SUBJECT: ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)

Syllabus: IV B.Tech (EEE), II Semester (R20)

UNIT – I Electrical Energy Storage Technologies: Characteristics of electricity,

Electricity and the roles of EES, High generation cost during peak-demand periods,
Need for continuous and flexible supply, Long distance between generation and
consumption, Congestion in power grids, Transmission by cable.
UNIT – II Needs for Electrical Energy Storage: Emerging needs for EES, More
renewable energy, less fossil fuel, Smart Grid uses, the roles of electrical energy
storage technologies, the roles from the viewpoint of a utility, the roles from the
viewpoint of consumers, the roles from the viewpoint of generators of renewable
energy.
UNIT – III Features of Energy Storage Systems: Classification of EES systems ,
Mechanical storage systems, Pumped hydro storage (PHS), Compressed air energy
storage (CAES), Flywheel energy storage (FES),Electrochemical storage systems,
Secondary batteries, Flow batteries, Chemical energy storage,
Hydrogen (H2),Synthetic natural gas (SNG).

NALLA MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Recognized by UGC under 2(f) and 12(B) NBA
Accredited Programs: B.Tech in CSE, ECE, EEE & Mechanical Accredited by NAAC with
'A' Grade
1
SUBJECT: ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS (ESS)
Syllabus: IV B.Tech (EEE), II Semester (R20)

UNIT – IV Types of Electrical Energy Storage systems: Electrical storage systems,

Double-layer capacitors (DLC), Superconducting magnetic energy storage
(SMES),Thermal storage systems, Standards for EES, Technical comparison of EES
technologies.
UNIT – V Applications: Present status of applications, Utility use (conventional power
generation, grid operation & service) , Consumer use (uninterruptable power supply for
large consumers), New trends in applications ,Renewable energy generation, Smart Grid,
Smart Micro grid, Smart House, Electric vehicles, Management and control hierarchy of
storage systems, Internal configuration of battery storage systems, External connection of
EES systems , Aggregating EES systems and distributed generation (Virtual Power Plant),
Battery SCADA– aggregation of many dispersed batteries.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. James M. Eyer, Joseph J. Iannucci and Garth P. Corey, Energy Storage Benefits and
Market Analysis, Sandia National Laboratories, 2004.
2. The Electrical Energy Storage by IEC Market Strategy Board

NALLA MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION
Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH, Recognized by UGC under 2(f) and 12(B) NBA
Accredited Programs: B.Tech in CSE, ECE, EEE & Mechanical Accredited by NAAC with
'A' Grade
2
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
SYNOPSIS:
Needs For Electrical Energy Storage:
 Emerging needs for EES
 More renewable energy & Less fossil fuel
 Smart Grid uses
 The roles of electrical energy storage technologies
 The roles from the viewpoint of a utility
 The roles from the viewpoint of consumers
 The roles from the viewpoint of generators of renewable
energy
Department of Electrical and
3 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Emerging needs for EES

 There are two major emerging market needs for EES as a key technology
a) To utilize more renewable energy and less fossil fuel and
b) The future Smart Grid.
a) More renewable energy, less fossil fuel

On-grid areas

 In on-grid areas, the increased ratio of renewable generation may cause

several issues in the power grid (see Figure 1-2).

 First, in power grid operation, the fluctuation in the output of renewable

generation makes system frequency control difficult, and if the frequency
deviation becomes too wide system operation can deteriorate.

 Conventionally, frequency control is mostly managed by the output change

capability of thermal generators.

Department of Electrical and

4 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
 When used for this purpose thermal generators are not operated at full
capacity, but with some positive and negative output margin (i.e. increases
and decreases in output) which is used to adjust frequency, and this implies
inefficient operation.

 With greater penetration of renewable generation this output margin needs to

be increased, which decreases the efficiency of thermal generation even
more.

 Renewable generation units themselves in most cases only supply a negative

margin.

 If EES can mitigate the output fluctuation, the margins of thermal generators
can be reduced and they can be operated at a higher efficiency.

 Secondly, renewable energy output is undependable since it is affected by

weather conditions. Some measures are available to cope with this.

Department of Electrical and

5 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Department of Electrical and

6 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

 One is to increase the amount of renewable generation installed, i.e.

provide overcapacity, so that even with undependability enough power
can be secured.

 Another is to spread the installations of renewable generators over a

wide area, to take advantage of weather conditions changing from
place to place and of smoothing effects expected from the
complementarity of wind and solar generators.

 These measures are possible only with large numbers of installations

and extension of transmission networks.

 Considering the cost of extra renewable generation and the difficulty

of constructing new transmission facilities, EES is a promising
alternative measure.
Department of Electrical and
7 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Off-grid areas
 In off-grid areas where a considerable amount of energy is consumed,
particularly in the transport sector, fossil energy should be replaced
with less or non-fossil energy in such products as plug-in hybrid
electric vehicles (PHEVs) or electric vehicles (EVs) (see Figure 1-2).

 More precisely, fossil fuels should be replaced by low-carbon

electricity produced mainly by renewable generation.

 The most promising solution is to replace petrol or diesel-driven cars

by electric ones with batteries.

 In spite of remaining issues (short driving distance and long charging

time) EES is the key technology for electric vehicles.

Department of Electrical and

8 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
Smart Grid uses
 EES is expected to play an essential role in the future Smart Grid. Some
relevant applications of EES are described below.

 First, EES installed in customer-side substations can control power flow and
mitigate congestion, or maintain voltage in the appropriate range.
 Secondly, EES can support the electrification of existing equipment so as to
integrate it into the Smart Grid.

