AN IMPROVED MIBILE DIAL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

H. W. Nylund and R. M. Swanson

Introduction

Most of the mobile radio telephone systems The major elements involved i n t h e system are
now i n u s e depend upon operator c a l l - W i n g shown i n blockdiagramform i n Fig. 1. Con-
require the mobile subscriber to work plsh-to- necting to the local central office is a control
talk.Inaddition,althoughthemobileset may terminal which w i l l serve all channels.This
beequipped t o o p e r a t e on several channels, it terminal will have the transmission functions of
canbe s e l e c t i v e l y c a l l e d on only one. If t h a t regulating speech levels, and of providing a
one channel i s busy,base-to-car c a l l sa r e 2-wire t o &wire t r a n s i t i o n i n t h e v o i c e p a t h .
blockedeven if other idle channels are available. I n a d d i t i o n , it will perform a number of switching,
A l l of t h e s e f e a t u r e s have combined t o make signaling, and control functions which w i l l be
mobile telephone service less convenient and use- described later in more d e t a i l . From t h e c o n t r o l
f u l than wire-line telephone service, and t h i s terminal, line connections extend to the base
has s e r i o u s l y hampered i t s growth. s t a t i o n r a d i o transmitters and receivers, with
line terminating units at the radio equipment
D i a l mobile operation was introduced many locations.
years ago, the Richmond Telephone Company
system being the f i r s t i n t h i s c o u n t r y known t o The layoat of the base station radio elements
t h e w r i t e r s ; and more r e c e n t l y s e v e r a l commercial w i l l be much l i k e t h e p l a n p r e s e n t l y u s e d i n
d i a l mobilesystems have appeared on t h e market manual mobilesystems. T h a t is, t h el a r g e r
and have found considerable acceptance in the coverage areas w i l l be served by a centrally-
telephoneindustry. It i s no r e f l e c t i o n on the located group of high-powered transmitters, one
ingenuity of t h e i r d e s i g n t o s a y that none of perchannelas shown on Fig. 1. To ensure
these systems was e n t i r e l y s u i t a b l e f o r wide- adequate talk-back coverage a number of base
s p r e a du s ei nt h eB e l l System. Some have had receivers will be spotted around the area, with
limitations introduced for the sake of receiver selection circuits in the control
economy i n t h e method of connection t o t h e terminal to switch in the one g i v i n g b e s t r e c e p
d i a l t e l e p h o n e o f f i c e , or i n t h e k i n d s of o f f i c e s t i o n . S d l e r coverageareas w i l l beserved by
with which they would work; others have been low-powered base transmitter, with a s i n g l e co-
inflexible t o number assignment, or use of s i t e dr e c e i v e r .I ng e n e r a l ,t h eb a s es t a t i o n
c e n t r a l o f f i c e codes. The problem of duplex r a d i o equipment i t s e l f will resemble the types
operation has not been thoroughly solved; and now f a m i l i a r , w i t h some inconspicuous but impor-
f a r as i s known,n3 attempthasbeen made t o tant differences. As one point,theautomatic-
u t i l i z e t h e t r u n k i n g advantage of multichannel o p e r a t i o n f e a t u r e s of the-IMTS, l a t e r d e s c r i b e d ,
g r o u p i n completing base-to-car calls. w i l l - demandmore stable transmission and b e t t e r
i n t e r f e r e n c e r e j e c t i o n t h a n have been required
New Svstem ConceDk i n manual operation. As anotherpoint,the
problems of b a s e r e c e i v e r s e l e c t i o n i n full
This paper describes a new system concept, duplex operation will place special requirements
now i n development,designed t o provide a mobile upon these receivers.
t e l e p h m e s e r v i c e which will insofar as possible
be equivalenttowire-lineservice. We c a l l it The vehicular mobile set shown a t t h e
t h e Improved Mobile Telephone System MS. r i g h t of Fig. 1 will be made up of a radio
F i r s t , some space will be t a k e n t o o u t l i n e i t s transmitter-receivercombination,plusthesuper-
g e n e r a l f e a t u r e s , and l a t e r we shall go i n t o visory and control units n e c e s s a r y f o r l o g i c
more d e t a i l as t o how t h e s e f e a t u r e s a r e t o be operations,channelswitching,andselective
imflemented i n a c t u a l system operation. signaling. A basicdivergencefrompresent
p r a c t i c e i s t h a t e a c h s e t w i l l beequipped t o
To begin with the radio band usage, the IMTS operate on a t l e a s t all of the channels active in
i s being designed for use on t h e 11 narrow-band i t s home area of r e g i s t r a t i o n , that we w i l l
channels presently available for telephone have nomoresingle-channel sets in multichannel
company s e r v i c e i n t h e 150 mc band.Base station areas.Inaddition,subscribers who wish roaming
arrangements will accommodate from one t o a s e r v i c e will have t h e i r mobile s e t s equippedwith
of eight channels in any one mobile additional channels up to a maximum of t h e f u l l
service area; the l a t t e r f i g u r e b e i n g s e t by the eleven. The mobile s e t a l s o w i l l bearrangedfor
f a c t that any c i t y r e q u i r i n g a s maw as e i g h t f u l l duplex operation; and as was pointed out
channels is l i k e l y t o be surrounded by fringe previously in regard to the base radio equipuent,
areasneeding a t l e a s t t h r e e . Each channel w i l l t h e r a d i o p o r t i o n of the mobile s e t w i l l be
serve a maximum of 40 t o 60 mobiles, the actual required to provide better transmission charac-
p r a c t i c a l l o a d i n g i n any case of coursedepending teristics than those acceptable in
upon s u b s c r i b e r s ’ c a l l i n g h a b i t s and the grade of operation.
service desired.

