = 1

(𝑥 2+1) −1 1 1
So, 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) = + 𝑥+1 + 𝑥−1
𝑥

(𝑥 2+1) −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Therefore, ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+1 + ∫ 𝑥−1
𝑥

= −𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑥 + log(𝑥 + 1) + log(𝑥 − 1) + 𝐶

𝑥 2−1
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 + 𝐾.
𝑥
𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋2
2. Prove that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = .
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 4
𝑎 𝑎
Solution: We know that ∫0 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑓(𝑎 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋−𝑥)
So, ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 (𝜋−𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 (𝜋−𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
=∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
= ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
Or, 2 ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Putting 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, 𝑑𝑧 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 1 and when 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑧 = −1
𝜋 −1 1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 −𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 1 𝜋 𝜋
−1 𝑧]1 = 𝜋 [ + ] =
𝜋2
𝜋∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫ 2 = 𝜋 ∫ 2 = 𝜋[𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 .
0 1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1 1+𝑧 −1 1 + 𝑧 2 4 4 4
𝜋/4 5
3. Prove that ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 12 log 2.
Solution: We have
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥
∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛−1
𝜋/4
𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 6𝑥 𝜋/4 1 𝜋/4
So, ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛7 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1)
6 0 6
𝜋/4
𝜋/4 𝑡𝑎𝑛 4 𝑥 𝜋/4
Now, ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛5 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = [ ] − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 0
1 𝜋/4
= 4 − ∫0 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥(𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥
𝜋/4 𝜋/4
1 1
= − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥+= − ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
4 0 4 0
𝜋 𝜋
1 1
= − [𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝑥]0 + [𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥]04
4
4 2
 1 1 1 1
= − + 𝑙𝑜𝑔√2 = (𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − )
4 2 2 2

𝑑𝑥
4. Integrate ∫ .
√(𝑥 2+3𝑥+4)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: ∫ =∫
√(𝑥 2 +3𝑥+4) 3 7
√(𝑥+2)2 +4

3 3 2 7
√
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [(𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 + ) + ] + 𝐶
2 2 4
3
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 [𝑥 + + √𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 4] + 𝐶.
2
𝑑𝑥
5. Integrate ∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: We have∫ 3 sin 𝑥+4 cos 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
6 sin2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2+4(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2−𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 2 )
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥 (Dividing Numerator and denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 )
4+6𝑡𝑎𝑛2−4𝑡𝑎𝑛 22
𝑥 1 𝑥
Putting 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 𝑧 and 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧,we have
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑑𝑧
=∫ = ∫ 2
2 + 3𝑧 − 2𝑧 2 2 5 3 2
(4) − (𝑧 − 4)
5 3
1 1 4 + (𝑧 − 4)
4
= . . 𝑙𝑜𝑔 +𝑘
2 2 5 5 3
− (𝑧 − )
4 4
𝑥
1 1 + 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥+𝐶
5 1 − 2𝑡𝑎𝑛 2
log 2 𝑒 𝑥 3
6. Prove that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = log 2 .
1+𝑒 𝑥
log 2 𝑒 𝑥
Solution: ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = [log(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ]]𝑙𝑜𝑔2
0 = log(1 + 𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
1+𝑒 𝑥
3
= log(1 + 2) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 .
2
1+𝑥 2
7. Integrate ∫ 1+𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥.
1
1+𝑥 2 +1
𝑥2
Solution: We have ∫ 1+𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 =∫ 1 2
𝑑𝑥(Dividing Numerator and denominator by 𝑥 2 )
+𝑥
𝑥2
1 1 1 2 1
Put 𝑥 − 𝑥 = 𝑧 so that (1 + 𝑥 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧 and (𝑥 − 𝑥) = 𝑧 2 or, 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2
𝑑𝑧 1 𝑧 1 𝑥 2 −1
So, I= ∫ = tan−1 +𝐶 = tan−1 + 𝐶.
𝑧 2+2 √2 √2 √2 √2𝑥
𝑒 𝑥( 𝑥 2+1)
8. Integrate ∫ 𝑑𝑥.
(𝑥+1)2
𝑒 𝑥 2+1)
𝑥( 𝑒 𝑥( 𝑥 2−1+2) 𝑒 𝑥( 𝑥 2−1) 𝑒𝑥
Solution: ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 =∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥+1)2
𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑒𝑥
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+1 (𝑥 + 1)2
Integrating by parts the first integral only, we have
𝑥−1 𝑑 𝑥−1 𝑒𝑥
I=
𝑥+1
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [𝑑𝑥 (𝑥+1) ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑒𝑥 𝑒𝑥
So, I= 𝑥+1 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 𝑑𝑥
 𝑥−1
= 𝑥+1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶.
−1𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛
9. Integrate ∫ (𝑥 2+1)3/2 𝑑𝑥.
−1 𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛
Solution: ∫ (𝑥 2+1)3/2 𝑑𝑥 (1)
Put 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 in (1)
−1𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑒 𝑚𝜃
∫ (𝑥 2 +1)3/2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃+1)3/2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
𝑒 𝑚𝜃
= ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 3 𝜃 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
=∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑒 𝑚𝜃
= (1+𝑚2) [𝑚𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃] + 𝐶
−1
𝑒 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑚 𝑥
= [ + ]+𝐶
(1+𝑚 2) √(1+𝑥 2) √(1+𝑥 2)
−1𝑥
(𝑚+𝑥)𝑒 𝑚𝑡𝑎𝑛
=
(1+𝑚 2)√(1+𝑥 2)
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
10. Integrate ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑥+2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2
Solution: ∫ 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠2 2
1 𝑥 𝑥
= 2
∫ 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥
Integrating the first integral by parts,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
I= 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 − ∫ 1. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 + 𝐶
(𝑥−2)
11. Integrate ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥

