Question One (Compulsory) (25 marks)

State and describe any four (4) goals of education in Kenya that indicate the importance of
referring to these documents in relation to your subject area, Sustainable Development
Goals, and Kenya Vision 2030.
1. Promoting National Unity
Education fosters a sense of belonging and unity by teaching common values and
encouraging appreciation of cultural diversity. By referring to professional documents
like schemes of work and lesson plans, teachers ensure the curriculum integrates topics
that instill patriotism, aligning with the SDG goal of peace and Kenya Vision 2030's aim
of national cohesion.
2. Fostering Economic Development
Education equips learners with skills that promote productivity and innovation. Schemes
of work and records of work ensure skills are taught systematically, meeting the SDG
goal of decent work and economic growth while advancing Vision 2030's goal of
industrialization and a skilled workforce.
3. Promoting Social Responsibility
Learners are nurtured to become responsible citizens through lessons emphasizing ethics,
service, and community engagement. Utilizing teaching methods and records ensures that
these values are consistently addressed, supporting SDG goals like reduced inequalities
and Vision 2030’s emphasis on social equity.
4. Developing Individual Potential
Education seeks to empower learners to achieve their full potential. By using structured
schemes of work and continuous assessment, teachers tailor lessons to meet diverse
learner needs, advancing SDG 4 (quality education) and Vision 2030’s goal of a globally
competitive citizenry.

Question Two (15 marks)

i. State any three levels of assessment based on Bloom's Taxonomy.
1. Knowledge/Recall – Assessing a learner's ability to remember facts or basic concepts.
2. Application – Measuring a learner's ability to use information in new situations.
3. Evaluation – Gauging a learner’s capacity to justify decisions or judgments based on
criteria.
ii. Discuss two roles and values of these levels in assessing learning in your two teaching
subjects.
1. Knowledge Level: Helps assess foundational understanding in subjects, ensuring learners
grasp essential theories and facts. For example, in Mathematics, recalling formulas is
crucial, while in History, it aids in memorizing events.
2. Application Level: Encourages practical problem-solving and critical thinking. In
Mathematics, learners solve real-world problems, while in History, they analyze
historical contexts to infer modern-day implications.

Question Three (15 marks)

Describe the concept and process of utilizing any four relevant general teaching methods in
your subject area.
 1. Lecture Method: Provides foundational knowledge through direct instruction. For
example, explaining mathematical formulas or historical events.
2. Discussion Method: Engages learners in dialogue to deepen understanding, e.g.,
debating historical topics or discussing solutions to a mathematical problem.
3. Project-Based Learning: Allows learners to work on real-life problems, promoting
creativity and collaboration, such as constructing models in mathematics or creating
presentations on historical topics.
4. Demonstration Method: Used to showcase procedures or experiments, e.g., illustrating
geometric constructions or analyzing historical artifacts.

Question Four (15 marks)

i. Draw and illustrate a model of the scheme of work in your subject area.
(Provide an example layout with key elements like topic, objectives, teaching methods,
resources, and assessment.)
Teaching
Week Topic Objectives Resources Assessment
Methods
Solve linear Lecture, Textbooks, Class exercises,
1 Algebra Basics
equations Discussion whiteboard quiz
The Mau Mau Analyze its Group work, Group
2 Articles, videos
Uprising impact Debate presentation
ii. Discuss three reasons for developing and utilizing schemes of work.
1. Systematic Teaching: Ensures that the syllabus is covered effectively and within time.
2. Resource Planning: Helps identify and organize materials needed for lessons.
3. Assessment Alignment: Guides in linking learning objectives to evaluation methods.

Question Five (15 marks)