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 CentralOfficeConnection t o hunt f o r and lock on an idle channel prese-
l e c t e d and marked by thecontrolterminal. The
Now t u r n i n g t o t h o s e f e a t u r e s of the IMPS next call in either direction will then be
nhich present the greatest departure from old-type completedover that channel, with the system
nanual operations: To start w i t ht h ec e n t r a l l o g i c f u n c t i o n i n g t o minimize thechance of
office connection, the system will work out of a doubleconnectionsand to drive other idle
step-by-step o r c r o s s b a rd i a lo f f i c e .T h i sf l e x - mobiles t o t h e n e x t i d l e c h a n n e l .
i b i l i t y is f a c i l i t a t e d by u s i n g l i n e l e v e l a c c e s s ,
with in the primary arrangement one sub- The traffic-handling advantages of this
scriber'slineassignmentpermobileunit. Under f e a t u r e a r e i n d i c a t e d by the curves on Fig. 2.
this plan the mobile subscriber's central office For groupsrangingfrom a single channel to eight
code will usually be a r e g u l a r o f f i c e code used channelsthisindicatestherelative numbers
forwire-linesubscribers.This i s animportant of mobiles that canbehandled on each channel,
point since a central office codecan be avery plottedagainstthe chance of c a l l b l o c k i n g
expensive commodity. Inspecialcases,the finding all channels busy during the busy hour.
c e n t r a l o f f i c e code may be a 3-digit combination It be s e e n t h a t f o r a good grade of service
used only f o r mobile service. 0.2 chance of c a l l b l o c k i n g eachchannel i n a n
8-channelgroupcanhandleoverthreetimesas
Through t h e d i a l o f f i c e t h e mobilesub- many mobiles a s it couldsingly. For apoorer
s c r i b e r w i l l have access t o all numbers that can servicp, with 0.4 chance of blocking, the
be reached by any regular land telephones in the correspondingfactor i s about two. A word of
exchange. A l s o , themobilesubscriber will have caution i s necessary in regard to the numbers of
access to the regular assistance operator mobiles shown by t h e o r d i n a t e s c a l e on Fig. 2.
services,such as information.Inaddition, These were computed on the basis of c e r t a i n
however, t o t a k e c a r e of roaming mobiles assumptions as t o s u b s c r i b e r s ' c a l l i n g h a b i t s :
including those of t h e o l d manual type t h e IMPS and where t r a f f i c f o l l o w s a d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n t h e
w i l l a l s o provide access to a mobile service actual practicable channel loadings w i l l also
operatorswitchboardposition. d i f f e r .I nt h i sc o n n e c t i o n i t may be of i n t e r e s t
t o n o t e that while i n some manual systemsa
Numberinn P u majority of t h e c a l l s have been mobile-originated,
To r e v e r t now t o the mobile numbering plan, we suspect that t h i s hasbeencaused by d i f f i -
c u l t y i n completingbase-to-mobile c a l l s . With
b r i e f l y touched onabove: Each mobile will have
a l o - d i g i t number, notrepeatedelsewhere, of
equal access to channels in both directions, a
t h e f o r m NPA NNX 1214. The f i r s t t h r e e more normally balanced calling pattern is antic-
