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_______________________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREAMBLE ....................................................................................................................... 23 PURPOSE OF GRID CODE ....................................................................................................... 24 OBJECTIVES OF THE GRID CODE ............................................................................................ 24 CONTENT OF THE GRID CODE................................................................................................ 25 DEFINITIONS ................................................................................................................... 26 SECTION 1 ....................................................................................................................... 44 GOVERNANCE OF THE CODE .................................................................................................. 44 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9.1 1.9.2 1.9.3 1.9.4 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 44 Objective ............................................................................................................ 44 Responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 44 Grid Code Review Panel............................................................................................. 44 Standing Committees to deal with specific issues ............................................................... 45 Grid Code Review Panel Rules...................................................................................... 45 Functions of the Grid Code Review Panel ......................................................................... 46 Grid Code Review and Revisions Procedures ...................................................................... 46 Disputes ............................................................................................................. 47 Disputes regarding interpretation of the Grid Code ............................................................. 47 Dispute pertaining to issues not covered by the Grid Code..................................................... 47 Continuity of Functioning of Grid Users .......................................................................... 47 Unforeseen Circumstances ......................................................................................... 48

SECTION 2 ....................................................................................................................... 49 GRID CONNECTION CODE ..................................................................................................... 49 2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.2 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 49 Purpose .............................................................................................................. 49 Scope of Grid Connection Requirements .......................................................................... 49 Grid Technical, Design and Operational Criteria ................................................................. 50 Power Quality Standards........................................................................................... 50 Frequency Variation ................................................................................................ 50

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2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.3.3 2.3.4 2.3.5 2.3.6 2.3.7 2.4 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.4.8 2.4.9 2.4.10 2.5 2.5.1 2.5.2 Voltage Variations .................................................................................................. 50 Harmonics ........................................................................................................... 51 Voltage Unbalance .................................................................................................. 51 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Severity ......................................................................... 51 Transient Voltage Variations....................................................................................... 51 Grounding Requirements ............................................................................................ 51 Equipment Standards ............................................................................................... 51 Requirements for Grid Connection or Modification............................................................... 52 Connection Agreement .............................................................................................. 52 Amended Connection Agreement................................................................................... 52 Grid Impact Studies................................................................................................ 52 Procedures for Application for Connection or Modification ..................................................... 53 Processing of Application ........................................................................................... 54 Submittals Prior to the Commissioning Date...................................................................... 54 Commissioning of Equipment and Physical Connection to the Grid .............................................. 55 Requirements For Large Generators .............................................................................. 55 Requirements Relating to the Connection Point................................................................... 55 Generating Unit Power Output ..................................................................................... 56 Frequency Withstand Capability ................................................................................... 56 Unbalance Loading Withstand Capability.......................................................................... 56 Speed- Governing System........................................................................................... 57 Excitation Control System ......................................................................................... 57 Black Start Capability .............................................................................................. 57 Fast Start Capability............................................................................................... 58 Protection Arrangements ........................................................................................... 58 Transformer Connection and Grounding ........................................................................... 59 REQUIREMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTORS AND OTHER GRID USERS.......................................... 59 Requirements Relating to the Connection Point................................................................... 59 Protection Arrangements ........................................................................................... 59

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2.5.3 2.5.4 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.7 2.7.1 2.7.2 2.7.3 2.7.4 2.7.5 2.8 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 2.8.4 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 2.9.3 2.9.4 2.10 2.10.1 2.10.2 2.11 2.12 2.12.1 2.12.2 2.12.3 Transformer Connection and Grounding ........................................................................... 59 Underfrequency Relays for Automatic Load Shedding........................................................... 60 COMMUNICATION AND SCADA EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS ............................................ 60 Communication System for Monitoring and Control .............................................................. 60 SCADA System for Monitoring and Control ...................................................................... 61 FIXED ASSET BOUNDARY DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS .................................................... 61 Fixed Asset Boundary Document .................................................................................. 61 Accountable Managers.............................................................................................. 62 Preparation of Fixed Asset Boundary Document ................................................................. 62 Signing and Distribution of Fixed Asset Boundary Document ................................................... 63 Modifications of an Existing Fixed Asset Boundary Document.................................................. 63 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM REQUIREMENTS ....................................................................... 64 Responsibilities of ZETCO and Users ............................................................................. 64 Preparation of Electrical Diagrams ................................................................................ 64 Changes to Electrical Diagrams.................................................................................... 65 Validity of Electrical Diagrams .................................................................................... 65 CONNECTION POINT DRAWING REQUIREMENTS ........................................................... 66 Responsibilities of ZETCO and Users ............................................................................. 66 Preparation of Connection Point Drawings ........................................................................ 66 Changes to Connection Point Drawings ............................................................................ 66 Validity of the Connection Point Drawings ........................................................................ 67 GRID DATA REGISTRATION ..................................................................................... 67 Data to be Registered ............................................................................................. 67 Stages of Data Registration ....................................................................................... 68 Data Forms.......................................................................................................... 69 Connected Plant Restrictions....................................................................................... 69 General Principle .................................................................................................... 69 Safety ............................................................................................................... 69 Insulation ............................................................................................................ 69

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2.12.4 2.12.5 2.12.6 2.12.7 2.12.8 2.12.9 Clearances ........................................................................................................... 70 Earthing ............................................................................................................. 70 Safety Training ..................................................................................................... 70 Access by ZETCO .................................................................................................. 70 Unintended and Unscheduled back- energisation.................................................................. 70 Site And Equipment Identification ................................................................................ 71

SECTION 3 ....................................................................................................................... 72 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS CODE ........................................................................................... 72 3 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.2.1 3.3.2.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.3.5 3.3.5.1 3.3.5.2 3.3.5.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.1.1 3.5.1.2 3.5.1.3 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS .................................................................................. 72 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 72 Purpose and Scope .................................................................................................. 72 Power Quality ....................................................................................................... 72 Frequency Variations ............................................................................................... 73 Harmonics ........................................................................................................... 73 Limits ................................................................................................................ 73 Control and Measurement .......................................................................................... 74 Voltage Variations .................................................................................................. 75 Voltage Unbalance .................................................................................................. 75 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Severity ......................................................................... 76 Indicator of Quality for System Flicker ......................................................................... 76 Limits ................................................................................................................ 76 Monitoring Control and Measurement ............................................................................. 77 Reliability Standards ............................................................................................... 77 Service Reliability .................................................................................................. 78 Power Factor ........................................................................................................ 79 General description ................................................................................................. 79 Limit ................................................................................................................. 79 Control and Measurement .......................................................................................... 79 Penalty ............................................................................................................... 79

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3.5.2 Reactive Power Requirements ...................................................................................... 79 SECTION 4 ..................................................................................................................... 80 PLANNING CODE ................................................................................................................ 80 4.1 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.2.1 4.2.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.3.1 4.2.3.2 4.2.3.3 4.2.3.4 4.2.3.5 4.2.4 4.2.4.1 4.2.4.2 4.2.4.3 4.2.4.4 4.2.4.5 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 80 TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA ............................................................. 80 Voltage Definitions ................................................................................................. 80 Normal Operation ................................................................................................... 81 Loading Limits ....................................................................................................... 82 Voltage Limits ....................................................................................................... 82 Outage Conditions................................................................................................... 82 Reserve Requirements .............................................................................................. 83 Stability Criteria.................................................................................................... 83 Loading Limits ....................................................................................................... 83 Steady State Voltage Limits ...................................................................................... 84 Transient Voltage Deviations ...................................................................................... 84 Other Criteria ...................................................................................................... 84 Losses................................................................................................................ 84 Line Design and Substation Design ................................................................................ 84 System Protection Schemes ....................................................................................... 86 Steady State Stability Limits ..................................................................................... 86 Maintenance Restrictions........................................................................................... 86 SUB- TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA....................................................... 87 Voltage Definitions ................................................................................................. 87 Line Loading Limits ................................................................................................. 88 132 kV Transformer Loading Limits............................................................................... 91 330 kV Transformer Loading Limits............................................................................... 92 Voltage Limits ....................................................................................................... 93 Other Criteria ...................................................................................................... 94 Losses................................................................................................................ 94

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4.3.7.2 4.4 4.4.1 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.3.1 4.4.3.2 4.4.3.3 4.4.3.4 4.4.3.5 4.4.3.6 4.3.4 4.5 4.6 Line and Substation Design ........................................................................................ 94 NETWORK DEVELOPMENT APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ................................................ 94 Objectives ........................................................................................................... 95 Approach ............................................................................................................ 95 Methodology ......................................................................................................... 97 Basis ................................................................................................................. 97 Grid Planning Studies - Technical Analysis ....................................................................... 100 Economic Analysis .................................................................................................. 102 Environmental Analysis ............................................................................................ 102 Financial Analysis .................................................................................................. 103 Final Selection ..................................................................................................... 103 Transmission Planning Tools ....................................................................................... 104 POWER DEVELOPMENT........................................................................................... 104 PLANNING DATA EXCHANGE ................................................................................... 109

SECTION 5 ...................................................................................................................... 110 OPERATIONS CODE ............................................................................................................ 110 5.1 Introduction................................................................................................................. 110 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.5.1 5.5.1.1 5.5.1.2 5.5.1.3 5.5.2 5.5.2.1 5.5.2.2 5.5.3 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 110 Responsibility ....................................................................................................... 110 System Monitoring ................................................................................................. 111 System Services ................................................................................................... 112 Frequency Control Service ........................................................................................ 112 Frequency Range ................................................................................................... 112 Frequency Control.................................................................................................. 112 Control Area Frequency and Interchange Control............................................................... 113 Voltage Control Service ........................................................................................... 113 Voltage Range ..................................................................................................... 114 Voltage Control..................................................................................................... 114 Equipment loading ................................................................................................. 115

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5.6 5.6.1 5.6.2 5.6.3 5.7 5.7.1 5.7.2 5.7.3 5.8 5.8.1 5.8.2 5.8.3 5.8.3 5.9 5.10 5.8.2 5.10.2 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.14.1 5.14.2 5.14.3 5.14.4 5.14.5 5.15 5.15.1 5.15.2 Operational Planning ............................................................................................... 115 Demand and Supply planning ...................................................................................... 115 Outage Planning .................................................................................................... 116 Contingency Planning .............................................................................................. 116 Records ............................................................................................................. 117 Demand and Energy Data records................................................................................ 117 Safety records..................................................................................................... 117 Fault Recording And Reporting ................................................................................... 118 Safety Coordination ............................................................................................... 118 Responsibility ....................................................................................................... 118 Authorised Persons ................................................................................................ 119 Work On Plant and Equipment .................................................................................... 119 Electrical Accidents ............................................................................................... 119 Communications..................................................................................................... 120 Demand Control .................................................................................................... 120 Planned Demand Control ........................................................................................... 120 Automatic (Emergency) Demand Control ......................................................................... 121 Power System Restoration After Blackout ...................................................................... 121 Schedule And Dispatch ............................................................................................ 122 Network Switching................................................................................................. 123 System test ........................................................................................................ 123 System Test Requirements ....................................................................................... 123 System Test Request.............................................................................................. 123 System Test Group ................................................................................................ 124 System Test Program ............................................................................................. 125 System Test Report ............................................................................................... 126 Generating unit capability tests .................................................................................. 126 Test Requirements................................................................................................. 127 Tests to be performed ............................................................................................ 127

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5.16 5.16.1 5.16.2 5.16.2.1 5.16.2.2 5.16.2.3 5.16.3 5.16.4 5.16.4 5.16.5 5.16.6 5.16.7 5.16.8 Maintenance Requirements ........................................................................................ 129 Transformer Oil Containment ..................................................................................... 129 Equipment Maintenance............................................................................................ 129 Maintenance Schedule for Switchgear ........................................................................... 129 Maintenance of Transformer and Switchgear Dielectric Oil ................................................... 129 Maintenance of Power Transformers............................................................................. 129 Infrared Thermograph ............................................................................................ 130 Noise level measurements ......................................................................................... 130 Polychrobiphenyls (PCB) Management............................................................................. 130 Live Line / Dead Line Maintenance............................................................................... 130 Line Way Leaves Maintenance .................................................................................... 130 Battery Maintenance .............................................................................................. 130 Circuit Breaker Tests (SF6 And Vacuum) ....................................................................... 131

SECTION 6 ...................................................................................................................... 132 METERING CODE ............................................................................................................... 132 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.10.1 6.10.2 6.10.3 6.10.4 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 132 Objective ........................................................................................................... 132 Scope ............................................................................................................... 132 Application of the Metering Code ................................................................................ 132 Metering Equipment................................................................................................ 133 Active Energy and Demand Metering ............................................................................ 133 Tariff Metering.................................................................................................... 133 Integrating Pulse Meters.......................................................................................... 134 Responsibility For Metering Installations ........................................................................ 134 Metering equipment standards.................................................................................... 135 Voltage Transformers ............................................................................................. 135 Current Transformers ............................................................................................. 135 Meters .............................................................................................................. 135 Integrating Pulse Recorders ...................................................................................... 136

