Dear children...

Welcome to the world of mathematics which is more than a mere world of axioms,
theorems, constants, numericals and variables. It is an art in its most perfect form.
Indeed, it is the only branch of science that not only plays a vital role in tests like
IIT - JEE but also enriches your day - to - day life by sharpening your mind and
enhancing your analytical skills and thus develops your personality as a whole. This
book has been designed keeping in mind the role of mathematics in competitive tests
and your life too.

The unique feature of this book is its intensive approach in moulding the student
for IIT - JEE.

1) AIMS - to learn

2) Three question packages - PEARL, EMERALD and DIAMOND - to practise

All the chapters in this subject are divided into several ‘AIMS’. The concepts in
each aim are presented, in full clarity, in the form of a synopsis and illustrated
further with examples. The students can assess their level of understanding on the
same day by solving problems .

We, then, have a unique set of questions provided in this book in the form of
PEARL
PEARL, EMERALD and DIAMOND packages for further practice and clarity, where
diamond is the highest level package. In order to sharpen the minds of students and
enhance their analytical skills. We, further, mould the student for all competitive tests
like EAMCET
EAMCET, AIEEE
AIEEE,, O
OLLYMPIADS and IIT - JEE through numerous ‘Self-tests’ and
‘Passages’ which are in tune with the current question patterns in all these examinations.

Our time-tested approach together with this comprehensive book, which is on

par with international standards, will definitely help the students realise their dream
of securing top ranks in IIT - JEE
JEE. We wish you all the best.
OUR METHODOLOGY : STEPS

For the finalisation of concepts, a large number of internationally acclaimed books

have been used as a reference. Among them, the major ones are

S.No. Title of the book Author/publisher

1. The theory of numbers -- Ivan Niven

2. Elementary number theory -- David M Burton
3. Cambridge Editions -- Jenny Olive
4. Elementary Mathematics -- M Vygodsky
5. Theory of Numbers -- Pundir
6. Elementary Number theory with applications -- Thomas Koshy
7. IIT - JEE Mathematics by -- K .D
.D.. Joshi
K.D
8. IIT - JEE Mathematics by -- Das Gupta
9. IIT - JEE Mathematics by -- M. L. Khanna
10. IIT - JEE Mathematics by -- TTata
ata Mc Graw Hills
11. Plane Geometry -- Hall and Knight
12. International Mathematical Olympiad -- Rajeev Manocha

We have collected a large number of a variety of problems from all the books and
materials followed by the top one hundred rankers over the past 15 years as well as
questions from all the previous IIT-JEE, AIEEE and EAMCET examinations.

Our advice to the students: Accept, Apply and then Analyse.

 INDEX

S.No. Name of the Topic Page No.

1. Circles 04 – 53

2. Parabola 54 – 70

3. Ellipse 71 – 86
4
CIRCLES Circles

Point circle Real circle Imaginary circle

Conditions Notations Types of circles Different forms

S1, S12, S11 Concentric Centre radius form

Chord Tangent circles
Power of a point
End points of
Equation of tangent diameter form
Pole Director
Different types in different forms circle General form
of tangents
Polar Equation of normal
Conjugate points Parametric form
D.C.T Chord joining
two points
Conjugate lines
T.C.T
Chord bisected at a
Inverse point given point

Centre of similitudes Chords of contact

Pair of tangents

External Internal Length of tangent

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
CIRCLES
WISE UP
Ø (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2,
Ø (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2

Ø The distance between two points A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) is AB = ( x1 − x2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
Ø The point ‘P’ which divides the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n

⎛ mx2 + nx1 my2 + ny1 ⎞

s Internally then P = ⎜⎝ , ⎟ ; ( m + n ≠ 0)
m+n m+n ⎠

⎛ mx − nx1 my2 − ny1 ⎞

s Externally, then P = ⎜ 2 , ⎟ ,m − n ≠ 0
⎝ m−n m−n ⎠

x +x y +y
Ø The mid point of the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is ⎛⎜ 1 2 , 1 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

Ø If P and Q are points on the line segment joining A, B dividing AB in the ratio 1 : 2 or 2 : 1, then P
and Q are called points of trisection of AB .
Ø Three or more points are said to be collinear iff they lie on a straight line.
a) The points A, B, C are colinear if AB + BC = AC or AC + CB = AB or BA + AC = BC
b) Points A, B, C are collinear iff Area of ΔABC = 0

x1 y1 1
1
Ø a) Area of the triangle formed by the vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1
b) Area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is x1 y2 − x2 y1 sq. units
2

3 2
c) Area of an equilateral triangle is a where ‘a’ is length of the side of the triangle.
4

⎛ x1 + x2 + x3 y1 + y2 + y3 ⎞
Ø Centroid of the triangle formed by A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) is ⎜⎝ , ⎟⎠
3 3

Ø In any triangle perpendicular bisectors of sides are concurrent and the point of concurrence is called
circumcentre (S) of that triangle. Circumcentre is at an equidistance from all the three vertices.

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø In a triangle ABC, if BC is the largest side then
AB2 + AC2 = BC2 ⇔ triangle ABC is right angled
Ø If the inclination of a non vertical line is θ , then tan θ is called slope of the line and is usually
denoted by m, thus m = tan θ

y2 − y1
Ø a) Slope of the line joining two points A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) is m = ( x1 ≠ x2 )
x2 − x1

b) Two non vertical lines are parallel if their slopes are equal.
c) Two non vertical lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes is –1
Ø Equation of horizontal line passing through (a, b) is y = b (line parallel to x-axis.)
Ø Equation of vertical line passing through (a, b) is x = a (line parallel to y-axis.)
Ø a) Slope - point form : The equation of the line with slope m and passing through the point
(x1, y1) is y – y1 = m (x – x1)
b) Two - points form : The equation of a line passing through two points A(x1, y1) & B(x2, y2) is
y2 − y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

Ø The equation of the line whose slope is m and which cuts an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis is y = mx + c

x y
Ø If a line makes intercepts on x-axis is a and on y-axis is b, then its equation is + =1
a b
Ø The equation of a line in general form is ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, c are real numbers such that
a 2 + b 2 ≠ 0 having slope = − a b, x–intercept = − c a, , y–intercept = − c
b.

Ø a) The equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by + k = 0 , k ∈ R

b) The equation of a line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx – ay + k = 0, k ∈ R
Ø The equation of the straight line passing through (x1, y1) and makes an angle θ with the positive
x − x1 y − y1
direction of x-axis is = where θ ∈ ( 0, π 2 ) ∪ (π 2, π )
cos θ sin θ
Ø If two lines L1 = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2 = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, then
a1 b1
a) Lines are parallel if =
a2 b2

a1 b1 c1
b) Lines are coincident if = =
a2 b2 c2

c) Lines are perpendicular if a1a2 + b1b2 = 0

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
ax1 + by1 + c
Ø The perpendicular distance to the line ax + by + c = 0 from the point (x1, y1) is
a 2 + b2
Ø If (h, k) is the foot of the perpendicular from (x1, y1) to the line ax + by + c = 0 then
h − x1 k − y1 − ( ax1 + by1 + c)
= =
a b a 2 + b2
Ø If a, b, c are in A.P, then 2b = a + c.
Ø If a, b, c are in G.P. then b2 = ac

2 1 1
Ø If a, b, c are in H.P, then = +
b a c

AB A
Ø sin θ =
AC hypotenuse
opposite
BC side
cosθ =
AC θ
B C
AB adjacent side
tan θ =
BC

AIM – 1
Ø Circle : The locus of a point which moves in a plane, such that its distance from a fixed point always
constant.

s P (moving point)
adiu
R
C = fixed point
C
(centre)
CP = constant distance = radius
Terms to be remembered :
Ø Radius : The fixed distance between centre and any point on the circle is called radius.
If r = 1 then it is called unit circle.
r P
If r = 0 then it is called point circle.
C
If r > 0 then it is called real circle.
Ø Chord : The line joining any two points on the circumference of the circle is called chord.
Ø Diameter : Any chord passing through the centre of the circle is called diameter of the circle.
Note: 1) Diameter = 2(Radius)
2) It is also called the longest chord of the circle.

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Equation of a circle : The equation of any circle which is satisfied by co-ordinates of all points on its
circumference. i.e. f ( x , y ) ≡ 0
Ø Equations of circles in different forms :
1. Centre - Radius form : Let ‘r’ be the radius and C ( x1 , y1 ) is centre of circle, then
P (x, y)
CP = r here P (x, y) is the locus points r
C
⇒ CP2 = r2 (x1, y1)

⇒ (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2
Note : If C ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 0, 0 ) then it is also called as “standard form” of the circle i.e., x 2 + y 2 = r 2

2. Equation of a circle on a given diameter : If A ( x1 , y1 ) and B ( x 2 , y2 ) are the end points of a diameter.
We have to find the locus of P such that ∠APB = 90°
p(x, y)
mAP × mBP = −1
y − y1 y − y2 B(x2, y2)
⇒ × = −1 (x1, y1)A
x − x1 x − x2 C

⇒ ( x − x1 )( x − x 2 ) + ( y − y1 )( y − y2 ) = 0
3. General equation of a circle : Equation of the circle with centre (x1, y1) and radius ‘r’ is

( x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 = r 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2 xx1 + y12 + x12 − r 2 − 2 yy1 = 0 ...... (1)
which is of the form
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...... (2)
This is known as general equation of the circle.
On comparing (1) and (2)

⇒ x1 = − g , y1 = − f and r = g 2 + f 2 − c

Q r ≥ 0 ⇒ g2 + f 2 ≥ c
∴ for the circle
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

centre (–g, –f) and r = g 2 + f 2 − c

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
4. Parametric form of a circle : The parametric co-ordinates of any point on the circle
( x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 = r 2 is given by ( x1 + r cos θ , y1 + r sin θ )

Y
(x, y)
P
r
C θ
y 1) M
(x 1,

O X

Where C (x1, y1) is centre of the circle. P

where θ is the parameter (0 ≤ θ < 2π )

r y – y1
CM x − x1
⇒ cos θ = =
CP r θ
C x – x1 M
⇒ x = x1 + r cos θ and
PM y − y1
sin θ = =
CP r
⇒ y = y1 + r sin θ

∴ The parametric point of the locus point is ( x1 + r cos θ , y1 + r sin θ )

Note : For the equation x 2 + y 2 = r 2 the parametric point is (r cos θ , r sin θ )

If r > 0 then it is called real circle
If r = 0 then it is called point circle
If r = 1 then it is called unit circle
Note : A general equation of second degree curve in x, y is ax 2 + 2 hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
represents a circle if
i) Coefficient of x2 = coefficient of y2 i.e., a = b
ii) Coefficient of xy is zero i.e., h = 0
iii) Δ = abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 ≠ 0
iv) If Δ = 0 ⇒ the circle will become a point and we will call it as a point circle.

⎛ g f⎞
v) If ax2 + ay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle, then its centre is ⎜ − , − ⎟ and its radius
⎝ a a⎠
g + f − ac
2 2
is
a

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
5. Equation of a circle passing through three non-collinear points :
As we know that the general form of equation of circle is x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 , contains three
unknowns g, f, c.
If three points A ( x1 , y1 ) ; B ( x2 , y2 ) ; C ( x3 , y3 ) lie on circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ––– (1)
⇒ xi2 + yi2 + 2 gxi + 2 fyi + c = 0 for i = 1, 2, 3 obtain g, f, c from the above equations and substitute
it in equation (1)
(or)

x2 + y2 x y 1
x2 + y2 x1 y1 1
To eliminate g, f, c we can use determinant form also 12 12 =0
x2 + y2 x2 y2 1
x32 + y32 x3 y3 1
On applying R1 → R1 − R4
R2 → R2 − R4
R3 → R3 − R4

(
x 2 + y 2 − x32 + y32 ) x − x3 y − y3
x12 + y12 − (x 2
3 +y )
2
3 x1 − x3 y1 − y3 = 0
⇒
x22 + y22 − (x 2
3 +y )
2
3 x2 − x3 y2 − y3

Cyclic Quadrilateral : – If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on a circle, then the quadrilateral
is called a cyclic quadrilateral. The four vertices are said to be concyclic points.
Concyclic Points : If A, B, C, D are concyclic, then OA.OD = OC. OB
O1 is the centre of the circle A
B
O
O|
D

C
Ø Concentric Circles : Two circles having the same centre with different radii are called concentric circles.
r2
r2 > r1
C r1

Two concentric circles with centre (x1, y1) and radii r1 and r2 is given by ( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) = r12
2 2
1)
and ( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 ) = r22 .
2 2

Q r1 ≠ r2 ⇒ the above two circles differ only in constant terms.

2) The equation of the circle concentric with the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is of the form
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c1 = 0
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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

Example - 1 : Find the area of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 .

Solution : Given circle is
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 _______ (1)
Let O be the centre and ABC be an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle (1)
O = (− g, − f ) and 60º
A
OA = OB = OC = g2 + f 2 − c
BM O
In ΔOBM , sin 60° =
OB 60º
B C
3 M
⇒ BM = OB sin 60° = (OB )
2
∴ BC = 2BM = 3 (OB)

3
( BC )
2
∴ Area of ΔABC =
4

=
4
3
. 3 (OB ) =
2 3 3 2
4
( )
g + f 2 − c sq.units

Example - 2 : Find the equation of the circumcircle of the quadrilateral formed by the four
lines ax + by ± c = 0 and bx − ay ± c = 0 . C
bx
=0 –a
Solution : The given lines can be written as by
–c y+
c
+ =0
ax + by + c = 0 ______ (1) ax
D B
ax + by – c = 0 –––––– (2) bx
–a =0
y– +c
bx – ay + c = 0 ______ (3) c= + by
0 ax
bx – ay – c = 0 –––––– (4) A
Equations (1) and (2) are parallel and equations (3) and (4) are also parallel.
−a
Slope of (1) or (2) = = m1 ( say )
b

b
and Slope of (3) or (4) = = m2 ( say )
a
m1m2 = –1
Hence ABCD be a square and AC and BD are the diameters of the circle.
After solving, we get

⎛ bc − ca − bc − ca ⎞ ⎛ − ac − bc ac − bc ⎞
A=⎜ 2
⎝ a + b2 a 2 + b2 ⎟⎠ and C = ⎜⎝ a 2 + b 2 , a 2 + b 2 ⎟⎠
,

∴ Equation of circle is
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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

⎛ ( bc − ca) ⎞ ⎛ ac + bc ⎞ ⎛ bc + ca ⎞ ⎛ ac − bc ⎞
⎜⎝ x − a2 + b2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ x + 2 2⎟ + ⎜
a +b ⎠ ⎝
y+ 2
a + b2 ⎠
⎟ ⎜⎝ y − a 2 + b2 ⎟⎠ = 0

⎛ 2 ac ⎞ ⎛ 2 bc ⎞
⇒ x 2 + y2 + ⎜ 2 2⎟
x+⎜ 2 y=0.
⎝a +b ⎠ ⎝ a + b2 ⎟⎠

Example - 3 : The abscissa of two points A and B are the roots of the equation x 2 + 2 ax − b 2 = 0
and their ordinates are the roots of the equation x2 + 2 px − q2 = 0 . Find the equation and the
radius of the circle with AB as diameter.
Solution : Given equations are
x 2 + 2 ax − b 2 = 0
and x 2 + 2 px − q 2 = 0
Let the roots of the equation (1) be α and β and those of the equation (2) be γ and δ . Then
α + β = −2a γ + δ = −2 p
αβ = − b2 and
γδ = − q 2
Let A ≡ (α , γ ) and B ≡ ( β , δ )
Now equation of circle whose diameter is AB will be
( x − α )( x − β ) + ( y − γ )( y − δ ) = 0
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − (α + β ) x − (γ + δ ) y + αβ + γδ = 0 ⇒ x 2 + y 2 + 2 ax + 2 py − b 2 − q 2 = 0

and radius = (a 2
+ p2 + b2 + q 2 )
CLASS ROOM PACKAGE
PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
1. The equation of the circle with centre (3, –2) and radius 3 is [ ]
a) x + y − 6 x + 4 y + 4 = 0
2 2
b) x + y − 4 x + 6 y + 9 = 0
2 2

c) x 2 + y 2 + 14 x + 6 y − 42 = 0 d) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x + 16 y + 40 = 0

2. ( )( )
The centre of the circle 1 + m 2 x 2 + y 2 − 2cx − 2cmy = 0 is [ ]

⎛ c cm ⎞ ⎛ c cm ⎞ ⎛ c − cm ⎞ ⎛ c cm ⎞
a) ⎜⎝ , ⎟ b) ⎜⎝ − , ⎟ c) ⎜⎝ , d) ⎜⎝ − ,− ⎟
1 + m 1 + m2 ⎠
2
1 + m 1 + m2 ⎠
2
1 + m 1 + m 2 ⎟⎠
2
1+ m 2
1 + m2 ⎠
3. The centroid of an equilateral triangle is (0, 0) and the length of the altitude is 6. The equation of
circumcircle of the triangle is [ ]
a) x 2 + y 2 = 6 b) x 2 + y 2 = 16 c) x 2 + y 2 = 9 d) x 2 + y 2 = 36
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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
4. The equation of the circle whose centre (1, 2) and which passess through the point (4, 6) is
a) x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 20 = 0 b) x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 [ ]
2 2
c) x + y + 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 d) none of these
EMERALD PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
5. The equation of the circle concentric with x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 23 = 0 and passing through (2, 3) is
a) x 2 + y 2 − 6 x + 4 y − 12 = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 − 2 x + 8 y − 33 = 0 [ ]
c) x + y + 6 x − 4 y − 12 = 0
2 2
d) x + y + x + 8 y + 33 = 0
2 2

⎛ 1⎞
6. If ⎜ mi , m ⎟ , i = 1, 2, 3, 4 are concyclic points, then the value of m1m2 m3m4 is [ ]
⎝ i⎠

a) 1 b) –1 c) 0 d) None
7. The parametric equations of the circle x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y – 1 = 0 are [ ]
a) −1 − 6 cos θ ,2 + 6 sin θ b) −1 − 6 cos θ , −2 + 6 sin θ
c) −1 + 6 cos θ ,2 + 6 sin θ d) none of these

8. The equation of the circle passing through the point ( 2 + 5 cos θ , −3 + 5sin θ ) is [ ]
a) x 2 + y 2 − 4 x + 6 y − 12 = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 + 2 x − 4 y − 4 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 − 14 x + 16 y − 32 = 0 d) x 2 + y 2 − 20 x − 40 y − 4 = 0

DIAMOND PACKAGE
One or more than one correct answer type questions :
9. If ax2 + ay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle. Then among the following correct statement is
⎛ −g − f ⎞
a) centre = (– g, – f) b) centre = ⎜ , [ ]
⎝ a a ⎟⎠

g2 + f 2 − c g 2 + f 2 − ac
c) radius = d) radius =
a a

Integer type questions :

10. The number of points (x, y) having integral co-ordinates satisfying the condition x2 + y2 < 25 is n,
n
then integral part of is equal to ___________
9

k
11. If the radius of the circle ax2 + (2a – 3)y2 – 4x – 7 = 0 is , then k = _____________.
3

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

Matrix matching type questions :

Column - I Column - II
12. The lines x + y = 6 and x + 2y = 4 are diameters a) 8
12 a b c d
of the circle which passes through (2, 6), then its
radius is 13 a b c d
13. The values of k for which the points (2k, 3k), b) 10 14 a b c d
(1, 0), (0, 1) and (0, 0) lie on the circle.
15 a b c d
14. For the circle ax2 + y2 + bx + dy + 2 = 0 c) –4
centre is (1, 2), then 2b – 3d =
5
15. The point (k, 3) lies on the circle d)
13
x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 9 = 0, then k can be equal

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and assess the equation of circle passing through the points (1, 1), (2, –1), (3, 2).

