NUCLEAR PROCESS DETAILED NOTES AND SAMPLE QUESTIONS (regret for any mistake if noted) ‘$4 TERM THREE LAST TOPIC NEW LOWER SECONDARY CURRICULUM (CHEMISTRY) TR. KISULE JOSEPH (0751339538-0786570990) [email protected] DEDICATED TO YOU The attached questions are almost enough fora student to have/a general idea/concept about this region(content/subtopic) in chemistry, however, | advise a student to search for more related questions about this content area for better nesults. CONTENT: 1. Nuclear processes. 2. Some sample questions on the above topic 3. Try so hard to answer the sample questions and look for more qns. Don't say tomorrow, it will be too late for chemistry revision, and yesterday is gone forever, you have got today to revise your chemistry! “Revise as if tomorrow is not there” May ged bless you Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 1/30Nuclear processes Introduction Nuclear chemistry is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements which are influenced by the changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus. The atomic nucleus is composed of protons and neutrons, the total number of protons in an element gives its atomic number and the sum of protons and neutrons gives the mass number of a particular element. Elements with unstable nuclei in their atoms can go through nuclear changes and turn into different elements. This process involves nucleus in atoms and its therefore called nuclear process. Nuclear process is the process that involves fusing or splitting of the nucleus. Atomic structure and nuclear reactions Structure of an atom ‘An atomic has three major sub-atomic particles, these include; > Protons > Electrons > Neutrons. General structure of an atom electron energy level/ proton electron shell nucleus neutron Mass, relative charge and location of the subatomic particles ‘Sub atomic particle | Mass (amu) [Relative charge | Location Electron 0.0005485 | -1 Outside the nucleus, on energy levels. Proton 1 Inside the nucleus Neutron Not charged | Inside the nucleus Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 2/30Sample answered questions State with a reason the region in an atom where the mass is concentrated > The mass is concentrated in the nucleus, this is because the mass is contributed by protons and neutrons which occupy the nucleus, electrons have a negligible mass. Explain the following observations: a) Atoms are electrically neutral yet they contain charged particles > Atoms contain the same number of positively charged particles (protons) and negatively charged particles (the electrons). The two opposite total charges therefore cancel out to zero, leaving the atom electrically neutral. b) Atoms of different elements adopt different structures. > Atoms of different elements differ in atomic structures because different elements have different atomic numbers. Natural boron occurs as 128 and 415 a) Which term is used to describe the two forms of boron atoms? > Isotopes. b) What is the difference between the two forms? > They have different numbers of neutrons, c) State the meaning of the term nuclide? > Anuclide is a species or class of atoms characterized by theit number of protons, number of neutrons and their nuclear energy state. Nuclear reactions ‘A nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle collide to produce one or more new nuclides. A nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. Examples of nuclear reactions include Radioactive decay Nuclear fusion Nuclear fission Radiations Ete Radiation Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 3/30This is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space. Sunlight is the commonest radiation. Nevertheless, there are those radiations which are invisible and these include radio waves and television waves. Forms of radiations. There are majorly three forms of radiations, these are; > Alpha radiation (a) > Beta radiation (8) > Gamma ray (y) These radiations differ in properties Properties of radiations Property Nature of radiation Alpha particle () | Beta particle () | Gamma ray () Nature; helium Nature; an Nature; none particle (He). electron (e). Charge, no charge Charge: +2 Charge; -1 Penetration Least Moderate Highest Tonizing power Highest Moderate Least Effect onelectric | Deflected by both | Deflected by both | Not deflected by or magnetic field | fields fields but the both fields direction of deflection is opposite to that of alpha particles. Changes on mass number and atomic number that occur to an atomic nucleus when it emits alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Alpha particle; The mass number decreases by four and the atomic number decreases by two. Beta particle; The atomic number increases by one and the mass number remains unchanged. Gamma ray; The atomic number and the mass number remain unchanged. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 4/30Nuclear fission. Nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process is initiated (caused) by bombarding a heavy unstable nucleus by a slow-moving neutron which results in a large amount of energy being released. The elements commonly used in nuclear fission reactions are majorly two; > Uranium, > Plutonium. The results of nuclear fission are usually gamma photos and large amounts of energy. How nuclear fission occurs. The fission process is often initiated by bombarding a heavy unstable nucleus by a slow-moving neutron. The process releases more neutrons, whichlescape and move at a great speed. Once they collide with another radioactive heavy nucleus, the cause it to undergo fission with production of more neutrons, leading to a series of repeated steps. Alternatively (how nuclear fission occurs) The entire nucleus’splits intd two large fragments’called “daughter nuclei". In addition to the ‘daughter’ products, two on three neutrons also explode out of the fission reaction and these can collide with other uranium nuclei to cause further fission reactions. This is known as a chain reaction. There are some naturally occurring isotopes which will split spontaneously and release energy, such as Uranium 235 and 238. These isotopes are called fissile. Nuclear fission of uranium. SU+ in > “Bat 2Kr + in + energy Sample question Uranium atom decomposed as shown below SU +a > IM +$2Kr +3in tenergy a) Identify the radioactive particle which caused the nuclear fission Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 5130> Neutron. b) Find the value of x and z > X=235-(92+3) 235-95 =140 > Z=92-(36+0) 2 - 36 = 56 ©) Use a periodic table to identify element M shown in the decay equation. > Here we base on the atomic number which is 56, which element do you think has atomic number of 56 on the periodic table? Its barium, d) How can the above equation be: i. Useful > It leads to formation of isotopes. ji, Dangerous. > The high energy particles generated can be harmful Nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion in everyday life. Nuclear fusion exists Raturally in stars including the sun, where hydrogen nuclei fuse and create helium while releasing the energy that lights and heats the earth. Did you know that even! Nuclear fusion has also been used in nuclear weapons. Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei are combined to form one or more atomic nuclei and subatomic particles such as neutrons and protons. The results of nuclear fusion are; large amounts of energy, heavier nuclei and subatomic particles mostly a neutron, In the presence of the sun, high temperature and pressure causes nuclear fusion. How nuclear fusion occurs. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 6/30The neutron increases the mass of the atom by raising the nucleon number and since the atom must neutrally contain a nucleus with equal number of neutrons and protons, it becomes highly unstable and thus splits up or disintegrates releasing energy. There are two major elements that undergo nuclear fusion and these include majorly; > Deuterium (2H) > Tritium (2H) Reaction equation TH+ 2H + tHe + in Advantages of nuclear reactions. Provide relatively low-cost energy Provide high energy density. Low pollution production They are reliable. Used in the development of energy using solar system, They provide light that help us to see. They are environmentally friendly. Source of fuel. Disadvantages of nuclear reactions. Negative impact on the environment. Very high cost of building nuclear power plants or expensive initial cost. Security threats. Limited fuel supply. 5 to be taken while carrying out nuclear reactions. Use gloves always when working with radioactive materials. Stringent hygiene is required when handling radioactive materials. In radioactive labs, do not eat, drink, smoke, or do not use cosmetics. Do not pipette orally Wear disposable clothes if there is substantial contamination risk. Keep your lab coat separate from your everyday attire. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 7130Radioactivity. Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable atomic nuclei, giving out radiations and large amounts of energy. The unstable atomic nucleus gives up some energy in order to attain stability. ‘The process is spontaneous (occurs on its own, without any energy input from the outside) and so is not influenced by external conditions like temperature and pressure. Radioactivity is also known as radioactive decay. It occurs at random; it is impossible to predict when it will occur or decay. Note; Radioactive decay can either be natural or artificial. Natural radioactive decay for example when nuclear reactions occur spontaneously. Artificial radioactive decay for example bombarding a radioactive material like Uranium with a high-speed subatomic particle like neutron, Types of radioactive decay. There are three types; > Alpha decay > Beta decay > Gamma decay. Alpha decay. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and transforms into a different atomic nucleus with a mass number that is reduced by four and atomic number reduced by two. ‘An alpha particle is a helium nucleus. It has a mass of 4 atomic mass units and atomic number is 2. It is represented as $He Illustration for alpha decay Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 8130alpha particie $He daughter nucleus Equation. 238 + "357A + tHe Uranium disintegrated +6 form Thorium and Helium Sample question; Radium 226 undergoes radioactive decay as shown in the equation below. Ra ~ 30 + te a) Complete the equation by finding the value of X and ¥. > Value for x (mass number) 226=x+4 xX = 226-4 xX 224 > Value for y (atomic number/proton number) 8B=y+2 y 288-2 Y =86 b) Identify the element Q, which radium decays to. (use the periodic table provided) > Radon (Ra) is the element with atomic number 86. ©) Explain why we consider the proton number/atomic number, not mass number in determining the new element formed. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 9130> This is because the atomic number remains the same for all isotopes of an element, but the mass number changes with each isotope. Properties of alpha particles They are positively charged. Each alpha particle has a charge of +2 and a mass of four units. Alpha particles are deflected towards the negative electric plate and repelled by the positive plate. Alpha particles are deflected by a magnetic field. Illustration Deflection of radiotions in a mognetic field ‘Gamma ray not deflected because thas no charge cont atfecredon tte sete pre eae is negative and is therefore deflected on the positive pole. North south pole pole The penetrating power of alpha particles is very poor sincé they are large particles. They can be stopped by a sheet of paper. Because of the high charge, alpha particles have a gréat ionizing power (the ability to change atoms into ions due to radiation effect). Beta decay Beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle, transforming into an isobar (isotopes of different elements but with the same atomic mass/ mass number) of that nuclide. A beta particle is a fast-moving electron, It has negligible mass and a charge of -1. When an atomic nucleus emits a beta particle, the atomic mass remains the same while the atomic number increases by 1. Equation 20 > F + fe Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 10/30Properties of beta particles. They are negatively charged. Each beta particle has a charge of -1 and negligible mass. Beta particles are deflected towards the positive electric plate and repelled by the negative plate. Beta particles are deflected by a magnetic field, The penetrating power of beta particles is moderate. They can be stopped by a block of wood. Because of the low charge, beta particles have an average ionizing power Sample questions Lithium - 8 undergoes radioactive decay as shown below. SLi > gx + fe a) Copy and complete the equation. (calculate the values of a and b and rewrite the equation with known values) b) Identify element X, which lithium decays to. Gamma decay. Is a type of radioactivity in which some unstable atomic nuclei dissipate excess energy by a spontaneous electromagnetic process, Gamma rays are not particles but electromagnetic waves with very short wavelength. When an atomic nucleus emits gamma rays, there is no change in the atomic number or mass number but the energy associated with gamma emission leads to an extra stability of the atomic nucleus. Properties of gamma rays. > They are not charged, hence are not deflected by magnetic or electric field. > Their penetrating power is very great. > Their ionizing power is very low. Trial Sample question Sodium - 25 undergoes gamma decay as shown in the equation. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 11/30Ha > + by + fe a) Copy and complete the equation. b) Identify element X and give a reason for your answer. Half-life Half life is the time taken for a given mass of a radioactive substance to decay to half of its initial mass, Different atomic nuclei undergo radioactivity at different rates. Some disintegrate very fast while others decay slowly For example, 2g of carbon-14 isotope take about 5,730 years to reduce to half of the tial quantity, that is 1g, while the Same mass of sodium-25 takes only 1.0 minute to reduce to 1g. The concept of half-life Study and interpret the figure below. OOOOL Beforedecay Day4 Day8 © Day12_— Day 16 a) What was the half-life of the radioactive material? > Four days b) Work out the masses Y and Z obtained at day 4 and day 12, respectively. > Y4g > Z=1g ©) What percentage of the radioactive material had been lost at day 8? Lost mass =(8-2)9 = 6g Total mass = 8g Percentage loss = Gx100)% = 75% Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 12/30d) Predict the mass of the radioactive substance that will remain at day 20. > Since the half-life is four after every four days, we consider our initial mass at day 16 which 0.59 and will reduce to 0.259 Finding the time taken for an element to reduce to half of its original amount. Trial Study the graph below showing count rate of a radioactive substance H against time. a3 8 8 + a 3 vo Time (days) How long did it take for the count rate to reduce from; a) 80 to 40 b) 40 to 20 ©) 20010 d) 10t05 Trial 2 Eight grams of substance D were initially present in a sample. The mass of D in the sample reduced to half in 8 days. Find the mass remaining after 24 days. After 8 days, 4 grams remained After 16 days, 2 grams remained After 24 days, 1 gram remained. Therefore 1 gram remained after 24 days. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 13/30THE KISJO CONTENT (NUCLEAR PROC Calculating Half life After one half-life, one half-life of the original amount of a radioactive substance remains. After two half-lives, one half of the previous half remains or one quarter and so on. After n half-lives, the original amount of a radioactive substance remains. General formulae; For half-life Togtk for bulflfe obo, we iabralice Lorn on hole i int, dide Np on bolk ides Ae a eS 7 Wea ° _ ls] = © gd = 4% ilo) =r Ut leds $y, Ela(e) > Nwide thd oda by, ef log( Lye loo ics Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 14/30N(t) = quantity of substance remaining N, = initial quantity of the substance + = time taken = half-life of the substance. Note: The above equation can help you solve any calculation question in this topic, note it very well and understand it fit. Kisjo will not calculate everything in these notes, kindly cooperate kino-Tuki gale. For the activity (mass of substance that remained after decay) Activity = 2 X original mass of a radioactive substance. Example. A radioactive isotope has radioactive activity measured on a Geiger-Muller tube at 10,000 becquerels (Bq). What is the activity of the isotope after 3 half-lives? Activity = 2, X original mass of a radioactive substance. Activity Activity = 1250 Bq ‘More sample questions Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 15/30‘nuclear Processes taken for a substance to decay. and the remaining perce, Time taken for a su Percentage remaining 1e (years) | Percenta, 6.25 the above table ot an appropriate graph of the data in 7 Foe reign they have drawn, lt them determine the half-life Of the substance, Suggested responses Graph of percentage remaining against time 2. From the graph, the half-life of the substance is 5 years. e Exercise 6.1 ome The fae ofa Certain radioactive isotope is 24 days. If the initial mass is 064 2) the mass remaining after 120 days 5) how long it will take to have only 0.04 g remaining undecayed Suggested responses a) Number of half lives = 12 24 From the first principles: Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 16/30Using nuclear power Nuclear power is the energy in the nucleus of an atom. People's perception of nuclear power. > Nuclear energy produces dangerous radiations that affect the life of living organisms. The perception is purely negative. Applications of radioactivity. > Radiotherapy; gamma rays are used in the treatment of cancer and detecting breakages in bones. Sterilization; gamma rays are used to sterilize medical instruments. Archeology; living plants and trees take in radioactive carbon, when a plant dies, the carbon starts'to decay. By measuring the radioactive activity, the cage of the remains can be obtained. Environment; radioisotopes can be used to trace and analyse pollutants. Biochemistry and genetics; radioisotopes may be used as tracers to label molecules so that the chemical process like DNA replication (action of reproducing) can be traced. Food for thought. Radioactive isotopes for-diagnosis of some organs ‘Organ Isotopes Source Brain Cobalt-60 Bombarding cobalt-59 with neutrons Boron-10 Borax, Kernite, and fruits Todine-131 Kidney Technetium-99m Nuclear reactor operation mercaptoacetyltriglycine (Te- 99m MAG3) Thyroid glands | Todine-131 Nuclear fission Liver Technetium-99m sulfur colloid (injected through patients’ veins) Lungs Technetium-99m labeled human albumin microspheres Tumours: ‘Arsenic-74 Dangers of radioactivity. > Affect eyesight. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 17/30> Causes cancer. > Cause radiation skin burns. > Damage the body cells and tissues > Gamma rays are most harmful since they penetrate deeply into the body. Safety precautions. Exposure time should be short Radioisotopes should be handled by tongs with remote control. Personnel working in radioactive plants should wear lead jackets. Radiations should be directed away from the people around, Note We are all exposed to background radiation due to cosmic rays, radiations from radioactive minerals (radoniin the atmosphere, potassium-40 in the body) and X-rays from television screens. Activities of integration and sample activity questions (=) Sample Activity of Integration Due to increasing demand for power, agencies predict that East Africa could soon adopt the use of nuclear power for the smooth running of the increasing number of industries. Discussions among East African countries are underway to build nuclear power plants However, there is little known about use of nuclear power by most people in East Africa and others have fears of its dangers, A nuclear power LUgandans officials on a visit to the at nuclear power plant in Fuging, China Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 18/30informing the concered agencies ang Write an article to be published in a newspaper, entire community about; a) where a nuclear power plant can be built, citing reasons for the choice of such » location b) the impact of the plant on the surrounding area and population ©) the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power plants; suggest how industries can be managed to avoid nuclear accidents. Sample Assessment Grid Basis of Criterion 1: Criterion | Criterion 3: | Criterion 4; evaluation {Relevance 2: Accuracy|Coherency _ | Excellence Article |Choiceof | Score 3: Score 3: | Score 3: Score 1: location ofa |ifaleamers | if the Ifaleamer | ifaleamers nuclear power |article includes information | explains well plant, the information on |givenon and there impact of the |five or all of the |the fve or _|is logocal plant on the following all of the six |ow in the sorrounding | where a aspects is |nformation i cna be ve or all the advantages built six aspects information and Score 2 thatis disadvantages | cea ithe. (Score a: [relevant information fi iat sucha locaton geno” | 2 learner the task pay | eon” ao Cer ofthe plant |f ere: industries ‘Our aspects |is logocal canbe ea iscorrect {flow in the sorrounding managedto | area and information avoid nuclear | population given on the accidents three or four | aspects Output articles concise and |organised well and includes Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 19/30Activity of integration A group of some young men came across brochure on nuclear anes oe nuclear energy is released. The brochure contained limited information. It only outlined dangers of nuclear emissions such as causing cancer and uses of some radioactive isotopes such as medical screening of foetus in pregnant women This information reached the pregnant mothers in the area. Many of the pregnant mothers stil ask their doctors whether to X-ray or not to X-ray? This is because of the fear for the dangers of exposure to charge of the Health Centre IV in your Sub-County is organising an awareness campaign on medical diagnosis by X-ray through a radio talk show. x-rays that causes cancer. The in- TASK | Prepare a message for his radio talk show. The response to whether to or not to have Xerays and ei medical radiation risks, =. ssage should include: 4 ety guidelines to reduce Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 20/30assessment grid Sagi Basisof | Relevance evaluation " Fywatten radio + Structure | Score message ofthe | 3 ifthe struc- messa9® | ture of the message has at least five of the following; greetings to the listeners, introduction of the presenter, What mes- sage being presented, why message Is being presented, time frame, Concluding remarks | Accuracy ‘coherence Score Sif: the | Score 3 if: the structure of the | structure of message cor- | the message rectly mentions | logically atleast five of | mentions at the following} ‘greetings to the listeners, least five of the following; greetings to introduction of | the listeners, the presenter, Introduction of What message | the presenter, being pre- sented, why message is being present- ed, time frame, Concluding remarks What message why message is being presented, * | time frame, Concluding remarks being presented, Excellence Score Tif: | ‘an additional | information is given to clearly explain how health og pregnant mother can be monitored to avoid X-ray use. Score ifs the struc ture of the message has 3t0 ofthe above ‘Seore 2 if the structure of the message correctly ‘Score 2 the structure of the ly mentions 3 to ‘mentions 3 t04 | 4 of the above of the above message logical- "| Scores 1 if: the structure of the mes | sage | has at tess: than 3 of the above ‘Score Tif the structure correctly ‘mentions less than 3 of the above. Soore Tif the mentions less. than 3 of the above, structure logically [es x3 Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 21/30es Nuclear energy use is on the rise globally, Due to global climatic change, countries have increased research towards utilisation of this energy. Recently deposits of uranium, a radioactive element were discovered in your area. People in the area believe that mining %&L- uranium will expose them to serious health effects and explosions. Yesterday, they staged violent protests after getting information that government is constructing a nuclear power reactor in your area. ‘Asa student of Chemistry, you have been contacted to address the people in the area on the matter. Prepare a radio script to present on the matter assuring the community of the benefits of the project. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 22] 30 /Relevance "Coherence | Scores 3 if | the learner | demonstrates ability towrite 3t0 4 aspects | of uranium of © Atomic | structure of uranium radioactive decay of uranium. nuclear energy uses of nuclear energy. Condition for | the reaction | Scores 2 if the learner demonstrates ability to write | zaspecs of | uranium of nuclear energy | scoresait | the teamer | demonstrates ability to wit | respects of uranium of nuclear energy. ee Scores3 if the learner accurately demonstrates ability to write 30-4 aspects of uranium of Scores 2if the learner accurately demonstrates ability to write 2aspects of uranium of Scores! it the learner accurately demonstrates | ability to write Laspects of uranium of nuclear energy. nuclear energy Scores. if on unsolicited for or unique but related idea has been Scores 3if the learner logically demonstrates ability to write 3todaspects | presented ofuraniumot | nuclear energy. | Scores 2 if the learner logically demonstrates ability to write aspects of _ uranium of nuclear energy. nuclear energy. ‘Scores 1 if the learner logically demonstrates ability to write Laspects of uranium of nuclear energy. | Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 23/30PENIS A aT eT e ) End of Chapter Questions 1. Explain each of the following terms: a) radioactive decay b) radiocarbon dating 2. For each of the following questions, choose the one correct answer: a) The part of the atom that undergoes radioactive decay is the... (i) neutrons (ii) nucleus (iii) electrons (iv) entire atom b). The radioactive isotope polonium-212 undergoes alpha decay. Which of the following statements is true? (i) The number of protons in the element remains unchanged. (i) The number of nucleons after decay is 212. (iii) The number of protons in the element after decay is 82. (iv) The end product after decay is lead-208. 3. 20g of sodium-24 undergo radioactive decay. Calculate the percentage of the original sample that remains after 60 hours. 4, Nuclear physics can be controversial. Many people argue that studying the nucleus has led to devastation and huge loss of life. Others would argue that the benefits of nuclear physics far outweigh the negative things that have come from it. a) Outline some of the ways in which nuclear physics has been used in negative ways. b) Outline some of the benefits that have come from nuclear physics. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 24/30study the table and answer the questions that follow time (hrs) - jo 1 2 |3 Count rate (counts min-1) _ 200 110 57 (35 20 13 Using the table provided, plot a graph of count rate against time for the ator above. Explain the shape of the graph c. Use the graph to determine the half life of the atom Explain why the curve will finally level Brean a. The graph showing the rate of decay for the atom 250 | enw 2004 ee Va al 150, ‘pIBBARY 100) nse 50 o Count rate(counts min-1) 0 Time (Hrs) b. The count rate decreases from 200 counts min-1 at © hrs to 13 counts © min-1 after 5 hrs. . any value which is 45(+ or - )1 but plot on a graph paper for accuracy. 