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6.11 6.11.1 6.11.2 6.11.3 6.11.4 6.11.5 6.12 6.12.1 6.12.2 6.12.3 6.12.4 6.13 6.13.1 6.13.2 6.13.3 6.13.4 6.14 7 Metering Equipment Testing And Maintenance .................................................................. 137 Instrument Transformer Testing ................................................................................. 137 Meter Testing and Calibration.................................................................................... 137 Request for Test .................................................................................................. 137 Maintenance of Metering Equipment ............................................................................. 138 Metering Equipment Security ..................................................................................... 138 Meter Reading And Metering Data............................................................................... 138 Integrating Pulse Metering Data ................................................................................. 138 Running Total of Active Energy and Power ...................................................................... 139 Running Total of Reactive Energy and Power.................................................................... 139 Billing and Settlement Procedure ................................................................................. 139 Settlement Audit Procedure ...................................................................................... 139 Right to Request Settlement Audit .............................................................................. 139 Allocation of Audit Cost........................................................................................... 140 Audit Results ....................................................................................................... 140 Audit Appeals ...................................................................................................... 140 Confidentiality...................................................................................................... 140 References ......................................................................................................... 140

SECTION 7 ...................................................................................................................... 141 PROTECTION CODE............................................................................................................. 141 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.8.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 141 Objective ........................................................................................................... 141 General Principles .................................................................................................. 141 Protection Coordination at the Connection Point ................................................................ 142 Testing of Protection Equipment.................................................................................. 142 Fault Clearance Times ............................................................................................. 142 Generator Protection Requirements .............................................................................. 143 Transmission Line (220- 400kV) Protection Requirements ...................................................... 143 Transmission Line Protection Design Standard ................................................................ 144

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7.8.2 7.8.3 7.9 7.10 7.10.1 7.10.2 7.11 7.11.1 7.11.2 7.12 7.13 7.13.1 7.13.2 7.13.3 7.13.3.1 7.13.3.2 7.13.3.3 7.13.3.4 7.14 7.14.1 7.14.1.1 7.14.1.2 7.14.1.3 7.14.1.4 7.15 7.16 7.16.1 7.16.2 7.16.3 Automatic Re closing (ARC) On Transmission Lines ............................................................. 144 Power Swing Blocking .............................................................................................. 145 Sub transmission (132kV and below) Lines ..................................................................... 145 Distribution Line Protection Requirements: ...................................................................... 145 Plain Radial Feeders: .............................................................................................. 145 Parallel Feeders/ Ring Feeders: .................................................................................. 146 Transformer Protection Requirements: .......................................................................... 146 Generating Station/ Transmission System ....................................................................... 146 Distribution system at Connection Point ......................................................................... 146 Sub- Station Bus Bar Protection .................................................................................. 146 Teleprotection Requirements...................................................................................... 147 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 147 Characteristics of Teleprotection ................................................................................ 147 Teleprotection Schemes ........................................................................................... 147 Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) ...................................................................................... 147 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT) ................................................................ 147 Permissive over reach Transfer Trip (POTT)................................................................... 147 Blocking Schemes .................................................................................................. 148 Over voltage Protection ........................................................................................... 148 Protection against Lightning Over voltages ...................................................................... 148 Rod Gaps ........................................................................................................... 148 Horn Gaps .......................................................................................................... 148 Lightning Masks .................................................................................................... 149 Surge Arrestors ................................................................................................... 149 Protection Against Switching Surges at the Connecting Point ................................................. 149 Protection of Compensating Equipment ........................................................................... 149 Protection of Reactors ............................................................................................ 149 Protection of Capacitors .......................................................................................... 149 Protection of Static Var Compensators.......................................................................... 149

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7.17 7.18 7.18.1 7.18.2 7.18.3 7.18.4 7.18.5 7.19 7.19.1 7.19.2 7.20 7.21 Under frequency Load Shedding.................................................................................. 149 Safety Protection Requirements.................................................................................. 150 Fire Protection ..................................................................................................... 150 Personnel Protection ............................................................................................... 151 Visitors ............................................................................................................. 151 Equipment Switching ............................................................................................... 151 Carrying out Works at the Connection Point .................................................................... 151 Earthing Requirements For Substations.......................................................................... 151 Earthing Systems .................................................................................................. 151 Periodic Checks on Earthing Systems ............................................................................ 152 Test and Commissioning Procedures .............................................................................. 152 Data Requirements:................................................................................................ 153

SECTION 8 ...................................................................................................................... 154 INFORMATION EXCHANGE CODE ............................................................................................ 154 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.7.1 8.7.2 8.7.3 8.7.3.1 8.7.3.2 8.7.3.3 8.7.3.4 8.8 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 154 Information exchange interface .................................................................................. 154 Confidentiality of information .................................................................................... 154 Telephone/Fax ..................................................................................................... 155 Electronic Mail ..................................................................................................... 155 System planning information ...................................................................................... 155 Operational information ........................................................................................... 157 Pre- commissioning studies......................................................................................... 157 Commissioning and notification .................................................................................... 158 General information acquisition requirements.................................................................... 158 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)............................................................. 158 Generation Operational SCADA data............................................................................. 159 Transmission System Operational SCADA data ................................................................. 159 Process signals interface to RTU................................................................................. 159 Unit Scheduling .................................................................................................... 160

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8.8.1 8.8.2 8.8.3 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.12.1 8.12.2 8.12.3 Declared Available Capacity ...................................................................................... 160 Statement of Reduction and Re- establishment in Declared Available Capacity.............................. 161 Scheduled Capacity Requirement ................................................................................. 161 Demand Scheduling ................................................................................................ 161 Data storage and archiving ....................................................................................... 162 File Transfers...................................................................................................... 162 Performance data.................................................................................................. 163 Generator performance data ..................................................................................... 163 ZEDC and End- Use Customer Performance...................................................................... 163 Performance ........................................................................................................ 164

Performance this month ........................................................................................................ 164 SECTION 9 ...................................................................................................................... 165 PROJECT APRAISAL FRAMEWORK CODE ..................................................................................... 165 9.1 9.2 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.3 9.3.1 9.3.1.1 9.3.1.2 9.3.1.3 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 9.3.5 9.3.6 9.3.7 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 165 Project Documentation Guidelines ................................................................................ 165 Project Justification............................................................................................... 166 Results of cost/benefit analysis .................................................................................. 167 Conclusions and recommendations................................................................................. 167 APPRAISAL GUIDELINES ........................................................................................ 167 Economic Analysis .................................................................................................. 167 Purpose ............................................................................................................. 167 Underlying Principles............................................................................................... 167 Cost Parameters ................................................................................................... 168 Operation and Maintenance Costs ................................................................................ 169 Electricity Production Cost........................................................................................ 170 Opportunity Costs.................................................................................................. 170 Transfer Payments ................................................................................................ 170 Shadow Pricing ..................................................................................................... 171 Foreign exchange (Shadow Exchange Rate) ..................................................................... 171

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9.3.8 9.3.9 9.4 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 9.4.4.1 9.4.4.2 9.4.4.3 9.4.4.4 9.4.5 9.4.5.1 9.4.5.2 9.4.5.3 9.4.5.4 9.4.5.5 9.4.5.6 9.4.5.7 9.4.5.8 9.4.5.9 9.4.5.10 9.4.5.11 9.4.5.12 9.4.5.13 9.4.5.14 9.4.5.15 9.5 9.5.1 Economic Life ...................................................................................................... 171 Benefits............................................................................................................. 172 Cost- Benefit Analysis ............................................................................................. 172 Objective ........................................................................................................... 172 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 172 Discount Factors ................................................................................................... 172 Discount Rate ...................................................................................................... 173 The Net Present Value (NPV) .................................................................................... 173 The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) .............................................................................. 174 The Payback Period................................................................................................ 174 Benefit- Cost Ratio................................................................................................. 175 Financial Analysis .................................................................................................. 175 Capital Costs ....................................................................................................... 176 Total Capital/Investment Costs .................................................................................. 176 Operating & Maintenance (O & M) Costs ........................................................................ 176 Electricity Production Costs....................................................................................... 177 Total Costs ......................................................................................................... 177 Benefits............................................................................................................. 177 Net Benefits or Net Cash Flows ................................................................................. 177 Discount Factors ................................................................................................... 177 Net Present Values ................................................................................................ 177 Cumulative Net Present Values ................................................................................... 178 Discounted Benefits And Costs ................................................................................... 178 Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) ................................................................................... 178 Benefit- Cost Ratio................................................................................................. 178 Assumptions ........................................................................................................ 178 Expected Results .................................................................................................. 179 Environmental Impact Assessment ............................................................................... 179 Major Environmental Issues....................................................................................... 179

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9.5.1.1 9.5.1.2 9.5.1.3 9.5.2.1 9.5.2.2 9.5.2.3 Physical/Biological.................................................................................................. 179 Social ............................................................................................................... 180 Economic ............................................................................................................ 180 Physical Impacts ................................................................................................... 181 Social Impacts ..................................................................................................... 182 Economic Impacts.................................................................................................. 183

APPENDIX I ..................................................................................................................... 184 APPENDIX II .................................................................................................................... 201

PREAMBLE
The Elect r icit y r ef or m pr ogr am in Zimbabwe has r esult ed in t wo Act s passed by Par liament . These ar e t he Rur al Elect r if icat ion Fund Act (Chapt er : 13.20 5/ 2002) and t he Elect r icit y Act (Chapt er 13: 19 4/ 2002). The Rur al Elect r if icat ion Fund Act r esult ed in t he f or mat ion of t he Rur al Elect r if icat ion Agency, whose mandat e is t o spear head t he pr ovision of elect r icit y in r ur al ar eas. The Elect r icit y Act passed by t he Par liament of Zimbabwe in J anuar y 2003 and gazet t ed on t he 23 rd May 2003 has led t o t he unbundling of ZESA t o form ZESA Holdings Ltd., Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC), Zimbabwe Electricity Tr ansmission Company (ZETCO), Zimbabwe Elect r icit y Dist r ibut ion Company (ZEDC), ZESA Ent er pr ises and Power t el as well as t he est ablishment of Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission (ZERC). ZETCO is r esponsible f or t he r eliable and secur e t r ansmission of elect r ical energy through: Management and oper at ion of t he Zimbabwe s Tr ansmission and Subtransmission System Grid Planning and development of the power transmission infrastructure Local and regional trade facilitation (ZETCO is the single buyer of power) Syst em planning and coor dinat ion of r egional int er connect ions t hr ough SAPP This maint ains t he placement of ZETCO as t he key t r ansmit t er of bulk power bet ween gener at or s (ZPC & ot her s) and bulk consumer s (ZEDC, SAPP & ot her s) of elect r ical ener gy t hr ough oper at ing and maint aining t he int er connect ed

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Tr ansmission Syst em (t he Gr id) consist ing of EHT lines and subst at ions. ZETCO s r esponsibilit ies can be expanded int o t he f ollowing f unct ions: -

i. ii.

Coordinate the activities of all entities especially the operation and development of the Grid and ensure fair access to all entities to the Grid. Manage and control the Grid to ensure adequacy of supply. This entails the preparation of Generation Schedules, monitoring and controlling the output of various generating stations and receiving and dispatching power from various Generators. On-Line (real-time) monitoring and control of the interconnected power System. Deliver power that conforms to specified quality characteristics to Distribution Systems at designated Connection Points Carry out statutory functions under all Acts, Rules, Laws and Regulations of the Government of Zimbabwe. Develop, maintain and implement the Technical Grid Code as approved by ZERC. Responsibilities for administering Power Supply and Power Purchase agreements on behalf of ZESA Holdings. Liaison with the Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission

iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix.

(ZERC).
Promoting power wheeling, pooling and banking

PURPOSE OF GRID CODE

ZETCO Technical Grid Code is a document approved by the Zimbabwe Electricity Regulat or y Commission f or mulat ed in or der t o ensur e ef f icient coor dinat ed oper at ion and maint enance of t he elect r icit y Gr id under t he r est r uct ur ed envir onment . I t shall be a document agr eed upon and t o be complied wit h by ZETCO, ZPC, ZEDC, dir ect ly connect ed HV consumer s, independent and embedded gener at or s. The Gr id Code is a dynamic document t hat is r evised per iodically as per t he pr ocedur es laid down, t aking int o account t he r easonable int er est s and views as expr essed by t he st ake holding ent it ies in t he light of the experience gained in the actual implementation of the Code.