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

2. Analyse and assess the equation of the circle with radius 4 and centre as the midpoint of (1, 4) and
(–3, 4).

3. Analyse and assess the equation of the circle whose diameter is the line segment joining the points
(–4, 3) and (12, –1).

4. If x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + c = 0 is a circle of radius 6. Analyse and assess the value of c.

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

AIM – 2
Ø Notations : The following notations will be adopted through out the chapter.
Let S ≡ x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c
S1 ≡ xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c
S12 ≡ x1 x 2 + y1 y2 + g ( x1 + x 2 ) + f ( y1 + y2 ) + c
S11 ≡ x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
Position of a point with respect to a circle : If S ≡ 0 is a circle and P ( x1 , y1 ) be any point in its
plane.
If P lies outside the circle.
⇒ CP > r ⇒ CP 2 − r 2 > 0 r C
P(x1, y1) (–g, –f)
⇒ ( x1 + g )2 + ( y1 + f )2 − r 2 > 0
⇒ (
x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2 fy1 + g2 + f 2 − g 2 + f 2 − c > 0 )
⇒ x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c > 0
⇒ S11 > 0
Similarly ‘P’ lies on the circle
P C C
⇒ CP = r (x1, y1) (-g,-f) P(x , y ) (-g,-f)
1 1
⇒ CP2 – r2 = 0
⇒ S11 = 0
P lies inside the circle if S11 < 0
Ø Power of a point with respect to a circle : If ‘C’ is the centre and ‘r’ radius and ‘P’ be any point in
its plane then the power of the point P with respect to the circle is defined as CP2 – r2
We know that CP2 – r2 = S11
∴ Power of P (x1, y1) with respect to S ≡ 0 is given by CP 2 − r 2 = S11
i) If power of point P is positive ⇔ P lies outside the circle
ii) If power of a point P is zero ⇔ P lies on the circle
iii) If power of a point P is negative ⇔ P lies inside the circle
Ø If a secant through a point (x1, y1) meets the circle S ≡ 0 in A and B, then the power of the point P
is given by PA. PB and PA.PB = S11
Proof : Let S ≡ 0 be the circle and equation of any line through P(x1, y1) in the distance form is
x − x1 y − y1
= =r
cos θ sin θ
⇒ Any point on the line is ( x1 + r cos θ , y1 + r sin θ ) .

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
If this point lies on S ≡ 0 , then
( x1 + r cos θ )2 + ( y1 + r sin θ )2 + 2 g ( x1 + r cos θ ) + 2 f ( y1 + r sin θ ) + c = 0
⇒ r 2 + 2r ⎡⎣( x1 + g ) cos θ + ( y1 + f ) sin θ ⎤⎦ + S11 = 0 ........ (1)
Let r1, r2 are the roots of (1). There are two points A, B on the line at distance r1 and r2 from P which
lie on the circle.
⇒ PA = r1 , PB = r2 ∴ from equation (1)
PA. PB = r1 . r2 = S11 = Power of the point P w.r.t circle S ≡ 0
Even if the line is parallel to X-axis or Y-axis, the result can be true.
If P outside, inside or on the circle, then PA.PB is positive, negative or zero respectively.
Maximum and minimum distance of a point from the circle :-
Let P(x1, y1) be any point and S ≡ 0 be a circle. C ( − g, − f ) ; r = g 2 + f 2 − c
Case 1 : If P lies inside S ≡ 0 A
⇒ S11 < 0
P
minimum distance of P from
C
S ≡ 0 is PA = CA – CP = r − CP
maximum distance of P from S ≡ 0 is B
P
PB = CB + CP = r + CP
Case 2 : If P lies outside the circle, A
⇒ S11 > 0
C
minimum distance of P from S ≡ 0 is
PA = CP – CA = CP − r B

maximum distance of P from S ≡ 0 is

P
PB = CP + CB = r + CP
Case 3 : If P lies on the circle
C
⇒ S11 = 0
minimum distance from P to circle = 0
maximum distance from P to circle = PA = 2r A

Ø Position of a line with respect to a circle : Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 = r 2 ........ (1)
and equation of the line be y = mx + c ........ (2)
from (1) and (2) ⇒ x 2 + ( mx + c ) = r 2
2

⇒ (1 + m ) x
2 2
+ 2 mcx + c 2 − r 2 = 0 ........ (3)

( )(
Discriminant of (3) is Δ = 4 m 2c 2 − 4 1 + m 2 c 2 − r 2 )
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 17
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Case 1 : If Δ > 0 ⇒ then the line (2) intersects in two real distinct points
c2
3 Δ > 0 ⇒ r2 >
1 + m2
C
c
⇒ r> = length of ⊥ ler from (0, 0) to y = mx + c r>d
1+ m 2
y=mx+c
i.e., radius > d (d = ⊥ ler length from (0, 0) to y = mx + c)
Case 2 : If Δ = 0 ⇒ r = d
The point of intersection are coincident, then line becomes tangent to the circle.
c
r= C(0,0)
1+ m2
d=r
Case 3 : If Δ < 0 , then the point of intersection are imaginary.
C(0,0) M
c
3Δ<0 ⇒ r<
1 + m2
Ø The length of the intercept cutoff from a line by a circle : y=mx+c
M
c
d= =⊥ ler distance from (0, 0) to y = mx + c
1 + m2
AM = MB
x2+y2=r2
⇒ AB = length of chord O
= 2AM = 2MB r
d

= 2 r2 − d2 = 2
(
r 1+ m −c
2 2
) 2
A M B y=mx+c
1 + m2
If length of the intercept made by the line with the circle is zero
i.e., AB = 0 ⇒ 2 r 2 − d 2 = 0 ⇒ r = d
If the line touches the circle, then the ⊥ ler length from centre to the line is equal to radius of the circle.
Ø Intercepts made on the axes by a circle :
Y
Let the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ........ (1)
D
Length of intercept on X–axis. AB = x2 − x1 (0,y2)

Put y = 0, in (1) ⇒ x 2 + 2 gx + c = 0
(0,y 1)
C
⇒ x2 − x1 = ( x1 + x2 ) − 4 x1 x2 X
2
O A B
(x1,0) (x2,0)
= 2 g −c 2

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Similarly put x = 0, to get intercept on

y – axis ⇒ CD = y2 − y1 = ( y1 + y2 )
2
− 4 y1 y2

= 2 f2 −c
Note: 1) Intercepts are always positive
2) If circle touches X–axis, then AB = 0 ⇒ g2 = c

If circle touches Y–axis, then CD = 0 ⇒ f 2 = c

3) If circle touches both axes. ⇒ g2 = f2 = c
Ø Different forms of equations of a circle under given conditions :-
1. When the circle passes through the origin (0, 0) and has intercepts 2α and 2β on the X-axis
and Y-axis respectively. Y
Radius = OC = α2 + β2

Equation of circle is ( x − α ) + ( y − β ) = r 2
2 2
∴ C ( α, β)
β
⇒ ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = α 2 + β 2
O α X
⇒ x + y − 2α x − 2β y = 0
2 2 (0,0)

2. When the circle touches X-axis

radius = |y-coordinate of centre| = β Y

∴ ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = β 2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2α x − 2β y + α 2 = 0 C (α , β )
β
Note : If x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches X – axis
X
O
⇒ − f = g + f − c ⇒ c = g2
2 2 M

3. When the circle touches Y- axis :

Y
radius = α
⇒ ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = α 2
α
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2α x − 2 β y + β 2 = 0 N ( α, β)
Note : If x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

touches Y-axis, then − g = g 2 + f 2 − c X

O
⇒ c = f2

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 19

Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
4. When the circle touches both the axis : Y
OM = ON
when circle touches both the axes in first quadrant.
Centre = (α , α ) α
N (α , α )
radius = α α

∴ (x − α) + (y − α)
2 2
= α2 O M
X
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2α x − 2α y + α 2 = 0
Note :
1. If the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 touches, both axes, given (c > 0) then

− g = − f = g2 + f 2 − c
⇒ c = g2 = f2
⇒ g=f= ± c
2. Equation of the circle is
x 2 + y2 ± 2 c x ± 2 c y + c = 0

( ) + (y ± c)
2 2
⇒ x± c = c2

3. α > 0 then centre for I, II, III, IV quadrants are (α , α ) , ( −α , α ) , ( −α , −α ) , (α , −α ) and

radius in all the quadrants is α
Y

(− α , α ) (α , α )
α
α
O X
α
α
(−α , −α ) (α , − α )

4. When the circle touches X - axis and cuts off intercepts on Y - axis of length 2l :
Let centre (α , β ) , radius = β
Y
CQ = CN = β
In ΔCMQ ,
β2 = α 2 + l2 M α C (α , β )
β
β
α = β2 − l2 Q
O α N X
( ) + (y − β) = β .
2
2
∴ Equation of circle is x − β − l 2 2 2

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
5. When the circle touches Y– axis and cuts off intercept on X- axis of length 2k:
Let centre be (α , β ) Y
radius = α
CN = CQ = α α C (α , β )
N
In ΔCMQ , α β
k k
α 2 = β2 + k2 O Q M
X
⇒ β = α2 − k2

( ) =α
2
Equation of circle is ( x − α ) + y − α 2 − k 2
2 2
∴

6. When the circle cuts off intercepts on X - axis and Y - axis of length 2l and 2k and not passing
through (0, 0) :
Y
Let centre be (α , β )
radius = CP = CQ = h
k
α 2 + k 2 = β 2 + l 2 = h2 N
α C (α , β )
k β
∴ α = h2 − k 2 P l l
O Q M X
β = h2 − l 2

( ) ( ) =h
2 2
∴ Equation of circle x − h 2 − k 2 + y − h2 − l 2 2

Y
7. When the circle passes through (0, 0) and centre lies on X- axis :
Let C ( a, 0 ) and radius = a
C
∴ Equation of the circle is O (a, 0) X

( x − a )2 + ( y − 0 )2 = a2
⇒ x 2 + y 2 − 2ax = 0
8. When the circle passes through origin and centre lies on Y- axis :
Y
Let (0, a) and radius = a
∴ Equation of circle is C (0, a)

( x − 0) + ( y − a)
2 2
= a2
X
O (0, 0)
x + y − 2ay = 0
2 2

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 21

Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Example 1: Find the equation of the circle which passes through the origin and makes intercepts
of length a and b on the X and Y axes respectively.
Solution : Let the equation of the circle be
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
Since the circle passes through the origin, we get c = 0 and given the intercepts on X and Y axes are
a and b.
then 2 g 2 − c = a or 2 g 2 − 0 = a

a
∴ g=±
2
and 2 f2 −c = b or 2 f 2 − 0 = b

b
∴ f =±
2
Hence the equation of circle from (1) becomes
x 2 + y 2 ± ax ± by = 0
Example 2 : A circle of radius 5 units touches the co-ordinate axes in first quadrant. If the
circle makes one complete roll on X - axis along the positive direction of X - axis, find its
equation in the new position.
Y

5 C(5,5) D (5 + 10π , 5)
N
5 5
X1 X
O M t
5 10π

Y1
Solution : Let C be the centre of the circle in its initial position and D be its centre in the new position.
Since the circle touches the co-ordinate axes in the first quadrant and the radius of the circle be
5 units.
∴ centre of circle is (5, 5)
Moving length of circle = circumference of the circle.
= 2π r = 2π ( 5) = 10π
Now centre of the circle in new position is ( 5 + 10π , 5 ) and radius is 5 units, therefore, its equation
will be
( x − 5 − 10π )2 + ( y − 5)2 = 52
x 2 + y 2 − 10 (1 + 2π ) x − 10 y + 100π 2 + 100π + 25 = 0
22 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.
Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Example 3 : Find the shortest and largest distance from the point (2, –7) to the circle
x 2 + y2 − 14 x − 10 y − 151 = 0 .

Solution : Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 − 14 x − 10 y − 151 = 0

S11 ≡ ( 2 ) + ( −7) − 14 (2 ) − 10 ( −7 ) − 151

2 2

= −56 < 0
∴ P (+ 2, –7) inside the circle.

( − 7 ) + ( −5 )
2 2
radius of the circle, r = + 151 = 15

Q centre of circle C ≡ ( 7, 5 )

( 7 − 2 ) + (5 + 7)
2 2
∴ CP = = 13
∴ Shortest distance = PA = r – CP = 15 – 13 = 2
and largest distance = PB = r + CP = 15 + 13 = 28

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight objective type questions
1. The centre and radius of the circle with the segment of the line x + y = 1 cut off by the co-ordinate
axes as diameter are [ ]
⎛ 1 1⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ 1
a) (1, 1), 2 b) ⎜⎝ , ⎟⎠ , 2 c) ⎜⎝ , ⎟, d) (0, 0), 1
2 2 2 2⎠ 2
2. If a line is drawn through a point A(3, 4) to cut the circle x2 + y2 = 4 at P and Q, then AP.AQ =
a) 15 b) 17 c) 21 d) 25 [ ]
3. A variable circle passes through the fixed point A(p, q) and touches X - axis. The locus of the other
end of the diameter through A is [ ]
a) ( x − p) = 4 qy b) ( y − q ) = 4 px c) ( y − p ) = 4 qx d) ( x − q ) = 4 qy
2 2 2 2

4. The interval in which the value of λ should lie of the line 3 x − 4 y = λ cuts the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 8 y = 5 in real points is [ ]
a) (15, 35) b) (35, 15) c) (–35, 15) d) (–15, 35)

EMERALD PACKAGE

Straight objective type questions

5. The least distance of the line 8 x − 4 y + 73 = 0 from the circle 16 x 2 + 16 y 2 + 48 x − 8 y − 43 = 0 is

5
a) b) 2 5 c) 3 5 d) 4 5 [ ]
2
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 23
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

6. The longest distance from (–3, 2) to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 is [ ]

a) 8 b) 4 c) 18 d) 6
7. If the line 3x – 2y + 6 = 0 meets x-axis and y-axis respectively at A and B, then the equation of the
circle with radius AB and centre at A is [ ]
a) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 9 = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 9 = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x + 4 = 0 d) x 2 + y 2 + 4 x − 4 = 0

DIAMOND PACKAGE

One or more than one correct answer type questions :

8. Circle(s) touching the X-axis at a distance of 3 units from the origin and having an intercept of length
2 7 on the Y-axis is / are [ ]
a) x2 + y2 – 6x + 8y + 9 = 0 b) x2 + y2 – 6x + 7y + 9 = 0
c) x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + 9 = 0 d) x2 + y2 – 6x – 7y + 9 = 0
9. The equation of a circle touching both the axes and radius 5 is [ ]
a) x2 + y2 – 10x –10y + 25 = 0 b) x2 + y2 –10x + 10y + 25 = 0
2 2
c) x + y + 10x – 10y + 25 = 0 d) all the above
Passage Type Questions :
i) The length of the intercept cut off from a line by a circle is 2 r 2 − d 2 , where r = radius,
d = perpendicular distance from centre to line
ii) Intercept made on X - axis by a circle is 2 g 2 − c

iii) Intercept made on Y - axis by a circle is 2 f 2 − c

10. The length of the intercept made by the circle x 2 + y 2 − 12 x + 14 y + 11 = 0 on X – axis is [ ]

a) 9 b) 10 c) 8 d) 6

11. The length of the intercept made by the circle x 2 + y2 + 10 x − 12y − 13 = 0 on Y - axis is [ ]
a) 14 b) 2 c) 4 d) 5
12. The length of the chord x = 3y + 13 of the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 4y + 3 = 0 is [ ]
a) 2 5 b) 10 c) 20 d) 5 2

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and Assess the intercept made by the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y – 3 = 0 on the line x + y – 3 = 0.

2. The power of (1, 1) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 3y + k = 0 is 3, then analyse and assess
the value of k.

3. If a chord of length 8 units is at a distance of 4 units from the centre of a circle, then analyse and assess
the radius of the circle.

4. Analyse and assess the shortest distance from the point (2, –7) to the circle x2 + y2 – 14x – 10y – 151 = 0

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 25

Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
AIM – 3
Ø Tangents to a circle at a given point :- Let P be a given point on a curve and Q any other point on
the curve. If the secant line PQ approaches the same limiting position, as Q moves along the curve
and approaches P from either side, the limiting position of PQ is called the tangent line to the curve
at P.
i.e., Lt (secant line through P,Q) = tangent line at P.
Q→ P

‘P’ is called point of contact of the tangent to the circle.