(𝑥−2) 𝐴 𝐵
Solution: Let(𝑥−1)(𝑥−5) = 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−5

Or, 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1).

1 3
Putting 𝑥 = 1, 𝐴 = 4 and putting𝑥 = 5, 𝐵 = 4
(𝑥−2) 1 3
So, (𝑥−1)(𝑥−5) = 4(𝑥−1) + 4(𝑥−5)

(𝑥−2) 1 3
Therefore, ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4(𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4(𝑥−5) 𝑑𝑥

1 3
= log(𝑥 − 1) + log(𝑥 − 5) + 𝐶.
4 4

12. ∫ √(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥

Solution: We have ∫ √(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √(𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 − 𝛼𝛽 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1/2
𝛼+𝛽 2 𝛼+𝛽 2
= ∫ [( ) − 𝛼𝛽 − {𝑥 2 − (𝛼 + 𝛽)𝑥 + ( ) }] 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝛽−𝛼 2 𝛼+𝛽 2
= ∫ √( ) − (𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

𝑥√𝑎 2−𝑥 2 𝑎2 𝑥
Using formula ∫ √𝑎 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = + sin−1 𝑎, we have
2 2
 1 𝛼+𝛽 2 𝛼+𝛽 2 (𝛽−𝛼)2
∫ √(𝑥 − 𝛼)(𝑥 − 𝛽) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 (𝑥 − ) √(𝛽−𝛼) − (𝑥 − ) +
2𝑥−𝛼−𝛽
sin−1 𝛽−𝛼 + 𝐶.
2 2 2 8

𝑑𝑥
13. Integrate ∫
√(𝑥−𝛼)(𝑥−𝛽)
Solution: Put 𝑥 − 𝛼 = 𝑡 2 so that 2𝑥 = 2𝑡𝑑𝑡
Also, 𝛽 − 𝑥 = 𝛽 − 𝛼 − 𝑡 2 = 𝑚2 − 𝑡 2 , where 𝑚2 = 𝛽 − 𝛼
𝑑𝑥 2𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
Therefore, ∫ =∫ = 2∫ = 2 sin−1 𝑚 + 𝐶
√(𝑥−𝛼)(𝑥−𝛽) 𝑡√𝑚 2−𝑡 2 √𝑚 2−𝑡 2
𝑥−𝛼
= 2 sin−1 √𝛽−𝛼 + 𝐶.
𝑑𝑥
14. Evaluate ∫ 5+4 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution: We have ∫ 5+4 sin 𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
5(𝑐𝑜𝑠2 +𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 )+4 2sin cos 2 2 2 2
𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 2𝑑𝑥 𝑥
=∫ 𝑥 𝑥 (Dividing Numerator and denominator by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 )
5+5𝑡𝑎𝑛 22+8𝑡𝑎𝑛2
𝑥 1 2𝑥
Now, putting 𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 = 𝑧, 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧, we have
2
2𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
I= ∫ 5𝑧 2+8𝑧+5 = 2∫ 8 =2∫ 4 3
5(𝑧 2+5𝑧+1) 5{(𝑧+5)2+(5)2 }
4 𝑥
2 5 𝑧+ 2 (5𝑡𝑎𝑛2 +4
= { 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 3 5 } + 𝐶 = 3 {𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 } + 𝐶.
5 3 3
5