i. Identify the different modes of assessment utilized at the Secondary School Level in
Kenya.
1. Formative Assessment: Continuous evaluation through classwork and assignments.
2. Summative Assessment: Final evaluations like end-of-term exams.
3. Practical Assessment: Evaluation of hands-on skills, such as in laboratory or technical
subjects.
ii. Describe three merits and demerits of these modes in evaluating learners in your subject
area.
1. Formative Assessment
o Merit: Tracks ongoing progress and provides immediate feedback.
o Demerit: Time-consuming for teachers to implement consistently.
2. Summative Assessment
o Merit: Provides a comprehensive evaluation of learning at the end of a period.
o Demerit: May induce high pressure and fail to measure practical skills
effectively.
3. Practical Assessment
o Merit: Tests real-world application and hands-on skills.
o Demerit: Resource-intensive and may be challenging to standardize.
ACADEMIC YEAR 2022/2023
QUESTION ONE
i. Explain the following terms as used in teaching: a) Individual differences (2 marks):
Refers to the unique characteristics, abilities, learning styles, and needs that distinguish one
learner from another. Teachers consider these differences to provide effective instruction tailored
to each student.
b) Schemes of Work (2 marks):
A detailed plan that outlines the content, objectives, activities, resources, and assessment
strategies for teaching a subject within a specific period, ensuring systematic coverage of the
curriculum.
c) Measurement (2 marks):
The process of quantifying learners' performance or ability using tools such as tests, assignments,
or observations to assess their level of achievement or understanding.
ii. State four (4) criteria for planning classroom evaluation. (4 marks)
1. Alignment with learning objectives.
2. Use of diverse assessment methods.
3. Consideration of learners’ individual needs.
4. Feasibility in terms of time and resources available.
iii. Describe the key professional documents that a teacher requires in the teaching
profession. (10 marks)
1. Schemes of Work: Guides daily lesson planning and ensures curriculum coverage.
2. Lesson Plan: A daily guide that outlines the specific teaching and learning activities for a
lesson.
3. Records of Work: A log of topics taught and activities completed for accountability.
4. Progress Records: Tracks individual learner progress over time.
5. Attendance Register: Monitors student attendance.
6. Assessment Records: Documents learner performance in various assessments.
7. Class Timetable: Organizes teaching schedules for efficiency.
8. Teacher's Code of Conduct: Ensures professional behavior.
9. Reference Materials: Textbooks, teaching aids, and curriculum guides.
10. IEP (Individualized Education Plan): For learners with special needs.
iv. Identify any five factors that enhance the learner-centered approach. (10 marks)
1. Use of interactive teaching methods like group discussions.
2. Integration of real-life examples and problem-solving tasks.
3. Providing choices in learning activities to cater to interests.
4. Encouraging collaborative learning.
5. Incorporating feedback to improve learning outcomes.

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

a) Describe five (5) general teaching methods that increase student participation. (10 marks)
1. Group Discussions: Promotes collaboration and exchange of ideas.
2. Role-Playing: Engages students in experiential learning.
 3. Project-Based Learning: Encourages independent research and application.
4. Debates: Fosters critical thinking and communication skills.
5. Question and Answer Sessions: Stimulates active engagement and clarifies doubts.
b) Describe five (5) ways to plan for an inclusive lesson. (10 marks)
1. Differentiated Instruction: Varying teaching methods to address diverse needs.
2. Use of Visual Aids: Supporting comprehension for visual learners.
3. Adapting Materials: Providing resources in multiple formats (e.g., Braille, large print).
4. Flexible Grouping: Allowing mixed-ability collaboration.
5. Regular Feedback: Adjusting instruction based on learner progress.

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

a) i) Explain the concept of a table of specification. (5 marks)
A table of specification is a two-dimensional chart used by educators to map test items against
instructional objectives and cognitive levels, ensuring a balanced assessment.
ii) Demonstrate how to use a table of specification to develop test items for a Form Two
class. (7 marks)
1. List learning objectives (e.g., Knowledge, Comprehension, Application).
2. Determine weightage for each objective.
3. Allocate specific test items for each objective proportionally.
4. Example:
Objective Weightage (%) Number of Questions
Knowledge 40% 4
Comprehension 30% 3
Application 30% 3
b) Describe four characteristics of a well-organized classroom. (5 marks)
1. Clear layout: Arranged seating for optimal interaction.
2. Accessible resources: Materials within reach.
3. Defined rules: Expectations displayed prominently.
4. Positive atmosphere: Encouraging student comfort and engagement.

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

a) Explain five (5) advantages and disadvantages of planning in teaching. (10 marks)
 Advantages:
1. Ensures systematic coverage of the curriculum.
2. Saves teaching time through organized activities.
3. Enhances lesson effectiveness.
4. Provides clear learning goals.
5. Facilitates monitoring and evaluation.
 Disadvantages:
1. Can be time-consuming.
2. Limits flexibility for spontaneous adjustments.
3. May not cater to all individual differences.
4. Risk of over-reliance on structured plans.
5. Stressful for teachers with heavy workloads.
b) i) Describe five (5) types of learning styles. (5 marks)
1. Visual.
2. Auditory.
3. Kinesthetic.
4. Reading/Writing.
5. Logical/Mathematical.
ii) Explain the appropriate teaching method for handling learning styles. (5 marks)
Use multimodal strategies: visual aids for visual learners, discussions for auditory learners,
hands-on activities for kinesthetic learners, and structured notes for reading/writing learners.