Note : If a line meets a circle in two coincident points, then it is a tangent to the circle at the point of
coincidence.
P
tangent line at P
O
Q

Ø Different forms of equations of tangents :

1. Point form : The equation of the tangent at ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
Let the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 and let P ( x1 , y1 ) lie on the circle
(− g, − f ) C
⇒ x + y + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c = 0 ........ (1)
2
1
2
1

y1 + f T
Slope of CP =
x1 + g P ( x1 , y1 )

−1 − ( x1 + g )
Slope of PT = =
slope of CP y1 + f
∴ Equation of tangent at P ( x1 , y1 ) is
( x1 + g) x − x
y − y1 = − ( 1)
( y1 + f )
⇒ xx1 + yy1 + gx + fy = x12 + y12 + gx1 + fy1
adding gx1 + fy1 + c to both sides, we get
⇒ xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = x1 + y1 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
2 2

⇒ xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0
⇒ S1 = 0
2. Parametric form : The equation of tangent to x 2 + y 2 = a 2 at ( a cos θ , a sin θ ) is
S1 = 0 ⇒ x cos θ + y sin θ = a
Note : For the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is ( x + g ) cos θ + ( y + f ) sin θ = r

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

3. Slope form : The equation of a tangents of slope m to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is y = mx ± a 1 + m 2

⎛ am a ⎞
and the co-ordinates of the point of contact are ⎜ ± ,m ⎟
⎝ 1+ m 2
1 + m2 ⎠
Let y = mx + c is a tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2
∴ Length of ⊥ ler from centre (0, 0) to the line y = mx + c = radius
c
⇒ =a ⇒ c = ±a 1 + m2
1+ m 2

∴ y = mx ± a 1 + m 2 ........ (1)
Let (x1, y1) be the point of contact, then the equation of tangent at (x1, y1) to x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is
xx1 + yy1 = a 2 ........ (2)
From (1) and (2), on comparing
x1 y1 a2
= =
m −1 ± a 1 + m 2

( x1 , y1 ) = ⎛⎜ ± ⎞
am a
⇒ ,m ⎟
⎝ 1+ m 2
1+ m ⎠
2

Ø Normal to a circle at a given point : The normal of a circle at any point is a straight line which is
⊥ ler to the tangent, the line always passes through the centre of the circle.
The equation of normal at (x1, y1) for the second degree conic ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
x − x1 y − y1
=
ax1 + hy1 + g hx1 + by1 + f
x − x1 y − y1
Example - 1 : Equation of normal for x 2 + y2 = a 2 at ( x1 , y1 ) is =
1. x1 + 0 + 0 0 + 1. y1 + 0
x − x1 y − y1 x y
⇒ = ⇒ =
x1 y1 x1 y1

x − x1 y − y1
Note: 1. Equation of normal of x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 at p ( x1 , y1 ) is =
x1 + g y1 + f
2. Normal always passes through the centre of the circle.
Ø Tangents from a point to the circle :
Prove that from a given point two tangents can be drawn to a circle which are real, coincident or
imaginary according as the given point lies outside, on the circle or inside the circle
Proof : Let the circle be x 2 + y 2 = a 2 ........ (1)

any tangent to (1) is y = mx ± a 1 + m 2 ........ (2)

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
If p ( x1 , y1 ) lies on (2)

⇒ ( y1 − mx1 )2 = a 2 (1 + m 2 )
⇒ ( )
m 2 x12 − a 2 − 2 mx1 y1 + y12 − a 2 = 0
Which is a quadratic in ‘m’ which gives two values of m D > 0 or 0 or < 0 then the tangents are real,
coincident or imaginary.
Ø Length of the tangent from a point to a circle :
The length of a tangent from the point P ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 is S11 .

Let PT be tangent from the given point P ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 .

T
In Δ PCT , PT = PC 2 − CT 2
P
= x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c (x1, y1)
C
(-g1, -f1)
= S11

Ø Chord joining two points : The chord joining two points P ( x1 , y1 ) and Q ( x2 , y2 ) on the circle
S = 0 is S1 + S2 = S12 .
(− g , − f )
C

P M Q
( x 1 , y1 ) ( x2 , y2 )

Ø Chord bisected at a given point : The equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 bisected at P(x1, y1)
is S1 = S11
y1 (0, 0)
Slope of CP = C
x1
− x1 A P B
Slope of AB =
y1 ( x 1 , y1 )
∴ Equation of AB which passes through P (x1, y1) is
− x1
⇒ y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
y1
⇒ xx1 + yy1 = x12 + y12
⇒ xx1 + yy1 − a 2 = x12 + y12 − a 2
⇒ S1 = S11

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Ø Chord of contact : For any external point, two tangents can be drawn to a given circle. The chord
joining the points of contact of the two tangents is called the chord of contact of the tangents.
Prove that the equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point (x1, y1) to the circle
S = 0 is S1 = 0

Proof : Let T ( x 2 , y2 ) and T 1 ( x3 , y3 ) be the point of contact of tangents drawn from P ( x1 , y1 ) to

x 2 + y2 = a2
T ( x 2 , y2 )
∴ Equations of tangents PT and PT1 are xx2 + yy2 = a 2 and xx3 + yy3 = a 2
∴ Both the tangents pass through P ( x1 , y1 )
⇒ x1 x2 + y1 y2 = a 2 and x1 x3 + y1 y3 = a 2 ( x1 , y1 ) P C

∴ Point T ( x 2 , y2 ) and T 1 ( x3 , y3 ) lie on xx1 + yy1 = a 2

T 1 ( x3 , y3 )
∴ Equation of chord of contact TT1 is xx1 + yy1 − a 2 = 0 ⇒ S1 = 0
Ø Pair of tangents : Prove that the combined equation of pair of tangents drawn from the point (x1, y1)
to S = 0 is SS11 = S12
Let the equation to any straight line through P(x1, y1) in the distance form be
x − x1 y − y1
= =r ........... (1)
cos θ sin θ
Q
Where r = distance between (x, y) and (x1, y1)
⇒ r2 = (x – x1) 2 + (y – y1)2 B
P A
Any point on this line is x = x1 + r cos θ , y = y1 + r sin θ ( x1 , y1 ) O(0, 0)

⇒ If this point lies on x 2 + y 2 − r 2 = 0 R

⇒ r 2 + 2r ( x1 cos θ + y1 sin θ ) + S11 = 0 ........... (2)

It has two roots r1 and r2 which are the distance of PA and PB. If PAB is tangent, then A and B should
coincide with either Q or R.
∴ It should have equal roots

Δ=0⇒ ( x1 cos θ + y1 sin θ )2 = S11

⎡ ( x − x1 ) ( y − y1 ) ⎤ = S ⇒ ⎡ xx + yy − x 2 + y2 ⎤ 2 = S r 2
2

⇒ ⎢ x1
r
+ y1
r ⎦
⎥ 11 ⎣ 1 1 1 1 ⎦ ( 11 )
⎣

( ) ( )
⎡ xx1 + yy1 − r 2 − x12 + y12 − r 2 ⎤ = S11 ⎡( x − x1 )2 + ( y − y1 )2 ⎤
2
⇒ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⇒ ( S1 − S11 )2 = S11 ( x 2 + y 2 − r 2 + x12 + y12 − r 2 − 2 ( xx1 + yy1 − r 2 ))

⇒ S12 + S112 − 2S1 S11 = SS11 + S112 − 2S1 S11 ⇒ SS11 = S12
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 29
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Note : If θ is an angle between the pair of tangents drawn from an external point, then
A
⎛θ⎞ r
tan ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ =
S11 r
∴ S11 θ/2
P O
θ /2
2r S11 θ
∴ tan θ =
S11 − r 2 B

Ø Director circle : The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a given circle
is known as its director circle.
Prove that the equation of the director circle of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2

Proof : The equation of any tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2 is y = mx + a 1 + m 2 ........ (1)

Let P (h, k ) be the point of intersetion of tangents, then P(h, k) lies on (1)

⇒ ( )
k − mh = a 1 + m 2 ⇒ m 2 h 2 − a 2 − 2 mkh + k 2 − a 2 = 0

k 2 − a2
Q It has two roots m1 and m2 and given m1m2 = −1 ⇒ = −1
h2 − a2

∴ Locus of P is x 2 + y 2 = 2a 2
Ø Diameter of a circle : The locus of the middle points of a system of parallel chords of a circle is
called a diameter of the circle.
Let P ( h, k ) be middle point of the chord y = mx + c of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2
Then equation of chord having midpoint is S1 = S11 y = mx + c
hx + ky – a2 = h2 + k2 – a2 ........ (1)
⇒ Slope of (1) = Slope of y = mx + c P ( h, k )
h
⇒ − =m O
k
⇒ km + h = 0
∴ The locus is my + x = 0
Which is the diameter of the circle x 2 + y 2 = a 2

Example - 1: Show that the line ( x − 2) cos θ + ( y − 2) sinθ = 1 touches a circle for all values
of θ . Find the circle.
Solution : Given line is
( x − 2 ) cos θ + ( y − 2 ) sin θ = 1 = cos2 θ + sin 2 θ
On comparing x − 2 = cosθ
and y − 2 = sin θ
Squaring and adding (1) and (2), then ( x − 2 ) + ( y − 2 ) = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
2 2

⇒ ( x − 2 )2 + ( y − 2 )2 = 1 or x 2 + y 2 − 4 x − 4 y + 7 = 0

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Example - 2 : Find the equation of the normal to the circle x2 + y2 = 2 x , which is parallel to the line
x + 2y = 3.
Solution : Given circle is x 2 + y 2 − 2 x = 0
Centre of the given circle is (1, 0)
Since normal is parallel to x + 2y = 3
Let the equation of normal is x + 2y = λ
Since normal passes through the centre of the circle is (1, 0)
then 1 + 0 = λ
∴ λ =1
then equation of normal is x + 2y = 1
or x + 2y – 1 = 0
Example - 3 : Show that the length of the tangents from any point on the circle
x 2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 to the circle x2 + y2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c1 = 0 is ( c1 − c)
Solution : Let ( x1 , y1 ) be any point on x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 then

x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c = 0

∴ Length of tangent from ( x1 , y1 ) to the circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c1 = 0 is

x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c1 = ( −c + c1 ) = c1 − c

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight objective type questions
1. The equation of the tangent at (1, 1) to the circle 2x2 + 2y2 – 2x – 5y + 3 = 0 is [ ]
a) 2x + y – 1 = 0 b) 2x – y – 1 = 0 c) x + 2y – 1 = 0 d) 2x + y + 1 = 0
2. If x + y + k = 0 is a tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 3 = 0 then k = [ ]
a) ±20 b) –1, – 5 c) ±2 d) 4
3. The equation of the normal at (1, 1) to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 4 = 0 is [ ]
a) 4x + y + 5 = 0 b) 4x + y – 5 = 0 c) 4x – y – 5 = 0 d) none of these
4. If y = 3x is a tangent to the circle with centre (1, 1) then the other tangent drawn through (0, 0) to the
circle is [ ]
a) 3y = x b) y = –3x c) y = 2x d) y = – 2x
EMERALD PACKAGE
Straight objective type questions
5. The equation of the chord of contact of the point (4, 2) with respect to the circle is
x2 + y2 – 5x + 4y – 3 = 0 is [ ]
a) 5x – 3y – 25 = 0 b) 8x – 2y – 11 = 0
c) 3x + 8y – 18 = 0 d) x – 14y – 6 = 0
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 31
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
6. The equation of the chord of x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y + 3 = 0 whose mid point is (1, –2) is [ ]
a) x + y + 1 = 0 b) 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 c) x – y – 3 = 0 d) not existing
7. The locus of the midpoints of chords of the circle x2 + y2 – 2px = 0 passing through the origin is
a) x2 + y2 + 2px = 0 b) x2 + y2 + px = 0 [ ]
2 2
c) x + y – px = 0 d) x2 + y2 – 4px = 0

DIAMOND PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
8. If the squares of the lengths of the tangents from a point P to the circles x2 + y2 = a2, x2 + y2 = b2,
x2 + y2 = c2 are in A.P then a2,b2,c2 are in [ ]
a) A.P b) G.P c) H.P d) A.G.P
9. The equation to the locus of the midpoints of chords of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 having a constant length
2l is [ ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a) x + y = l b) x + y = r – l c) x + y = r + l d) x + y = 4l
One or more than one correct answer type questions :
10. The equation of the tangent to the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y – 4 = 0 which is parallel 3x + 4y – 1 = 0 is
a) 3x + 4y + 20 = 0 b) 3x + 4y = 15 c) 3x + 4y = 10 d) 3x – 4y = 10 [ ]
11. The equation of a circle in which the chord joining the points (1, 2) and (2, –1) subtends an angle of
π
at any point on the circumference is [ ]
4
a) x2 + y2 – 5 = 0 b) x2 + y2 – 6x – 2y + 5 = 0
c) x2 + y2 + 6x + 2y – 15 = 0 d) x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 4 = 0
Integer type questions :
12. If the line 3x – 4y – k = 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 4x – 8y – 5 = 0 at (a, b) then positive integral
k +a+b
value of is equal to __________
5

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. If the length of the tangent from (2, 3) to the circle x2 + y2 + 6x + 2ky – 6 = 0 is 7, then analyse and
assess k.

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
2. Analyse and assess the equation of the pair of tangents from (2, 1) to the circle x2 + y2 = 4

3. Analyse and assess the locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the circle
x2 + y2 = 10

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
AIM – 4
Pole and Polar :
Let P(x1, y1) be any point inside or outside the circle. Draw chords AB and A1B1 passing through P.
If tangents to the circle at A and B meet at Q(h, k), then locus of Q is called polar of P with respect to
circle and P is called pole. If tangents to the circle at A1 and B1 meet at Q1, then the straight line QQ1
is polar with P as its pole.
Case I : When P is inside the circle, its polar lies outside the circle.

Q(h,k)
B
A1
Pole
y 1)
Polar P(x 1,

A
1
Q B1

Case II : When P lies outside the circle, its polar seems to be passes through side the circle

Q1

B1
1
A
Pole
P (x1, y1) Polar
A
B

Note : Pole is a point, polar is a line.

If circle be x2 + y2 = a2 then AB is chord of contact of Q(h, k) and its equation is hx + ky = a2, But
P(x1,y1) lies on AB
∴ hx1+ ky1 = a2, hence locus of Q(h, k) is
xx1+ yy1 = a2

⇒ S1 = 0

Equation of polar of point (x1, y1) w.r.t S = 0 is,

S1 = 0

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Co-ordinates of pole of a line :
⎛ − a 2l − a 2 m ⎞
Ø 2 2
Prove that the pole of line lx + my + n = 0 with respect to the circle x + y = a is ⎜2
,
⎝ n n ⎟⎠

Proof : Let P(x1, y1) be the pole, then the equation of polar with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is
xx1 + yy1 = a2 which is same as lx + my = –n, then on comparing

x1 y1 − a 2 ⎛ −a 2l − a 2 m ⎞
= = ⇒ ( x1 , y1 ) = ⎜ ,
l m n ⎝ n n ⎟⎠

Note : If the pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is (x1, y1), then
x1 + g y1 + f r2
= = where ‘r’ is radius of the circle.
l m lg + mf − n
Ø Prove that if the polar of P with respect to the circle passes through Q then the polar of Q passes
through P.
Proof : Let x2 + y2 = a2 ...... (1)
∴ Polar of P(x1, y1) w.r.t (1) is xx1 + yy1 = a2 ...... (2)
∴ (2) Passes through Q(x2, y2) then
x2x1 + y2y1 – a2 = 0
S21 = 0
Q S12 = S21 ∴ S12 = 0
x1x2 + y1y2 = a2
Hence polar of Q(x2, y2) w.r.t S = 0 also passes through P(x1, y1)
Conjugate points : If two points are such that polar of one point with respect to the circle passes
through the other, then the two points are called conjugate points.
Conjugate lines : If two lines are such that, the pole of either of which with respect to the circle lies
on the other, then the two lines are called cojugate lines
Ø Prove that the lines l1x + m1y + n1= 0 and l2x + m2y + n2= 0 are conjugate lines w.r.t x2 + y2 = r2 then,
r2(l1l2 + m1m2) = n1n2
Proof : The pole of l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 w.r.t x2 + y2 = r2 is
⎛ −r 2l1 −r 2 m1 ⎞
⎜⎝ n , n ⎟⎠ , which should satisfy l2x + m2y + n2 = 0
1 1

⎛ − r 2l1 ⎞ ⎛ − r 2 m1 ⎞
⇒ l2 ⎜ ⎟ + m2 ⎜ ⎟ + n2 = 0 ⇒ r2(l1l2 + m1m2) = n1n2
⎝ n1 ⎠ ⎝ n1 ⎠

Note : The lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 are conjugate w.r.t x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0.
Iff r2 (l1l2 + m1m2) = (l1g + m1f – n1) (l2g + m2f – n2)

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Properties of pole and polar :
If O is centre of circle and polar of the point P w.r.t circle meets OP in Q then
i) The polar of P is perpendicular to OQ
ii) OP.OQ = r2
Inverse points : If P and Q are two points on the same side of the centre O and r radius such that
O,P,Q are collinear and OP.OQ = r2, then P and Q are called inverse points with respect to the circle.
Here Q is called the inverse point of P and vice versa.
Properties of inverse points : r
i) If P lies on the circle, OP = r and ⇒ OP = OQ
O P Q
∴ Any point on the circle is inverse point of itself
r2
ii) If P lies inside the circle ⇒ OP < OQ and OQ = ⇒ OQ > r ⇒ Q lies outside the circle
OP
iii) If P lies outside the circle ⇒ Q lies inside the circle
iv) If P,Q are inverse points with respect to S = 0 then P,Q are also conjugate points w.r.t S = 0
v) If P,Q are inverse points w.r.t S = 0, then Q is the foot of the perpendcular form P on the polar of P
with respect to S = 0. If P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) may be conjugate points with respect to the circle
S = 0, then S12 = 0
Ø If the polars of the points A(x1, y1) ; B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) with respect to a circle are concurrent, then
A,B,C are collinear.

2 2 2
⎛ pr 2 qr 2 ⎞
vi) Inverse point of the point (p,q) w.r.t x + y = r is ⎜ 2 ,
⎝ p + q 2 p 2 + q 2 ⎟⎠

⎛ − gc − fc ⎞
Inverse point of (0, 0) w.r.t x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is ⎜ 2 , 2
⎝ g + f g + f 2 ⎟⎠
vii) 2

Example - 1 : Find the locus of the pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the circle which touches
y - axis at the origin.
Solution : Let centre of circle be C(h, 0) since
Circle touches y – axis at the origin
∴ Radius of the circle = h
∴ Equation of the circle
(x – h)2 + (y – 0)2 = h2
x2 + y2 – 2xh = 0 ...... (i)
Let the pole be (x1, y1)
∴ Equation of the polar w.r.t circle (i) is
xx1 + yy1 – h(x + x1) = 0
x(x1 – h) + yy1 – hx1 = 0
and given line lx + my + n = 0 which is ...... (ii)

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
x1 − h y1 hx
= =− 1
l m n
From the first two relations, we get
mx1 − ly1
h= ......... (iii)
m
and from last two relations, we gt.
− ny1
h= ......... (iv)
mx1
From (iii) and (iv),
mx1 − ly1 − ny1
=
m mx1
⇒ mx12 − lx1 y1 = − ny1
y1 (lx1 − n ) = mx12
y (lx − n ) = mx 2 is locus of pole.
Example - 2 : The pole of a straight line w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = a2 lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 9a2.
a2
Then prove that the straight line touches the circle x2 + y2 =
9
Solution : Let pole be (x1, y1)
Equation of polar is xx1 + yy1 = a2 ... (i)
But given (x1, y1) lies on x2 + y2 = 9a2 then x12 + y12 = 9a 2
a2 a2
Length of perpendicular from centre of x 2 + y 2 = . i.e (0, 0) on (i) = radius of circle x 2 + y 2 =
9 9
0 + 0 − a2 a2 a
⇒ = =
x12 + y12 9a 2 3
a2
Hence straight line (i) touches the circle x 2 + y 2 =
9

Example - 3 : Let S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 be a given circle. Find the locus of foot of

perpendicular drawn from (0, 0) upon any chord of S which subtends a right angle at origin.