Long questions
𝑑𝑥
1. Integrate ∫ .
(1+𝑥 2)√(1−𝑥 2)
1−𝑥 2
Solution: Put 1+𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 so that 1 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑧 2 (1 + 𝑥 2 )
Or 1 − 𝑧 2 = 𝑥 2 (1 + 𝑧 2 )
1−𝑧 2
So, 𝑥 2 =
1+𝑧 2
−2𝑧(1+𝑧 2)−(1−𝑧 2 )2𝑧 −2𝑧(1+𝑧 2+1−𝑧 2)𝑑𝑧 −4𝑧𝑑𝑧
Therefore, 2𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑧 = 2 = 2
(1+𝑧 2) (1+𝑧 2) (1+𝑧 2)

−2𝑧𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧2
𝑑𝑥 = √
2 1 − 𝑧2
(1 + 𝑧 2)
1−𝑧 2 2
Also, 1 + 𝑥 2 = 1 + =
1+𝑧 2 1+𝑧 2
1−𝑧 2 2𝑧 2
And 1 − 𝑥 2 = 1 − = 1+𝑧 2 .
1+𝑧 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑧𝑑𝑧 √1 + 𝑧 2 1 + 𝑧 2 √1 + 𝑧 2
∫ = −2 ∫ . . .
(1 + 𝑥 2 )√(1 − 𝑥 2 ) (1 + 𝑧 2 )2 √1 − 𝑧 2 2 √2𝑧
−1 𝑑𝑧 −1
= ∫ √1−𝑧 2 = sin−1 𝑧 + 𝐶
√2 √2
−1 1−𝑥 2
= sin−1 √1+𝑥 2 + 𝐶.
√2

𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝜋
2. Prove that ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = 4 .
sin 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Solution: Let I = ∫0 sin 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (1)
𝜋
𝜋/2 sin (2 −𝑥)
= ∫0 𝜋 𝜋 𝑑𝑥
sin(2 −𝑥)+𝑐𝑜𝑠(2 −𝑥)
 𝜋/2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
= ∫0 𝑑𝑥 (2)
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥+𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Adding (1) and (2), we get
𝜋/2 sin 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝜋/2 𝜋
2I= ∫0 𝑑𝑥=∫0 𝑑𝑥 =
sin 𝑥+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 2
𝜋
So, I= 4 .
𝜋/2
3. Show that ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Solution: Let I = ∫02 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (1)
𝜋/2 𝜋
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2 − 𝑥)) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
=∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 (2)
Adding (1) and (2), we get
𝜋
𝜋/2
2I=∫02 {𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥)}𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋/2
=∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 {𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥) − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2}𝑑𝑥
2
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
=∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑑𝑥
𝜋
Putting 2𝑥 = 𝑧 in the first integral, 2𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑧. When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 and when 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑧 = 𝜋
1 𝜋 𝜋/2
2I=2 ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
2I=2 . 2 ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑧)𝑑𝑧 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
2I= I - 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝜋
So, I = - 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.
𝜋/4 𝜋
4. Show that ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = 8 𝑙𝑜𝑔2.
𝜋/4 𝜋/4 𝜋
Solution: ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + tan (4 − 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/4 1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= ∫0 𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 + 1+𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/4
2
= ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) 𝑑𝜃
0 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
𝜋
𝜋/4 4
=∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔2𝑑𝜃 − ∫ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0 0
𝜋
2
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2[𝜃]0 −I
𝜋
So, 2I = 4 𝑙𝑜𝑔2 −I
𝜋
Therefore, I= 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
8
𝜋/2
5. Evaluate ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥,
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Solution: Let 𝐼𝑛 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋
𝜋/2
= −[𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥]02 + ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑛 − 1)𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2
= 0 + (𝑛 − 1) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝜋/2 𝜋/2
= (𝑛 − 1) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛−2 𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑛 − 1) ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥
= (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2 − (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛
Or, (1 + 𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛 = (𝑛 − 1)𝐼𝑛−2
(𝑛−1)
Or, 𝐼𝑛 = 𝑛
𝐼𝑛−2 (1)
(𝑛−3) (𝑛−5)
Similarly, 𝐼𝑛−2 = (𝑛−2) 𝐼𝑛−4 , 𝐼𝑛−4 = (𝑛−4) 𝐼𝑛−6 and so on
 (𝑛−1) (𝑛−3) (𝑛−5)
Equation (1) becomes 𝐼𝑛 = 𝐼 and so on
𝑛 (𝑛−2) (𝑛−4) 𝑛−6
Now, two cases arise
Case I: When n is odd
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 3) (𝑛 − 5) 4 2 𝜋/2
𝐼𝑛 = …….. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 (𝑛 − 2) (𝑛 − 4) 53 0
𝜋/2 (𝑛−1) (𝑛−3) (𝑛−5) 42
i.e. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ……..53.1
𝑛 (𝑛−2) (𝑛−4)
Case II: When n is even
(𝑛 − 1) (𝑛 − 3) (𝑛 − 5) 3 1 𝜋/2
𝐼𝑛 = …….. ∫ (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)0 𝑑𝑥
𝑛 (𝑛 − 2) (𝑛 − 4) 42 0
𝜋/2 (𝑛−1) (𝑛−3) (𝑛−5) 31 𝜋
i.e. ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ……..42.2
𝑛 (𝑛−2) (𝑛−4)

