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Motion Capture Technology: Applications in Sports
Science
Kato Jumba K.
Faculty of Science and Technology Kampala International University Uganda
ABSTRACT
Motion capture (MoCap) technology has emerged as a transformative tool in the field of sports science,
enabling the precise tracking and analysis of human motion to improve athletic performance, prevent
injuries, and optimize training. From its historical roots in cinematographic analysis to the advent of
wearable and computer vision-based systems, MoCap technology has evolved significantly in accuracy,
portability, and applicability across diverse sports. This paper examines the core types and components of
motion capture systems, their critical role in sports training, rehabilitation, and performance evaluation,
and how they support biomechanical analysis in both controlled and real-world settings. Additionally, the
paper examines ethical considerations surrounding data ownership and privacy, and projects future trends
in the integration of artificial intelligence, multimodal data sources, and low-cost hardware into motion
capture systems. Overall, motion capture is revolutionizing how athletes are trained, evaluated, and
supported, offering new possibilities for performance enhancement and injury prevention in both
professional and amateur athletics.
Keywords: Motion Capture Technology, Sports Science, Biomechanics, Athletic Performance, Wearable
Sensors, Computer Vision
INTRODUCTION
Motion capture technology has emerged as a crucial component in understanding, analyzing, and
enhancing athletic performance. Motion capture refers to the process of recording and translating the
movement of objects or people into digital data. Data recorded using motion capture systems can be
synchronized with other modalities, such as pressure and video data, during post-processing. Data
obtained can be converted into kinematic and kinetic parameters, which can be scientifically analyzed for
further understanding of the underlying mechanics of the motion being captured or the development of
methods for improvement. Indispensable for viewing, understanding, and reliving key moments in sports,
motion capture technology has been used in professional sports globally, with the expressed aim of
improving team tactics as well as individual skills. Significant investments have been made in establishing
large studio facilities for motion capture, with similar facilities established for sports science at premier
educational institutions. Such facilities, utilizing state-of-the-art equipment, are crucial for optimizing an
athlete’s skills, techniques, and strategies, and they enable performance to be examined in great detail
using powerful computers, with that data used to provide teams with the feedback they need to help coach
their players to conserve energy, improve form, and gain a competitive advantage [1, 2].
History of Motion Capture in Sports
Motion capture technology has become essential in analyzing and improving athletic performance,
originating in the 19th century with early studies of human motor activity. The first systems emerged in
this period, and in the 1950s, motion picture cameras allowed for the quantification of athletic
performance. The development of 3D motion capture systems in the 1980s and 1990s established
cinematography as a primary tool for biomechanical analysis, providing detailed kinematic and kinetic
information. Research initially focused on sports like running and throwing. The early 21st century saw
advancements in wireless systems, allowing for field-based biomechanical analysis using wearable sensor
technology, benefiting coaching, rehabilitation, and injury prevention across various sports, such as
winter sports, golf, and tennis. Meanwhile, growth in computer hardware and machine learning has

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improved the accuracy and reliability of computer vision-based motion capture. This progress spans
sports scenarios including basketball, soccer, swimming, and ping pong. Furthermore, multimodal motion
capture technology is making waves in surveillance, security, player development, and injury reduction.
By integrating data from multiple sources and leveraging AI tools, it aids sports researchers in analyzing
complex scenarios, proving effective in investigating player teamwork and interaction in sports like
basketball, soccer, esports, and tabletop games. [3, 4].