 Electric vehicles (EVs) are a good example since they have been deployed in
several regions, and some argue for the potential of EVs as a mobile,
distributed energy resource to provide a load-shifting function in a smart grid.

 EVs are expected to be not only a new load for electricity but also a possible
storage medium that could supply power to utilities when the electricity price
is high.

Department of Electrical and

9 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
 A third role expected for EES is as the energy storage medium for Energy
Management Systems (EMS) in homes and buildings.
 With a Home Energy Management System, for example, residential
customers will become actively involved in modifying their energy
spending patterns by monitoring their actual consumption in real time.
 EMSs in general will need EES, for example to store electricity from local
generation when it is not needed and discharge it when necessary, thus
allowing the EMS to function optimally with less power needed from the
grid.
The roles of electrical energy storage technologies
Generally the roles for on-grid EES systems can be described by the number of uses
(cycles) and the duration of the operation, as shown in Figure 1-3. For the
maintenance of voltage quality (e.g. compensation of reactive power), EES with high
cycle stability and short duration at high power output is required; for time shifting
on the other hand longer storage duration and fewer cycles are needed.
The following sections describe the roles in detail.
Department of Electrical and
10 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Department of Electrical and

11 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
The roles from the viewpoint of a utility
1) Time shifting
 Utilities constantly need to prepare supply capacity and transmission /
distribution lines to cope with annually increasing peak demand, and
consequently develop generation stations that produce electricity from
primary energy.
 For some utilities generation cost can be reduced by storing electricity at off-
peak times, for example at night, and discharging it at peak times.
 If the gap in demand between peak and off-peak is large, the benefit of storing
electricity becomes even larger. Using storage to decrease the gap between
daytime and night-time may allow generation output to become flatter, which
leads to an improvement in operating efficiency and cost reduction in fuel.

 For these reasons many utilities have constructed pumped hydro, and have
recently begun installing large-scale batteries at substations.

Department of Electrical and

12 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
2) Power quality
 A basic service that must be provided by power utilities is to
keep supply power voltage and frequency within tolerance,
which they can do by adjusting supply to changing demand.

 Frequency is controlled by adjusting the output of power

generators; EES can provide frequency control functions.

 Voltage is generally controlled by taps of transformers, and

reactive power with phase modifiers.

 EES located at the end of a heavily loaded line may improve

voltage drops by discharging electricity and reduce voltage rises
by charging electricity.

Department of Electrical and

13 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

3) Making more efficient use of the network

 In a power network, congestion may occur when
transmission/distribution lines cannot be reinforced in time to meet
increasing power demand.

 In this case, large-scale batteries installed at appropriate substations may

mitigate the congestion and thus help utilities to postpone or suspend the
reinforcement of the network.

4) Isolated grids
 Where a utility company supplies electricity within a small, isolated
power network, for example on an island, the power output from small-
capacity generators such as diesel and renewable energy must match
the power demand.

 By installing EES the utility can supply stable power to consumers.

Department of Electrical and

14 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

5) Emergency power supply for protection and control

equipment
A reliable power supply for protection and control is very important in power
utilities. Many batteries are used as an emergency power supply in case of
outage.

The roles from the viewpoint of consumers

1) Time shifting/cost savings
 Power utilities may set time-varying electricity prices, a lower price at
night and a higher one during the day, to give consumers an incentive to
flatten electricity load.

 Consumers may then reduce their electricity costs by using EES to reduce
peak power needed from the grid during the day and to buy the needed
electricity at off-peak times.
Department of Electrical and
15 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
2) Emergency power supply
 Consumers may possess appliances needing continuity of supply, such as
fi re sprinklers and security equipment.

 EES is sometimes installed as a substitute for emergency generators to

operate during an outage.

 Semiconductor and liquid crystal manufacturers are greatly affected by

even a momentary outage (e.g. due to lightning) in maintaining the
quality of their products.

 In these cases, EES technology such as large-scale batteries, double-layer

capacitors and SMES can be installed to avoid the effects of a
momentary outage by instantly switching the load off the network to the
EES supply.
 A portable battery may also serve in an emergency to provide power to
electrical appliances.

Department of Electrical and

16 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

3) Electric vehicles and mobile appliances

 Electric vehicles (EVs) are being promoted for CO2

reduction. High-performance batteries such as nickel
cadmium, nickel metal hydride and lithium ion batteries are
mounted on EVs and used as power sources.
 EV batteries are also expected to be used to power in-house
appliances in combination with solar power and fuel cells; at
the same time, studies are being carried out to see whether
they can usefully be connected to power networks.
 These possibilities are often abbreviated as “V2H” (vehicle
to home) and “V2G” (vehicle to grid)

Department of Electrical and

17 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage
The roles from the viewpoint of generators of renewable
energy
1) Time shifting
 Renewable energy such as solar and wind power is subject to weather,
and any surplus power may be thrown away when not needed on the
demand side.
 Therefore valuable energy can be effectively used by storing surplus
electricity in EES and using it when necessary; it can also be sold when
the price is high.
2) Effective connection to grid
 The output of solar and wind power generation varies greatly depending
on the weather and wind speeds, which can make connecting them to
the grid difficult.
 EES used for time shift can absorb this fluctuation more cost-effectively
than other, single-purpose mitigation measures (e.g. a phase shifter)
Department of Electrical and
18 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Department of Electrical and

19 Electronics Engineering
UNIT-I I : Needs For Electrical Energy Storage

Department of Electrical and

20 Electronics Engineering