2 1+𝑥
6. Evaluate ∫0 ∫2𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦.

2 1+𝑥 2 𝑦2
Solution: ∫0 ∫2𝑥 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦 = ∫0 𝑥[ 2 ]1+𝑥
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 (1+𝑥)2 (2𝑥)2
= ∫0 𝑥[ − ]𝑑𝑥
2 2
2 1+2𝑥−3𝑥 2
= ∫0 𝑥[ ]𝑑𝑥
2
21
= ∫0 2 [𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 3 ]𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 2
=[ +2 ] −3
2 3 4 0
22 23 𝑥4
= + 2. − 3. − 0
2 3 4
16 17
=1+ − 12 = − .
3 3

(𝑎+𝑥)
7. Trace the curve 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎−𝑥).
Solution: (i) The curve is symmetrical about x-axis since only even power of y occurs.
(ii) Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, the equation is satisfied. So, it passes through the origin.
(iii) Equating lowest-degree term to zero, we get𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑦 = ±𝑥. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑦 = ±𝑥
Are two real and distinct tangents at origin. So, origin is a node.
(iv) Putting 𝑦 = 0 in the equation of the curve, we get 𝑥 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 0. So, 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = −𝑎. Therefore, the curve cuts x-axis at (−𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0). Again, putting 𝑥 = 0, we
get 𝑦 = 0. So, the curve cuts y-axis at (0,0).
(v) Solving for y, we get
(𝑎+𝑥) (𝑎+𝑥)
𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 (𝑎−𝑥) so, 𝑦 = 𝑥√(𝑎−𝑥).
Clearly, y is imaginary when 𝑥 < −𝑎 and when 𝑥 > 𝑎.
So. No portion of the curve is in the left of the line 𝑥 = −𝑎 and in the right of 𝑥 = 𝑎.
Also, 𝑦 = 0 when 𝑥 = 0 and when 𝑥 = −𝑎 and 𝑦 2 > 0 𝑖𝑓 − 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 0,
So, there is a loop between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = −𝑎.
(vi) Equating the coefficient of the highest power of y to zero, 𝑎 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑥 = 𝑎 is
the equation of the asymptote parallel to y-axis.
𝑑𝑦
(vii) At (−𝑎, 0), 𝑑𝑥 = ∞, i.e., tangent at (−𝑎, 0) is at right angles to the axis of x.
 Hence the curve is shown below.