Types of Motion Capture Systems Page | 65
Motion capture (MC) systems can be classified into two major categories: (1) traditional optical systems,
including optical marker-based and marker-less systems, and (2) computer vision-based motion capture
technology. Among these, traditional optical systems have been the gold standard in the field of motion
capture and 3D reconstruction for several decades. However, in recent years, the rapid development and
application of deep learning and artificial intelligence techniques have paved the robust motion capture
technology. This review thoroughly analyzed various types of motion capture technologies under
different application scenarios, providing researchers and practitioners with more insights and guidance
for choosing appropriate motion capture systems and methods. Cinematography capture systems are
generally considered the gold standard in the field of motion capture. They usually combine multiple
cameras to simultaneously capture the target motion from different angles, thus reliably calculating the
target’s trajectory in its coordinate system. The performance of optical triangulation in motion capture
systems is related to several factors, including the relative positions of the cameras, the distance between
the cameras and the object to be captured, the number and quality of optical markers, the specific
modeling approach of the object, and the movement of the markers in the tracking space. The output
parameters of customized capture systems include the spatial coordinates (x, y, and z), joint angles, and
angular velocity (Va), linear velocity, and acceleration of each point (An) on the target body. More
comprehensive tools require higher costs and more installations. This is a drawback of optical systems.
Wireless marker-based systems typically utilize MEMS (Micro-electro-mechanical system) sensors,
which contain a three-dimensional accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer to compute relative
angular position and linear acceleration in real-time on a dedicated microcontroller. MEMS-based motion
capture systems are more portable and require less setup effort. The output parameters of the systems are
typically joint angles, bandwidth, and angular stiffness. With the rapid advancement of wearable sensor
technology, there has been rising interest in studying motion capture systems that employ inertial
measurement sensors (IMUs) to track three-dimensional motion. Powerful analysis algorithms enable
these approaches to achieve comparable accuracy performance to optical systems easily, while the
flexibility and portability of these items in diverse environments under real-world applications are worth
considering [5, 6].
Key Components of Motion Capture Systems
Motion capture systems consist of various components: data collection, transmission, storage, analysis
devices, markers, and a recording medium. High-performance systems with 22 infrared cameras optimize
parameters like lens, shutter speed, and exposure, achieving linear accuracy of ≤0.03 mm and angular
accuracy of ≤0.007 degrees. Alternative systems use color cameras for movement detection in
uncontrolled lighting, unaffected by target color-blindness. Wireless sensors, including accelerometers
and gyroscopes, measure movement and provide high accuracy without needing cameras, fitting
comfortably on the body. Most have validated accuracy within 4 degrees for angles and 2.5% for speed
changes, although complex calibrations require physical inspection. A data cable connects storage devices
with on-board analysis for remote data capture. Unlike local-only devices, mainframes capture raw data
and convert formats, removing offsets and performing transformations. Professional software, compatible
with mainstream motion analysis tools, processes over 8000 frames per second for gait and step analysis.
After recording, data sets undergo signal processing, which includes cursor calibration, frame delay
compensation, zero-point offset removal, cutoff frequency determination, and step frequency calculation.
[7, 8].
Applications In Sports Training
Motion capture technology has diverse applications in sports training, providing objective evaluations of
athlete performance and shaping effective training protocols. Research has explored common challenges
in many sports through the systematic analysis of athletic motion. This technology is also essential for
assessing pre-season fitness, executing rehabilitation exercises, and analyzing post-game physiological
demands. A notable advancement has been the development of performance assessment tools that can be

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utilized while scouts observe athletes in action. These assessments can be customized for different sports
disciplines, with peak sprinting speed frequently serving as a key performance indicator. The technique
varies among athletes within disciplines that require distinct approaches. Using sensors equipped with
accelerometers and gyroscopes, this study examined a clear template for triple-jump take-off and landing,
offering insights into these phases, facilitating individualized coaching to enhance jump techniques and
reduce injury risks. Strength training is crucial in preparing athletes for contact sports, helping to
manage injury risks. Athletes need to perform strength training at suitable intensity, frequency, duration, Page | 66
and modality to target relevant muscle groups. High repetition thresholds from motion capture data
serve as an objective measure of load and injury risk. The ability to quantify performance using GPS data
fosters strong stakeholder engagement, particularly beneficial for smaller systems wanting to charge for
services. New possibilities exist for automating data logging and enhancing the analysis of multi-sensor
data across varied sporting contexts. Advances in motion capture make dynamic measurements in regular
settings more practical. Athletes are evaluated within their training or competitive environments, which
involve fluctuating velocities, accelerations, and resistances, thereby challenging conventional biomedical
models. Novel algorithms have been created or refined to adjust for these varying dynamics when
estimating joint angles. [9, 10].