OBJECTIVES OF THE GRID CODE

The objective of the technical Grid code is to promote sound planning, operational and connection standards in a bid to provide for reliable, secure, economic and coordinated operation of the ZETC transmission Grid. This will be achieved through the following: -

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a) b) c) d) e) f) Specification of minimum operational standards Specification of minimum technical requirements Specification of information requirements and procedures Governing the boundaries between ZETCO and users Establishing minimum requirements for new entrants St r eamlining r esponsibilit ies and obligat ions f or ZETCO and f or all the users of the ZETCO transmission network g) Est ablishment of r equir ement s f or t he development of t he ZETCO Grid

CONTENT OF THE GRID CODE

The ZETCO Technical Grid Code consists of the following Sections: Definitions Governance of the Code Grid Connection Code Performance Standards Code Planning Code Operational Code Metering Code Protection Code Information Exchange Code Project Appraisal Framework

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Amended Connection Agreement An agreement between a User and ZETCO (or the Distributor), which specifies the terms and conditions pertaining to the renovation or modification of the User System or Equipment at an existing Connection Point in the Grid (or the Distribution System). Active Power The time average of the instantaneous power over one period of the electrical wave, measured in Watts (W) or multiples thereof. For AC circuits or systems, it is the product of the root-mean-square (RMS) or effective value of the voltage and RMS value of the in-phase component of the current. In a three-phase system, it is the sum of active power of the individual phases. Ancillary Service Support services such as Frequency Regulating and Contingency Reserves, Reactive Power support, and Black Start capability which are necessary to support the transmission capacity and Energy that are essential in maintaining Power Quality and the Reliability and Security of the Grid. Apparatus All equipment in which electrical conductors are used, supported or of which they may form part. Apparent Power The product of the root-mean-square (RMS) or effective value of the current and the root-mean-square value of the voltage. For AC circuits or systems, it is the square root of the sum of the squares of the Active Power and Reactive Power, measured in volt-ampere (VA) or multiples thereof. Aut omat ic Generat ion Cont rol (AGC) The r egulat ion of t he power out put of Gener at ing Unit s wit hin a pr escr ibed ar ea in r esponse t o a change in syst em Fr equency, t ie-line loading, or t he r elat ion of t hese t o each ot her , so as t o maintain the Syst em Fr equency or t he est ablished int er change wit h ot her ar eas within the predetermined limits or both. Automatic Load Shedding The process of automatically and deliberately removing pre-selected Loads from a power System in response to an abnormal condition in order to maintain the integrity of the System. Automatic Re- closing A process used to interrupt power in the event of a fault or short circuit, and then re-inst at e or r e-close t he power af t er a f ixed interval of time, with the objective of maintaining continuity of service to the greatest possible extent, without damaging equipment or creating unsafe conditions in the system.

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Aut omat ic Volt age Regulat or or AVR A cont inuously act ing aut omat ic excit at ion syst em t o cont r ol t he volt age of a gener at ing unit as measur ed at t he generator terminals. Availability The long-term average fraction of time that a Component or System is in service and satisfactorily performing its intended function. Also, the steady-state probability that a Component or System is in service. Balanced Three- Phase Voltages Three sinusoidal voltages with equal frequency and magnitude and displaced from each other in phase by an angle of 120 degrees. Black Start The process of recovery from Total System Blackout using a Generating Unit with the capability to start and synchronize with the System without an external power supply. Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) The electrical power utility for Botswana. Bulk Supply Point A st ep down subst at ion f r om 330/ 420kV t o sub t r ansmission and /or distribution voltage levels Capability and Availability Declaration Refers to the data submitted by the Generator for its Scheduled Generating Unit, which is used by ZETCO in preparing the day-ahead Generation Schedule. It includes declaration of capability and availability, Generation Scheduling and Dispatch Parameters Circuit Breaker A mechanical switching device, which is capable of making, carrying, and breaking current under normal circuit conditions and also capable of making, carrying for a specified time, and breaking current under specified abnormal circuit conditions, such as a short circuit. Competent Person A person over eighteen (18) years, who has sufficient technical knowledge and expertise to safely carry out specific tasks. Complet ion Dat e The dat e, specif ied in t he Connect ion Agr eement or Amended Connect ion Agr eement , when t he User Development is scheduled t o be completed and be ready for connection to the Grid. Component A piece of Equipment, a line or circuit, a section of line or circuit, or a group of items, which is viewed as a unit for a specific purpose. Connected Project Planning Data The data, which replaces the estimated values that were assumed for planning purposes, with validated actual values

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Connect ion Agreement An agr eement bet ween a User and ZETCO (or t he Dist r ibut or ), which specif ies t he t er ms and condit ions per t aining t o t he connect ion of t he User Syst em or Equipment t o a new Connect ion Point in t he Grid (or the Distribution System). Connect ion Condit ions The t echnical condit ions t o be complied wit h by any user having a connection to the Transmission System. Connect ion Point The point of connect ion of t he User Syst em or Equipment t o the Grid (for Users of the Grid) or to the Distribution System (for Users of the Distribution System). Connect ion Point Drawings The dr awings pr epar ed f or each Connect ion Point , which indicat e t he equipment layout , common pr ot ect ion and cont r ol, and auxiliaries at the Connection Point. Constrained Generation Schedule The Gener at ion Schedule pr epar ed by ZETCO af t er consider ing oper at ional const r aint s, including t he Gr id const r aint s, changes in Gener at ing Unit Declar ed Dat a and par amet er s, and changes in forecasted data. Contingency Planning A Planning Criteria that a system should meet under faulty conditions Cont ingency Reserve Gener at ing Capacit y t hat is int ended t o t ake car e of t he loss of t he lar gest Synchr onized Gener at ing Unit or t he power impor t f r om a single Gr id int er connect ion, whichever is lar ger . Cont ingency Reser ve includes Spinning Reserve and Backup Reserve. Cont rol Cent re A f acilit y used f or monit or ing and cont r olling t he oper at ion of the Grid, Distribution System, or a User System. Controller A senior aut hor ised per son appoint ed in wr it ing by ZETCO, t o cont r ol power in t he t r ansmission and sub-t r ansmission gr id, and whose dut ies ar e t o maintain safety at all times to personnel, plant and equipment. Customer Any per son/ ent it y supplied wit h elect r ic ser vice under a cont r act wit h a Distributor or Supplier. Demand The Active Power and/or Reactive Power at a given instant or averaged over a specified interval of time, that is actually delivered or is expected to be delivered by an electrical Equipment or supply System. It is expressed in Watts (W) and/or VARs and multiples thereof.

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Demand Control The reduction in Demand for the control of the Frequency when the Grid is in an Emergency State. This includes Automatic Load Shedding, Manual Load Shedding, demand reduction upon instruction by ZETCO, demand disconnection initiated by Users and Voluntary Load Curtailment. Demand Forecast The projected Demand and Active Energy related to a Connection Point in the Grid. Derogation of the Grid A condition resulting from a User Development or a Grid expansion project that has a Material Effect on the Grid or the System of other Users and which can be verified through Grid Impact Studies. Detailed Planning Data Additional data, which the Grid Owner requires, for the conduct of a more accurate Grid planning study Dispatch The process of issuing direct instructions to the electric power industry participants by the ZETCO to achieve an economic operation while maintaining Power Quality, Stability, and the Reliability and Security of the Grid. Dispat ch I nst ruct ion An inst r uct ion by ZETCO Cont roller t o gener at or s t o dispat ch gener at ion and t o ZEDC t o r egulat e wit hdr awal in accor dance wit h t he Scheduling & Dispatch procedure. Disconnection The opening of an electrical circuit to isolate an electrical System or Equipment from a power source. Dispatch The process of apportioning the total Demand of the Grid through the issuance of Dispatch Instructions to the Scheduled Generating Units and the Generating Units providing Ancillary Services in order to achieve the operational requirements of balancing Demand with generation that will ensure the Security of the Grid. Dispatch Instruction Refers to the instruction issued by ZETCO to the Generators with Scheduled Generating Units and the Generators whose Generating Units will provide Ancillary Services to implement the final Generation Schedule in real time. Distribution Code The set of rules, requirements, procedures, and standards governing ZEDC and Users of Distribution System in the operation, maintenance and development of the Distribution System. It also defines and establishes the relationship of the Distribution System with the facilities or installations of the

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parties connected thereto. Dist ribut ion of Elect ricit y The conveyance of elect r ic power by a Dist r ibut ion Utility through its Distribution System. Dist ribut ion Syst em The syst em of elect r ic lines and elect r ical equipment at volt age levels of 88 kV and 132 kV in Har ar e and Bulawayo and 33 kV and lower in other areas. Dynamic I nst abilit y A condit ion t hat occur s when small undamped oscillat ions begin wit hout any appar ent cause because t he Gr id is oper at ing t oo close t o an unstable condition. Eart h Fault Fact or The r at io of t he highest RMS phase-to-gr ound power Fr equency volt age on a sound phase, at a select ed locat ion, dur ing a f ault t o gr ound af f ect ing one or mor e phases, t o t he RMS phase-to-gr ound power Frequency voltage that would be obtained at the selected location with the fault removed. Elect rical Diagram A schemat ic r epr esent at ion, using st andar d elect r ical symbols, which shows t he connect ion of Equipment or power Syst em Component s to each other or to external circuits. Elect ricit y Act A gazet t ed act of par liament det ailing t he power sect or set up and obligations. Elect ricit y Supply Syst em The combinat ion of t he Tr ansmission Syst em, distribution system and power stations. Embedded Generat ing Plant A Gener at ing Plant t hat is connect ed t o a Dist r ibut ion Syst em or t he Syst em of any User and has no dir ect connect ion t o the Grid. Embedded Generat ing Unit A Gener at ing unit wit hin an Embedded Gener at ing Plant. Embedded Generat or A per son or ent it y t hat gener at es elect r icit y using an Embedded Generating Plant. End- User A per son or ent it y t hat r equir es t he supply and deliver y of elect r icit y for its own use. Equipment All appar at us, machines, conduct or s, et c. used as par t of , or in

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connection with, an electrical installation. Equipment Earthing This is the connecting to earth of the non-current carrying metal parts. These include the motor body, switchgear structure, transformer core and tank, sheaths of cables and body of all portable equipment. Equipment I dent if icat ion The Syst em of number ing or nomenclat ur e f or t he identification of Equipment at the Connection Points in the Grid. Event An unscheduled or unplanned occur r ence of an abr upt change or dist ur bance in a power Syst em due t o f ault , Equipment Out age, or Adver se Weather Condition. Fault Clearance Time The t ime int er val f r om f ault incept ion unt il t he end of the arc extinction by the Circuit Breaker. Fault Level The expect ed cur r ent , expr essed in kA t hat will f low int o a shor t circuit at a specified point in the Grid or System. Fixed Asset Boundary Document A document cont aining inf or mat ion and which def ines t he oper at ional r esponsibilit ies f or t he Equipment at t he Connect ion Point. Flicker A small change in line volt age, which causes a per cept ible change in t he int ensit y of elect r ic light s. I n some sit uat ions people can det ect sags as low as a third of a volt. Forced Out age An Out age t hat r esult s f r om emer gency condit ions dir ect ly associat ed wit h a Component , r equir ing t hat it be t aken out of ser vice immediat ely, eit her aut omat ically or as soon as swit ching oper at ions can be per f or med. Also, an Out age caused by human er r or or t he impr oper oper at ion of Equipment. Frequency The number of complet e cycles of a sinusoidal cur r ent or volt age per unit time, usually measured in cycles per second or Hertz Frequency Cont rol A st r at egy used by ZETCO t o maint ain t he Fr equency of t he Gr id wit hin t he limit s pr escr ibed by t he Gr id Code by t he t imely use of Frequency Regulating Reserve, Contingency Reserve, and Demand Control. Frequency Regulat ing Reserve Ref er s t o a Gener at ing Unit t hat assist s in Fr equency Cont r ol by pr oviding aut omat ic Pr imar y and/ or Secondar y Fr equency response.

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Frequency Variat ion The deviat ion of t he f undament al Syst em Fr equency f r om its nominal value. Generat ing Plant A f acilit y, consist ing of one or mor e Gener at ing Unit s, wher e elect r ic Ener gy is pr oduced f r om some ot her f or m of Ener gy by means of a suitable apparatus. Generating Unit A conversion apparatus including auxiliaries and associated Equipment, functioning as a single unit, which is used to produce electric Energy from some other form of Energy. Generat ion Company Any per son or ent it y aut hor ized by t he ZERC t o oper at e a facility used in the Generation of Electricity. Generat ion of Company. Elect ricit y The pr oduct ion of elect r icit y by a Gener at ion

Generation Schedule Ref er s t o t he schedule t hat indicat es t he hour ly out put of the Scheduled Generating Units and the list of Generating Units Generat ion Scheduling and Dispat ch Paramet ers Ref er s t o t he t echnical dat a per t aining t o t he Scheduled Gener at ing Unit s, which ar e t aken int o account in the preparation of the Generation Schedule. Generator. Grid The high volt age backbone Syst em of int er connect ed t r ansmission and subt r ansmission lines, subst at ions, and r elat ed f acilit ies f or t he pur pose of conveyance of bulk power . Also known as t he Tr ansmission and Sub Tr ansmission System. Grid Code The set of r ules, r equir ement s, pr ocedur es, and st andar ds t o ensur e t he saf e, r eliable, secur ed and ef f icient oper at ion, maint enance, and development of t he high volt age backbone Tr ansmission Syst em and it s r elat ed facilities. Grid Cont ingencies Abnor mal oper at ing condit ions br ought about by t r ipping of generating units, t r ansmission lines, t r ansf or mer s or abr upt load changes or by a combinat ion of t he above leading t o abnor mal volt age and/ or f r equency excursions and/or overloading of network equipment. Grid Dist urbance Grid Dist ur bance is t he sit uat ion wher e disint egr at ion and collapse of gr id eit her in par t or f ull t ake place in an unplanned and abr upt manner, affecting the power supply in a large area of the region.