Fig 1

8. Trace and find the loop of the curve 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦.

Solution: The curve is symmetrical about the line 𝑦 = 𝑥 as by putting 𝑥 for 𝑦 and 𝑦 for 𝑥, the
equation of the curve remains unchanged. The curve passes through the origin.
The equation of the tangent is 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑦 = 0 (by equating the lowest degree term 3𝑎𝑥𝑦
to zero) i. e. 𝑥-axis and 𝑦-axis are the tangents to the curve at origin.
For finding asymptote, we put 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 𝑚 in the highest degree term and equating to
zero, we get 𝜑3 (𝑚) = 1 + 𝑚3 = 0
Or,(1 + 𝑚)(𝑚2 − 𝑚 + 1) = 0
1±𝑖√3
So, 𝑚 = −1 𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 2
Again, 𝜑2 (𝑚) = −3𝑎𝑚
𝜑 (𝑚) 3𝑎𝑚 𝑎
So, 𝑐 = − 𝜑2′ (𝑚) = − 3𝑚2 = 𝑚
3
If 𝑚 = −1 then 𝑐 = −𝑎
Putting 𝑚 = −1 and 𝑐 = −𝑎 𝑖𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥 + 𝑐, we have
𝑦 = −1𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑎 = 0 is the only real asymptote.
Putting 𝑦 = 𝑥 in 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 3𝑎𝑥𝑦, we get
3𝑎
2𝑥 3 = 3𝑎𝑥 2 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 (2𝑥 − 3𝑎) = 0, 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 =
2
3𝑎 3𝑎
So, the curve cuts the 𝑦-axis in two points (0,0), ( 2 , 2 )and the curve is as shown in the
figure

Fig 2

Putting 𝑥 = 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 in the equation of the curve, we have

𝑟 3 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃 = 3𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑟 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃) = 3𝑎𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
So, 𝑟 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝜃 which is the polar equation of the cuve.
𝜋
Now, 𝑟 = 0 when 𝜃 = 0 and 𝜃 = 2
3𝑎 𝜋
And 𝑟 = when 𝜃 =
√2 4
𝜋 3𝑎 𝜋
Thus, as θ increases from 0 𝑡𝑜 ,𝑟 increases from 0 𝑡𝑜 have its maximum value at 𝜃 = 4
2 √2
 And again, diminishes to 0.
So, it forms a loop in the first quadrant.
1 𝜋/2 2
The area of the loop = 2 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝜃
1 𝜋/2 9𝑎 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃
= 2 ∫0 𝑑𝜃
(𝑐𝑜𝑠3 𝜃+𝑠𝑖𝑛 3 𝜃)2
2
9 2 𝜋/2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃 2
= 𝑎 ∫0 (1++𝑡𝑎𝑛3𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃 (dividing numerator and denominator by
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃)
Putting 1 + +𝑡𝑎𝑛3 𝜃 = 𝑧, 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑧
𝜋
When θ = 0, 𝑧 = 1 and when θ = , 𝑧 = ∞
2
9 ∞ 𝑑𝑧 3𝑎 2 1 3𝑎 2
So, Area = 𝑎 2 ∫1 𝑧 2 = [− 𝑧 ]1∞ = .
2×3 2 2

9. Find the whole area included between each of the curve 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ).

Solution: The curve is symmetrical about both axes as its equation contains even powers of y.
It passes through origin as it is satisfied by 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0.
The equation of tangents at origin are 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑦 = ±𝑥.(equating lowest degree
term to zero)
The curve is 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )
Or, 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑥 2
Or, 𝑎 2 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 𝑎 2 𝑥 2
𝑎 2𝑥 2 𝑎𝑥
So, 𝑦 2 = 𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑦 = ±
√𝑎 2−𝑥 2
Equating to zero the coefficient of the highest power of y, we get𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 = 0 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑥 = ±𝑎
So, 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 = −𝑎 are its asymptotes parallel to y-axis.
Y is real when x lies between −𝑎 and 𝑎. Thus, the curve is as shown below

Fig 3

𝑎 𝑎 𝑎𝑥
So, the required area = 4 ∫0 𝑦𝑑𝑥 = 4 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑎 sin 𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 cos 𝜃𝑑𝜃.
𝜋
When x=0, θ = 0 and when 𝑥 = 𝑎, θ =
2
𝜋/2 𝑎 sin 𝜃.𝑎 cos 𝜃 𝜋/2 𝜋/2
Therefore, Area= 4𝑎 ∫0 𝑑𝜃 = 4𝑎 ∫0 𝑎 sin 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 4𝑎 2 [− cos 𝜃]0 =
𝑎 cos 𝜃
−4𝑎 2 (0 − 1) = 4𝑎 2 .
10. Find the area of the curve 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃).
Solution: The curve is symmetrical about the initial line since by putting -θ for θ, the equation
remains unaltered.
The curve passes through the pole.
The line θ = π is the tangent to the curve at pole for putting r = 0, we get θ = π.
As θ increases from 0 to π, r increases from 2𝑎 to 0 as follows:
θ 0 𝜋 𝜋 π
3 2
 r 2𝑎 3𝑎 𝑎 0
2