Applications in Sports Rehabilitation
Most injuries in sport are due to the motions leading to some positions that exceed anatomical limits of
the human skeleton. Indeed, most catastrophic injuries happen at boundary conditions. Based on a
benchmark testing of a specific event, simulations/benchmarks of cases at the boundaries of body motion
can be reproduced to recreate potentially serious injuries and to help design and improve safety
equipment to alleviate dangerous collisions. The biomechanics of elite athletes is of great interest to
coaches and sport’s governing bodies. 3D biomechanics programs allow for lab environments with
controlled motion. However, it is complicated and costly to transfer methodologies developed there to the
field or competitive conditions. In conjunction with multi-camera video systems and computer vision, 3D
motion capture with trail markers on the athletes allows for a wide range of motion analysis. Trajectory
of field position over time can also be acquired and tracked; through combining the two information sets,
techniques beyond simple extraction of events can be performed. In particular, one system in operation
examines lateral control of alley-oop actions in basketball. Optical human motion measurement systems
are employed for various applications. Although such systems are known for their accuracy, they do not
have total motion analysis ability in the real world, as it needs pre-defined, calibrated series of cameras
that detect bright markers, which inhibit measurement in low light levels, at a distance greater than 25m
and with general coordination of the human operator. In contrast, monocular video cameras are widely
used for various scenarios, like filming people walking in a city or tracking a lone player or a basketball in
a sports court. Although monocular video cameras can explore unconstrained environments, motion
measurement techniques based on monocular video imaging do not have sufficient performance [11, 12].
Applications In Sports Performance Analysis
Motion capture technology (MCT) has seen significant application in sports performance analysis. The
potential applications of motion capture technology in the field of sports performance are reviewed and
classified into seven types, including competition recording, technical analysis, commercial motion
capture, training, technique adjustment, athletic assessment, sports injury medicine, and rehabilitation.
Each application category presents motion capture’s strengths and challenges. The seven applications of
motion capture technology in the context of sports have been reviewed and classified. Apart from the
clear glimpses into each application’s use, strength, challenges, and shortcomings, potential future
development directions are also proposed in sports competition, training, and sports injury medicine.
Traditional sports motion capture typically utilizes video analysis of competitions at a distance,
generating a wealth of player movement details. However, video analysis cannot provide sufficient
information to improve player movement and the accuracy of quantification. Attention has now shifted to
a three-dimensional (3D) multi-camera sports performance analysis system. This professional system can
capture reasonably high-resolution motion information compared to a single RGB camera. A feasible
index in this sports motion capture system can assist coaches in better understanding the development of
players’ skills. An accurate anthropometric calibration system can recover accurate deformation of
surface-based 3D anatomical modeling on a camera of each public camera view. Video feedback from the
camera becomes a dominant tool to evaluate gestures in coaching and training. However, joint surface-
based markers focus on the analysis of specific bodily segments, which does not support the entire body as

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a whole. A semi-automatic H-shape skeleton modeling method that obtains the optimal skeleton joints
was proposed. Motion features are the movement information, evaluative and quantifiable indices for
athletes’ performance. Body and joint angles, speed, length, and maximum width play an important role in
indicating players’ muscle strength exertion. The umbrella-patterned index was proposed to ensure
global multi-joint angle synchronization and frame synchronization for analyzing whole body motion
[13, 14].
Impact on Athlete Training Regimens Page | 67
Motion capture technology has recently become one of the most crucial tools to optimize athletes’ skills,
techniques, and strategies. It has received considerable attention from researchers as a powerful
technology to collect athletes’ motion data and give feedback. Automated feedback can be generated using
motion data and detailed comparisons of the signed motion data with the reference ones or the ideal
motion data of the current action knowledge. Feedback on an athlete’s motion accuracy helps to improve
the correction of their techniques. Implementing the advanced technologies focuses on providing accurate
and detailed information on the current motion state of the athletes. Such motion data can be collected
and then mapped to visual results to analyze the skill or technique level and identify motion patterns.