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Grid I mpact St udies A set of t echnical st udies which ar e used t o assess t he possible ef f ect s of a pr oposed expansion, r einf or cement , or modif icat ion of t he Grid or a User Development and to evaluate Significant Incidents. Grid Owner The par t y t hat owns t he high volt age backbone Tr ansmission Syst em and is r esponsible f or maint aining adequat e Gr id capacit y in accor dance with the provisions of the Grid Code. Grid User Any per son and/ or ent it y connect ed dir ect ly t o t he ZETCO Gr id, who shall comply with the provision of this Grid Code Grounding A conduct ing connect ion by which an elect r ical cir cuit or Equipment is connect ed t o ear t h or t o some conduct ing body of r elat ively lar ge ext ent t hat serves as ground. Harmonics Sinusoidal voltages and currents having frequencies that are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency High Voltage (HV) Any voltage level exceeding 0.65kV. IEC Standard The international standard for electro-technical Equipment approved and published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). I ndependent Power Producer (I PP) I ndependent Power Pr oducer being a power st at ion wit hin t he ZESA cont r ol ar ea, owned by a gener at or who is not par t of ZPC. Interconnections Elect r ic lines and elect r ical equipment used f or t he t r ansmission of elect r icit y bet ween t he Zimbabwe Tr ansmission Syst em and t he Transmission System of another country. I nt erconnect ed Transmission Syst em The combinat ion of HV elect r ic lines and electrical equipment directly linked with ZETCO Transmission System and owned or operated by ZPC, ZEDC, ESKOM, EDM, ZESCO and BPC. Interruption The loss of service to a Customer or a group of Customers or other facilities Interruption Duration The period from the initiation of an Interruption up to the time when electric service is restored. I sland Grid A Gener at ing Plant or a gr oup of Gener at ing Plant s and it s associat ed load, which is isolat ed f r om t he r est of t he Gr id but is capable of

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generating and maint aining a st able supply of elect r icit y t o t he Cust omer s wit hin the isolated area. Isolation The elect r ical separ at ion of a par t or Component f r om t he r est of t he electrical Syst em t o ensur e saf et y when t hat par t or Component is t o be maintained or when electric service is not required. Limit at ion of Access Saf et y document at ion t o f acilit at e wor k in gener at ion, swit ching or subst at ion plant , def ining limit s of t he ar ea wit hin which wor k is t o be performed. Live Line Permit t o Work (LLPW) A saf et y document t o f acilit at e wor k on live lines Load Crash Sudden or r apid r educt ion of elect r ical load connect ed t o a syst em t hat could be caused due t o t r ipping of maj or t r ansmission line(s), f eeder (s), power transformer(s) or natural causes like rain etc. Load Factor The ratio of the total Energy delivered during a given period to the product of the maximum Demand and the number of hours during the same period. Load Reduction The condition in which a Scheduled Generating Unit has reduced or is not delivering electrical power to the System to which it is synchronized. Local Saf et y I nst ruct ions A set of inst r uct ions r egar ding t he Saf et y Pr ecaut ions on HV or EHV Equipment t o ensur e t he saf et y of per sonnel car r ying out work or testing on the Grid or the User System. Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) The expected number of days in a specified period in which the daily peak Demand will exceed the available generating capacity Main Distribution Frame (MDF) An interface panel for process signals Maximum Cont inuous Rat ing (MCR) The nor mal r at ed f ull load MW out put capacit y of a gener at ing unit , which can be sust ained on a cont inuous basis under specified conditions. Manual Load Shedding The process of manually and deliberately removing preselected Loads from a power System, in response to an abnormal condition, and in order to maintain the integrity of the System.

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Nat ional Cont rol Cent re (NCC) The ZETCO' s cont r ol r oom f or 24 hour r eal t ime power Syst em monit or ing and cont r ol f or t he pur pose of managing t he operation of the power System and co-ordination of generation and consumption. Negative Sequence Unbalance Factor The ratio of the magnitude of the negative sequence component of the voltages to the magnitude of the positive sequence component of the voltages, expressed in percent. Power Swing Variation in power, which occur, when the voltages of generators at different points of a power system slip relative to each other. Outage The state of a Component when it is not available to perform its intended function due to some event directly associated with that Component. An Outage may or may not cause an Interruption of service to Customers. Outage Duration The period from the initiation of the Outage until the affected Component or its replacement becomes available to perform its intended function. Over Voltage A long duration RMS voltage variation at least 10 percent greater than the nominal voltage for a period of time greater than one minute. Planned Out age An out age of power st at ion equipment or t r ansmission f acilit y that has been planned and agreed on in advance. Peak Period That per iod in a day when elect r ical demand is at it s highest . Project Planning Data The data pertaining to a User Development once the offer for a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement is accepted. PTW (Permit t o Work) Saf et y document at ion issued t o f acilit at e wor k on dead (de-energised) and isolated equipment. Point of Isolation The point on the Grid or the User System at which Isolation can be established for safety purposes. Power Factor The ratio of Active Power to Apparent Power. Power Line Carrier (PLC) A communication Equipment used for transmitting data signals through the use of power transmission lines.

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Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) The commer cial agr eement bet ween a Generator and ZETCO in which, subject to certain conditions, ZETCO agrees to pur chase t he elect r ical out put of t he gener at ing unit and t he gener at or agrees to provide services from this Unit. Power Supply Agreement The commer cial agr eement bet ween t he ZETCO and other Grid Users for the supply of electric power. Power St at ion An inst allat ion of one or mor e gener at ing unit s owned and/ or operated by the same generation company. Power Syst em Plant and equipment on t he gener at ion, t r ansmission and distribution networks. PowerTel Subsidiar y Company of ZESA Holdings (Pvt ) Lt d r esponsible f or Telecommunication Services Preliminary Project Planning Data The data relating to a proposed User development at the time the User applies for a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement. Reactive Power The component of electrical power representing the alternating exchange of stored Energy (inductive or capacitive) between sources and loads or between two systems, measured in VAR or multiples thereof. For AC circuits or systems, it is the product of the RMS value of the voltage and the RMS value of the quadrature component of the alternating current. In a three-phase system, it is the sum of the Reactive Power of the individual phases. REA Rural Electrification Agency Reliability The pr obabilit y t hat a Syst em or Component will per f or m a r equir ed t ask or mission f or a specif ied t ime in a specif ied envir onment . I t is t he abilit y of a power System to continuously provide service to its Customers. Remot e Terminal Unit (RTU) Tele-cont r ol equipment inst alled at a r emot e locat ion t o gat her pr ocess inf or mat ion and cont r ols t he pr ocess as dir ect ed by the central system. Resistance Earthing This is the connection of the neutral point to earth through a resistor. Resonant Earthing This is the connection to earth through a reactance of such a value that power frequency current in the neutral to ground connection is

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almost equal and opposite to power frequency capacitance current between un faulted line and earth. Root Mean Square (RMS Voltage or RMS Current) - The AC value that produces the same heating effect in a resistor, as would a DC value of the same magnitude. Safety Precautions Refers to the Isolation and Grounding of HV or EHV Equipment when work or testing is to be done on the Grid or User System. Safety Rules The rules that seek to safeguard personnel working on the Grid (or User System) from the hazards arising from the Equipment or the Grid (or User System). Sanction for Test Safety documentation to facilitate testing of the high voltage plant and equipment Security The continuous operation of a power System in the Normal State, ensuring safe and adequate supply of power to End-Users, even when some parts or Components of the System are on Outage. Senior Authorised Person (SAP) A competent person appointed in writing by ZETCO to carry out work and all forms of switching on the ZETCO Grid in accordance with his certificate of authorisation. Short- term Flicker Severity Index (Pst) A measure of visual severity of flicker derived from a time series output of a flicker meter over a ten-minute period Shut Down The condit ion of a Gener at ing Unit wher e it is at r est or on bar r ing gear isolat ed f r om gr id or t r ansmission f acilit y, which is at r est or isolat ed from Grid. Single Outage Contingency An Event caused by the failure of one Component of the Grid including a Generating Unit, transmission line, or a transformer. Site Refers to a substation or switchyard in the Grid or the User System where the Connection Point is situated. Spinning Reserve Unused gener at ing capacit y, which is synchr onised t o t he Syst em and is r eady t o inst ant aneously pr ovide incr eased gener at ion at shor t notice in response to Frequency drop. Southern Africa Power Pool (SAPP) A regional power network in Southern Africa created with the primary aim of providing reliable and economical

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electricity supply to the consumers of each of the SAPP members, consistent with the reasonable utilisation of natural resources and the effect on the environment through regional interconnection and harmonisation of operational procedures. Substation Control System (SCS) The combination of transducers, communication links and data processing systems which provides information to the substation on the operational state of the substation equipment. Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) The combination of transducers, RTU, communication links and data processing systems which provides information to the NCC and or SCS on the operational state of the power system. Supplier Any person or entity authorized by the ZERC to sell, broker, market, or aggregate electricity to the End-users. Synchronised The state when connected Generating Units and/or interconnected AC Systems operate at the same frequency and where the phase angle displacements between their voltages vary about a stable operating point. System Refers to the Grid or Distribution System or any User System. Also a group of Components connected or associated in a fixed configuration to perform a specified function System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) The average forced sustained interruption duration per customer served per year (measured in minutes) Syst em Average I nt errupt ion Frequency I ndex (SAI FI ) The aver age number of f or ced sust ained int er r upt ions exper ienced per cust omer ser ved per year (measured in outages). Syst em Eart hing This is t he int ent ional connect ion of neut r al point t o gr ound so t hat is t he neut r al point is ear t hed, t he phase t o gr ound volt ages under Ear t h Fault conditions do not rise to high value. System Loss The total Energy injected into the Grid (or the Distribution System) minus the total Energy delivered to Distributors and End-Users. In the Grid Code, it is the Energy injected into the Grid by Generating Plants, plus (or minus) the Energy transported through Grid interconnections minus the total Energy delivered to Distributors and End-Users. In the Distribution Code, it is the Energy received from the Grid plus internally generated Energy by Embedded Generating Plants, plus (or minus) the Energy transported by other

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Distributors minus the total Energy delivered to End-Users. System Test The set of tests, which involve simulating conditions or the controlled application of unusual or extreme conditions that may have an impact on the Grid or the User System. System Test Coordinator A person who is appointed as the chairman of the System Test Group. System Test Group A group established for the purpose of coordinating the System Test to be carried out on the Grid or the User System. System Test Procedure A procedure that specifies the switching sequence and proposed timing of the switching sequence, including other activities deemed necessary and appropriate by the System Test Group in carrying out the System Test. System Test Proponent Refers to the ZETCO or the User who plans to undertake a System Test and who submits a System Test Request to ZETCO. System Test Program A program prepared by the System Test Group, which contains the plan for carrying out the System Test, the System Test Procedure, including the manner in which the System Test is to be monitored, the allocation of costs among the affected parties, and other matters that the System Test Group had deemed appropriate and necessary. System Test Report A report prepared by the Test Proponent at the conclusion of a System Test for submission to ZETCO (if it is not the System Test Proponent), the affected Users, and the members of the System Test Group. System Test Request A notice submitted by the System Test Proponent to ZETCO indicating the purpose, nature, and procedures for carrying out the proposed System Test. Synchronised The condit ion wher e an incoming gener at ing unit or Syst em is connect ed t o anot her Syst em so t hat t he volt age, f r equencies and phase r elat ionships of t hat gener at ing unit or Syst em, as t he case may be, and t he System to which it is connected are identical. Target Clearance Time The time between relay pick up time and the time the fault is cleared Technical Loss The component of System Loss that is inherent in the physical delivery of electric Energy. It includes conductor loss, transformer core loss,

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and technical errors in meters. Tele- protection The use of t elecommunicat ion channels t o oper at e pr ot ect ion r elays t hr ough command signals, so as t o enable t he r elays t o select ively isolat e f ault s wit hin t he shor t est possible t ime and independent of f ault locat ion and system conditions. Teleprotection Security The ability to prevent interference and or noise from generating a trip command at the receiving end when such a command has not been transmitted. Teleprotection Dependability The ability to issue a valid command at the receiving end in the presence of interference and or noise when such command has been transmitted. Teleprot ect ion Transmission Time The t ime elapsed bet ween t he moment of change of st at e at t he t r ansmit t er command input and t he moment of change of state at the receiver command output. Test and Commissioning Putting into service a System or Equipment that has passed all required tests to show that the System or Equipment was erected and connected in the proper manner and can be expected to work satisfactorily. Total Demand Distortion (TDD) The ratio of the root-mean-square value of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square value of the rated or maximum demand fundamental quantity, expressed in percent. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) The ratio of the root-mean-square value of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square value of the fundamental quantity, expressed in percent. Total System Blackout The condition when all generation in the Grid has ceased, the entire System has Shutdown, and the ZETCO must implement a Black Start to restore the Grid to its Normal State. Transformer An electrical device or Equipment that converts voltage and current from one level to another. Transient A ver y br ief excur sion f r om nominal volt age wit h dur at ions of a micr osecond (milliont hs of a second) t o sever al hundr ed micr oseconds. Transients are classified as impulsive or oscillatory. Transient I nst abilit y A condit ion t hat occur s when undamped oscillat ions bet ween par t s of t he Gr id r esult in Gr id separ at ion. Such Gr id dist ur bances may occur after a fault and the loss of Generating Units and/or transmission lines.