ipated. Less obviousperhaps i s t h e f a c t t h a t
d i g i t s of coursearetheareacode, the next three
the mobile subscriber will not have t o hunt
the central office code, and t h e last f o u r t h e
mobile' s l i n e assignment i n t h e d i a l o f f i c e . painfully over the available channels, monitoring
To avoid duplication of numbers, a p a r t i c u l a r 1234 eachone, t o f i n d a n i d l e c h a n n e l on which he
can originate a c a l l .
combination w i l l be a s s i g n e d t o one mobile
i n each numbering plan area, although the same
combination may be reused i n o t h e r numbering Other F e a t u r a
A mobile unit i n i t s home s e r v i c e a r e a may thus
be reached on l o c a l c a l l s by d i a l i n g s e v e n d i g i t s , A s a r e s u l t of the automatic channel selec-
just i n t h e c a s e of a wire-line telephone, or tion function required for nniltichannel access,
by d i a l i n g t e n d i g i t s on a long-distance call. the mobile subscriber can now be given a degree
of p r i v a c yf o rh i s communications.Although it
Now f o r s e l e c t i v e s i g n a l i n g of the mobile in will s t i l l be possible under certain conditions
i t s home area,suppose that themobile'scomplete t o b r e a k i n on abusychannel for emergency calls,
number is 201-563-1234', and a . l o c a 1 c a l l i n g the mobile subscriber w i l l be protected against
subscriber has dialed 563-1234.The
terminal will d e l e t e t h e 563 and send out the
IMPS control casual monitoring and inadvertent breaking in.
s e l e c t i v e s i g n a l i n g code 201-1234, t o which t h a t Provision w i l l be made f o r subscriber
mobile'sselector has been s e t t o respond. By d i a l i n g of calls i n b o t h d i r e c t i o n s , i n t h e home
thus uaing the area code for selective signaling s e r v i c ea r e a . W e areplanningatpresentto use
instead of t h e c e n t r a l o f f i c e code, we keep the t h e r o t a r y d i a l i n t h e mobile set, although when
problem o f mobile number assignment within the push-button d i a l i n g becomes more common, t h e
numbering plan area and avoid the necessity for systemcouldbeadapted for this. On mobile-
a nationwide number assignment bureau. originated calls the mobile set will automatically
send i n t h e S u b s c r i b e r ' s f u l l 7 - d i g i t s e l e c t o r
m t i c h a n n e l Accesp number f o ri d e n t i f i c a t i o n .S i n c et h ec o n t r o l
terminal w i l l u s e t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n t o d i r e c t
A major f e a t u r e of t h e p l a n i s t h e one we placement of t h e c a l l o v e r t h e c e n t r a l o f f i c e fie
c a l l "multichannel access," which means simply a s s i g n e d t o that s u b s c r i b e r , c a l l r e g i s t r a t i o n
that i nm u l t i c h a n n e la r e a s a c a l l t o or fromanyand message accountingcanthen be h&ndledby the
mobile s e tw i t h i nr a n g e canbecompleted if t h e r er e g u l a r l ya v a i l a b l ef a c i l i t i e s .
i s one channel any channel i d l e . The way t h i s
i s done will be covered i n more d e t a i l a t e r , but The mobile set w i l l work f u l l duplex, with
b r i e f l y it depends on causing a l l i d l e mobilesthetransmitter on continuouslythroughoutthe