Different comparative studies of motion capture technology with distinct features and applications need
to be carried out to help researchers select suitable motion capture technology for motions or sports
scenarios. Motion capture technology is often classified according to the capturing modes of its sensors,
including cinematography motion capture technology, vision-based motion capture technology, and
sensor-based motion capture technology. In-sport application of motion capture technology in training
and coaching is highlighted as motion capture technology is becoming increasingly portable and
affordable. Meanwhile, the advancement in practice-based research makes it highly desirable to attach
high-order biomechanical biofeedback to surface-established analytics [15, 16].
Ethical Considerations in Motion Capture
With rapid technological advancement, sports teams are exploring motion-capture analysis systems.
Similar to scientific fields, sports organizations should establish ethics committees to address potential
concerns, particularly regarding player data ownership. As the National Rugby League (NRL) prepares
for such technologies, proactive strategies are essential to prevent issues already encountered by other
leagues. Future systems may utilize sensors on uniforms or GPS in shoes, raising concerns about privacy
due to monitoring vital signs and player conditions. Players should have ownership of their data, similar
to body-camera policies in policing, but current laws may limit this. Only federations might have the
resources to manage this data, leading to potential licensing or contractual requirements that could
disadvantage players. Since independent appeals against federations are absent in organizations like the
NRL, players could face unjust arrangements favoring federations over clubs. Clubs must remain
cautious; the initial focus on match footage analysis has led some to risk using subpar technology, leaving
them behind competitors who adapt effectively. Clubs that integrate advanced systems and capture
footage promptly will gain a significant advantage over those hesitant to embrace necessary cultural and
technological shifts despite the associated costs and risks [17, 18].
Future Trends in Motion Capture Technology
Motion capture (MoCap) technology records motion parameters and translates them into digital formats,
enabling the analysis of motion behavior with highly accurate and objective data. In sports science,
MoCap technology measures athletes’ skills, techniques, and strategies in various sports scenarios, aiming
to optimize performance and enhance competition results. Matched with expert knowledge from sports
coaches, motion data translates directly into targeted feedback, such as improving skills by adjusting
biomechanical parameters or optimizing play tactics by rematching positions of defenders and attackers.
Besides, MoCap technology plays a useful role in developing sports equipment to maintain compliance
with regulations and prevent injuries. Based on the technology used, MoCap technology can be broadly
classified into four promising categories: cinematography-based, wearable sensor-based, computer vision-
based, and multimodal MoCap technology. Cinematography motion capture (cMoCap) technology, a
relative-to-dollar motion capture solution using optical cameras, projectors, and markers, remains a
mature and mainstream approach for prestigious sports research. cMoCap systems perform accurate
reconstruction of marked frames in 2D and motion data in 3D, which serve as biomechanical parameters
to characterize an athlete’s motion behavior based on sensor placement. However, these systems have an
explicit limitation in short-term observations of action sequences due to the occlusion of sensors and
markers. Moreover, cMoCap systems are limited in outdoor capture and processing speed due to

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dependence on post-processing, while the available commercial solutions remain considerably costly,
making the technology less approachable to common teams. Wearable sensor-based motion capture
(wMoCap) technology, a low-threshold motion capture solution directly recording inertia motion data,
has emerged as a reliable tool to measure athletes’ performance in various sports competitions. In addition
to other sensors like GPS and electromyography, researchers have conducted in-depth investigations into
display-aided gait analysis, athletic jump physiology, and closed-suit systems for rehabilitation training
and commercial videogames. However, short- and long-term validation remains a challenge for wMoCap Page | 68
technology in sports scenario applications, and performance always suffers when using one or two
available sensors, in terms of counting accuracy and detection reliability. Computer vision-based motion
capture (CVMoCap) technology, a low-cost motion capture solution employing cameras and computers,
has rapidly evolved towards a less-obtrusive, runner-friendly, and outdoor-friendly apparatus [19, 20].