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Transient Volt ages High-f r equency Over volt ages caused by light ning, swit ching of capacit or banks or cables, cur r ent chopping, ar cing gr ound f ault s, ferroresonance, and other related phenomena. Trough Period That per iod in a day when elect r ical demand is at it s lowest . Unconstrained Generation Schedule The Generation Schedule without considering any operational constraints such as the Grid constraints, changes in Generating Unit Declared Data and parameters, and changes in forecasted data. Underfrequency Relay (UFR). An electrical relay that operates when the System Frequency decreases to a preset value. Under Voltage A long duration RMS voltage variation at least 10 percent below the normal (nominal) voltage for a period of time greater than one minute. Voltage Sag - A decrease of 10 to 90% in the RMS voltage at the power frequency for durations of one-half cycle to 1 minute Volt age Swell - A t empor ar y incr ease in t he RMS value of volt age of mor e t han 10% at the power frequency, for durations from one-half cycle to 1 minute. User A person or entity that uses the Grid or Distribution System and related facilities. Also, a person or entity to whom the Grid Code or Distribution Code applies. User System Refers to a System owned or operated by a User of the Grid or Distribution System. Visit or s Live Line Enclosure Permit (VLEP) A safety document signed by visitors acknowledging the dangers of entering a live line enclosure and indemnifying ZETCO against injury, whilst they are in the live enclosure. Voltage The electromotive force or electric potential difference between two points, which causes the flow of electric current in an electric circuit. Voltage Control The strategy used by ZETCO, Distributors, or User to maintain the voltage of the Grid, Distribution System, or the User System within the limits prescribed by the Grid Code or the Distribution Code. Voltage Fluctuation The systematic variation of the voltage envelope or random amplitude changes where the RMS values of voltage is between 90% and 100%

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Voltage Instability A condition that results in Grid voltages that is below the level where voltage control Equipment can return them to the normal level. In many cases, the problem is compounded by excessive Reactive Power loss. Voltage Variation The deviation of the root-mean-square (RMS) value of the voltage from its nominal value, expressed in percent. Wheeling Charge Refers to the tariff paid for the conveyance of electric Power and Energy through the Grid. ZEDC Zimbabwe Electricity Distribution Company ZERC Zimbabwe Electricity Regulatory Commission ZETCO Zimbabwe Electricity Transmission Company ZPC Zimbabwe Power Company.

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SECTION 1 GOVERNANCE OF THE CODE

1.1 Introduction Under the terms of the Electricity Act Chapter 13:19 4/2002 the Transmission and Bulk Supply Licensee (ZETCO) is required to implement and ensure compliance to the Grid Code and to periodically review the same and its implementation. Such review shall be subject to approval by ZERC. 1.2 Objective The objective of this Code is to define the method of managing the Grid Code, submitting and pursuing of any proposed changes to the Grid Code and the responsibility of all Users to effect that change. 1.3 Responsibilities ZETCO will be responsible for managing and servicing the Grid Code, for discharging its obligations under the License. In this regard, ZETCO shall establish the Grid Code Review Panel and service the requirements of such a Panel. 1.4 Grid Code Review Panel The Panel shall be chaired by ZETCO and shall consist of the following members: Chairman to be nominated by ZETCO Member Secretary to be nominated by ZETCO One Member from ZPC One Member from ZEDC One member from ZERC One Member from each licensed generator connected to the Grid Two Members from large users directly connected to the Grid One Member appointed by IPPs and Embedded Generators Members of the Grid Code Review Panel shall possess relevant technical skills and shall be subject to approval by ZERC. ZERC shall be immediately informed of changes in the composition of the Grid Code Review Panel and shall approve such changes.

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For continuity purposes, membership of individuals from above entities shall be permanent and any changes of member representation by entities shall be communicated in writing to ZERC within thirty (30) days. ZETCO shall provide the secretarial functions of the Grid Code Review Panel. In this regard, ZETCO shall designate an appropriate official to coordinate the activities of the Grid Code Review Panel to ensure compliance to the Grid Code, its revisions and amendments. Zimbabwe Electricity Regulation Commission (ZERC) shall approve the Grid Code and all the amendments and ensure compliance. 1.5 Standing Committees to deal with specific issues The Grid Code Review Panel can at its discretion form standing committees to deliberate and recommend on specific issues. The Grid Code Review Panel, at their discretion, shall invite at their meetings, Chairmen of each of the Standing Committees concerned with particular items on their Agendas. The Chairman of a Standing Committee may delegate a representative from the Standing Committee to take part in the discussion. The Panel, at their discretion, may invite representatives from Consultants and/or any other Organization such as Government Departments, Local Authorities, Railways, Telecommunications, Standard Association of Zimbabwe, Financing Institutions or academic / technical institutions, to attend the Panel Meeting depending on the Agenda. Such invited members can express or offer advice on the matter under consideration but some act as observers in the final determination. 1.6 Grid Code Review Panel Rules The rules to be followed by the Panel in conducting its business shall be formulated by the Panel itself and shall be approved by ZERC. The Panel will meet at least once in three months. No revision or modification of the Grid Code shall be made without knowledge of the Grid Code Review Panel and ZERC approval. I n an unusual situation where normal day-to-day operation is not possible without revision of some clauses of the Grid Code, a provisional revision may be implemented before approval of ZERC is received, but only after discussion by the Grid Code Review Panel through a Meeting convened on

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emergency basis. ZERC should promptly be intimated about the provisional revision in writing and approve the revisions within fourteen (14) days from the date of notification by the Grid Code Review Panel. ZERC may issue directions requiring ZETCO to revise the Grid Code in such a manner as may be specified in those directions, and ZETCO shall promptly comply with any such directions through the Grid Code Review Panel.

1.7

Functions of the Grid Code Review Panel The functions of the Panel are as follows: 1. To keep the Grid Code and its workings under continuous scrutiny and review. 2. To analyse any major Grid disturbances soon after the occurrence as recommended by ZETCO or any other user, and evolve any consequent revision to the Grid Code. 3. To consider all requests for amendment to the Grid Code which are proposed by the Users. 4. To publish recommendations for changes to the Grid Code together with the reasons for the changes and any objections, if applicable. 5. To issue guidance on the interpretations and implementation of the Grid Code 6. To examine problems raised by Users. ZETCO may hold sub-meetings with a User to discuss individual requirements and with a group of Users to prepare proposals for the Panel meeting.

1.8

Grid Code Review and Revisions Procedures The Member Secretary shall present all proposed revisions of the Grid Code to the Review Panel for its consideration. ZETCO shall send the following reports to the ZERC at the conclusion of each review meeting of the Panel. 1. 2. A report on the outcome of such review. Any proposed revisions to the Grid Code as ZETCO reasonably thinks necessary for achievement of the objectives referred to in the relevant paragraph of the Transmission & Bulk Supply License.

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3. All written representations or objections from Users raised during the review.

All revisions to the Grid Code shall require approval of ZERC. ZETCO shall publish revisions to the Grid Code, once approved by the ZERC. Every change from the previous Version shall be clearly marked in the margin. In addition, a revision sheet shall be placed at the front of the Revised Version noting the number of every changed sub-section, together with a brief statement of change. ZETCO shall keep an up-to-date list of the recipients and locations of all serviced copies of the Grid Code. 1.9 Disputes The Grid Code Review Panel shall handle disputes regarding interpretation of the Grid Code Code. If one or both parties are not satisfied with the ruling of the Panel the matter shall be referred to ZERC whose decision is final. 1.9.1 Dispute pertaining to issues not covered by the Grid Code Any technical relevant issues not covered by the Grid Code shall be referred to the Grid Code Review Panel for further consideration for inclusion in t he Gr id Code. The Gr id Code Review Panel s r uling on such issues shall be binding. If any party is not satisfied by the ruling of the Grid Code Review Panel, the matter shall be referred to ZERC. The decision of ZERC shall be final and binding. 1.9.2 Continuity of Functioning of Grid Users

Af t er a disput e ar ises bet ween ent it ies, t he mat t er should immediat ely be r ef er r ed t o t he Gr id Code Review Panel who should make pr ovisional wor king ar r angement s t hat shall be implement ed t ill a valid r uling is issued accor ding t o Sect ion 1.9.2 above. The obj ect ive of t his pr ocedur e is t o ensure that no dispute shall stall the daily operations of any Grid User . 1.9.3 Unforeseen Circumstances I n sit uat ions not addr essed by any clause of t he Gr id Code, ZETCO shall convene an emer gency meet ing wit h all af f ect ed Gr id User s t o f or mulat e a solut ion and t he act ions t o be t aken in t he cir cumst ance by t he Gr id User s . I f no agr eement can be r eached, ZETCO shall pr ovisionally

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det er mine t he act ion t o be t aken af t er giving consider at ion t o t he views expressed by other Users. ZETCO shall, as soon as possible, but not lat er t han f our t een days, r ef er t he mat t er t o t he Gr id Code Review Panel whose decision shall prevail over t he pr ovisional det er minat ion of ZETCO. I f a Gr id User appeals t o ZERC over t he decision of t he Panel, t he decision of ZERC shall supersede the decision of the Panel. The nor mal oper at ions of any User should never be disr upt ed by any situation or disput e. The maj or it y decision of t he meet ing of Gr id User s or t he consider ed det er minat ion of ZETCO shall be implement ed unless and unt il t he Gr id Code Review Panel issues a dif f er ent r uling; and t he ruling of the Panel shall be in force unless and until a different decision is issued by ZERC (if t he issue is r ef er r ed t o ZERC). The decision of ZERC is ultimate and shall be implemented by all Grid Users

SECTION 2 GRID CONNECTION CODE

2.1 Introduction This Gr id Code is f or t he pr ot ect ion of t he Tr ansmission Syst em and User s Plant and Appar at us dir ect ly connect ed t o t he Tr ansmission Syst em. I n or der t o maint ain st able and secur e oper at ion of t he Tr ansmission Syst em f or t he benef it of all User s, it is necessar y t o r equir e cer t ain minimum t echnical, design and oper at ional cr it er ia t o be met by User s Plant and Appar at us. The Gr id Connect ion Requir ement s est ablish cer t ain pr inciples and st andar ds r elat ing t o met hod of connect ion, t echnical st andar ds, per f or mance st andar ds, and dat a requir ement s. Connect ion Point . I n addit ion t o t he Connect ion Requir ement s, t her e ar e Connect ion Agr eement s, which ar e bilat er al bet ween ZETCO and each user and which cont ain t he det ail specif ic t o each User s connect ion t o t he Tr ansmission Syst em Gr id. Such agr eement s bet ween t he User and ZETCO shall comply with the Grid Code.

2.1.1

Purpose

The purpose of the Grid connection requirements is: a) To specif y t he t echnical, design, and oper at ional cr it er ia at t he User s Connection Point

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b) c) d) e) To ensur e t hat basic r ules f or connect ion t o t he Gr id or t o a User system are fair and non discriminatory for all Users To ensur e t hat any new connect ion shall not impose any adver se effects on existing Users To ensur e t hat new connect ions shall not suf f er adver sely due t o existing Users To assist User s in t he maint enance of accept able r eliabilit y and qualit y levels t hr ough specif icat ion of minimum design and oper at ional criteria. To list and collat e dat a r equir ed by ZETCO f r om all User s and t o list data to be provided by ZETCO from each User

f)

2.1.2

Scope of Grid Connection Requirements

The Grid connection requirements shall apply to: a) ZPC b) ZETCO c) ZEDC d) Any other generator to be connected to ZETCO System e) Any User cur r ent ly connect ed t o or int ending t o be connect ed t o ZETCO System f) Any ot her Tr ansmission Syst em wit hin or out side Zimbabwe connected or intending to be connected to ZETCO system g) Any provider of Ancillary Services to the Transmission System ZERC shall monit or compliance t o all mat t ers covered by t his sect ion of t he Grid Code and shall design and ef f ect appropriat e penalt ies f or enf orcing compliance.

2.2 Grid Technical, Design and Operational Criteria

2.2.1 2.2.1.1 Power Quality Standards ZETCO shall ensur e t hat at any Connect ion Point in t he Gr id, t he power qualit y st andar ds specif ied in Sect ion 3 of t his Gr id Code ar e complied with. User s seeking connect ion t o t he Gr id or modif icat ion of any exist ing connect ion shall ensur e t hat t heir equipment can oper at e r eliably and safely within the limits specified in Section 3 of this Grid Code during nor mal and emer gency condit ions and can wit hst and t he limit s specified under this Section of the Grid Code.

2.2.1.2

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2.2.2 2.2.2.1

Frequency Variation ZETCO Gr id r at ed f r equency shall be 50.0 Hz wit h a cont r ol r ange wit hin t he st at ut or y r ange of 47.5Hz t o 52.5Hz. All loads and generators connected to ZETCO Grid should be able to operate within this range without being affected negatively. I n emer gency oper at ing condit ions t he aut omat ic load shedding scheme det ailed in Appendix I shall be under t aken accor ding t o r ules specified in Section 4 of this Grid Code. Voltage Variations The Long Duration Voltage Variations at any Connection Point during normal and emergency conditions shall be within the limits specified in Section 3.3.2 of this Grid Code.

2.2.2.2

2.2.3

2.2.4

Harmonics
The Total Harmonic Distortion of the voltage and the Total Demand Distortion of the current, at any Connection Point, shall not exceed the limits prescribed in Section 3.3.3 of this Grid Code.

2.2.5

Voltage Unbalance The maximum Zero and Negative Sequence Unbalance Factors at any Connection Point in the Grid shall not exceed the limits specified in Section 3.3.4 of this Grid Code, during normal and emergency operating conditions.

2.2.6

Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Severity The Voltage Fluctuation at any Connection Point with a fluctuating Demand shall not exceed the limits specified in Section 3.3.5 of this Grid Code, during normal and emergency operation conditions.

2.2.7

Transient Voltage Variations The Grid and the User System shall be designed and operated to include devices that will mitigate the effects of transient over voltages on the Grid and the User System. ZETCO and the User shall take into account the effect of electrical transients when specifying the insulation of their electrical Equipment.