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c a l l . There was theobviouspossibility of using A mobile can approach t h i s s e r v i c e objective
voice-operated transmitter keying as a n a l t e r n a - i n s p i t e of t h e l i m i t e d number of radio channels.
t i v e , b u t two f a c t o r s make t h i s i n a d v i s a b l e . As shown i n F i g . 4 , two a d d i t i o n a l s t a g e s of con-
F i r s t , t h e r e i s the problem presented by high c e n t r a t i o n a r e n e c e s s a r y t o meet t h e s i n g l e p a r t y
ambient l e v e l s of audio noise in the car, which objectiveinthemobile. One stage i s required
t e n d t o plt t h e t r a n s m i t t e r on the a i r when t h e in the base station to concentrate mobile line
systemlogicsays it should be off.Secondly, appearances down t o t h e c h a n n e l complement.
such operation inevitably inserts some d e l a y s a t Another stage is required in the mobile to con-
the beginning of speech spurts, which a r e v e r y centrate the channel complement down t o t h e s i n g l e
hard t o d e a l w i t h i n b a s e s t a t i o n r e c e i v e r - desired mobile.
s e l e c t i o n and squelch-circuitarrangements. The
use of continuous transmitter operation will of The actualaccomplishment of t h i s r e q u i r e s tk
course make it n e c e s s a r y t o minimize t h e c u r r e n t provision of a s w i t c h i n g u n i t a t t h e b a s e andone
d r a i n demands of the mobile set as f a r a s p o s s i - i n eachmobile, i n a d d i t i o n t o p r o p e r s i g n a l i n g
b l e , t o save the vehicle's battery. and transmission control features a t bothends.
A blockdiagram(Fig. 5) shows all u n i t s involved.
Roamine and~CQlppBtibilitv Improved radio equipments are needed in addition
t o new packages for switching, signaling, control,
In working o u t t h i s systemconcept it has and mobile logic.
been necessary t o provide f o r two very troublesome
f a c t o r s : roaming service and f u l l compatibility An expansion of t h e l i n e s w i t c h i n g unit i s
w i t h e x i s t i n g manual systems. When an DITS mobile shown i n Fig. 6. The crossbarswitchunit is
roams i n t o a foreign area with IMPS baseequip- nonblocking. Trunk c i r c u i t s a r e provided on a
ment, he w i l l key up the radio channels available per channel basis whereas the remainder of t h e
i n that area and will then operate with automatic equipments a r e provided on a common basis. Dupli-
c h a n n e ls e l e c t i o nj u s ta si nh i s home area.Galla cate control equipments are provided for main-
t o roaming mobiles, as well as t h e c a l l s t h e y tenance and continuity o f service.
o r i g i n a t e , will behandled by the mobile service
operator. The transmission and control unit as shownm
Fig. 7 includes a l l tonesignaling,maintenance
If the IMPS mobilesubscriber roams i n t o a n access, channel selection and marking, and trans-
old manual area, he will s w i t c h h i s s e t t o manual mission control equipnt.
operation on one of the available channels, and
w i l l t h e r e a f t e r work push-to-talk i n t h e same Figure 8 shows i n s l i g h t l y more d e t a i l t h e
manner as an old-style set, without automatic functions andequipnent u n i t s provided i n t h e
channelselection. The old manual mobile roaming mobilestation.
i n t o a new DITS area will a l s o be a b l e t o make and
receive calls through the traffic operator in the
f a m i l i a r way, usingpush-to-talkoperation.
There a r e many automatic functions o r
By t h i s time it will have been apparent that sequences of l o g i c and control which must be
while the strictly portions of the Dfl?S may transmitted between the base and the mobile.
look a good d e a l l i k e o l d f a m i l i a r equipments, the These functions require the use of v o i c e f r e -
control and signaling equipmentboth i n t h o quency signaling techniques which by t h e i r n a t u r e
terminal and a t t h e mobile s e t w i l l be very dif- are subject to voice simulation and n o i s e i n t e r -
f e r e n t and will have new f u n c t i o n s t o perform. ference. The signalingsystemthereforeneedsto
The following material w i l l give a p i c t u r e o f t h i s have adequate protection against these spurious
and will showhow c a l l s a r e t o be handled i n t h e To avoidhavingunnecessarilycompli-
new system. c a t e d l o g i c and timing in the mobile units,
unique tone combinations should be used f o r most
Switchirw PbilosoDhv of t h es i g n a lf u n c t i o n s . The economics of
s i m p l i f i e d l o g i c c i r c u i t r y must of course be
For mobile telephone service to be as good as weighed against that of a more complex signaling
wire-line telephone service i t s operation must be plan. The tonecombinationsselected f o r the
simple and as near l i k e that s e r v i c e a s is prac- system were chosen consistent with the above
t i c a l . To p l a c et h i s problem i n i t s proper requirements and are as shown i n Fig. 9.
perspective a few words about the philosophy of
wire-lineservice may be helpful. From a prac- OQ=atiQp
t i c a l viewpoint gqod telephone service must
assume singlepartyoperation. From a s i n g l e Whenever one o r more channels a t a base
u s e r ' s p o i n t o f view, the telephone switching net- s t a t i o n is i d l e , oneof those channels has i t s
work can be said to appear as a g i a n t t r i a n g l e o r t r a n s m i t t e r on and c a r r i e r modulated by t h e i d l e
concentrator.InFig. 3 theuserappears a t the channel tone.
apex with approximately 60 million other custom-
e r s a t thebase.Thistriangle is in reality a On "turn on" a mobile unit w i l l hunt over a d
multistage concentrator enabling any line to be sample each equipped channel consecutively until
connected t o our user by o p e r a t i n g h i s d i a l i n a i d l et o n e is detected. If no idlechannel i s
predeterminedsequence. detected, the sampling i s continued a t a r a t e of