Solution : Given circle is S ≡ x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 . Let M(h, k) be the foot of perpendicular

from 0(0, 0) to the chord AB

k −0 k
slope of OM = =
h−0 h

−h h
slope of AB = ⇒ y − k = − ( x − h)
k k

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
yk – k2 = –hx + h2
hx + ky = h2 + k2
Since AB subtends 90º at origin
2
⎛ hx + ky ⎞ ⎛ hx + ky ⎞
x + y + ( 2 gx + 2 fy ) ⎜ 2
2 2
2⎟
+ c⎜ 2 =0
⎝h +k ⎠ ⎝ h + k 2 ⎟⎠

Since ∠AOB = 90º (coeffcient x2 + coeffcient y2 = 0)

2 ( gh + fk ) c
2+ + =0
(h 2
+k 2
) h + k2
2

2(h2 + k2) + 2(gh + fk) + c = 0

∴ The locus of M(h, k) is
2(x2 + y2) + 2(gx + fy) = – c

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
1. The polar of the point (–2, 3) w.r.t x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 5 = 0 is [ ]
a) x = 0 b) y = 0 c) x = 1 d) y = 1
2. If (1, a), (b, 2) are conjugate points w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = 25, then 4a + 2b = [ ]
a) 25 b) 50 c) 100 d) 150
3. The lengths of the tangents from the points A and B to the circle are l1 and l2 respectively. If A and B
are conjugate points then AB2 = [ ]
a) l12 − l22 b) l12 + l22 c) l12 , l22 d) l12 / l22
4. The inverse point of (1,2).w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = 25 is (5,k), then k = [ ]
a) 10 b) 12 c) 22 d) none of these

EMERALD PACKAGE

Straight Objective type questions :

5. If the line 2x + y + 12 = 0, kx – 3y – 10 = 0 are conjugate w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 3y – 1 = 0 then
k= [ ]
a) 4 b) – 9 c) – 3 d) – 5
6. The locus of poles of tangents to the circle (x – p)2 + y2 = b2 w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = a2 is [ ]
a) (a2 – px)2 = b2 (x2 + y2) b) (a2 – bx)2 = p2 (x2 + y2)
c) (a2 + px)2 = b2(x2 + y2) d) (a2 + bx)2 = p (x2 + y2)
7. If the pole of a line w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = a2 lies on the circle x2 + y2 = a4 then the line touches the
circle. [ ]
2 2 2 2 2 2
a) x + y = 2 b) x + y = 1 c) x + y = 3 d) None
38 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.
Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
8. If ax + by + c = 0 is the polar of (1, 1) w.r.t circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 and H.C.F of a, b, c is equal
to 1, then a2 + b2 + c2 = [ ]
a) 0 b) 3 c) 5 d) 15

DIAMOND PACKAGE
One or more than one correct answer type questions :
9. If ‘O’ is centre of circle and polar of the point ‘P’ with respect to circle meets OP is Q, then which of
the following statement is correct. [ ]
2
a) The polar of ‘P’ is perpendicular to OQ b) OP . OQ = r
c) OP = OQ d) OQ = r
Integer type questions :
10. If the points (a, 1), (2, –3) are conjugate w.r.t x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y – 12 = 0, then [a] = __________
(Here [ ] is greatest integral value).
Matrix matching type questions :
Column - I Column - II
11. If 3x + 2y = 3 and 2x + 5y = 1 are a) 6.5
conjugate w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 = r2, then r2 = 11 a b c d

3 12 a b c d
12. The equation of the tangent to the b)
16 13 a b c d
2 2
circle x + y + 2x + 2y – 7 = 0 which 14 a b c d
makes 45° with the X - axis is
13. If (1,2), (3, a) are conjugate points c) x = 0
w.r.t x2 + y2 = 16, then a =
14. The polar of the point (–2, 3) d) x – y – 3 2 = 0
w.r.t x2 + y2 – 4x – 6y + 5 = 0 is

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and assess the pole of x + y + 2 = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 – 4x + 6y – 12 = 0.

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
2. If the polar of (2, –1) w.r.t x2 + y2 + 6x + 4y – 1 = 0 is 5x + y + k = 0, then analyse and assess the value
of k.

3. Analyse and assess the inverse point of (x1, y1) with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = r2.

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
AIM – 5
Touching Circles : If two circles meet at one and only one point P, then they are said to touch each
other at P. The point P in common, is called the point of contact of the two circles
Note : If two circles touch each other then there exists only one tangent at their point of contact.
Common Tangents : If a line L ≡ 0 touches the circles S and S|, then L ≡ 0 is called a common
tangent to the two circles.
Direct common tangent : Let L ≡ 0 be a common tangent to two circles S and S|. If the circles S
and S| lie on same side of L ≡ 0 , then L ≡ 0 is called a direct common tangent.
Transverse common tangent : Let L ≡ 0 be a common tangent to two circles S and S|. If the circles
S and S| lie on opposite sides of L ≡ 0 , then L ≡ 0 , is called a transverse common tangent.
Different positions of two circles : Let A, B be the centres and r1, r2 be the radii of two circles
respectively.
S.No. Condition Diagram Number of common
tangents
1. If AB > r1 + r2, then the two circles 4
r1 r2
do not intersect and one will be away A B
from the other

2. If AB = r1 + r2, then the two circles 3

touch each other externally, their point r1 r2
A B
of contact divides AB internally in the
ratio r1 : r2

A B
3. If r1 − r2 < AB < r1 + r2 then the 2
two circles intersect each other.

4. If AB = r1 − r2 , then the two circles 1

A B
touch each other internally. Their point
of contact divides AB , externally in r1 : r2

5. AB < r1 − r2 , then the circles do not 0

intersect and one will be completely B A

inside other.

6. If AB = O , then the centres of two 0

circles coincide. The circles are called
concentric circles

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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Centres of Similitude :
1) External centre of similitude : The point of intersection of direct common tangents of two
circles is called the external centre of similitude.
2) Internal centre of similitude : The point of intersection of transverse common tangents of two
circles is called the internal centre of similitude.

P1

L1 P2
M2
C2
A C1 L2B
M1 Q2

Q1

Here C1, C2 are internal and external centres of similitudes respectively. And P1P2, Q1Q2 are direct
common tangents, P1Q2, P2Q1 are transverse common tangents.
Note :
i) If d is distance between center is two circles whose radii are r1, r2, then length of direct common

d 2 − (r1 − r2 ) .
2
tangent of two circles is
ii) If d is distance between center is two circles whose radii are r1, r2, then length of transverse

d 2 − (r1 + r2 ) .
2
common tangent of two circles is
iii) If C1, C2 are centers r1, r2 radii, then external center of similitude divides the line joining C1, C2
in the ratio r1 : r2 externally.
iv) If C1, C2 are centers r1, r2 radii, then internal center of similitude divides the line joining C1, C2
in the ratio r1 : r2 internally.
Example -1 : Examine if the two circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 0 and x2 + y2 – 8y – 4 = 0 touch each
other externally or internally.
Solution : Given the circles are x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y = 0 .... (1) and x2 + y2 – 8y – 4 = 0 ... (2)
Let the centres and radii of circles (1) and (2) are represented by C1, r1 and C2, r2 respectively.
∴ C1 ≡ (1, 2 ) , r1 = 1 + 4
r1 = 5
C2 ≡ (0, 4 ) , r2 = 0 + 16 + 4

r2 = 2 5

C1C2 = 12 + ( 2 − 4 )
2

C1C2 = 5 = r2 − r1
Hence the two circles touch each other internally.
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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

Example - 2 : Prove that the circles x 2 + y2 + 2 ax + c 2 = 0 and x 2 + y2 + 2 by + c2 = 0 touch

1 1 1
each other, if 2 + 2 = 2 .
a b c
Solution : Given circles are x 2 + y 2 + 2ax + c 2 = 0 ...... (1) and x 2 + y 2 + 2by + c 2 = 0 ...... (2)
Let centres and radii of circles (1) and (2) respectively and r1 and r2 be their radii then,
C1 = ( − a, 0 ) ,
C2 = ( 0, − b ) ,

r1 = a 2 − c 2 ,

r2 = b2 − c 2
Here we do not find the two circles touch each other internally (or) externally.
For touch,
C1C2 = r1 ± r2

(a 2
)
+ b2 = (a 2
) (b
− c2 ± 2
− c2 )
Squaring on both sides,

a 2 + b2 = a 2 − c2 + b2 − c 2 ± 2 (a 2
− c2 ) (b 2
− c2 )
(
c 2 = ± a 2 b 2 − c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 2 )
( ) (
c 4 = a 2 b2 − c 2 a 2 + b2 + c 4 c 2 a 2 + b 2 = a 2 b2 )
1 1 1
2
+ 2 = 2 Hence proved
a b c

Example - 3 : Find all the common tangents to the circles x2 + y2 − 2 x − 6 y + 9 = 0 and

x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0
Solution : The given circles are x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 6 x + 9 = 0 D
⇒ ( x − 1)2 + ( y − 3)2 = 1 ....... (i) 3
1
c1(1, 3)

and x + y + 6 x − 2y + 1 = 0
2 2 C
c2(-3,1)

⇒ ( x + 3) + ( y − 1)
2 2
= 9 ....... (ii) A

Centers and radii of circles (i) and (ii) are

C1 (1,3) , r1 = 1
C2 = (–3, 1), r2 = 3 respectively
∴ C1C2 = 16 + 4 = 2 5
∴ C1C2 > r1 + r2
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Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Hence the circles do not intersect each other the direct common tangent meet AB produced at D, then
point D will divide C2C1 in the ratio 3 : 1 (externally).

⎛ 3 (1) − 1 ( −3) 3 ( 3) − 1 (1) ⎞

Co-ordinates of D are ⎜ ,
⎝ 3 −1 3 − 1 ⎟⎠

or (3, 4) and the point C divide C2C1 in the ratio 3 : 1 (internally). then the co-ordinates of C are
⎛ 3 (1) + 1 ( −3) 3 (3) + 1 (1) ⎞
⎜⎝ , (or) (0, 5/2).
3+1 3 + 1 ⎟⎠

⎛ 5⎞
Transverse tangents : Any line through C ⎜ 0, ⎟ is
⎝ 2⎠

5 5
y− = mx ⇒ mx − y + = 0
2 2
Apply the usual condition of tangency to any of the circle.
5
m.1 − 3 +
2 = ±1
m +1
2

1
m2 + − m = m2 + 1
4
3
o.m 2 − m − = 0
4
−3
m = α and m =
4
Hence the equations for transverse tangents are x = 0 and 3 x + 4 y − 10 = 0 .
Direct tangents : Any line through (3, 4) is
y – 4 = m(x – 3)
mx – y + 4 – 3m = 0
Apply usual condition of tangency to any of the circle.
m − 3 + 4 − 3m
= ±1
m2 + 1

⇒ ( −2m + 1)2 = m 2 + 1
⇒ 3m 2 − 4 m = 0
4
⇒ m = 0, m =
3
∴ Equation of direct common tangents are y = 4 and 4x – 3y = 0

44 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
1. The circles x2 + y2 – 12x + 8y + 48 = 0, x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y + 4 = 0 [ ]
a) touch internally
b) touch externally
c) Intersecting at two points
d) are such that one completely lies out side the other.
2. If the two circles (x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = r2 and x2 + y2 – 8x + 2y – 18 = 0 intersect in two distinct points,
then [ ]
a) r < 2 b) r = 2 c) r > 2 d) 2 < r < 8
3. The point of contact of the circles x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y + 1 = 0, x2 + y2 – 2x + 2y + 1 = 0 [ ]
a) (0, 1) b) (0, – 1) c) (1, 0) d) (–1, 0)
4. The internal centre of similitude of the circles x2 + y2 – 2x + 4y + 4 = 0, x2 + y2 + 4x – 2y + 1 = 0
divides the segment joining their centres in the ratio [ ]
a) 1 : 2 b) 2 : 1 c) –1 : 2 d) –2 : 1

EMERALD PACKAGE

Straight Objective type questions :

5. Equation of the circles whose radius is 3 and which touches the circle x2 + y2 + 2x + 6y – 15 = 0
externally of the point (2,1) is [ ]
a) 5 (x2 + y2) – 2x + 14y – 35 = 0 b) x2 + y2 + 30x – 22y + 121 = 0
c) x2 + y2 – 18x – 16y + 120 = 0 d) x2 + y2 – 46x – 28y = 0
6. Lengths of direct and transerverse common tangents of the circles x2 + y2 = 6x , x2 + y2 + 2x = 0 are
a) 2 3,3 3 b) 3 3, 3 c) 2 3 ,0 d) none of these[ ]
7. If the circles x2 + y2 – 6x – 8y + c = 0 and x2 + y2 = 9 have 3 common tangents, then c = [ ]
a) 18 b) 19 c) 20 d) 21

DIAMOND PACKAGE

One or more than one correct answer type questions :

8. If the circles x2 + y2 – 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 2 α x + 2y + 1 = 0 touch each other, then α is [ ]

−4 4
a) b) 0 c) 1 d)
3 3
9. If x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 9 = 0 and x2 + y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0 are two circles, then [ ]
a) number of common tangents to circles is 4 b) internal centre of similitude is (3, 4)

c) external centre of similitude is ⎛⎜ 0, ⎞⎟

5
d) number of common tangents to circles is 2
⎝ 2⎠
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 45
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
10. The two circles x2 + y2 + ax = 0 and x2 + y2 = c2 touch each other if [ ]
a) a + c = 0 b) a – c = 0 c) a2 = c2 d) none of these
Integer type questions :
11. The length of transverse common tangents to the circles x 2 + y 2 − 2 x − 6 y + 9 = 0 and
x 2 + y 2 + 6 x − 2 y + 1 = 0 is _________________

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and assess the number of common tangents to the two circles x2 + y2 = 8 and x2 + y2 = 2.

2. Analyse and assess the condition if the circles x2 + y2 – 2ax + c2 = 0 and x2 + y2 – 2 by + c2 = 0 will
touch each other externally.

3. Analyse and assess the equation of circle whose radius is 5 and which touches the circle
x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0 at (5, 5).

46 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

QUICK REVIEW
Ø The locus of the point moving in a plane such that it is at a constant distance from a fixed point is
called a circle.
The constant distance is called the radius and the fixed point is called the centre.
Ø Some important points on circle :
a) Angle in a semi circle is a right angle.
b) Through three non-collinear points, there exists only one circle.
c) The line joining mid point of a chord and centre of the circle is perpendicular to the chord.
d) Perpendicular bisector of a chord of a circle passes through the centre of the circle.
e) A line is tangent to a circle if the length of the perpendicular from centre to that line is equal to
radius.
f) The chord of a circle with maximum length is a diameter.
g) Circles with same centre are called concentric circles.
Ø If (x1, y1) is centre and ‘r’ is radius, then the equation of the circle is (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2.
Ø The circle with centre as origin and radius ‘r’ is x2 + y2 = r2.
Ø ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle if
a) h = 0, b) a = b, c) g2 + f2 – ac ≥ 0
Ø Standard form of circle is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
a) g2 + f2 – c > 0 ⇒ real circle
b) g2 + f2 – c = 0 ⇒ point circle
c) g2 + f2 – c < 0 ⇒ imaginary circle

Ø If x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a circle, then its centre is (–g, –f) and radius = g2 + f 2 − c,
⎛ g f⎞
Ø The general equation of a circle is ax2 + ay2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 its centre is ⎜⎝ − , − ⎟⎠ ,
a a
g 2 + f 2 − ac
radius =
a
Ø The equation of the circle passing through origin and making intercepts a and b on x and y axes respectively
is x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0. The circle passing through (0, 0), (a, 0), (0, b) is x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0.
Ø The equation of the circle with (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) as extremities of a diameter is (x – x1) (x – x2) +
(y – y1) (y – y2) = 0
Ø Any circle touching
a) x-axis is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + g2 = 0 (i.e, c = g2), radius = f

b) y-axis is of the form x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + f2 = 0, (i.e, c = f2), radius = g

c) both the axes is x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 with c = g2 = f2, radius = g = f

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 47

Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Equation of the circle with centre (a, b) and touching
a) x-axis is x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by + a2 = 0
b) y-axis is x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by + b2 = 0
Ø Equation of the circle touching both the axes with radius r are x2 + y2 ± 2rx ± 2ry + r2 = 0.
Ø If ‘C’ is centre ‘r’ is radius of a circle and the perpendicular distance from centre C to line ‘l’ is d, then
a) d > r ⇔ l is outside of the circle.
b) d = r ⇔ l is a tangent
c) d < r ⇔ l cuts the circle in two distinct points
Ø Conditions for a line is tangent to a circle :
a) y = mx + c touches x2 + y2 = r2 is c2 = r2 (m2 + 1)

⎛ lr 2 mr 2 ⎞
b) lx + my + n = 0 touches x + y = r is ⎜ −
2 2
,−
2
⎝ n n ⎟⎠
c) lx + my + n = 0 touches x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is (l2 + m2) (g2 + f2 – c) = (lg + mf – n)2.

Ø The equation of tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 whose slope ‘m’ is y = mx ± r m 2 + 1.