Hence the curve is as shown in the figure:

Fig 4

The required area = 2 ×area OABO

1 𝜋 2 𝜋
=2 × ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 𝑎 2 (1 + cos 𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2 0
𝜋
𝜃
= 𝑎 2 ∫ (2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 )2 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜋
𝜃
= 4𝑎 2 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑑𝜃
0 2
𝜃
Putting 2 = 𝛼, 𝑑𝜃 = 2𝑑𝛼
𝜋
When θ=0, α = 0 and when 𝜃 = 𝜋, α = 2

𝜋/2 3 1 𝜋 3
So, Area = 4𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛼. 2𝑑𝛼 = 8𝑎 2 . 4 . 2 . 2 = 2 𝜋𝑎 2 .

11. Find the whole area of the curve 𝑟 = 3 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃.

Solution: The curve is symmetrical about the initial line since by putting -θ for θ, the equation
remains unaltered.
𝜋 3𝜋
When θ=0, r = 5; when 𝜃 = , r =3; When θ = , , r = 3; when 𝜃 = 2𝜋, r =5.
2 2
The curve is as shown in the figure

Fig 5

𝜋1 2 𝜋
The required area = 2 ∫0 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 (3 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
2
𝜋
= ∫0 (9 + 12 cos 𝜃 + 4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
𝜋
= ∫ (9 + 12 cos 𝜃 + 2 + 2 cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋
= ∫ (11 + 12 cos 𝜃 + 2 cos 2𝜃)𝑑𝜃
0
= [11 + 12 sin 𝜃 + sin 2𝜃]𝜋0 = 11𝜋.

12. Find the length of the astroid 𝑥 2/3 + 𝑦 2/3 = 𝑎 2/3 .

Solution: The curve is symmetrical about both the axes and does not pass through the origin
and cuts x-axis at (𝑎, 0), (−𝑎, 0) and y-axis at (0, 𝑎), (0, −𝑎).
The parametric equation of the curve is 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝜃.
 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃; = 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
In the first quadrant, θ varies from 0 to π/2 and the curve is as shown in the figure

Fig 6

𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
We have 𝑑𝜃 = √(𝑑𝜃 ) + (𝑑𝜃 )
So, entire length of the asteroid = 4 X length in first quadrant
𝜋/2 2 2
= 4 ∫0 √( 𝑑𝑥 ) + (𝑑𝑦 ) 𝑑𝜃
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/2
= 4∫ √(−3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2 + (3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/2
= 4∫ 3𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
0
𝜋/2
𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃 𝜋/2
= 6𝑎 ∫ ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 6𝑎[−
0 2 0
= 6𝑎[−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠0] = 6𝑎.
13. Find the volume and the surface area of the solid formed by the revolution of the cardioid
𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + cos 𝜃) about θ=0.
Solution: The cardioid is shown in the figure

Fig 7

2 𝜋
Required volume = 3 𝜋 ∫0 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
2 𝜋
= 3 𝜋 ∫0 𝑎 3 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
Putting 𝑧 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃, 𝑑𝑧 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
When 𝜃 = 0, 𝑧 = 1 and when 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝑧 = −1
2 −1
So, volume = 𝜋𝑎 3 ∫1 (1 + 𝑧)3 𝑑𝑧
3
2 4 −1
3 [(1+𝑧) ] 1 8
= 𝜋𝑎 = 6 𝜋𝑎 3 . 24 = 3 𝜋𝑎 3 .
3 4 1
𝜋 𝑑𝑠
And the required surface area S= 2𝜋 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑠 = 2𝜋 ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 𝜃
= 4𝜋𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑑𝜃 (1)
Since, 𝑦 = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑟 2
And 𝑑𝜃 = √𝑟 2 + (𝑑𝜃 )
𝑑𝑟
But 𝑟 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃); 𝑑𝜃 = −𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝑠
So, = √𝑎 2 (1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)2 + 𝑎 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
= 𝑎√1 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
𝜃
= 2𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
 𝜋 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃 𝜃
Therefore, from (1), S = 4𝜋𝑎 2 ∫0 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 . 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑑𝜃
𝜋/2
= 32𝜋𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛼𝑑𝛼
𝜃 𝜋
Where 𝛼 = 2 , 2𝑑𝛼 = 𝑑𝜃;when 𝜃 = 0, 𝛼 = 0; when 𝜃 = 𝜋, 𝛼 = 2