4. The curve will finally level off because all the radioactive substance will ” be completely decayed. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 25/30EXERCISE 6.2: satve decay and loses three alpha 1. The isotope *'Pb undergoes radi particles. a) Write the chemical for | the decay. |b) How many nucleons does this element |2. Complete the following equation: mula of the element that is produced as a result of t contain? | 238 | 2 3. Radium-228 decays by emitting a beta particle. Write decay process. 4. Describe how gamma decay differs fror Expected response 1. a. “2pb > 3‘He + ee : He e an equation for this m alpha and beta decay. 229 7s b. The Memenggs. 229 nucleons (i.e. protons and neutrons together) ey” 2. Completing theagguation; 238) _, Beye ily > wl t He 228 ‘aghC 2 aga —B (fe) + |. Gamma (y) decay does not cause any change in the number of nucleons in the radioisotope, but emits electromagnetic waves. Alpha (a) decay causes a decrease by 4 units in the nucleon number and 2 units in the atomic number, while beta (8) decay does not cause any change in the nucleon number, but increases the atomic number by 1 unit. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 26/301, Explain each of the following terms: a) electromagnetic force radioactive decay radiocarbon dating . For each of the following questions, choose the one correct answer: The part of the atom that undergoes radioactive decay is the... i) neutrons ii) nucleus iii) electrons iv) entire atom The radio-isotope Po-212 undergoes alpha decay. Which of the following statements is true? The number of protons in the element remains unchanged. The number of nucleons after decay is 212. iii) The number of protons in the element after decay is 82. iv) The end product after decay is Po-208. . 20 g of sodium-24 undergoes radioactive decay. Calculate the percentage of the original sample that remains after 60 hours. . Nuclear physics can be controversial. Many people argue that studying the nucleus has led to devastation and huge loss of life. Others would argue that the benefits of nuclear physics far outweigh the negative things that have come from it. a) Outline some of the ways in which nuclear physics has been used in negative ways. b) Outline some of the benefits that have come from nuclgar physics ener ACS. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 27/30End of Chapter Questions 1 Write a decay equation Carbon-14, used in carbon dating, for each of the following nuclear reactions. q) decays by beta emission. b)_ Uranium-238 decays by alpha emission. i) Distinguish between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion q) ii) Give the conditions for each to occur. Give examples where fission and fusion processes occur naturally. State the uses of nuclear fission and fusion reactions. The following nuclear reaction takes place when a neutron bombards asulphuratom. 1 ° 2S tin —Y i) Describe the composition of nuclide Y formed. ii) Nuclide Y decays by emission of an al i e " Ipha particle and gamma rays. Find the changes in mass and atomic number of the puck. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 28/30Define the following terms i) Radioactive decay iii) Half-life ii) Radioisotope The following table shows the count rates of a certain radioactive material. 77 T 6400 [5380 | 3810 |2700 1910 | 1350 co Is |a \7 |e i) Plot a graph of count rate against time. ii) Use the graph to find the half-life of the radioactive material. Distinguish between alpha particles, beta particles and gramma rays. What change in proton number and mass number occurs when a radioactive nuclide gives off: i) analpha particle ii) abeta particle Write a nuclear equation for the: i) emission of an alpha particle ii) emission of a beta particle ili). successive emission of an alpha particle and a beta particle Describe the composition of the atom. ‘A radioactive cobalt emits « beta particle and very high energy gamma rays to form an element Y. write a balanced equation for the reaction. Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 29/30Remember your education is your life, guard it well. Proverbs 4:13 Work and read a lot to please your guardian who is paying your school fees, work hard and you will live to provide them with what they are missing as they sustain you to achieve education T wish you success in your national exams. Don't say tomorrow, it will be too late for chemistry revision, and yesterday is gone forever, you have got today to revise your chemistry! “Revise as if tomorrow is not there” May ged bless you Always read as if tomorrow is not there! Page 30/30