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

a) Explain five (5) importance of general teaching methods. (10 marks)
1. Promotes understanding through diverse approaches.
2. Enhances learner engagement.
3. Encourages critical thinking.
4. Accommodates diverse learning needs.
5. Facilitates retention and application of knowledge.
b) State three goals of education in Kenya. (3 marks)
1. Foster national unity.
2. Promote individual development.
3. Equip learners with relevant skills.
c) Demonstrate emphasis on these goals at lower secondary school level. (7 marks)
1. National Unity: Organize multicultural activities.
2. Individual Development: Encourage co-curricular participation.
3. Relevant Skills: Emphasize STEM and practical subjects.

ACADEMIC YEAR 2020/2021

Question One (Compulsory) (25 Marks)

State and describe any four (4) goals of education in Kenya that indicate the importance of
referring to these documents in relation to your subject area. Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs) and Kenya Vision 2030.
1. Promote National Unity: Education fosters a sense of belonging among learners from
diverse backgrounds, preparing them to work collaboratively for national cohesion. This
goal aligns with SDG 16 (Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions) and Kenya Vision 2030,
which emphasize inclusivity.
2. Provide Quality Education for Sustainable Development: Education equips learners
with knowledge and skills to address global challenges. This aligns with SDG 4 (Quality
Education) and Vision 2030, which seek to create globally competitive citizens.
 3. Prepare Learners for Self-Reliance: By teaching practical skills, education enables
learners to be productive members of society. This goal ties to SDG 8 (Decent Work and
Economic Growth) and Vision 2030's focus on economic empowerment.
4. Foster Moral and Ethical Values: Education instills responsibility and respect for
others, contributing to peaceful coexistence. This aligns with SDG 16 and Vision 2030's
emphasis on integrity.

Question Two (15 Marks)

i. State any three levels of assessment based on Bloom’s Taxonomy.
1. Knowledge (Remembering): Recalling facts, concepts, or definitions.
2. Comprehension (Understanding): Explaining or summarizing information.
3. Application: Using learned concepts in practical situations.
ii. Discuss two roles and values of these levels in assessing learning in your two teaching
subjects.
1. Facilitates progressive learning: Using lower-level assessments (Knowledge and
Comprehension) in subjects like History ensures foundational understanding before
advancing to higher levels like Application in problem-solving tasks.
2. Encourages critical thinking: In Mathematics, application-level questions promote the
ability to solve real-world problems, fostering deeper understanding and practical use of
skills.

Question Three (15 Marks)

Describe the concept and process of utilizing any four relevant general teaching methods in
your subject area.
1. Discussion Method: Facilitates interactive learning as students share ideas and deepen
understanding. For example, in English, analyzing a novel through group discussions
encourages critical thinking.
2. Demonstration Method: The teacher models a skill or process. For instance, in Science,
demonstrating an experiment helps students understand procedures.
3. Inquiry-Based Learning: Encourages students to explore questions and solve problems.
For example, in Geography, learners investigate the causes of climate change.
4. Project-Based Learning: Assigning projects allows learners to research and present
findings, enhancing practical skills. In History, students could create timelines of
historical events.

Question Four (15 Marks)

i. Draw and illustrate a model of the scheme of work in your subject area.
Assessment
Week Topic Objectives Activities Resources
Methods
Solve linear Textbook,
1 Algebra Class exercises Quiz
equations Chalkboard
Identify types of Group
2 Geometry Models of shapes Oral questioning
angles discussion
3 Statistics Interpret bar graphs Data collection Graph paper Homework
 Assessment
Week Topic Objectives Activities Resources
Methods
assignment
ii. Discuss three reasons for the development and utilization of the scheme of work in your
subject area.
1. Ensures Curriculum Coverage: Guides teachers in systematically addressing all topics
within the syllabus.
2. Facilitates Lesson Preparation: Helps in planning resources and teaching strategies.
3. Enhances Assessment: Aligns learning objectives with evaluation methods for effective
monitoring.

Question Five (15 Marks)

i. Identify the different modes of assessment utilized at the secondary school level of
education in Kenya.
1. Formative Assessment: Ongoing checks during lessons (e.g., quizzes, classwork).
2. Summative Assessment: End-of-term or year exams to evaluate overall learning.
3. Practical Assessment: Evaluation of hands-on tasks in subjects like Science and Art.
ii. Describe three merits and demerits of these modes in evaluating learners in your subject
area.
Mode Merits Demerits
Provides real-time feedback for
Formative Time-consuming for teachers.
improvement.
Offers a comprehensive measure of May induce stress and not account for
Summative
achievement. progress.
Requires resources and time for
Practical Assesses real-world application of skills.
preparation.