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fourchannelspersecond.Detection of i d l et o n e lamp i n d i c a t e s that a t that momentno channels
causes the mobile to stop on t h a t channel u n t i l a r c a v a i l a b l e or that themobile was unsuc-
thechannel becomes busy. c e s s f u li ns e i z i n gt h e marked i d l e channel. The
mobile u n i t will resume search for a marked i d l e
The b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s of operation can best be channel on r e s t o r a l o f the handset to on-hook.
described by o u t l i n i n g t h e s t e p s i n v o l v e d i n com-
p l e t i n g a land t o mobile and a mobile t o l a n d c a l l . If a mobile on goingoff-h??k i s r e s t i n g
on t h e i d l e marked channel, it will transmit a
'direLine t o Mobile C a l l a connecttone. The connecttone when received
by t h e b a s e s t a t i o n will cause the idle tone
A w i r e l i n e customer d i a l s t h e m o b i l e ' s t o be removed from thechannel. About50 t o 60
l o c a l s e v e n d i g i t number (563-1234)and reaches a ms l a t e r s e i z e t o n e will be placed on thechanneL
terminal per l o c a l mobileappearance i n t h e l o c a l Receipt of the seize tone and i t s subsequent
c e n t r a lo f f i c e . The mobile l i n es w i t c h i n gu n i t removal will cause the identifier to outpulse the
detects the line seizure and associates the numbering plan area code (201) plus the 1234 line
s e l e c t e dl i n ew i t ht h e marked i d l e channel. The number of the mobile. The removal of theseize
l o c a l NPA code (201) i s prefixed t o t h e L - d i g i t tone will be coincident with the readiness of t h e
l i n e number and t h e r e s u l t i n g ' I - d i g i t number l i n es w i t c h unit t o receivethepulsing, That
(201-1234) i s pulsed sequentially over the marked l i n e ' s appearance i s then associated by t h e l i n e
i d l e channel. switch unit w i t 0 the seized mobile trunk unit
involved i n t h e c a l l . The mobile trunk u n i t
When t h e l i n e s w i t c h u n i t ( F i g . 4 ) is con- presents an off-hook to the line appearance
nected to the line, the marked i d l e channel i s which causes d i a l t o n e t o be returned from the
made busybychangingthe i d l e t o n e (fi) t o t h e central office in the same manner a s with a wire
s e i z et o n e ( f s ) . A t the same time a new channel linecall. The mobilecustomer may now d i a l any
i s marked i d l e . All mobilespreviouslylocked to c a l l which a wire line customer may.
t h e i d l e t o n e now use the seize tone as a l a t c h .
As each d i g i t i s outpulsed the mobile selector If f o r any reason the line appearance is
checks it f o r a match. The s e i z et o n el a t c h is not established, the line switch unit will cause
e f f e c t i v e o n l y u n t i l a s e l e c t o r mismatch i s t h e c a l l t o be routed to the mobile operator for
d e t e c t e d .R e q u i r i n gt h ei d l et o n et o bepresent manual c o m p l e t i o n .T h i sf a i l u r et o match the
t o s t o p s e a r c h will prevent mobiles from locking l i n e number would occur when a roaming mobile
onto a seized channel with pulsing already originatesthecall, o r if c i r c u i t s m a l f u n c t i o n
p a r t i a l l y completed.Presenceofseizetonealso or a channel f a i l u r e o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e i d e n t i -
prevents mobiles from o r i g i n a t i n g c a l l s d u r i n g fication period.
thesignalinginterval.
Roamine Service
On completion of selective signaling all
mobiles except the desired one will havebeen Roaming W S mobiles i n W S areas will