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2.2.8 Grounding Requirements The Grid shall be effectively grounded with an Earth Fault Factor of less than 1.4. for all voltage levels connected to the Grid. 2.2.9 Equipment Standards All Equipment at the Connection Point shall comply with the requirements of the IEC Standards or their equivalent Zimbabwe national standards. Requirements for Grid Connection or Modification Any user seeking to establish new or modified arrangements for connection to and/or use of the Transmission System shall follow the procedures laid out below. 2.3.1 2.3.1.1 Connection Agreement Any User seeking use of the Transmission System must submit an Application for connection to ZETCO using the application forms available from ZETCO. The connection agreement shall include the provisions for the submission of information reports, safety rules, test and commissioning programs, electrical diagrams, statement of readiness to connect and any other requirements that may from time to time be specified by ZETCO and/or ZERC. Amended Connection Agreement Any User seeking a modification of any existing connection to the Grid shall secure the required amended connection agreement with ZETCO prior to the actual modification of the existing connection to the Grid. The amended connection agreement shall include provisions for the submission of additional information and reports required by ZETCO and other requirements prescribed by the ZERC

2.3

2.3.1.2

2.3.2 2.3.2.1

2.3.2.2

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2.3.3 2.3.3.1

Grid Impact Studies ZETCO shall develop and maintain a set of required technical planning studies for evaluating the impact on the Grid of any proposed connection or modification to an existing connection. These planning studies shall be completed within 30 (thirty) calendar days. ZETCO shall specify which of the planning studies described in Section 4 of this Grid Code will be carried out to evaluate the impact to the Grid of the proposed User Development. The User shall indicate whether it wishes ZETCO to undertake additional technical studies. The User shall shoulder the cost of the additional technical studies.

2.3.3.2

2.3.3.3

2.3.3.4

Any User applying for connection or a modification of an existing connection to the Grid shall take all necessary measures to ensure that the proposed User Development will not result in the Derogations of the Grid. ZETCO may disapprove an application for connection or a modification to an existing connection, if the Grid Impact Studies show that the proposed User Development will result in the Derogation of the Grid. 2.3.3.5 To enable ZETCO to carry out the necessary detailed Grid Impact Studies, the User is required to provide all the necessary Detailed Planning Data, as prescribed by ZETCO from time to time, prior to any connection 2.3.3.6 ZETCO shall maintain an up to date fault level database that should be made available on request by Grid Users. ZETCO shall inform the Grid User, if fault levels at a Connection Point are likely to impact adver sely on t he User s Equipment connect ed t o t he Gr id. 2.3.4 2.3.4.1 Procedures for Application for Connection or Modification ZETCO shall establish the procedures for the processing of applications for connection or modification of an existing connection to the Grid. The User shall submit to ZETCO the completed application form for connection or modification of an existing connection to the Grid. The application form shall include the following information: (a) A description of the proposed connection or modification to an existing connection, which shall comprise the User Development at the Connection Point; (b) The relevant Standard Planning Data listed in Section 4 of this

2.3.4.2

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Grid Code and any other relevant data as prescribed by ZETCO from time to time. (c) The Completion Date of the proposed User Development. 2.3.4.3 The User shall submit t he planning dat a in t hr ee (3) st ages, accor ding to their degree of commitment and data requirement as follows: a) Preliminary Project Planning Data; b) Committed Project Planning Data; and c) Connected Project Planning Data.

2.3.5 2.3.5.1

Processing of Application ZETCO shall process the application for connection or modification to an existing connection within 30 (thirty) calendar days from the submission of the completed application form. After evaluating the application submitted by the User, ZETCO shall inform the User whether the proposed User Development is acceptable or not. If the application of the User is acceptable, ZETCO and the User shall sign a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement, as the case may be. If the application of the User is not acceptable, ZETCO shall notify the User why its application is not acceptable. ZETCO shall include in its notification a proposal on how the User's application will be acceptable to ZETCO. The User shall accept the proposal of ZETCO within 90 (ninety) calendar days after which the proposal automatically lapses. The acceptance by the User of ZETCO's proposal shall lead to the signing of a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement. If ZETCO and the User cannot reach an agreement on the proposed connection or modification to an existing connection, ZETCO or the User may bring the matter before the ZERC for resolution. Submittals Prior to the Commissioning Date The following shall be submitted by the User prior to the commissioning date, pursuant to the terms and conditions and schedules specified in the Connection Agreement:

2.3.5.2

2.3.5.3

2.3.5.4

2.3.5.5 2.3.5.6

2.3.5.7

2.3.6 2.3.6.1

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a) Specifications of major Equipment not included in the Standard Planning Data and Detailed Planning Data; b) Details of the protection arrangements and settings referred to in Section 7 of this Grid Code for Generating Units, Distributors and other Grid Users; c) Information to enable ZETCO to prepare the Fixed Asset Boundary Document including the name(s) provisions of Article 2.6 of this Section d) Electrical Diagrams of the User's Equipment at the Connection Point as described in Article 2.7 of this Section; e) I nf or mat ion t hat will enable ZETCO t o pr epar e t he Connect ion Point Drawings, referred to in Article 2.8 of this Section; f) Copies of all Safety Rules and Local Safety Instructions applicable to the User's Equipment and a list of Safety Coordinators g) A list of t he names and t elephone number s of aut hor ized representatives, including t he conf ir mat ion t hat t hey ar e f ully authorized to make binding decisions on behalf of the User. h) Proposed Maintenance Program; and i) Test and Commissioning pr ocedur es f or t he Connect ion Point and the User Development.

2.3.7
2.3.7.1

Commissioning of Equipment and Physical Connection to the Grid

Upon complet ion of t he User Development , including wor k at t he Connect ion Point , t he Equipment at t he Connect ion Point and t he User Development shall be subj ect ed t o t he Test and Commissioning procedures specified in Section 7 of this Grid Code. The User shall t hen submit t o ZETCO a st at ement of r eadiness t o connect, which shall include the Test and Commissioning reports. Upon accept ance of t he User ' s st at ement of r eadiness t o connect , ZETCO shall, wit hin 15 (f if t een) wor king days, issue a cer t if icat e of approval to connect. The physical connect ion t o t he Gr id shall be made only af t er t he cer t if icat e of appr oval t o connect has been issued by ZETCO t o t he User.

2.3.7.2 2.3.7.3

2.3.7.4

2.4 2.4.1

Requirements For Large Generators Requirements Relating to the Connection Point The Generator's Equipment shall be connected to the Grid at the voltage level(s) agreed to by ZETCO and the Generator based on Grid Impact Studies.

2.4.1.1

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2.4.1.2 The Connection Point shall be controlled by a circuit breaker that is capable of interrupting the maximum short circuit current at the point of connection as specified by ZETCO. Isolators shall be provided to adequately isolate the circuit breaker for maintenance purposes at the local point. Generating Unit Power Output The Generating Unit shall be capable of continuously supplying its Active Power output, as specified in the Generator's Declared Data, within the System Frequency range of 52.5 to 47.5 Hz as per statutory requirements. The Generating Unit shall be capable of supplying its Active Power and Reactive Power outputs, as specified in the Generator's Declared Data, within the voltage variations specified in Section 3.3.2 of this Grid Code during normal and emergency operating conditions. The Generating Unit shall be capable of supplying its Active Power output, as specified in the Generator's Declared Data, within the limits of 0.85 Power Factor lagging and 0.98 Power Factor leading at the Generating Unit's terminals, in accordance with its Reactive Power Capability Curve. Frequency Withstand Capability The generating units should be capable of operating in synchronism when the System frequency momentarily rises to 52.5 Hz or falls to 47.5 Hz. The Generator shall be responsible for protecting its Generating Units against damage for frequency excursions outside the range of 52.5 Hz and 47.5 Hz. The Generator shall provide adequate protection to disconnect the Generating Unit from the Grid, if the frequency is outside limits 52.5Hz and 47.5Hz. Unbalance Loading Withstand Capability The Gener at ing Unit shall meet t he r equir ement s f or Volt age Unbalance as specified in Section 3.3.4 of this Grid Code. The Gener at ing Unit shall also be r equir ed t o wit hst and wit hout t r ipping, t he unbalance loading dur ing clear ance by t he Backup Protection of a close-up phase-to-phase f ault on t he Gr id or , in t he case of an Embedded Generating Unit, on the User System.

2.4.1.3

2.4.2 2.4.2.1

2.4.2.2

2.4.2.3

2.4.3 2.4.3.1

2.4.3.2

2.4.4 2.4.4.1 2.4.4.2

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2.4.5 2.4.5.1

Speed- Governing System The Generating Unit shall be capable of contributing to Frequency Control by continuous regulation of the Active Power supplied to the Grid or to the User System in the case of an Embedded Generating Unit. The Generating Unit shall be fitted with a fast-acting speedgoverning system to provide Frequency Control under normal operating conditions. All governors shall have droop settings adjustable between 3% and 6% and should be set at 5% or any such setting as given by ZETCO National Grid Controller. When a Generating Unit becomes isolated from the Grid, the speed governing System shall provide Frequency Control to the resulting Island Grid. Exemptions from this requirement shall be specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. Excitation Control System The Generating Unit shall be capable of contributing to Voltage Control by continuous regulation of the Reactive Power supplied to the Grid or, in the case of Embedded Generating Unit, to the User System. The Generating Unit shall be fitted with a continuously acting automatic excitation control System to control the terminal voltage without instability over the entire operating range of the Generating Unit. The performance requirements for excitation control facilities, including power System stabilizers, where necessary for System operations shall be specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. Black Start Capability The Grid shall have Black Start capability at a number of strategically located Generating Plants. The Gener at or shall specif y in it s applicat ion f or a Connect ion Agr eement or Amended Connect ion Agr eement if it s Gener at ing Unit has a Black Start capability.

2.4.5.2

2.4.6 2.4.6.1

2.4.6.2

2.4.6.3

2.4.7 2.4.7.1 2.4.7.2

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2.4.8

Fast Start Capability The Generator shall specify in its application for a Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement if its Generating Unit has a Fast Start capability.

2.4.9 2.4.9.1

Protection Arrangements The protection of Generating Units and Equipment and their connection to the Grid shall be designed, coordinated, and tested to achieve the desired level of speed, sensitivity, dependability and selectivity in fault clearing and to minimize the impact of faults on the Grid as specified under Section 7 of this Grid Code. ZETCO and the User shall be solely responsible for the protection System of the electrical equipment and facilities at their respective sides of the Connection Point. The site specific Fault Clearance Time shall be specified in the Connection agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. The general clearance times are for guidance purposes as specified in Section 7 of this Grid Code. Where the Generator's Equipment are connected to the Grid and a circuit breaker is provided by the Generator (or by ZETCO) at the Connection Point to interrupt the fault current at any side of the Connection Point, a circuit breaker fail protection shall also be provided by the Generator (or ZETCO). The circuit breaker fail protection shall be designed to initiate the tripping of all the necessary electrically adjacent circuit breakers and to interrupt the fault current within the next 50 milliseconds, in the event that the primary protection system fails to interrupt the fault current within the prescribed Fault Clearance Time. The Generator shall provide protection against loss of excitation on the Generating Unit. The Generator shall provide protection against pole-slipping on the Generating Unit. The ability of the protection scheme to initiate the successful tripping of the Circuit Breakers that are associated with the faulty Equipment, measured by the System Protection Dependability Index, shall be not less than 99 percent. All Grid Users shall provide adequate space for accommodation of ZETCO s pr ot ect ion equipment , communicat ion equipment and net wor k control equipment.

2.4.9.2

2.4.9.3

2.4.9.4

2.4.9.5

2.4.9.6 2.4.9.7 2.4.9.8

2.4.9.9

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2.4.10

Transformer Connection and Grounding

2.4.10.1 If the Generator's Equipment is connected to the Grid, the highvoltage side of the transformer shall be connected in Wye, with the neutral available for connection to ground. 2.4.10.2 ZETCO shall specify the connection and grounding requirements for the LV side of the transformer, in accordance with the provisions of Section 7 of this Grid Code.

2.5
2.5.1

REQUIREMENTS FOR DISTRIBUTORS AND OTHER GRID USERS

Requirements Relating to the Connection Point The Dist r ibut or ' s or ot her Gr id User ' s Equipment shall be connect ed t o t he Gr id at volt age level(s) agr eed t o by ZETCO and t he Distributor (or other Grid User) based on Grid Impact Studies. The Connection Point shall be controlled by a circuit breaker that is capable of interrupting the maximum short circuit current as specified by ZETCO at the point of connection. I solat or s shall also be pr ovided t o adequat ely isolat e t he cir cuit breaker for maintenance purposes at the local point. Protection Arrangements The protection of the Distributor's or other Grid User's Equipment at the Connection Point shall be designed, coordinated, and tested to achieve the desired level of speed, sensitivity, and selectivity in fault clearing and to minimize the impact of faults on the Grid as per the guidelines in Section 7 of this Grid Code.