Ø For the circle (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2, tangent with slope ‘m’ is (y – y1) = m(x – x1) ± r m2 + 1 .
Ø For the circle (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 tangents parallel to lx + my + n = 0 are lx + my = lx1 + my1 ±
r l2 + m2
Ø The intercept made by the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 on

a) x-axis is 2 g 2 − c

b) y-axis is 2 f 2 − c
Ø If ‘r’ is radius of a circle then a line which is at a distance ‘d’ from centre of the circle, cuts (a chord)
an intercept of length is 2 r 2 − d 2
Ø The number of circles touching all the three given lines, which are
a) forming a triangle is Four
b) such that two of the lines are parallel is Two
c) all parallel Zero
Ø In a circle, normal at any point of the circle passes through its centre.
Ø Parametric equations of the circle
a) x2 + y2 = r2 are x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ , θ is parameter, point ' θ ' is ( r cos θ , r sin θ )

b) (x – x1)2 + (y – y1)2 = r2 are x = x1 + r cos θ , y = y1 + r sin θ point ' θ ' is ( x1 + r cos θ , y1 + r sin θ )
Ø Equation of the tangent at ' θ ' to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is x cos θ + y sin θ = r .
Ø Equation of the normal at ' θ ' to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is x sin θ − y cos θ = 0.
48 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.
Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Ø The equation of normal at P(x1, y1) to x2 + y2 = r2 is y1x – x1y = 0
Ø The equation of normal at P(x1, y1) to x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is y1(x + g) – x1(y + f) = 0
Ø Equation of the chord joining the two points θ1 and θ2 of the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is

⎛θ +θ ⎞ ⎛θ +θ ⎞ ⎛θ −θ ⎞
x cos ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ + y sin ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ = r cos ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Ø S = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c, then
S1 = xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c
S12 = x1x2 + y1y2 + g(x1 + x2) + f(y1 + y2) + c
S11 = x12 + y12 + 2 gx1 + 2 fy1 + c
Ø If S = 0 is a circle P(x1, y1) is a point, then
a) S11 > 0 ⇔ P lies outside the circle
b) S11 = 0 ⇔ P lies on the circle
c) S11 < 0 ⇔ P lies inside the circle
Ø Power of a point (Def) : If ‘C’ is centre and ‘r’ is radius of a circle then the power of the point P is
defined as CP2 – r2 = S11 (or)
a) If a secant line through P cuts the circle in any two points A, B then PA.PB= S11 is called as
power of P.
b) power of a point on the circle is zero.
c) power is positive if point lies outside the circle.
d) power is negative if point lies inside the circle.
Ø If P(x1, y1) is a point lying outside of the circle S = 0, then the length of the tangent from P is S11 .
Ø The equation of the chord joining the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) on the circle S = 0 is
S1 + S2 = S12.
Ø The equation of the tangent at P(x1, y1) on the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
Ø The line joining the points of contacts of tangents drawn from an external point is called chord of
contact.
The chord of contact of P(x1, y1) with respect to circle S = 0 is S1 = 0
Ø If ‘P’ is a point (other than centre) in the plane of a circle and a secant line through P cuts the circle in
A and B. If the tangents at A and B intersect in Q, then the locus of ‘Q’ is a straight line called the
polar of P w.r.t the circle. P is pole of the line.
Equation of Polar of the point P(x1, y1) with respect to the circle S = 0 is S1 = 0

⎛ lr 2 mr 2 ⎞
Ø Pole of the line lx + my+ n = 0 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = r2 is ⎜ − ,− .
⎝ n n ⎟⎠
Ø The pole of the line lx + my+ n = 0 w.r.t the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is
⎛ −lr 2 −mr 2 ⎞
⎜⎝ − g + , − f +
N N ⎟⎠ where N = l (–g) + m(–f) + n
Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 49
Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Two points are said to be conjugate points if polar of one point passes through other point.
P(x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) are conjugate points with respect to the curve (circle) S = 0 ⇔ S12 = 0
Ø If pole of the line l1 with respect to a circle lies on the line l2, then the pole of l2 with respect to same
circle lies on l1. Two such lines are called conjugate lines.
The condition that the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate w.r.t the circle
a) x2 + y2 = r2 is r2 (l1l2 + m1m2) = n1n2
b) x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is (g2 + f2 – c) (l1l2 + m1m2) = (l1g + m1f – n1) (l2g + m2f – n2)
Ø C is centre and ‘r’ is radius of a circle. If P is a point, then the point of intersection of the lines CP and
polar of P is called inverse point of P w.r.t the circle.

⎡ r 2 x1 r 2 y1 ⎤
Ø 2 2 2 ,
The inverse point of (x1, y1) with respect the circle x + y = r is ⎢ x 2 + y 2 x 2 + y 2 ⎥ .
⎣ 1 1 1 1 ⎦

Ø The inverse point of (x1, y1) w.r.to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 is

⎛ r 2 ( x1 + g ) r 2 ( y1 + f ) ⎞
⎜ − g + , − f + ⎟
⎝ ( x1 + g)2 + ( y1 + f )2 ( x1 + g)2 + ( y1 + f )2 ⎠
Ø Equation of the chord of the circle S = 0 whose mid point is (x1, y1) is S1 = S11 and its length is
2 S11 .

Ø Equation of the pair of tangents from (x1, y1) to the circle S = 0 is S12 = S11S.
Ø If the circle S = 0 and L = 0 is a line intersecting the circle in A and B, then any circle passing through
A, B is of the form S + λ L = 0.
Ø Area of the quadrilateral formed by the two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle and a
pair of radii through their points of contact is r ( )
S11 .

S11
Ø The length of the chord of contact of the point P(x1, y1) w.r.to the circle S = 0 is 2r .
S11 + r 2
Ø S = 0 is a circle in standard from, with centre C and radius r. If P(x1, y1) is a point, then the area of the

r (S ) 2
3

triangle formed by pair of tangents from P and chord of contact of P is .

S11 + r 2
Ø If C1, C2 are centres of two circles, whose radii are r1, r2 (r1 > r2) then the number of common tangents
to these two circles is
a) zero if r1 – r2 > C1C2 b) one if r1 r2 =C1C2
c) two if r1 – r2 < C1C2 < r1 + r2 d) three if C1C2 = r1 + r2
e) four if C1C2 > r1 + r2

50 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles
Ø Two circles with centres C1, C2 and radii r1, r2 touch each other if C1C2 = r1 ± r2
Ø Centres of similitude :
i) The point of intersection of direct common tangents of two circles is called as external centre of
similitude.
If C1, C2 are centres r1, r2 are radii, external centre of similitude divide the line joining C1, C2 in
the ratio r1 : r2 externally.
ii) The point of intersection of transverse common tangents of two circles is called as internal
centre of similitude.
If C1, C2 are centres r1, r2 are radii, internal centre of similitude divide the line joining C1, C2 in
the ratio r1 : r2 internally.
Ø If d is the distance between centres of two circles whose radii are r1 and r2 then length of direct

d 2 − (r1 − r2 ) and length of transverse common tangent of two

2
common tangent of two circles is

d 2 − (r1 + r2 ) S
2
circles is

STUDENT PACKAGE
PEARL PACKAGE

Straight Objective type questions :

1. Let PQ and RS be tangents at the extremities of diameter PR of a circle of a Radius r. If PS and RQ
intersect at a point X on the circumference of the circle, then 2r equals [ ]
PQ+RS 2PQ + RS PQ 2 + RS2
a) PQ.RS b) c) d)
2 PQ + RS 2
2. If the straight line ax + by = 2, a, b ¹ 0 touches the circle x2 + y2 – 2x = 3 and is normal to the circle
x2 + y2 – 4y = 6 [ ]
a) a = 1, b = 2 b) a = 1, b = –1 c) a = –4/3, b = 1 d) none of these
3. If the lines 3x – 4y – 7 = 0; 2x – 3y – 5 = 0 are the two diameters of a circle of area 49F sq units. the
equation of the circle is [ ]
2 2 2 2
a) x + y + 2x – 2y – 62 = 0 b) x + y – 2x + 2y – 62 = 0
2 2
c) x + y – 2x + 2y – 47 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 47 = 0
4. The area of the triangle formed with the co - ordinate axes and the tangent at the point (x1,y1) on the
circle x2 + y2 = a2 is [ ]
a4 a4 2a 4 a2
a) b) c) d)
xy 2 xy xy 2 xy

5. Let A be the centre of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y – 20 = 0. Suppose that tangents at the point B(1, 7)
and D(4,–2) on the circle meet at the point c. The area of the quadrilateral ABCD is [ ]
a) 75 sq. unit b) 145 sq.unit c) 150 sq. unit d) 50 sq. unit

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 51

Circles Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

EMERALD PACKAGE

6. The equation of the chord of the circle x2 + y2 = 4x + 6y – 3 = 0 having (1,–2) as its midpoint is[ ]
a) 2x – 3y – 13 = 0 b) x – y – 3 = 0 c) x + 2y – 5 = 0 d) 2x + 3y + 13 = 0

⎛ r r ⎞
7. The Range r for which the point ⎜ −5+ , −3 + ⎟ is an Interior point of the major segment of the
⎝ 2 2⎠
circle x2 + y2 = 16, cut off by the line x + y = 2 is [ ]

a) -¥, 5 2  
b) 4 2 -14, 5 2   
c) 4 2 - 14, 4 2 + 14 d) None of these.

8. The locus of the point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 [ ]
2 2
a a
a) x2 + y2 = b) x 2 + y 2 = c) x2 + y2 = 2a2 d) x2 + y2 = 3a2
2 3
*9. If 4l2 – 5m2 + 6l + 1= 0 and the line lx + my + 1 = 0 touches a fixed circle, then [ ]
a) the circle has a centre at (4, 0) b) the radius of the circle is equal to 5
c) the circle passes through origin d) None of these

The equation of the image of the circle ( x − 3) + ( y − 2 ) = 1 by the line mirror x + y = 19 is

2 2
10.
a) ( x − 14 ) + ( y − 13) = 1 b) ( x − 15) + ( y − 14 ) = 1
2 2 2 2
[ ]
c) ( x − 16 ) + ( y − 15) = 1 d) ( x − 17) + ( y − 16 ) = 1
2 2 2 2

DIAMOND PACKAGE

11. The number of points with integral co-ordinate that are interior to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 is
a) 43 b) 45 c) 47 d) 49 [ ]
12. If the chord y = mx + 1 of the circle x2 + y2 = 1 subtends an angle of measure 45º at the major segment
of the circle then the value of m is [ ]
a) 2 b) – 2 c) – 1 d) None of these
13. The angle between a pair of tangents drawn from a point P to the circle
x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 9 sin2 α + 13 cos2 α = 0 is 2α . The equation of locus of point P is [ ]
a) x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 4 = 0 b) x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y – 9 = 0
c) x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y – 4 = 0 d) x2 + y2 + 4x – 6y + 9 = 0
14. Consider two curves C1 : y2 = 4x; C2 : x2 + y2 – 6x + 1 = 0, then [ ]
a) C1 and C2 touch each other only at one point
b) C1 and C2 touch each other exactly at two points.
c) C1 and C2 intersect (but do not touch) at exactly two points
d) C1 and C2 neither intersect nor touch each other.
15. Tangents drawn from the point P(1, 8) to circle x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y – 11 = 0 touch the circle at points
A and B. The equation of circumcircle of ΔPAB is [ ]
2 2 2 2
a) x + y + 4x – 6y + 19 = 0 b) x + y – 4x – 10y + 19 = 0
c) x2 + y2 – 2x + by – 29 = 0 d) x2 + y2 – 6x – 4y + 19 = 0

52 Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Circles

ADDITIONAL PACKAGE

1. Prove that the tangent to the circle x 2 + y 2 = 5 at (1, –2) also touches the circle
x 2 + y 2 − 8 x + 6 y + 20 = 0 and find the point of contact.
2. If the polars of the points on circle x2 + y2 = a2 with respect to the circle x2 + y2 = b2 touch the circle
x2 + y2 = c2. Then prove that a, b, c are in G.P.
3. Show that the area of triangle formed by the two tangents from (x1, y1) to the circle x2 + y2 = a2 and

( ) ( )
3/2
their chord of contract is a x1 + y1 − a / x12 + y12 .
2 2 2

4. (a,b) is the midpoint of the chord AB of the circles x2 + y2 = r2 the tangents at A,B meet at C, then
area of Δ ABC . [ ]

(r ) (a )
3/2 3/2 3/2

a)
(a 2
+ b2 + r 2 ) b)
2
− a 2 − b2
c)
2
− b2 − r 2
d) None
a2 + b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 + b2
5. The locus of the poles of the chords of the circle x2 + y2 = a2 which subtended a right angle at (h,k) is
a) (h2 + k2 – a2) (x2 + y2) + 2a2 (a2 – hx – ky) = 0 [ ]
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
b) (h + k – a ) (x + y ) + 2a (hx + ky – a ) = 0
c) (h2 + k2) (x2 + y2) + a2 (hx + ky – a2) = 0
d) (h2 + k2) (x2 + y2) + 2a2(hx + ky – a2) = 0
6. The equation to direct common tangent to the circles x2 + y2 + 22x – 4y – 100 = 0 and
x2 + y2 – 22x + 4y + 100 = 0 is [ ]
a) 3x + 4y – 50 = 0, 7x – 24y – 250 = 0 b) 5x + 2y – 40 = 0, x + 24y – 250 = 0
c) 3x + 4y + 50 = 0, 7x + 24y + 250 = 0 d) 2x + 8y – 150 = 0, 7x – 24y – 150 = 0
7. If the circle x2 + y2 + 4x + 2y + c = 0 bisects the circumference of the circle x2 + y2 – 2x + 8y – d = 0,
then c + d is equal to [ ]
a) 40 b) 50 c) 60 d) 70

8. The circle x 2 + y 2 − 6 x − 10 y + c = 0 does not touch or intersect the co-ordinate axes and the point
(1, 4) is inside the circle. Find the set of the values of c.

9. If the two circles x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy = 0 and x 2 + y 2 + 2 g1 x + 2 f1 y = 0 touch each other. Prove that

fg1 = f1 g .
10. The equation of the which passes through the origin and cuts off chords of length 2 from the lines
x = y and x = –y is [ ]
a) x 2 + y 2 ± 2 2 x = 0 , x 2 + y 2 ± 2 2 y = 0 b) x 2 + y 2 ± 3 3 x = 0 , x 2 + y 2 ± 3 3 y = 0
c) x 2 + y 2 + 4 3 x = 0 , x 2 + y 2 ± 4 3 y = 0 d) None

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd. 53

 I
I
I
I
I
I

P
P
P
P
P
P

N
A
D
N
N
A
D
N
N
A
D
N

G
G
G

M
M
M
M
M
M

54
Parabola
CONIC SECTION
Foci Directrix

Eccentricity (e)

≥ 1
e<
Circle e = 0 Pair of straight lines e = ∞
e=1

Parabola

Equation of the parabola

Different forms of the
equations of the parabola
Parametric equations
of the parabola
Tangent of the parabola

Normal of the parabola

Chord of contact of the parabola

Pole and polar of the parabola

Varsity Education Management Pvt. Ltd.

Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
2 PARABOLA Parabola

WISE UP
Ø (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Ø (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Ø a–b= ( a + b)2 − 4ab

Ø The distance between two points A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) is AB = ( x1 − x 2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
Ø If ABC is an equilateral triangle, then AB = BC = CA and ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Ø The point ‘P’ which divides the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n
⎛ mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 ⎞
a) Internally then P = ⎜ 2
⎝ m+n
, ⎟ ; ( m + n ≠ 0)
m+n ⎠

⎛ mx − nx1 my2 − ny1 ⎞

b) Externally, then P = ⎜ 2 , ,m − n ≠ 0
⎝ m−n m − n ⎟⎠

x +x y +y
Ø The mid point of the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is ⎛⎜ 1 2 , 1 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

x1 y1 1
1
Ø a) Area of the triangle formed by the vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1 x1 − x2 y1 − y2
b) Area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is sq. units
2 x1 − x3 y1 − y3
Ø If the inclination of a non vertical line is θ then tan θ is called slope of the line and is usually
denoted by m, thus m = tan θ
Ø Two non vertical lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes is –1
Ø The equation of the line whose slope is m and which cuts an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis is y = mx + c
Ø Slope - point form : The equation of the line with slope m and passing through the point
(x1, y1) is y – y1 = m (x – x1)
Ø Two - points form : The equation of a line passing through two points A(x1 y1) & B(x2, y2) is
y2 − y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

Ø a) The equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by + k = 0 , k ∈ R

b) The equation of a line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx – ay + k = 0, k ∈ R

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
a1 b1 c1
Ø If two lines L1 = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2 = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are coincident, then = =
a2 b2 c2

ax1 + by1 + c
Ø The perpendicular distance to the line ax + by + c = 0 from the point (x1, y1) is
a 2 + b2
Ø If ‘C’ is centre ‘r’ is radius of a circle and the perpendicular distance from centre C to a line ‘l’ is d,
then
a) d = r ⇔ l is outside of the circle
Ø If α , β , γ are the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then

b c d
a) s1 = α + β + γ = − b) s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = c) s3 = αβγ = −
a a a

CONIC SECTION
Ø INTRODUCTION : Let l be a fixed vertical line and m be another line intersecting it at a fixed point
V and inclined to it an angle α . Suppose we rotate the line m around the l in such a way that the angle
α remains constant. Then the surface generated is a double - napped right circular hollow cone
herein after referred as cone extending indefinitely far in both directions. The point V is called the
vertex ; the line l is the axis of the cone. The rotating line m is called a generator of the cone. The
vertex separates the cone into two parts called nappes.

l
Axis
l
Plane
m Upper β
α nappe α
m Generator α

V
V
Lower
nappe
Cone

(a)
(b) (c)

If we take the intersection of a plane with a cone, the section so obtained is called a conic section. Thus,
conic sections are the curves obtained by intersecting a right circular cone by a plane. We obtain different
kinds of conic sections depending on the position of the intersecting plane with respect to the cone and
the angle made by it with the vertical axis of the cone. Let β be the angle made by the intersecting plane
with the vertical axis of the cone. The intersection of the plane with the cone can take place either at the
vertex of the cone or at any other part of the nappe either below or above the vertex.

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola

β
β β
α
α α α

(a) (b) (d)

(c)
Ø Circle, Ellipse, Parabola and Hyperbola :
When the plane cuts the nappe (other than the vertex) of the cone, we have the following situations :
a) When β = 90°, the section is a circle
b) When α < β < 90° , the section is an ellipse
c) When β = α , the section is a parabola (in each of the above three situations, the plane cuts
entirely across one nappe of the cone).
d) When 0 ≤ β < α ; the plane cuts through both the nappes and the curves of intersection is a
hyperbola.
Ø Conic Section as a Locus of a Point : The locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the ratio
of its distance from a fixed point to its perpendicular distance from a fixed straight line not passing
through given fixed point is always constant, is known as a conic section or conic.
The fixed point is called the focus of the conic and fixed
line is called the directrix of the conic. M P
Also this constant ratio is called the eccentricity of the conic
and is denoted by e.
Directrix

If e = 1, the conic is called parabola. S (focus)

If e < 1, the conic is called ellipse.
If e > 1, the conic is called hyperbola.
If e = 0, the conic is called circle.
If e = ∞ , the conic is called pair of straight lines.