𝜋/2
Hence, S= 32𝜋𝑎 2 ∫0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝛼𝑑(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠5 𝛼 2 32
= −32𝜋𝑎 2 [ 5 ] = 𝜋𝑎 2 .
0 5

14. Find the volume formed by the revolution of the loop of the curve 𝑦 2 (𝑎 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
about the x-axis.
Solution: (i) The curve is symmetrical about x-axis since only even power of y occurs.
(ii) Putting 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, the equation is satisfied. So, it passes through the origin.
(iii) Equating lowest-degree term to zero, we get 𝑎𝑦 2 − 𝑎𝑥 2 = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑦 = ±𝑥. 𝑆𝑜, 𝑦 =
±𝑥 are two real and distinct tangents at origin. So, origin is a node.
(iv) Putting 𝑦 = 0 in the equation of the curve, we get 𝑥 2 (𝑎 − 𝑥) = 0. So, 𝑥 = 0 and
𝑥 = 𝑎. Therefore, the curve cuts x-axis at (𝑎, 0)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (0,0). Again, putting 𝑥 = 0, we get
𝑦 = 0. So, the curve cuts y-axis at (0,0).
(v) For 𝑥 > 𝑎, y becomes imaginary, so no part of the curve is in the right of (𝑎, 0).
(vi) Equating to zero the coefficient of highest power of 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0, so asymptote parallel
to y-axis is 𝑥 = −𝑎.
So, the curve is shown as below

Fig 8

𝑎 𝑎 𝑥 2(𝑎−𝑥)
Therefore, the required volume = ∫0 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑥
𝑎 𝑎𝑥 2−𝑥 2
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑑𝑥
𝑎+𝑥
𝑎
2𝑎 3
= 𝜋 ∫ [−𝑥 2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑎 2 + ] 𝑑𝑥
0 𝑎+𝑥
𝑎
1
= 𝜋 [ 𝑥 3 + 𝑎𝑥 2 − 2𝑎 2 𝑥 + 2𝑎 3 log (𝑎 + 𝑥)]
3 0
4
= 𝜋𝑎 3 [2𝑙𝑜𝑔2 − ].
3

1
15. Find the volume of a right circular cone of height ℎ and base of radius 𝑎 is3 𝜋𝑎 2 ℎ.
Solution: The figure of a right circular cone is given below

Fig 9
 Let OB = ℎ, the height of the cone; AB = 𝑎, radius of the circular base.
The cone is the solid generated by the revolution of the line OA about the line OB.
Consider an elementary strip of breadth 𝛿𝑥 parallel to the axis of y. Volume generated by
revolving it about OB = 𝜋𝑦 2 𝛿𝑥.
ℎ
So, the required volume = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥.
𝑃𝑀 𝑂𝑀 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
From similar triangles OPM and OAB, = 𝑜𝑟. 𝑃𝑀 = . 𝐴𝐵 = . 𝑎; 𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑦 =
𝐴𝐵 𝑂𝐵 ℎ ℎ
ℎ
ℎ 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑥 3 𝜋𝑎 2 3 1
Hence, volume = 𝜋 ∫0 ℎ2 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ℎ2 [ 3 ] = ℎ = 𝜋𝑎 2 ℎ.
0 3ℎ 2 3
16. Find the surface area of the solid generated by the revolution of the astroid 𝑥 2/3 + 𝑦 2/3 =
𝑎 2/3 about the x-axis.
Solution: The curve astroid is given below

Fig 10

The parametric equations of the curve are 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
= −3𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, = 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 2
So, 𝑑𝑠 = √( 𝑑𝑡 ) + ( 𝑑𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑎√𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡√𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡𝑑𝑡
= 3𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝜋
For the arc in the first quadrant, limits of t are from 0 𝑡𝑜 2
Therefore. The required surface area = 2 ∫ 2𝜋𝑦𝑑𝑠
𝜋/2
= 4𝜋 ∫0 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡. 3𝑎𝑠𝑛𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝜋/2
= 12𝑎 2 𝜋 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑑𝑡
0
𝜋/2
= 12𝑎 2 𝜋 ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 𝑡𝑑(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)
0
𝜋/2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 5 𝑡 1 12
= 12𝑎 2 𝜋 [ ] = 12𝑎 2 𝜋 (5 − 0) = 𝜋𝑎 2 .
5 0 5