2.5.1.1

2.5.1.2

2.5.1.3

2.5.2

2.5.3 2.5.3.1

Transformer Connection and Grounding If the Distributor's or other Grid User's Equipment are connected to the Grid, the high-voltage side of the transformer shall be connected in Wye, with the neutral available for connection to ground. ZETCO shall specify the connection and grounding requirements for the low-voltage side of the transformer, in accordance with the

2.5.3.2

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provisions of Section 7 of the Grid Code. 2.5.4 2.5.4.1 Underfrequency Relays for Automatic Load Shedding The Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement shall specify the manner in which Demand, subject to Automatic Load Shedding, will be split into discrete MW blocks to be actuated by Underfrequency Relays. The voltage supply to the Underfrequency Relays shall be sourced from the primary System at the supply point to ensure that the input Frequency to the Underfrequency Relay is the same as that of the primary System. The tripping facility shall be designed and coordinated in accordance with the reliability levels specified by ZETCO. The overall dependability shall not be lower than 99%.

2.5.4.2

2.5.4.3

2.6 2.6.1

COMMUNICATION AND SCADA EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS Communication System for Monitoring and Control A communicat ion Syst em shall be est ablished so t hat ZETCO and t he User s can communicat e wit h one anot her , as well as exchange dat a signals f or monit or ing and cont r olling t he Gr id dur ing nor mal and emergency conditions. ZETCO shall provide the complete communication Equipment required for the monitoring and control of the Connection Point and the Generating Units. A connection fee shall be charged to the user of the Grid as per the connection agreement for the provision of such equipment. Communication Equipment shall conform to the interface standard and protocol specified by ZETCO. The Generators to be under control shall be specified in the Connection Agreement.

2.6.1.1

2.6.1.2

2.6.1.3

ZETCO may use a combination of digital and analogue communication media SCADA System for Monitoring and Control Overall real time operation and monitoring of the Grid shall be supervised from the National Control Center. The National Control Center shall be manned around the clock.

2.6.2 2.6.2.1

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2.6.2.2 ZETCO shall provide a Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) for interconnection with the National Control Centre, to serve as Telecontrol Equipment for monitoring real-time information and controlling the Equipment at the Connection Point. The costs of such equipment shall be borne by customers as connection fees as per connection agreement. The RTU shall be compatible with the Master Station protocol requirements and modem specifications of ZETCO. In the event that the Master Station is changed, ZETCO shall be responsible for any change needed for the RTU to match the new requirements. ZETCO shall also provide, if applicable, other related Equipment such as transducers, cables, modems, etc. for interconnection with the SCADA System of the Grid. The costs of such equipment shall be borne by customers as connection fees as per connection agreement.

2.6.2.3

2.6.2.4

2.7 2.7.1

FIXED ASSET BOUNDARY DOCUMENT REQUIREMENTS Fixed Asset Boundary Document The Fixed Asset Boundary Documents for any Connection Point shall provide the information and specify the operational responsibilities of ZETCO and the User for the following: a) HV and EHV Equipment; b) L V and MV Equipment; and c) Communications and metering equipment. The Fixed Asset Boundary Document shall show precisely the Connection Point and shall specify the following: a) Equipment and their ownership; b) Accountable Managers; c) Safety Rules and procedures including Local Safety Instructions and the Safety Coordinator(s) or any other persons responsible for safety; d) Operational procedures and the responsible party for operation and control; e) Maintenance requirements and the responsible party for undertaking maintenance; and f) Any agreement pertaining to emergency conditions. The Fixed Asset Boundary Documents shall be available at all times for the use by the operations personnel of ZETCO and the User.

2.7.1.1

2.7.1.2

2.7.1.3

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2.7.2 2.7.2.1

Accountable Managers Prior to the Completion Date specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement, the User shall submit to ZETCO a list of Accountable Managers who are duly authorized to sign the Fixed Asset Boundary Documents on behalf of the User. Prior to the Completion Date specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement, ZETCO shall provide to the User the name of the Accountable Manager who shall sign the Fixed Asset Boundary Documents on behalf of ZETCO. Any change to the list of Accountable Managers shall be communicated to the other party at least six (6) weeks before the change becomes effective. If the change was not anticipated, it must be communicated as soon as possible to the other party, with an explanation why the change had to be made. Unless specified otherwise in the Connection Agreement or the Amended Connection Agreement, the construction, Test and Commissioning, control, operation and maintenance of Equipment, accountability, and responsibility shall follow ownership. Preparation of Fixed Asset Boundary Document ZETCO shall est ablish t he pr ocedur e and f or ms r equir ed f or t he preparation of the Fixed Asset Boundary Documents. The User shall pr ovide t he inf or mat ion t hat will enable ZETCO t o pr epar e t he Fixed Asset Boundar y Document , in accor dance wit h t he schedule specif ied in t he Connect ion Agr eement or Amended Connection Agreement. ZETCO shall prepare a preliminary Fixed Asset Boundary Document for the Connection Point at least two (2) weeks prior to the Commissioning date. The final Fixed Asset Boundary Document shall be produced at most 2 (two) weeks after the final commissioning of the connection point The Fixed Asset Boundar y Document f or t he Equipment at t he Connection Point shall include t he det ails of t he lines or cables emanat ing f r om ZETCO' s and t he User ' s sides of t he Connect ion Point. The date of issue and the issue number shall be included in every page

2.7.2.2

2.7.2.3

2.7.2.4

2.7.3 2.7.3.1 2.7.3.2

2.7.3.3

2.7.3.4

2.7.3.5

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of the Fixed Asset Boundary Document. 2.7.4 2.7.4.1 Signing and Distribution of Fixed Asset Boundary Document Prior to the signing of the Fixed Asset Boundary Document, ZETCO shall send a copy of the completed Fixed Asset Boundary Document to the User, for any revision or for confirmation of its accuracy. The Accountable Managers designated by ZETCO and the User shall sign the Fixed Asset Boundary Document, after confirming its accuracy. ZETCO shall provide two (2) copies of the Fixed Asset Boundary Document to the User, with a notice indicating the date of issue, the issue number and the implementation date of the Fixed Asset Boundary Document. Modifications of an Existing Fixed Asset Boundary Document When a User has determined that a Fixed Asset Boundary Document requires modification, it shall inform ZETCO at least eight (8) weeks before implementing the modification. ZETCO shall then prepare a revised Fixed Asset Boundary Document at least six (6) weeks before the implementation date of the modification. When ZETCO has determined that a Fixed Asset Boundary Document requires modification, it shall prepare a revised Fixed Asset Boundary Document at least six (6) weeks prior to the implementation date of the modification. When ZETCO or a User has determined that a Fixed Asset Boundary Document requires modification to reflect an emergency condition, ZETCO or the User, as the case may be, shall immediately notify the other party. ZETCO and the User shall meet to discuss the required modification to the Fixed Asset Boundary Document, and shall decide whether the change is temporary or permanent in nature. Within seven (7) days after the conclusion of the meeting between ZETCO and the User, ZETCO shall provide the User a revised Fixed Asset Boundary Document. The pr ocedur e specif ied in Sect ion 2.6.4 of t his Gr id Code f or signing and dist r ibut ion shall be applied t o t he r evised Fixed Asset Boundar y Document . ZETCO' s not ice shall indicat e t he r evision(s), t he new issue number and the new date of Issue.

2.7.4.2

2.7.4.3

2.7.5 2.7.5.1

2.7.5.2

2.7.5.3

2.7.5.4

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2.8 2.8.1 2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2 ELECTRICAL DIAGRAM REQUIREMENTS Responsibilities of ZETCO and Users ZETCO shall specif y t he pr ocedur e and f or mat t o be f ollowed in t he preparation of the Electrical Diagrams for any Connection Point. The User shall pr epar e and submit t o ZETCO an Elect r ical Diagram f or all t he Equipment on t he User ' s side of t he Connect ion Point , in accor dance wit h t he schedule specif ied in t he Connect ion Agr eement or Amended Connection Agreement. ZETCO shall provide the User with an Electrical Diagram for all the Equipment on ZETCO's side of the Connection Point, in accordance with the schedule specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. If the Connection Point is at the User's Site, the User shall prepare and distribute a composite Electrical Diagram for the entire Connection Point. Otherwise, ZETCO shall prepare and distribute the composite Electrical Diagram for the entire Connection Point. Preparation of Electrical Diagrams The Electrical Diagrams shall provide an accurate record of the layout and circuit connections, ratings and identification of Equipment, and related apparatus and devices at the Connection Point. If possible, all the Equipment at the Connection Point shall be shown in one Electrical Diagram. When more than one Electrical Diagram is necessary, duplication of identical information shall be minimized. The Electrical Diagrams shall represent, as closely as possible, the physical arrangement of the Equipment and their electrical connections. The current status of the Equipment shall be indicated in the diagram. For example, a decommissioned switch bay shall be labeled "Spare Bay." The title block of the Electrical Diagram shall include the names of authorizing persons together with provisions for the details of revisions, dates, and signatures. Changes to Electrical Diagrams If ZETCO or a User decides to add new Equipment or change an
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2.8.1.3

2.8.1.4

2.8.2 2.8.2.1

2.8.2.2

2.8.2.3

2.8.2.4

2.8.3 2.8.3.1

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existing Equipment Identification, ZETCO or the User, as the case may be, shall provide the other party a revised Electrical Diagram, at least one month prior to the proposed physical addition or change. 2.8.3.2 If the modification involves the replacement of existing Equipment, the revised Electrical Diagram shall be provided to the other party in accordance with the schedule specified in the Amended Connection Agreement. The revised Electrical Diagram shall incorporate the new Equipment to be added, the existing Equipment to be replaced or the change in Equipment Identification. Validity of Electrical Diagrams The composit e Elect r ical Diagr am pr epar ed by ZETCO or t he User , in accordance with the provisions of Section 5.8.1 of the Grid Code, shall be t he Elect r ical Diagr am t o be used f or all oper at ion and planning activities associated with the Connection Point. If differences arise pertaining the accuracy of the composite Electrical Diagram, a meeting between ZETCO and the User shall be held as soon as possible, to resolve the dispute.

2.8.3.3

2.8.4 2.8.4.1

2.8.4.2

2.9 2.9.1

CONNECTION POINT DRAWING REQUIREMENTS Responsibilities of ZETCO and Users ZETCO shall specif y t he pr ocedur e and f or mat t o be f ollowed in t he preparation of the Connection Point Drawing for any Connection Point. The User shall prepare and submit to ZETCO the Connection Point Drawing for the User's side of the Connection Point, in accordance with the schedule specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. ZETCO shall provide the User with the Connection Point Drawing for ZETCO's side of the Connection Point, in accordance with the schedule specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. If the Connection Point is at the User Site, the User shall prepare and distribute a composite Connection Point Drawing for the entire Connection Point. Otherwise, ZETCO shall prepare and distribute the composite Connection Point Drawing for the entire Connection Point.

2.9.1.1 2.9.1.2

2.9.1.3

2.9.1.4

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2.9.2 2.9.2.1 Preparation of Connection Point Drawings The Connection Point Drawing shall provide an accurate record of the layout and circuit connections, ratings and identification of Equipment, and related apparatus and devices at the Connection Point. The Connection Point Drawing shall indicate the Equipment layout, common protection, control and auxiliaries. The Connection Point Drawing shall represent, as closely as possible, the physical arrangement of the Equipment and their electrical connections. The title block of the Connection Point Drawing shall include the names of authorized persons together with provision for the details of revisions, dates, and signatures. Changes to Connection Point Drawings I f ZETCO or a User decides t o add new Equipment or change an exist ing Equipment I dent if icat ion, ZETCO or t he User , as t he case may be, shall pr ovide t he ot her par t y a r evised Connect ion Point Drawing, at least one month prior to the proposed addition or change. If the modification involves the replacement of existing Equipment, the revised Connection Point Drawing shall be provided to the other party in accordance with the schedule specified in the Amended Connection Agreement. The revised Connection Point Drawing shall incorporate the new Equipment to be added, the existing Equipment to be replaced, or the change in Equipment Identification. ZETCO and the User shall, if they have agreed to do so in writing, modify their respective copies of the Connection Point Drawings to reflect the change that they have agreed on, in accordance with the schedule specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended Connection Agreement. Validity of the Connection Point Drawings The composite Connection Point Drawing prepared by ZETCO or the User, in accordance with Section 2.8.1.4 of this Grid Code, shall be the Connection Point Drawing to be used for all operation and planning activities associated with the Connection Point. If differences arise pertaining the accuracy of the composite Connection Point Drawing, a meeting between ZETCO and the User

2.9.2.2

2.9.2.3

2.9.3 2.9.3.1

2.9.3.2

2.9.3.3

2.9.3.4

2.9.4 2.9.4.1

2.9.4.2

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shall be held as soon as possible, to resolve the dispute. 2.10 GRID DATA REGISTRATION Data to be Registered

2.10.1

2.10.1.1 The data relating to the Connection Point and the User Development that are submitted by the User to ZETCO shall be registered according to the following data categories: (a) Forecast Data; (b) Estimated Equipment Data; and (c) Registered Equipment Data. 2.10.1.2 The Forecast Data, including Demand and Active Energy, shall contain the User's best estimate of the data being projected for the five (5) succeeding years. 2.10.1.3 The Estimated Equipment Data shall contain the User's best estimate of the values of parameters and information about the Equipment for the five (5) succeeding years. 2.10.1.4 The Registered Equipment Data shall contain validated actual values of parameters and information about the Equipment that are submitted by the User to ZETCO at the connection date. The Registered Equipment Data shall include the Connected Project Planning Data, which shall replace any estimated values of parameters and information about the Equipment previously submitted as Preliminary Project Planning Data and Committed Project Planning Data. 2.10.2 Stages of Data Registration