SP
In Figure = constant = e or SP = ePM
PM

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Equation of Conic Section :
If the focus is (α , β ) and the directrix is ax + by + c = 0 then the
equation of the conic section whose eccentricity = e is M P (x, y)

ax + by + c = 0
| ax + by + c |
( x − α )2 + ( y − β ) 2 = e or
( a 2 + b2 ) S(α , β )

(ax + by + c)2
( x − α ) 2 + ( y − β ) 2 = e2
( a 2 + b2 )
Ø Important Terms :
Axis : The straight line passing through the focus and perpendicular to the directrix is called the axis
of the conic section.
Vertex : The points of intersection of the conic section and the axis is (are) called vertex (vertices) of
the conic section.
Focal chord : Any chord passing through the focus is called focal chord of the conic section.
Double ordinate : A straight line that is drawn perpendicular to the axis and terminates at both ends
of the curve is a double ordinate of the conic section.
Latus rectum : The double ordinate passing through the focus is called the latus rectum of the conic
section.
Centre : The point that bisects every chord of the conic passing through it is called the centre of the
conic section.
Note : Parabola has no centre, but circle, ellipse, hyperbola have centre.
Ø To identify a conic : Let the general second degree equation in x and y, viz.,
S ≡ ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 ...........(1)
represent a conic. Based on the following conditions satisfied by the coefficients of (1) we can
identify the conic.
Let Δ ≡ abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2 .
If Δ = 0 the curve represented by (1) is called a degenerate conic and if Δ ≠ 0, it is called a non -
degenerate conic.
Condition Name of the conic
i) Δ = 0 and h2 = ab a pair of parallel lines
ii) Δ = 0 and h2 < ab a pair of intersecting lines
iii) Δ = 0 and h2 > ab a pair of imaginary lines intersecting at a real point
iv) Δ ≠ 0, h = 0, a = b a circle
v) Δ ≠ 0, h2 = ab a parabola
vi) Δ ≠ 0, h2 < ab an ellipse (or an empty set)
vii) Δ ≠ 0, h2 > ab hyperbola
viii) Δ ≠ 0, h2 > ab, and a + b = 0 a rectangular hyperbola

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola
Ø To find the centre of a conic
The centre of the conic represented by (1) can be found by solving the equations

∂S ∂S ⎛ hf − bg gh − af ⎞
= hx + by + f = 0 and is given by ⎜⎝ ,
ab − h 2 ab − h 2 ⎟⎠
= ax + hy + g = 0,
∂x ∂y
Ø A conic section is said to be parabola if its eccentricity is equal to one.
Ø Four standard forms of the parabola :
S.No. Content I II III IV
Equation y2 = 4ax y2 = – 4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = – 4ay
Y L L Y
Y Y
L1 L Z
S
X1 X X1 X X1 A
X
Z A S S A Z X1 X
A
Figure L
Z L1 S
1 L1 L1 Y 1 Y1 Y1
Y

1) Vertex (A) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)

2) Focus (S) (a, 0) (– a, 0) (0, a) (0, – a)
3) Point of intersection
of Axis and directrix(Z) (–a, 0) (a, 0) (0, – a) (0, a)
4) End points of latus
rectum (L, L') (a, ± 2a) (– a, ± 2a) (± 2a, a) (± 2a, – a)
5) Eqn. of axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
6) Eqn. of Directrix x=–a x=a y= –a y=a
7) Eqn. of tangent at Vertex x=0 x=0 y=0 y=0
8) Eqn. of latus rectum x=a x=–a y=a y=–a
9) Length of latus rectum (LL1) 4a 4a 4a 4a
10) Distance from Focus to
Directrix (SZ) 2a 2a 2a 2a
11) SA = AZ a a a a

Ø i) If the axis of a parabola is parallel to x - axis, equation of the parabola will be of the form
( y − β )2 = 4 a ( x − α ) (or) ( y − β )2 = −4a ( x − α ) or x = ay2 + by + c.
ii) If the axis of the parabola is parallel to y - axis, equation of the parabola will be of the form
( x − α )2 = 4 a( y − β ) or ( x − α )2 = −4 a ( y − β ) or y = ax2 + bx + c.

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø In the equation of the parabola ( y − β )2 = 4 a ( x − α )
i) Vertex = (α , β ) ii) Focus = (α + a, β )
iii) Ends of latusrectum = (α + a, β ± 2a ) iv) Equation of axis is y = β
v) Equation of directrix is x = α − a vi) Equation of latusrectum is x = α + a
vii) Length of latusrectum = 4a

Ø In the equation of the parabola ( x − α )2 = 4 a( y − β )

i) Vertex = (α , β ) ii) Focus = (α , β + a)
iii) Ends of latusrectum = (α ± 2a, β + a ) iv) Equation of axis is x = α
v) Equation of directrix is y = β − a vi) Equation of latusrectum is y = β + a
vii) Length of latusrectum = 4a
Ø The focal distance of the point P(x1, y1) on the parabola
i) y2 = 4ax is SP = | x1 + a | ii) x2 = 4ay is SP = | y1 + a |
Ø A chord of the parabola perpendicular to its axis is called double ordinate of the parabola.
Ø A chord of the parabola which is passing through focus is called focal chord.
Ø The focal chord of the parabola which is perpendicular to axis is called latus rectum.
Ø Equation of Tangent to y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is S1 = 0.
a
Ø The condition that the line y = mx + c may be a tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax is c = and the
m
⎛ a 2a ⎞
point of contact is ⎜ 2 , ⎟ .
⎝m m⎠
Ø The condition for the line lx + my + n = 0 to be a tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax is am2 = ln and the
⎛ n −2am⎞
point of contact is ⎜ , .
⎝l l ⎟⎠
Ø i) The condition that the line y = mx + c may be a tangent to x2 = 4ay is c = – am2 and point of
contact is (2am, am2).
ii) The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 may be a tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay is al2 = mn
⎛ −2 al n ⎞
and the point of contact is ⎜ , .
⎝ m m ⎟⎠

a
Ø The equation of Tangent to y2 = 4ax in slope form is y = mx + or m2x – my + a = 0 .
m
Ø If m1 and m2 are the slopes of tangents from an external point (x1, y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax then
y1 a
they are the roots of m2x1 – my1 + a = 0 and hence m1 + m2 = and m1m2 = .
x1 x1

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola
Ø If θ is the acute angle between tangents drawn from (x1, y1) to parabola S ≡ y 2 − 4 ax = 0 then
S11
Tan θ = .
| x1 + a |
Ø Locus of the point of the intersection of perpendicular tangents drawn to a parabola is its directrix.
Ø The angle between the tangents drawn from a point on the directrix to the parabola is 90°.
Ø Tangents drawn at the ends of focal chord of a parabola are at right angles, they intersect on directrix.
Ø The angle between the tangents drawn at the ends of latusrectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is 90° and
the point of intersection of these tangents is (–a, 0).
Ø The angle between the normals drawn at the ends of latusrectum of the parabola y2 = 4ax is 90° and
the point of intersection of these normals is (3a, 0).
Ø The Tangents and normals at the ends of latusrectum of parabola y2 = 4ax form a square whose side
is 2 2a and area is 8a2.

a
Ø For the parabola y2 = 4a (x + a), equation of tangent in slope form is y = m(x + a) + .
m
Ø Equation of common tangent to two parabolas y2 = 4ax and x2 = 4by is a1/3 x + b1/3y + (ab)2/3 = 0.
Ø Equation of chord of contact of (x1, y1) to y2 = 4ax is S1 = 0.

⎛ n −2am ⎞
Ø Pole of line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t to parabola y2 = 4ax is ⎜ , .
⎝l l ⎟⎠
⎛ −2 al n ⎞
Ø Pole of the lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t to parabola x2 = 4ay is ⎜ , .
⎝ m m ⎟⎠
Ø The condition for two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) to be conjugate to parabola y2 = 4ax is S12 = 0.
Ø The condition that the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate w.r.t to y2 = 4ax
is l1n2 + l2n1 = 2am1m2.
Ø The condition that the lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate w.r.t to x2 = 4ay
is m1n2 + m2n1 = 2al1l2.
Ø If (x1, y1) is midpoint of chord of y2 = 4ax then equation of chord is S1 = S11.

⎛ dy ⎞
Ø For any curve y = f(x), the slope of chord having (x1, y1) as middle point is ⎜ ⎟ .
⎝ dx ⎠ at ( x , y )
1 1

Ø Equation of pair of tangents drawn from an external point (x1, y1) to parabola y2 = 4ax is S12 = S. S11.
Parametric form :
Ø For all values of t, the point (at2, 2at) lies on parabola y2 = 4ax and it is denoted by ‘t’.
∴ equations x = at2, y = 2at are called parametric equations of y2 = 4ax. (x = 2at, y = at2 for x2 = 4ay)
Ø The focal distance of a point P(at2, 2at) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is |at2 + a|.
Ø If (at2, 2at) is one end of of the double ordinate of y2 = 4ax then its length = 4at.

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø Equation of chord joining t1 and t2 on parabola y2 = 4ax is y(t1 + t2) = 2x + 2a t1t2.
Ø If t1, t2 are the ends of the focal chord of y2 = 4ax, then t1t2 = – 1.

⎛ a −2 a ⎞
Ø If (at2, 2at) is one end of focal chord of the parabola y2 = 4ax then its other end is ⎜ 2 , .
⎝t t ⎟⎠
1
Ø Slope of the tangent at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax is .
t
Ø Equation of tangent at ‘t’ to y2 = 4ax is yt = x + at2.
Ø The point of intersection of tangents at t1 and t2 on y2 = 4ax is (at1t2, a(t1 + t2)).
Ø Slope of the normal at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax is – t.
Ø Equation of normal at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax is y + xt = 2at + at3. Since this is a cubic equation in t, it has 3
roots in which at least one of them is real. Therefore from a given point, we can draw atmost three
normals to a parabola.
Ø If t1, t2, t3 are the feet of the normals drawn from a point (x1, y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax the they are
the point (x1, y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax then they are the roots of at3 + (2a – x1) t – y1 = 0 and hence
2a − x1 y
t1 + t2 + t3 = 0, t1t2 + t2t3 + t3t1 = , t1t2t3 = 1 .
a a
Ø The tangent at end of focal chord of parabola is parallel to normal at the other end.
Ø Equation of normal to y2 = 4ax in slope form is y = mx – 2am – am3 where m is slope of normal.
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 to be a normal to parabola y2 = 4ax is al3 + 2alm2 + m2n = 0.

2
Ø If the normal at ‘t1’ on y2 = 4ax meets it again at ‘t2’ then t2 = – t1 – .
t1

Ø If the normals at t1 and t2 on the parabola y2 = 4ax meet again on parabola at t3 then t1t2 = 2 and
t1 + t2 + t3 = 0.
Ø If the normal chord at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax substends a right angle at the vertex then t2 = 2.
Ø If the normal chord at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax substends a right angle at the focus then t2 = 4.

Length of Chord :

Ø If P(x1, y1), Q(x2, y2) are the ends of chord of a curve then its length PQ = |x1 – x2| 1+m 2 where m
is slope of PQ .

Ø
2
If t1 and t2 are ends of chord of y2 = 4ax then its length = a|t1 – t2| (t1 + t 2 ) + 4 .
2
⎛ 1⎞
Ø 2
The length of focal chord drawn at a point ‘t’ on the parabola y = 4ax is a ⎜ t+ ⎟ .
⎝ t⎠
Ø If a focal chord of a parabola y2 = 4ax makes an angle θ with its axis then its length = 4a cosec2 θ .

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola
4 a(1 + t 2 )3 / 2
Ø Length of normal chord at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax is .
t2

Ø Length of chord of contact of (x1, y1) w.r.t to y2 = 4ax is

1
a
2
(
s11 y1 + 4 a 2 . )
Ø Length of the chord of y2 = 4ax having (x1, y1) as its mid point is
1
a
(
( − S11 ) y12 + 4a2 . )
Ø Area of triangle formed by two tangents from (x , y ) and its chord of contact is
( S11 )
3/2

.
1 1
2a
1
Ø Area of triangle inscribed in parabola y2 = 4ax is | ( y1 − y2 )( y 2 − y3 )( y3 − y1 ) | where y1, y2 and y3
81
are ordinates of angular points.
Ø Area of the triangle formed by the tangents at three points whose ordinates are y1, y2, y3 on y2 = 4ax is
1
| ( y1 − y2 )( y2 − y3 )( y3 − y1 ) | .
16a
Example 1 : If the equation x2 + y2 – 2x – 2y + c = 0 represents an empty set then find the value of c.
Solution : For empty set Δ ≠ 0 and h2 < ab
Now comparing the given equation of conic with
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c/ = 0
then a = 1, h = 0, b = 1 g = – 1, f = – 1, c/ = c
h2 = 0, ab = 1 ⇒ h2 < ab is satisfied
Δ = abc / + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − c / h 2 ≠ 0
⇒ (1)(1)(c) + 0 – 1 × (– 1)2 – 1 × (– 1)2 – 0 ≠ 0
⇒ c−2≠ 0
∴ c ≠ 2, Hence c ∈ R − {2}

Example 2 : If the equation of conic 2x2 + xy + 3y2 – 3x + 5y + λ = 0 repressents a single point,

then find the value of λ .
Solution : For the equation to represent a single point h2 < ab and Δ = 0 . Comparing the given
equation with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
1 3 5
a = 2, h = , b = 3, g = − , f = , c = λ
2 2 2
1 23
∴ ab − h2 = 6 − = >0
4 4
and Δ = abc + 2 fgh − af 2 − bg 2 − ch 2
5 3 1 25 9 1
= ( 2)(3)( λ ) + 2 × − × − 2 × − 3 × − λ ×
2 2 2 4 4 4
15 25 27 λ
= 6λ − − − − − 23 = 0 ∴ λ = 4
4 2 4 4
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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Example 3 : If Q is the foot of perpendicular from a point P on the parabola y2 = 8(x – 3) to its
directrix. S is the focus of the parabola and if SPQ is an equilateral triangle then find the length
of the side of the triangle.
Y
Solution : Given parabola is y2 = 8(x – 3)
Vertex A = (3, 0), Focus S = (5, 0) Q
SPQ is an equilateral triangle
60°
60° P
⇒ ∠PSQ = 60° = ∠PQS ⇒ ∠SQZ = 30°
60°
O X
SZ 4 Z A S(5, 0)
From ΔSQZ ,sin 30° = = (1, 0)
(3, 0)
SQ SQ
⇒ SQ = 8 which is the length of the side

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
1. The parabola with directrix x + 2y – 1 = 0 and focus (1, 0) is [ ]
a) 4x2 – 4xy + y2 – 8x + 4y + 4 = 0 b) 4x2 + 4xy + y2 – 8x + 4y + 4 = 0
c) 4x2 + 4xy + y2 + 8x – 4y + 4 = 0 d) 4x2 – 4xy + y2 – 8x – 4y + 4 = 0
2. The equation of parabola whose vertex (2, 5) and focus (2, 2) is [ ]
a) (x – 2)2 = 12(y – 5) b) (x – 2)2 = –12( y – 5)
c) (x – 2)2 = 12(y – 2) d) (x – 2)2 = –12(y – 2)
3. If the focus is (1, – 1) and the directrix is the line x + 2y – 9 = 0, the vertex of the parabola is
a) (1, 2) b) (2, 1) c) (1, – 2) d) (2, – 1) [ ]
4. The focal distance of point (1, 2) on parabola x2 = 8y is [ ]
a) 10 b) 4 c) 15 d) 2
5. The condition that the line y = mx + c to be a tangent to the parabola y2 = 4a(x + a) is [ ]

⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
a) c = a ⎜ m + ⎟ b) c = a ⎜ m + ⎟ c) c = a ⎜ m − ⎟ d) a = c ⎜ m + ⎟
⎝ a⎠ ⎝ m⎠ ⎝ m⎠ ⎝ m⎠

6. If (3, 6) is vertex and (4, 5) is focus of parabola, then the equation of directrix is [ ]
a) x + y + 5 = 0 b) x + y – 5 = 0 c) x – y – 5 = 0 d) x – y + 5 = 0 EMER
EMERALD PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
7. The ends of the latusrectum of the parabola (x – 2)2 = – 6(y + 1) are [ ]

⎛ −5 ⎞ ⎛ −5 ⎞
a) (2, 7),(3,–7) b) (0,5), (0,–5) c) ⎜⎝ 5, ⎟⎠ , ⎜⎝ −1, ⎟⎠ d) none of these
2 2

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola

8. If chord joining t1 and t2 on the parabola y2 = 4ax is a focal chord then t1t2 = [ ]
a) 0 b) 1 c) – 1 d) 2
9. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are ends of focal chord of y2 = 4ax then x1 x2 + y1 y2 = [ ]
a) a2 b) –3a2 c) 5a2 d) –5a2

DIAMOND PACKAGE

One or more than one correct answer type questions :

10. The focus of a parabola is S(–1, 1) and the equation of the directrix is 4x + 3y – 24 = 0, then
⎛ 5⎞
a) Equation of its axis is 3x – 4y + 7 = 0 b) Coordinates of its vertex is ⎜⎝ 1, ⎟⎠ [ ]
2
c) Equation of the tangent at vertex is 4x + 3y – 6 = 0
d) Length of latusrectum is 10
Integer type questions :
11. The equation of the line touching both the parabolas y2 = 4x and x2 = – 32y is ax + by + c = 0. Then
the value of a + b + c is __________________.
12. Let x + y = k be a normal to the parabola y2 =12x. If p is length of the perpendicular from the focus
of the parabola on to this normal, then 4k – 2p2 = __________________.
Matrix matching type questions :

2
Consider the parabola (x – 1) + (y – 2) = 2 (12 x − 5y + 3)2 .
169
Column - I Column - II
13. Locus of point of intersection of perpendicular a) 12x – 5y – 2 = 0
tangent is 13 a b c d
14. Locus of foot of perpendicular from focus b) 5x + 12y – 29 = 0 14 a b c d
upon any tangent is
15 a b c d
15. Line along which minimum length of focal c) 12x – 5y + 3 = 0
chord occurs at 16 a b c d
16. Line about which parabola is symmetrical is d) 24x – 10y + 1= 0

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and assess the equation of the common tangent of x2 + y2 = 2a2 and y2 = 8ax.

