The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) in customer service has transformed how businesses

interact with consumers. AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants provide instant responses,
reducing wait times. However, some customers feel that AI lacks the human touch needed for
complex issues. Despite its efficiency, AI in customer service remains a topic of debate.

A. Cause and effect

B. Problem and solution
C. Comparison and contrast
D. Chronological order

Many people assume that memory works like a recording device, accurately storing events as they
happened. However, research suggests that memory is highly reconstructive. People often alter
memories based on emotions, new information, or social influence. In other words, memory is not a
fixed archive but a constantly changing process.

A. Definition and clarification

B. Chronological order
C. Problem and solution
D. Process explanation

Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental issues today. Single-use plastics, such as
straws and plastic bags, contribute significantly to waste accumulation in oceans and landfills. Some
governments have implemented bans on certain plastics, while companies are shifting towards
biodegradable packaging. Still, the problem persists due to inconsistent policies and consumer
habits.

A. Cause and effect

B. Problem and solution
C. Chronological order
D. Process explanation

The Eiffel Tower, one of the most famous landmarks in the world, was constructed in 1889 as the
entrance arch for the World's Fair. Designed by Gustave Eiffel, the tower stands at 330 meters tall
and was initially criticized for its appearance. Over time, it became an iconic symbol of Paris and a
major tourist attraction.

A. Descriptive
B. Chronological order
C. Definition and clarification
D. Problem and solution

Photosynthesis is a process in which plants convert sunlight into energy. First, chlorophyll absorbs
light energy, which then triggers a chemical reaction. This reaction converts carbon dioxide and
water into glucose and oxygen, which plants use for growth and survival.

A. Cause and effect

B. Definition and clarification
C. Chronological order
D. Process explanation

Throughout history, numerous theories have attempted to explain the origin of life. The primordial
soup theory suggests that early Earth contained simple organic molecules that gradually combined
to form life. Another hypothesis, the hydrothermal vent theory, proposes that life began deep in the
ocean near volcanic vents. Each theory has supporting evidence, yet none are universally accepted.

A. Cause and effect

B. Definition and clarification
C. Comparison and contrast
D. Chronological order

The internet has drastically altered how people access information. Before its invention, individuals
relied on newspapers, libraries, and television for news and research. Now, a simple online search
provides instant access to a vast amount of data. This shift has made information more accessible
but also raised concerns about misinformation.

A. Problem and solution

B. Chronological order
C. Comparison and contrast
D. Process explanation

Sleep deprivation has been linked to numerous health issues. Studies show that a lack of sleep
weakens the immune system, increases stress levels, and reduces cognitive function. In severe cases,
prolonged sleep deprivation can lead to chronic diseases like diabetes and heart conditions.
Therefore, medical experts emphasize the importance of maintaining a healthy sleep schedule.

A. Cause and effect

B. Problem and solution
C. Definition and clarification
D. Comparison and contrast

The Renaissance, which began in the 14th century, marked a period of significant cultural change in
Europe. It was characterized by developments in art, literature, and science. This era saw the rise of
influential figures such as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, whose works continue to shape
modern thought.
A. Chronological order
B. Definition and clarification
C. Cause and effect
D. Problem and solution

Despite the growing popularity of electric vehicles (EVs), there are still challenges to widespread
adoption. Charging infrastructure remains inadequate in many regions, and battery production
requires rare minerals, raising ethical concerns. Some experts argue that government policies should
focus on improving public transportation instead.

A. Problem and solution

B. Cause and effect
C. Chronological order
D. Descriptive

A black hole forms when a massive star collapses under its gravity, creating a region where nothing
can escape—not even light. Scientists first theorized black holes in the early 20th century, but direct
evidence emerged only decades later. Today, advanced telescopes and simulations help researchers
understand these mysterious cosmic objects.

A. Cause and effect

B. Process explanation
C. Chronological order
D. Descriptive

Many species have developed unique survival strategies. Some animals use camouflage to blend into
their surroundings, while others rely on mimicry to appear dangerous. Certain plants release
chemical signals to deter herbivores. These adaptations highlight the complexity of nature’s
evolutionary process.

A. Cause and effect

B. Comparison and contrast
C. Definition and clarification
D. Descriptive
Although traditional books remain popular, digital reading has gained traction in recent years. E-
books are convenient, portable, and often more affordable than printed copies. However, some
readers prefer the tactile experience of physical books and find screens straining on the eyes. Each
format has its advantages and drawbacks.

A. Definition and clarification

B. Comparison and contrast
C. Cause and effect
D. Problem and solution

Water scarcity is a growing concern worldwide. In many regions, climate change has led to
prolonged droughts, reducing freshwater availability. Additionally, pollution and overconsumption
exacerbate the problem. Governments and environmental groups are working on solutions,
including desalination and water conservation policies.

A. Problem and solution

B. Cause and effect
C. Chronological order
D. Descriptive

The concept of democracy has evolved significantly over time. Ancient Greece introduced early
democratic practices, where citizens directly participated in decision-making. Later, modern
representative democracies emerged, allowing elected officials to govern on behalf of the people.
Today, democracy continues to adapt to new societal challenges.

A. Chronological order
B. Definition and clarification
C. Cause and effect
D. Comparison and contrast