Case Studies of Motion Capture in Sports
Motion capture technology is essential for optimizing athletes’ skills, providing detailed feedback on
motion data. Recent advancements focus on improving accuracy and reliability in capturing sports
performance in 2D/3D. Classifying motion capture technology by intention (objective vs. subjective) and
modality (marker-based vs. markerless) helps researchers grasp new developments. A review of the last
decade’s literature summarizes the current status of sports applications, noting advantages and
limitations in research topics, sports disciplines, and common practices, aiding methodology selection for
researchers. With Olympic Games and high-level competitions emphasizing performance optimization,
many researchers and engineers are innovating tools for continuous athlete training worldwide.
Historically, researchers used laboratory settings with motion capture technology to assess athletes’ skills
and strategies. However, the complex data can be challenging for coaches and trainers accustomed to
qualitative analysis. To address this, deep learning and hybrid sensors are being utilized to create tools
that simplify performance quantification, enhancing monitoring and evaluation in real-time during
training. Increased demand for on-site analysis systems reflects the need for effective tools in sports
training. [21, 22].
Challenges and Limitations of Motion Capture
The suitability of different motion capture techniques for tracking human postures in sports scenarios is
discussed in depth. For the motion capture technologies surveyed, four characteristics are considered to
evaluate their applicable scenarios: cost of devices, tracking accuracy and update rate, portability and
configuration complexity, and topology construction capability. A reasonable purchase and application
plan is provided for coaches and researchers based on their edge scenarios. These motion capture
technologies should be operational and thrive in sports improvement research and athlete training
practices. As a crucial factor in evaluating technology, cost plays an important role in technology
selection. The complexity of device configuration also plays a significant role in the application of motion
capture technology. Commercially available positioning and posture tracking technologies in the past few
decades can be similarly classified based on the aforementioned four capabilities. There may also be
development trends and problems in each classification, which are comprehensively summarized in this
section. Optical systems equipped with multiple cameras are superior to other types of motion capture
technologies in positioning and posture tracking accuracy. Although emerging passive markers have
advantages in cost, portability, and in-depth application scenarios, traditional camera systems with low-
cost active markers are still the preferred solution for typical academic scenarios. However, these setups
require complex configuration, camera calibration, and troubleshooting. Moreover, the need for a
guaranteed configuration during continuous operation and post-processing may hinder the application in
the professional sports field. Thus, when there’s a small space for camera installation and movement,
small motion capture area requirements, and controlling whether to display information, these optical-
based motion capture systems, grounded on a prominent academic background, are suitable solutions. A
variety of optical camera systems with an established equipment setup can be considered prior plans for a
relatively short tilling period for new sports research. However, coaching-grade technological choices are
easily distinguished by subjects already used to these setups. When not for post processing, such cameras
require longer formation and calibration processes, hindering their applications in professional sports
fields [23, 24].
CONCLUSION
Motion capture technology stands at the forefront of innovation in sports science, offering powerful tools
to capture, interpret, and leverage human movement data for enhanced athletic performance. By enabling

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detailed biomechanical analysis, MoCap systems contribute significantly to sports training, injury
rehabilitation, and real-time performance monitoring. The shift from traditional optical systems to
wearable and AI-driven solutions has expanded their accessibility and practicality, allowing athletes to
benefit from advanced feedback even in natural sporting environments. While the technology promises
enormous benefits, ethical issues related to data privacy and athlete autonomy must be addressed to
ensure fair and transparent use. Looking ahead, the integration of AI, machine learning, and multimodal
capture systems will continue to refine motion capture capabilities, making it an indispensable asset in Page | 69
modern sports practice and research.
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CITE AS: Kato Jumba K. (2025). Motion Capture Technology:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
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