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
2. If the equations of directrix and latusrectum of a parabola are 3x – 4y + 27 = 0 and 3x – 4y + 2 = 0,
then analyse and assess the length of latusrectum.

3. Analyse and assess vertex, focus, equation of directrix of the parabola x2 – 3y – 6x – 6 = 0.

4. Analyse and assess the locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the parabola
y2 = 4ax

QUICK REVIEW
Ø Let S be a given fixed point (focus) and let l be given fixed line (Directrix). Let SP and PM be the
distances of a variable point P to the focus and directrix respectively and P moves such that
SP
= e (constant > 0) (eccentricity) then locus of P is called a conic or conic section.
PM
Ø If e = 1, the conic is called a parabola.
If e < 1, the conic is called an ellipse
If e > 1, the conic is called a hyperbola.
Ø The general equation of a conic is S = ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 (Second degree equation
in x and y)
a) If Δ ≠ 0 and h2 = ab, then S = 0 represents a parabola.
b) If Δ ≠ 0 and h2 < ab, then represents an ellipse.
c) Δ ≠ 0 and h2 > ab, then represents a hyperbola.
d) Δ ≠ 0 , h2 > ab and a + b = 0, then represents a rectangular hyperbola.

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola
Ø Four standard forms of the parabola
S.No Content I II III IV
s Equation y2 = 4ax y2 = –4ax x2 = 4ay x2 = 4ay
Y L L Y
Y Y
L1 L Z
S
X1 X X1 X X1 A
X
Z A S S A Z X1 X
s Figure A
L
Z L1 S
1 L1 1
L Y 1 Y1 Y1
Y

1) Vertex (A) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0) (0, 0)

2) Focus (S) (a, 0) (–a, 0) (0, a) (0, –a)
3) Point of (–a, 0) (a, 0) (0, –a) (0, a)
intersection
of Axis and
directrix (Z)

4) End of points ( a , ±2 a ) ( − a , ±2 a ) ( ± 2 a, a ) ( ±2 a , − a )
of latus rectum
( L, L ')
5) Eqn. of axis y=0 y=0 x=0 x=0
6) Eqn. of Directrix x = –a x=a y = –a y=a
7) Eqn. of tangent x=0 x=0 y=0 y=0
of Vertex
8) Eqn. of latus x=a x = –a y=a y = –a
rectum
9) Length of latus 4a 4a 4a 4a
rectum (LL1)
10) Distance from 2a 2a 2a 2a
Focus to
Directrix(SZ)
11) SA = AZ a a a a

Ø i) If the axis of a parabola is parallel to x-axis, equation of the parabola will be of the form
( y − β )2 = 4a ( x − α ) (or) ( y − β )2 = −4a ( x − a) (or) x = ay2 + by + c.

ii) If the axis of a parabola is parallel to y-axis, equation of the parabola will be of the form
( x − α )2 = 4ab ( y − β ) (or) ( x − α )2 = −4a ( y − β ) (or) y = ax2 + by + c.

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

Ø a) In the equation of the parabola b) In the equation of parabola

( y − β ) 2 = 4a ( x − α ) ( x − α ) 2 = 4a ( y − β )
i) Vertex = (α , β ) i) Vertex = (α , β )
ii) Focus = (α + a , β ) ii) Focus = (α , β + a )
iii) Ends of latusrectum = (α + a , β ± 2 a ) iii) Ends of latusrectum = (α ± 2a , β + a )
iv) Equation of axis is y = β iv) Equation of axis is x = α
v) Equation of directrix is x = α − a v) Equation of directrix is y = β − a
vi) Equation of latusrectum is x = α + a vi) Equation of latusrectum is y = β + a
vii) Length of latusrectum = 4a vii) Length of latusrectum = 4a

Ø The focal distance of the point P(x1, y1) on the parabola

a) y2 = 4ax is SP = x1 + a b) x2 = 4ay is SP = y1 + a
Ø A chord of the parabola perpendicular to its axis is called double ordinate of the parabola.
θ
Ø Length of double ordinate which subtends an angle 'θ ' at the vertex to any parabola is 8a cot
2
Ø A chord of the parabola which is passing through focus is called focal chord
Ø The focal chord of the parabola which is perpendicular to axis is called latusrectum
Ø Equation of Tangent to y2 = 4ax at (x1, y1) is S1 = 0.
a
Ø The condition that the line y = mx + c may be a Tangent to the parabola y2 = 4ax is c = and the
m
⎛ a 2a ⎞
point of contact is ⎜⎝ 2 , ⎟⎠
m m
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 to be a Tangent to parabola y2 = 4ax is am2 = ln and the
⎛ n 2am ⎞
point of contact is ⎜⎝ , − ⎟
l l ⎠
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 may be a Tangent to the parabola x2 = 4ay is al2 = mn and
⎛ −2al n ⎞
the point of contact is ⎜⎝ , ⎟.
m m⎠
Ø If m1 and m2 are the slopes of tangents from an external point (x1, y1) to the Parabola y2 = 4ax then
y1 a
they are the roots of x1m2 – my1 + a = 0 and hence m1+m2 = and m1m2=
x1 x1

Ø Equation of pair of Tangents drawn from an external point (x1, y1) to parabola y2 = 4ax is S12 = S .S11

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Parabola
Ø For all values of t, the point (at2, 2at) lies on parabola y2 = 4ax and it is denoted by ‘t’.
∴ equations x = at2, y = 2at are called parametric equations of y2 = 4ax.

Ø The focal distance of a point P(at2, y = 2at) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is at 2 + a .

Ø Equation of chord joining t1 and t2 on parabola y2 = 4ax is y(t1 + t2) = 2x + 2at1t2
Ø If t1, t2 are the ends of the focal chord of a y2 = 4ax, then t1t2 = –1
Ø Equation of tangent at ‘t’ to y2 = 4ax is yt = x + at2.
Ø The point of intersection of tangents at t1 and t2 on y2 = 4ax is [at1t2, a(t1 + t2)].
Ø Equation of normal at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax is y + xt = 2at + at3.
Ø If t1, t2, t3 are the feet of the normals drawn from a point (x1, y1) to the parabola y2 = 4ax then they are
2a − x1 y1
the roots of at3 + (2a – x1)t – y1 = 0 and hence t1 + t2 + t3 = 0, t1t2 + t2t3 + t3t1 = , t1t 2t3 = .
a a
Ø Equation of normal to y2 = 4ax in slope form is y = mx – 2am – am3 where m is slope of normal.
Ø The condition that line lx + my + n = 0 to be a normal to parabola y2 = 4ax is al3 + 2alm2 + m2n = 0.
2
Ø If the normal at ‘t1’ on y2 = 4ax meets it again at ‘t2’ then t2 = − t1 −
t1
Ø If the normal chord at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax subtends a right angle at the vertex then t2 = 2.
Ø If the normal chord at ‘t’ on y2 = 4ax subtends a right angle at the focus then t2 = 4.

STUDENT PACKAGE
PEARL PACKAGE
*1. If x + a = 0 is the directrix of the parabola y2 = 2y + ax + 2 then the value of a is [ ]
4
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d)
3
*2. For the parabola x = ay2 + by the slope of the tangent at (1, 2) is 1/2 then the latusrectum of the
parabola is [ ]
3 4
a) 4 b) 3 c) d)
4 3
3. A movable parabola touches the x axis and the y-axis at (1, 0) and (0, 1). Then the locus of the focus
of the parabola is [ ]
2 2
a) 2x – 2x + 2y – 2y + 1 = 0 2 2
b) x – 2x + 2y – 2y + 1 = 0
c) 2x2 – 2x + 2y2 + 2y + 2 = 0 d) 2x2 + 2x – 2y2 – 2y – 2 = 0
4. If (x1, y1), (x2, y2) , (x3, y3) are feet of the three normals drawn from a point to the parabola y2 = 4ax
x1 − x2
then ∑ = [ ]
y3
a) 4a b) 2a c) 1 d) 0

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Parabola Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

5. The shortest distance between the line y – x = 1 and the curve x = y2 is [ ]

2 3 3 2 3 3 2
a) b) c) d)
8 5 4 8

EMERALD PACKAGE
6. If the parabola y = (a – b) x2 + (b – c) x + (c – a) touches x-axis then the line ax + by + c = 0 passes
through a fixed point [ ]
a) (2, 1) b) (1, 2) c) (–2, 1) d) (2, –1)
*7. If PQ is a chord of y2 = 4ax which has fixed direction. The locus of the point of Intesection of the
normals at P and Q is [ ]
a) a parabola 2
b) a tangent to y = 4ax
c) a normal to y2 = 4ax d) The direction of y2 = 4ax
*8. The normal at P and Q on y2 = 4x.Intersect at R on the parabola. The locus of the orthocentre of
ΔPQR is y2 = x + k then k = [ ]
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8

DIAMOND PACKAGE
Passage type questions

Passage: Equation of the parabola is 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2 – 98x – 74y + 300 = 0

*9. Equation of directrix is [ ]

a) 3x + 2y + 5 = 0 b) 3x + 2y – 5 = 0 c) 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 d) 2x – 3y – 5 = 0
*10. Focus is [ ]
a) (– 3, – 4) b) (3, 4) c) (3, – 4) d) (– 3, 4)
*11 Equation of the tangent at the vertex is [ ]
a) 2x – 3y + 6 = 0 b) 2x – 3y = 0 c) 4x – 6y + 9 = 0 d) 4x – 6y + 11 = 0

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I
I
I
I
I
I

P
P
P
P
P
P

N
A
D
N
N
A
D
N
N
A
D
N

G
G
G

M
M
M
M
M
CONIC SECTION M

Foci Directrix

Eccentricity (e)

>
Circle e = 0 e 1
< Pair of straight lines e = ∞
e<1

Ellipse
Equation of the Ellipse
Different forms of the
equations of the Ellipse
Parametric equations
of the Ellipse
Tangent of the Ellipse

Normal of the Ellipse

Chord of contact of the Ellipse

Pole and polar of the Ellipse

Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
3 ELLIPSE
WISE UP
Ø (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
Ø (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2

Ø a–b= ( a + b)2 − 4ab

Ø The distance between two points A (x1, y1) & B (x2, y2) is AB = ( x1 − x 2 )2 + ( y1 − y2 )2
Ø If ABC is an equilateral triangle, then AB = BC = CA and ∠A = ∠B = ∠C = 60°
Ø The point ‘P’ which divides the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B (x2, y2) in the ratio m : n

⎛ mx + nx1 my2 + ny1 ⎞

a) Internally then P = ⎜ 2
⎝ m+n
, ⎟ ; ( m + n ≠ 0)
m+n ⎠

⎛ mx − nx1 my2 − ny1 ⎞

b) Externally, then P = ⎜ 2 , ,m − n ≠ 0
⎝ m−n m − n ⎟⎠

⎛x +x y +y ⎞
Ø The mid point of the line segment joining A (x1, y1) and B(x2, y2) is ⎜ 1 2 , 1 2 ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠

x1 y1 1
1
Ø a) Area of the triangle formed by the vertices (x1, y1), (x2, y2) and (x3, y3) is x2 y2 1
2
x3 y3 1

1 x1 − x2 y1 − y2
b) Area of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is sq. units
2 x1 − x3 y1 − y3

Ø If the inclination of a non vertical line is θ then tan θ is called slope of the line and is usually denoted
by m, thus m = tan θ
Ø Two non vertical lines are perpendicular if product of their slopes is –1
Ø The equation of the line whose slope is m and which cuts an intercept ‘c’ on the y-axis is y = mx + c
Ø Slope - point form : The equation of the line with slope m and passing through the point (x1, y1) is
y – y1 = m (x – x1)
Ø Two - points form : The equation of a line passing through two points A(x1 y1) & B(x2, y2) is
y2 − y1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
x 2 − x1

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse
Ø a) The equation of a line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form ax + by + k = 0 , k ∈ R
b) The equation of a line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 is of the form bx – ay + k = 0, k ∈ R

a1 b1 c1
Ø If two lines L1 = a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and L2 = a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are coincident, then = =
a2 b2 c2

ax1 + by1 + c
Ø The perpendicular distance to the line ax + by + c = 0 from the point (x1, y1) is
a 2 + b2
Ø If ‘C’ is centre ‘r’ is radius of a circle and the perpendicular distance from centre C to a line ‘l’ is d,
then d = r ⇔ l is outside of the circle
Ø If α , β , γ are the roots of ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, then

b c d
a) s1 = α + β + γ = − b) s2 = αβ + βγ + γα = c) s3 = αβγ = −
a a a
AIM - 1
Ø A conic section is said to be an ellipse if its eccentricity is less than 1.
Ø Four standard forms of ellipse.

S.No. Content I II III IV

x2 y2 x 2 y2 ( x − α )2 ( y − β )2 ( x − α )2 ( y − β )2
Equation + = 1(a > b ) + = 1(a < b) + = 1(a > b ) + = 1(a < b )
a 2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2

where where where where

b2 = a2(1 – e2) a2 = b2(1 – e2) b2 = a2(1 – e2) a2 = b2(1 – e2)
Y
Z Y Y
Y B
S
A1 A
B X1 C X
X1
X S1
Figure Z
1
A1 S 1
C S A
B1
Z
B1 X1 X X1 X
Z1
Y1
Y1 Y1 Y1

1. Centre(C) (0, 0) (0, 0) (α , β ) (α , β )

2. Vertices A, A1=(± a, 0) B, B1=(0, ± b) (α ± a, β ) (α , β ± b)
3. Foci (S, S1) (± ae, 0) (0, ± be) (α ± ae, β ) (α , β ± be)

a b a b
4. Z, Z1 (± , 0) (0 , ± ) (α ± , β ) (α , β ± )
e e e e

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
5. End points

b2 a2 b2 a2
of latusrectum (±ae, ± ) (± , ± be) (α ± ae, β ± ) (α ± , β ± be)
a b a b
6. Equation of
major axis y=0 x=0 y= β x= α
7. Equation of
minor axis x=0 y=0 x= α y= β
8. Eqn’s of
latusrectum x = ± ae y = ± be x = α ± ae y = β ± be
9. Eqn’s of
a b a b
Directrices x=± y=± x= α± y= β±
e e e e
10. Length of
major axis 2a 2b 2a 2b
11. Length of
minor axis 2b 2a 2b 2a
12. Length of
2b2 2a 2 2b 2 2a 2
latusrectum
a b a b

a2 − b2 b2 − a2 a2 − b2 b2 − a2
13. Eccentricity(e)
a2 b2 a2 b2
14. Sum of focal
distances (focal
radii) of a point SP + S1P = 2a SP + S1P = 2b SP + S1P = 2a SP + S1P = 2b
on the ellipse
15. Distance
between the foci SS1 = 2ae SS1 = 2be SS1 = 2ae SS1 = 2be
16. Distance
between vertices AA1 = 2a BB1 = 2b AA1 = 2a BB1 = 2b
17. Distance
2a 2b 2a 2b
between directrices ZZ1 = ZZ1 = ZZ1 = ZZ1 =
e e e e
Ø Notation :
x 2 y2 xx1 yy1 x12 y12 x1 x 2 y1 y 2
i) S = 2 + 2 − 1 ii) S1 = + 2 −1 iii) S11 = + −1 iv) S12 = + 2 −1
a b a2 b a 2 b2 a2 b

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse

x 2 y2
Ø Let P(x1, y1) be a point and S = + − 1 = 0 be an ellipse, Then
a 2 b2
i) P lies on the ellipse if S11 = 0 ii) P lies inside the ellipse if S11 < 0
iii) P lies outside the ellipse if S11 > 0
Ø Two tangents can be drawn to an ellipse from an external point.
Ø The equation of tangent at P(x1, y1) to the ellipse S = 0 is S1 = 0.

a 2 x b2 y
Ø The equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) to the ellipse S = 0 is − = a 2 − b2 .
x1 y1
Ø The condition that the line y = mx + c may be a tangent to the ellipse S = 0 is c2 = a2m2 + b2 and the
⎛ a 2 m b2 ⎞
point of contact is ⎜ − , .
⎝ c c ⎟⎠
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 may be a tangent to the ellipse S = 0 is a2l2 + b2m2 = n2 and
⎛ a 2l − b 2 m ⎞
the point of contact is ⎜ − , .
⎝ n n ⎟⎠

Ø Equation of the tangent to the ellipse S = 0 in slope form is y = mx ± a 2 m 2 + b2 .

x 2 y2
Ø If m1, m2 are the slopes of the tangents through P(x1, y1) to the ellipse + = 1 , then
a 2 b2
2x1 y1 y12 − b 2
m1 + m2 = ; m m = .
x12 − a 2 1 2
x12 − a 2

2ab S11
Ø If ' θ ' is the angle between the tangents from (x1, y1) to S = 0 then Tan θ = .
x + y12 − (a 2 + b2 )
2
1

Ø Director circle : The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents of an ellipse is a
circle concentric with the ellipse. It is knowns as the Director circle.

x 2 y2
Ø The equation to the director circle of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 + b 2 .
a b

( x − α )2 ( y − β )2
Ø For the ellipse 2
+ 2
= 1 ,equation of director circle is ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2 = a 2 + b 2 .
a b
Ø Auxillary circle : The locus of the feet of the perpendiculars drawn from the foci to any tangent of
the ellipse is a circle concentric with the ellipse. It is known as the Auxillary Circle.

x 2 y2
Ø The equation to the auxillary circle of the ellipse + = 1 is x 2 + y 2 = a 2 (a > b) is
a 2 b2
x 2 + y 2 = b 2 ( a < b) .
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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø The equation of the chord of contact of the point P(x1, y1) w.r.t ellipse S = 0 is S1 = 0.
Ø The equation to the polar of P(x1, y1) w.r.t the ellipse S = 0 is S1 = 0.