unlatched to seek a new marked i d l e channel. complete or r e c e i v e c a l l s i n somewhat the same
manner a s i n Home areas. All roamer c a l l s will
Selection of the desired mobile w i l l causc be operator handled with the full l0-digit
tho mobile transmitter to be turnpd on and an number used t o i d e n t i f y t h e mobile. The operator,
acknowledgement signalsent.Recognition of t h i s i n s e l e c t i n g t h e mobile, will d e l e t e t h e ( 5 6 3 )
s i g n a l by thebaseacknowledges that t h e c a l l e d o f f i c e codeand will outpulse the area code
mqbile has r e c e i v e d t h e c a l l and causes ringing followed by t h e s t a t i o n number, or 201-1234.
t o start a t t h e mobile.Failuretoreceivethis
signal within three seconds will c a u s e t h e c a l l Roaming W S mobiles i n manual areas will
t o be abandoned i n s o f a r a s t h e l i n e s w i t c h unit o p e r a t e i n a manual mode, not unlike present
i s concerned. If an acknowledgement i s received manual operation. Manual mode includes push-to-
butthemobiledoesnotanswerwithin 45 seconds t a l k and 600/1500 cycle selective signaling.
( s e v e n r i n g s ) a f t e r r e c e i p t of the acknowledge-
ment tone, the channel linkage will be released Roaming manuals i n a n I W S a r e a w i l l con-
and c a l l abandoned i n s o f a r a s t h e l i n e s w i t c h tinue to operate in the samemanner a s w i t h
u n i t i s concerned. The l a t c h on themobile present day operation using 600/1500 cycle
during the &secondperiod i s thecontinuous signaling.
r e c e i p t of seizedtonemodulated by 20-cycle
ringing. Removal ofseizedtonerestoresthe Outional Arraneements
c a l l e d w b i l e equipment t o normal. On answer
the line switch unit stops the ringing and The i n i t i a l systems t o beprovided by the
e s t a b l i s h e s a t a l k i n g p a t h between t h e c a l l i n g B e l l System w i l l use a l i n e s w i t c h i n g u n i t
p a r t y and the mobile. mounted outboard from t h e l o c a l c e n t r a l o f f i c e .
Future developments are planned which may W e
Mobile t o Wire Line it p o s s i b l e t o I n c o r p o r a t e most of the switching
g e a r i n t h e No. 5 crossbarswitchingsystem.
A mobile subscriber going off-hook w i l l find The equipment i n t e r f a c e has beendesigned t o
h i s busy lamp l i g h t e d and the handset inoperative insure easy adaption f o r this f u t u r e arrangement.
i f t h e mobile was n o tr e s t i on a marked i d l e Figure10 shows theoptionalarrangements.In
channel a t t h e i n s t a n t of o8-hook. The busy addition, it is a n t i c i p a t e d that multichannel

35

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duplex manual operation may be desired. The
interface arrangements are such that the line
switch unit can be left out initially all with
calls operator handled.

Availability
This system is not just another proposal.
The Bell Telephone Laboratories is well along with
its development. Arrangements are under
way for a
field test of prototype units, and early avail-
ability of equipment is planned.
The IMTS promises to be giant step forward
and will provide nnich
a needed improvement to the
well established,yet prpsently inadequate,
common carrier mobile!communications system.

FIG. 2 Multichannel
Access
E f f e c t on Channel Capacity

FIG. 3
Over-AllTelephone Network

FIG. 1

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FIG. 5 System Block Diagram

FIG. 4 IMTS N e t m r k

I‘
I

8
b
I

FIG. 6 Base Switching Equipment FIG Base Transmission and Signaling Equipment
 Arrangments
Switching
Optional
FIG. 10
Mobile S e t Equipment
a
I

FIG.
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