⎛ − a 2l − b 2 m ⎞
Ø The pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the ellipse S = 0 is ⎜ , , n ≠ 0.
⎝ n n ⎟⎠

( x − α )2 ( y − β )2 ⎛ a 2l b2 m ⎞
Ø The pole of the line lx + my + n = 0 w.r.t the ellipse + = 1 is ⎜ α − , β −
a2 b2 ⎝ N N ⎟⎠
where N = lα + mβ + n .
Ø The condition that the two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) may be conjugate w.r.t ellipse S = 0 is S12 = 0.
Ø The condition for the two lines l1x + m1y + n1 = 0 and l2x + m2y + n2 = 0 to be conjugate w.r.t the
ellipse S = 0 is a2l1l2 + b2m1m2 = n1n2.
Ø The pole of the directrix of an ellipse is the corresponding focus.
Ø The double ordinate which is conjugate to directrix of an ellipse is its corresponding latusrectum.
Ø The equation of chord of the ellipse S = 0 having (x1, y1) as its midpoint is S1 = S11.
Ø The equation to the pair of tangents to the ellipse S = 0 from (x1., y1) is S12 = SS11.
Ø Eccentric angle : Let P be a point on an ellipse with centre C and NP be the ordinate of P. Let NP
meets the auxillary circle in P1. If ∠NCP1 = θ then θ is called the eccentric angle of P. The point P1
is called the corresponding point of P.
Ø The point of (a cos θ , b sin θ ) traces the ellipse for all 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π . P is denoted by the parameter ‘ θ ’.
Hence parametric equations of ellipse are x = a cos θ , y = b sin θ . The corresponding point on
auxillary circle is P1 = (a cos θ , a sin θ ).
x 2 y2
Ø If P(x1, y1) = (a cos θ , b sin θ ) is a point on the ellipse + = 1 (a > b) then SP = |a – ex1|
a 2 b2
= |a – aecos θ | and S1P = |a + ex1| = |a + ae cos θ |.
Ø The equation of the chord joining the points with eccentric angles α and β on the ellipse is
x α+β y α+β α−β
cos + sin = cos .
a 2 b 2 2
⎛α +β⎞ ⎛α −β⎞
Ø If α and β are the ends of a focal chord of an ellipse S = 0 then e cos ⎜ = cos ⎜ .
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

x y
Ø The equation of the tangent at P( θ ) on the ellipse S = 0 is cos θ + sin θ = 1 .
a b
ax by
Ø The equation of normal at θ on the ellipse S = 0 is − = a2 − b2
cosθ sin θ

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse

x2 y2
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 to be a normal to the ellipse + = 1 is
a 2 b2
a 2 b 2 (a 2 − b 2 ) 2
+ = .
l 2 m2 n2
Ø Four normals can be drawn from any point to the ellipse and the sum of the eccentric angle of their
feet is an odd multiple of π .
Ø The tangents at the ends of the focal chord meet on the directrix.
Ø The maximum area of a rectangle that can be inscribed in the ellipse S = 0 is 2ab sq. units and the
sides are a 2, b 2 .
x 2 y2
Ø Area of an ellipse + = 1 is π ab sq. units.
a 2 b2
Example 1 : Find the coordinates of the points on the ellipse x2 + 3y2 = 37 at which the normals
are parallel to the line 6x – 5y = 2.

x2 y2
+ =1
( )
Solution : Given ellipse ......... (1)
37 37
3
Normals are parallel to 6x – 5y – 2 = 0
⇒ The corresponding tangents are parallel to 5x + 6y + k = 0
Now 5x + 6y + k = 0 is a tangent to the ellipse (1)
⇔ a2l2 + b2m2 = n2

37 2
⇔ 37 ( 5) +
2

3
( )
6 = k 2 ⇒ k = ±37

∴ Equation of the tangents are 5 x + 6 y ± 37 = 0

⎛ − a 2l − b2 m ⎞ ⎛ −37 ( 5) 37 ( 6 ) ⎞
∴ their points of contact are ⎜ , = ,
⎝ n n ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ k 3k ⎟⎠

when k = 37, the point of contact is (– 5, – 2). when

k = – 37 the point of contact is (5, 2)
Hence the required points are (5, 2) and (– 5, – 2).
Example 2: Show that the common tangent of the ellipse 3x2 + 13y2 = 78 and the circle
x2 + y2 = 16 is inclined at 45° with the major axis.
Solution : Equation to the tangent of the circle x2 + y2 = 16 in the slope form is

y = mx + r 1 + m 2 ⇒ mx − y + 4 1 + m 2 = 0 ......... (1)

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

x2 y2
This line is a tangent to the ellipse + =1
26 6

( )
⇔ a 2 l 2 + b 2 m 2 = n 2 ⇒ 26 m 2 + 6 (1) = 16 1 + m 2 ⇒ m = ±1

If θ is the inclination of the tangent then

m = tan θ = ±1 ⇒ θ = 45° or 135°
Example 3 : Show that the locus of the foot of the perpendicular drawn from centre on any
tangent to the ellipse b2x2 + a2b2 is the curve (x2 + y2)2 = a2x2 + b2y2

x 2 y2
Solution : Given ellipse + =1
a 2 b2

∴ Equation of the tangent is y = mx + a 2 m 2 + b 2 ......... (1)

The line perpendicular to (1) and passing through the centre (0, 0) is

⎛ −1 ⎞
y = ⎜ ⎟ x ⇒ my + x = 0 ......... (2)
⎝ m⎠

The locus of the point of the intersection (1) and (2) is got by eliminating m from (1) nad (2)

2
⎛ −x⎞ ⎛ −x⎞
y = x ⎜ ⎟ + a 2 ⎜ ⎟ + b2 ⇒ y 2 = − x 2 + a 2 x 2 + b2 y 2 ⇒ (x2 + y2)2 = a2x2 + b2y2
⎝ y ⎠ ⎝ y ⎠

CLASS ROOM PACKAGE

PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
3
1. The equation of the ellipse whose focus is (3, – 2), eccentricity and directrix 2x – y + 3 = 0 is
4
a) 14x2 + 33xy + 17y2 – 255x + 74y + 159 = 0 [ ]
b) 44x2 + 36xy + 71y2 – 588x + 374y + 959 = 0
c) 4x2 + 56xy + 271y2 – 188x + 274y + 359 = 0
d) 44x2 – 36xy – 71y2 – 588x – 374y + 959 = 0
2. In an ellipse, the distance between its foci is 6 and minor axes is 8. Then its eccentricity is [ ]
3 1 4 1
a) b) c) d)
5 2 5 5
3. The vertices of the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 – 24x + 36y – 72 = 0 are [ ]
a) (9, – 2), (– 3, – 2) b) (7, – 1), (– 3, – 1) c) (– 6, – 1), (– 2, – 1) d) (6, 1), (2, 1)

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse

4. The length of the latusrectum of the ellipse 9x2 + 5y2 – 18x – 20y – 16 = 0 is [ ]
1 2 10 3
a) b) c) d)
2 3 3 4

EMERALD PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
x 2 y2
5. The condition that the line x cos α + y sin α = p to be a tangent to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is
a b
a) a cos α + b sin α = p
2 2 2 2 2
b) a cos α − b sin α = p
2 2 2 2 2
[ ]
c) a 2 sin 2 α + b2 cos2 α = p2 d) a 2 sin 2 α − b 2 cos 2 α = p2
6. The value of k if (1, 2), (k, – 1) are conjugate points with respect to the ellipse 2x2 + 3y2 = 6 is
a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 8 [ ]
7. The equation of the tangent to the ellipse 9x2 + 16y2 = 144 at the positive end of the latusrectum is
[ ]
a) 3x + 4y = 12 b) 4x – 3y = 12 c) 7 x + 4 y = 16 d) 3 x + 7 y = 16
x2 y2
8. The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0, to be a normal to the ellipse + = 1 is [ ]
a2 b2

( ) ( )
2 2
a 2 b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 b2 a 2 − b2
a) 2 + 2 = b) 2 + 2 =
l m n2 l m n2
( ) ( )
2 2
a 2 b2 a 2 + b2 a 2 b2 a 2 − b2
c) 2 − 2 = d) 2 − 2 =
l m n2 l m n2
9. The equation of the chord of the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 having (3, 2) as mid point is [ ]
a) 2x + 3y = 6 b) 2x + 3y = 12 c) 3x + y = 11 d) 3x + 2y = 13

DIAMOND PACKAGE

One or more than one correct answer type questions :

10. If the equation of the ellipse is 3x2 + 2y2 + 6x – 8y + 5 = 0, then which of the following are true?
1
a) e = b) Center is (– 1, 2) [ ]
3
c) Foci are (– 1, 1) and (– 1, 3) d) Directrices are y = 2 ± 3 .
11. The eccentric angle of a point on the ellipse x2 + 3y2 = 6 at a distance 2 unit from origin is [ ]
π 3π 5π 7π
a) b) c) d)
4 4 4 4

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

Integer type questions :

x 2 y2
12. The number of tangents to + = 1 through (1, 1) is ___________.
25 9

ANALYSE AND ASSESS

1. Analyse and assess the centre of the ellipse 4x2 + 9y2 – 24x + 36y – 72 = 0.

2. Analyse and assess the locus of the point of intersection of the perpendicular tangents to the ellipse
2x2 + 3y2 = 6.

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse
3. Analyse and assess the eccentricity of the ellipse, whose latusrectum is equal to half of its minor axis.

QUICK REVIEW
Ø A conic section is said to be an ellipse if its eccentricity is less than 1.
Ø Four Standard forms of an ellipse.

S.No Content I II III IV

x 2 y2 x 2 y2
+ =
( x − α )2 + ( y − β ) 2 ( x − α )2 + ( y − β )2
+ =
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 a2 b2 a2 b2
Equation 1( a > b) 1( a < b) = 1( a > b ) = 1( a < b)

Where Where Where Where

b2 = a2(1–e2) a2 = b2(1–e2) b2 = a2(1–e2) a2 = b2(1–e2)

Y
Z Y Y
Y B
S
A1 A
B X1 C
X
X1
X S1
Figure Z
1
A1 S1 C S A
B1
Z
B1 X1 X X1 X
Z1
Y1
Y1 Y1 Y1

1. Centre(C) (0, 0) (0, 0) (α , β ) (α , β )

2. Vetices A, A1 = ( ± a,0) B, B1= (0, ± b) (α ± a, β ) (α , β ± b)
3. Foci (S,S1) ( ± ae,0) (0, ± be) (α ± ae, β ) (α , β ± ae)

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I

⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b⎞ ⎛ a ⎞ ⎛ b⎞
4. Ends of ⎜⎝ ± e ,0⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 0, ± e ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ α ± e , β ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ α , β ± e ⎟⎠
directrices
⎛ b2 ⎞ ⎛ a2 ⎞ ⎛ b2 ⎞ ⎛ a2 ⎞
⎜⎝ ± ae, ± ⎜⎝ ± b , ± be⎟⎠ α ± ae, β + α ± , β ± be⎟
5. End points a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ a ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ b ⎠
of latus recta
6. Eqn.of major y=0 x=0 y=β x =α
axis
7. Eqn. of minor x=0 y=0 x =α y=β
axis
8. Eqn’s op x = ± ae y = ± ae x = α ± ae y = β ± ae
latusrecta
a b a b
9. Eqns of x=± y=± x =α ± y=β±
e e e e
Directtices
10. Length of 2a 2b 2a 2b
Major axis
11. Length of 2b 2a 2b 2a
Minor axis
2b2 2a 2 2b 2 2a 2
12. Length of
a b a b
latusrectum

a 2 − b2 b2 − a2 a 2 − b2 b2 − a2
13. Ecentricity(e)
a2 b2 a2 b2
14. Sum of focal SP + S1P - 2a SP + S1P = 2b SP + S1P - 2a SP + S1P = 2b
distances
(focal radii)
of a point p on
the elllipse
15. Distance
between the foci SS1 = 2ae SS1= 2be SS1 = 2ae SS1= 2be
16. Distance AA1 = 2a BB1= 2b AA1 = 2a BB1 = 2b
between
vertices
2a 2b 2a 2b
17. Distance ZZ 1 = ZZ 1 = ZZ 1 = ZZ 1 =
e e e e
between
directrices

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse

x 2 y2 xx 2 yy 2
Ø a) S = 2 + 2 − 1 b) S1 = 2 + 2 − 1
a b a b

x12 y12 x1 x2 y1 y2
c) S11 = + −1 d) S12 = + 2 −1
a 2 b2 a2 b

x 2 y2
Ø Let P(x1, y1) be a point and S = + − 1 = 0 be an ellipse, Then
a 2 b2
a) P lies on the ellipse if S11 = 0.
b) P lies inside the ellipse if S11 < 0.
c) P lies outside the ellipse if S11 > 0.
Ø Two tangents can be drawn to an ellipse from an external point.
Ø The equation of tangent at P(x1, y1) to the ellipse S = 0 is S1 = 0

a 2 x b2 y
Ø The equation of the normal at P(x1, y1) to the ellipse S = 0 is − = a 2 − b2
x1 y1

Ø The condition that the line y = mx + c may be a tangent to the ellipse S = 0 is c2 = a2m2 + b2 and
⎛ a 2 l b2 ⎞
the point of contact is ⎜ − c , c ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 may be a tangent to the ellipse S = 0 is a2l2 + b2m2 = n2
⎛ a 2l −b 2 m ⎞
and the point of contact is ⎜ − n , n ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Ø Equation of the tangent to the ellipse S = 0 in slope form is y = mx ± a 2 m 2 + b2 .

Ø The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents of an ellipse is a circle concentric
with the ellipse. It is known as the Director circle.

x 2 y2
Ø The equation to the director circle of the ellipse 2
+ 2 = 1 is x2 + y2 = a2 + b2.
a b
Ø The locus of the feet of the perpendicular drawn from the foci to any tangent of the ellipse is a
circle concentric with the ellipse. It is known as the Auxillary Circle.

x 2 y2
Ø The equation to the auxillary circle of the ellipse + = 1 is x2 + y2 = a2 (a > b)
a 2 b2
is x2 + y2 = b2 (a < b)
Ø The equation of the chord of contact of the point P(x1, y1) w.r.t ellipse S = 0 is S1 = 0.

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
Ø The equation of chord of the ellipse S = 0 having (x1, y1) as its midpoint is S1 = S11

Ø The equation to the pair of tangents to the ellipse S = 0 from (x1, y1) is S12 = SS11

Ø Let P be a point on an ellipse with centre C and NP be the ordinate of P. Let NP meets the auxillary
circle in P1. If NCP1 = θ , then θ is called the eccentric angle of P. The point P1 is called the
corresponding point of P.

Ø The point P(a cos θ , b sin θ ) traces the ellipse for all 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π . P is denoted by the parameter ‘ θ ’.
Hence parametric equations of ellipse are x = a cos θ , y = b sin θ . The corresponding point
P1 = (acos θ , asin θ )

x 2 y2
Ø If P(x1, y1) = (acos θ , bsin θ ) is a point on the ellipse + = 1( a > b) , then
a2 b2
SP = a − ex1 = aae cos θ and S1 P = a + ex1 = a a + ae cos θ .

Ø The equation of the chord joining the points with eccentric angles α and β on the ellipse is
x α +β y α +β α −β
cos + sin = cos
a 2 b 2 2

⎛α +β⎞ ⎛α −β⎞
Ø If α and β are the ends of a focal chord of an ellipse S = 0, then e cos ⎜ ⎟ = cos ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎟⎠

x y
Ø The equation of the tangent at P (θ ) on the ellipse S = 0 is cos θ + sin θ = 1 .
a b

ax by
Ø The equation of normal at θ on the ellipse S = 0 is − = a 2 − b2 .
cosθ sin θ

x 2 y2
Ø The condition that the line lx + my + n = 0 to be a normal to the ellipse 2 + 2 = 1 is
a b

( ) .ST
2
a 2 b2 a 2 − b2
+ =
l 2 m2 n2

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Mathematics - C1 - Part - I Ellipse

STUDENT PACEKAGE
PEARL PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
1. An ellipse passes through the point (4, – 1) and its axes are along the axes of coordinates. If the line
x + 4y – 10 = 0 is a tangent to it then its equation is [ ]
x 2 y2 x2 y2 x2 y2 x2
a) + =1 b) + =1 c) + =1 d) + y2 = 1
100 5 80 5 / 4 20 5 4
x 2 y2
2. If pair of tangents drawn to the ellipse + = 1 from a point P so that angle between the tangents
16 9
is a right angle, then possible coordinates of the point P is/are : [ ]
a) (3, 4) b) (5, 0) (
c) 2 5, 5 ) (
d) 3 2, 7 )
x2 y2
*3. A square is inscribed inside the ellipse + = 1 , then the length of the side of the square is
a2 b2
ab 2ab
a) b) c) a 2 + b2 d) a2 − b2 [ ]
a +b
2 2
a +b
2 2

x2 y2
4. + = 1 will represent the ellipse, if r lies in the interval : [ ]
r 2 − r − 6 r 2 − 6r + 5
a) ( −∞, 2 ) b) ( 3,∞ ) c) ( 5, ∞ ) d) (1, ∞ )

EMERALD PACKAGE
Straight Objective type questions :
5. A bridge is in the shape of a semi ellipse. If it is 400 m long and has a maximum height 10 m at
midpoint. The height of the bridge distance 80 m from one end is [ ]
a) 8 m b) 12 m c) 20 m d) 10 m

x2 y2
6. The condition that the chord of the ellipse + = 1 and mid point (x1, y1) subtends a right angle at
a2 b2
the centre is [ ]
x 2 y12 ⎛ x1 y1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞ x12 y12 ⎛ x12 y12 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞
a) 4 + 4 = ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 ⎟⎠ b) 4 + 4 = ⎜ 2 + 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 ⎟⎠
a b a b a b a b ⎝a b ⎠ a b

x12 y12 ⎛ x12 y12 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ x12 y12 ⎛ x1 y1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 1⎞

c) 4 + 4 = ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 − 2 ⎟⎠ d) 4 − 4 = ⎜ 2 − 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 + 2 ⎟⎠
a b ⎝a b ⎠ a b a b ⎝a b ⎠ a b

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Ellipse Mathematics - C1 - Part - I
x 2 y2
*7. The points on the ellipse + = 1 such that the tangent at each of them makes equal angles with
a 2 b2
the axes [ ]
⎡ a2 b2 ⎤ ⎡ b2 a2 ⎤
a) ⎢ 2 , ⎥ b) ⎢ 2 , ⎥
⎣ a +b a2 + b2 ⎦ ⎣ a +b a2 + b2 ⎦
2 2

⎡ ab ab ⎤ ⎡ a2 b2 ⎤
c) ⎢ − 2 ,− ⎥ d) ⎢ − , − ⎥
⎣ a +b 2
a + b2 ⎦
2
⎣ a +b
2 2
a +b ⎦
2 2

Passage Type Questions :

Passage : A curve is represented by C = 21x2 – 6xy + 29y2 + 6x – 58y – 151 = 0

8. The eccentricity of the curve is [ ]

1 1 2 2
a) b) c) d)
3 3 3 5
9. The length of axes are [ ]
a) 6, 2 6 b) 5,2 5 c) 4, 4 5 d) none of these
10. The center of the conic C is [ ]
a) (1, 0) b) (0, 0) c) (0, 1) d) none of these

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