2.10.2.1 The data relating to the Connection Point and the User Development that are submitted by a User applying for a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement shall be registered in three (3) stages and classified accordingly as: (a) Preliminary Project Planning Data; (b) Committed Project Planning Data; and (c) Connected Project Planning Data; 2.10.2.2 The data that is submitted at the time of application for a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement shall be considered as Preliminary Project Planning Data. This data shall contain the Standard Planning Data specified and the Detailed Planning Data specified in Section 4.5 of this Grid Code, when required ahead of the schedule specified in the Connection Agreement or Amended

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Connection Agreement. 2.10.2.3 Once the Connection Agreement or the Amended Connection Agreement is signed, the Preliminary Project Planning Data shall become the Committed Project Planning Data, which shall be used in evaluating other applications for Grid connection or modification of existing Grid connection and in preparing the Transmission Development Plan. 2.10.2.4 The Estimated Equipment Data shall be updated, confirmed, and replaced with validated actual values of parameters and information about the Equipment at the time of connection, which shall become the Connected Project Planning Data. These data shall be registered in accordance with the categories specified in Section 2.10.1 of this Grid Code and shall be used in evaluating other applications for Grid connection or modification of existing Grid connection and in preparing the Transmission Development Plan. 2.11 Data Forms ZETCO, in consultation with ZERC shall develop the forms for all data to be submitted in accordance with an application for a Connection Agreement or an Amended Connection Agreement. 2.12 Connected Plant Restrictions General Principle User s connect ed t o t he Gr id can cause power dist ur bances, which pr opagat e t o t he power Syst em. I f t hese dist ur bances ar e sever e, t he power Syst em and ot her user s on t he Syst em will be adver sely af f ect ed as descr ibed in Sect ion 4.1 of t his Gr id Code. To ensur e Syst em int egr it y and f air ness t o all User s r est r ict ions and cont r ols have to be placed on users of the System. 2.12.2 Safety The t er m "Saf et y" r ef er s t o saf et y st andar ds adopt ed in manuf act ur e, er ect ion st ages in choice of locat ion and in inst allat ion, oper at ion and maint enance pr ocedur es. The t er m applies bot h t o saf et y t o equipment and saf et y t o per sons including saf et y of gener al public (in addit ion t o saf et y of ut ilit y st af f ). The equipment of t he User s, including machines, devices, over head lines, under gr ound cables, t r ansf or mer s, et c., must conf or m t o ZESA Elect r ical Saf et y Rules, SAZ St andar ds and ot her St at ut or y inst r ument s such as

2.12.1

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Fact or ies and Wor ks Act , r egulat ions and r ules t hat may f r om t ime t o t ime be in exist ence in Zimbabwe. I n addit ion wher e such r ules ar e not in place I EC st andar ds (I EC 950) shall be used in t he int er im pending development of national standards. 2.12.3 Insulation The user s' Syst em must be designed wit h t he pr oper basic insulat ion level (BIL). Insulation of all components in service must have adequate dielectric strength for the System operating voltages at all times.

2.12.4

Clearances All over head lines, equipment and f acilit ies of t he User s Syst em connect ed t o t he GRI D must comply wit h clear ance limit s published in the ZESA Electricity Safety Rules.

2.12.5

Earthing
All component s of t he User s' Syst ems must be pr oper ly ear t hed as specif ied by ZETCO f r om t ime t o t ime. All individual ear t h elect r odes, ear t hing pit s, and t he int er connect ion ar r angement s shall be as per st andar ds and shall be pr oper ly maint ained. The bodies/ cases/ t r ucks/ enclosur es of all it ems of equipment shall be pr oper ly ear t hed, wit h t he act ual ear t hing ar r angement s depending on the machine ratings. Met allic suppor t s of over head lines and cable sheat hs and shields shall also be earthed as appropriate.

2.12.6

Safety Training Per sonnel of all ent it ies shall be adequat ely t r ained in t he cor r ect oper at ing t echniques and saf et y pr ecaut ions as per t he r equir ement s of the ZESA Electrical Safety Rules.

2.12.7

Access by ZETCO ZETCO and its authorized personnel shall have the right to inspect the plant of any user to ensure conformity to standards and restrictions.

2.12.8

Unintended and Unscheduled back- energisation

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The User s shall t ake adequat e pr ecaut ions t o ensur e t hat no par t of t he Gr id is ener gized by t he User s' Syst em f r om anot her sour ce of supply unless it is r equisit ioned in wr it ing by t he ut ilit y as an except ional ar r angement . The swit chgear and cont r ols of t he User s' Syst ems shall be so designed as t o pr event back-ener gisat ion and t he personnel shall be made aware of the need for this precaution. 2.12.9 Site And Equipment Identification

2.12.9.1 Site and Equipment Identification Requirements

2.12.9.1.1

ZETCO shall develop and establish a standard system for Site and Equipment Identification to be used in identifying any Site or Equipment in all Electrical Diagrams, Connection Point Drawings, Grid operations instructions, notices, and other documents. The identification for the Site shall include a unique identifier for each substation and switchyard where a Connection Point is located. The identification for Equipment shall be unique for each transformer, transmission line, transmission tower or pole, bus, circuit breaker, isolator, earthing switch, capacitor bank, reactor, lightning arrester, and other HV and EHV Equipment at the Connection Point.

2.12.9.1.2

2.12.9.1.3

2.12.9.2 Site and Equipment Identification Requirements Label 2.12.9.2.1 ZETCO shall develop and establish a standard labelling system, which specifies the dimension, sizes of characters, and colours of labels, to identify the Sites and Equipment. ZETCO or the User shall be responsible for the provision and installation of a clear and unambiguous label showing the Site and Equipment Identification at their respective System.

2.12.9.2.2

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SECTION 3 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS CODE

3 POWER QUALITY STANDARDS

3.1 Introduction This Sect ion specif ies t he elect r ical par amet er s of per f or mance of t he GRI D, which af f ect t he per f or mance of connect ed User s, and ot her Tr ansmission Systems interconnected to the Transmission Grid. 3.1 Purpose and Scope To ensur e t hat t he Gr id per f or mance meet s a minimum st andar d which is essential for ZETCO and t he User s Syst em and equipment t o function properly. To enable User s t o design t heir syst ems and equipment t o suit t he electrical environment that they operate in To enhance t he qualit y st andar ds of ZETCO Elect r ical Syst em t owar ds st andar ds st ipulat ed in or est ablished under Act s and Rules in t he shor t t er m and gr adually moving t owar ds int er nat ional standards in the long term. The Grid performance standards apply to: a) b) c) d) e) Zimbabwe Power Company ZETCO ZEDC Any other generator connected to ZETCO System Any user cur r ent ly connect ed t o or int ending t o be connect ed t o ZETCO System f) Any ot her Tr ansmission Syst em wit hin or out side Zimbabwe connected or intending to be connected to ZETCO System g) Any provider of Ancillary Services to the Transmission System ZERC shall monit or compliance t o all mat t ers covered by t his sect ion of t he Grid Code and shall design and ef f ect appropriat e penalt ies f or enf orcing compliance. 3.3 Power Quality Power quality shall refer to acceptability of the voltage, including, system frequency during normal operations.

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3.3.1 Frequency Variations

Fr equency of t he Tr ansmission Syst em should be maint ained wit hin an accept able r ange t o ensur e pr oper oper at ion of t he Syst em. The nominal f r equency shall be 50 Hz. Dur ing nor mal and emer gency condit ions t he f ollowing frequency ranges shall apply Table 3.3.1 Frequency Limits

Statutory limits Upper limit: Lower limit 52.5 Hz 47.5 Hz

3.3.2

Harmonics Har monics have many negat ive ef f ect s on t he Syst em and connect ed loads, so t hey have t o be limit ed t o a manageable level. Cont r ol of har monics on ZETCO Syst em is based on volt age har monic dist or t ion. Har monics ar e gr ouped int o t hr ee cat egor ies: odd t r iplens (mult iples of t hr ee), ot her odd har monics, and even har monics, wit h dif f er ent sever it y levels and ef f ect s on equipment f or each cat egor y. Odd harmonics are much more common than even harmonics.

3.3.2.1 Limits
Wher ever necessar y t he har monics limit s shall be calculat ed and set as per IEC/TR3 61000-3-7 standard as per Table 3.3.2 below.

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Table 3.3.2 Maximum Limit s of Volt age Har monic Dist or t ion in HV and EHV Systems Harmonic Order (Odd, non-triplen) 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 25 25 (Odd, triplen) 3 9 15 21 21 (Even) 2 4 6 8 10 12 12 Tot al Har monic Distortion Distortion HV 6.0 5.0 3.5 3.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.2+1.3x25/n 5.0 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 8%

EHV 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.7 0.1+0.6x25/n 2.0 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 2.0 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 3%

n* harmonic order 3.3.2.2 Control and Measurement

Measurements may be t aken at any t ime by ZETCO at t he cust omer s Connection Point. Measurements have to be taken in accordance with methodologies of IEC 61000-4-7 or IEEE STD 519-1992 and have to be for at least 24 hours long at 10-minute measurement intervals.

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3.3.3 Voltage Variations The main Gr id volt ages shall be kept wit hin t he f ollowing limit s in st eady state and contingency operating conditions. Table 3.3.3: Voltage Variations Normal Conditions Nominal Voltage (kV) 400 330 220 132 110 88 66 33 11
1*

Emergency Conditions Maximum (KV) 420 363 242 145 121 96.8 72.5 36.3 12.1 Minimum (KV) 357 297 198 118.8 99.0 79.2 56.1 29.7 9.9

Maximum (KV) 420 (maximum) 346 232 138.6 115.5 92.4 69.3 34.7 11.6

Minimu m (KV) 380 313.5 209 125.4 104.5 83.6 59.4 31.4 10.5

Emergency condit ions ar e t hose condit ions not exceeding 30 minutes 3.3.4 Voltage Unbalance The phase volt ages of a 3-phase supply should be of equal magnit ude and 120 o apar t in phase angle. Deviat ions will r esult in decr eased ef f iciency, negat ive t or que, vibr at ions and over heat ing. Sever e unbalance could lead t o malf unct ioning of some equipment . Volt age unbalance is defined as: Voltage Unbalance = Deviation between highest and lowest phases Average voltage of three phases Limits for voltage unbalance are: 220kV and above: 2% Below 220 kV: 3%

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Balancing loads on individual phases will help gr eat ly in avoiding unbalanced voltages. 3.3.5 Voltage Fluctuation and Flicker Severity I f t he volt age f luct uat es, t he luminous int ensit y of t he lamps and TV s will f luct uat e cor r espondingly. I f t he f luct uat ion is of a magnit ude and f r equency per cept ible t o t he eye, it becomes f licker . Flicker could r ange f r om annoying t o complet e int er f er ence of nor mal act ivit y. Flicker is not usually pr oduced by t he power Syst em but by cust omer loads such as ar c f ur naces, compr essor s, st ar t ing of lar ge mot or s, et c. Since volt age f luct uat ion of t he Syst em af f ect s ot her user s on t he same Syst em, ZETCO shall dir ect t he management of f licker on it s lines and station buses. At t he same t ime, f licker -gener at ing loads connect ed t o t he Syst em have t o be cont r olled. ZETCO r eser ves t he r ight t o disconnect any excessive f licker gener at ing load unt il t he Gr id User r ect if ies t he problem. Indicator of Quality for System Flicker

3.3.5.1

Flicker is t he impr ession of unst eadiness of visual sensat ion induced by a light st imulus whose luminance or spect r al dist r ibut ion f luct uat es wit h t ime. I t is gener at ed by cust omer s and is indicat ed by t he shor t -term f licker sever it y index index Pst , as def ined in I EC St andar d 61000-3-7 and measur ed wit h a f licker met er t hat meet s t he specif icat ion of I EC St andar d 868 or I EC St d 61000-4-15. For t he pur pose of r egulat ion, Pst, t he shor t -t er m f licker sever it y index, is select ed as t he indicat or of qualit y. Pst is consider ed t o be t he measur e of visual sever it y of f licker der ived f r om a t ime ser ies out put of a f licker met er over a t en-minute interval. 3.3.5.2 Limits

Pst = 1, which is equivalent to the threshold of perception, is the allowable level of f licker on t he Tr ansmission Syst em. Toler ance f or cust omer gener at ed f licker var ies wit h t he r elat ive st r engt h (shor t cir cuit r at io) of the load and voltage level. Limits are given in the following table.

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Table 3.3.5: Limits of flicker produced by Users

Short Circuit Ratio SL/SCC SL/SCC 0.04

Voltage

Pst

HV EHV HV

0.37 0.58 0.8 1.0

SL/SCC 0.04 3.3.5.3

EHV

Monitoring Control and Measurement

Subst at ions, which supply heavy indust r ial loads such as f ur naces, st eel mills, et c., ar e t ar get s f or f licker monit or ing. Ot her subst at ions and Connect ion Point will be select ed f or monit or ing on a r andom basis. At least one sit e is monit or ed each mont h. The list of monit or ing point s is submit t ed t o Gr id User s f or appr oval at least 2 mont hs bef or e t he monit or ing. The f licker measur ement will be conduct ed at 10-minute int er vals accor ding t o pr ocedur es out lined in I EC St d 61000-4-15. Each site is measured for 1 week 3.4 Reliability Standards System reliability of the Grid includes three aspects: System adequacy System security Service reliability The compliance t o Syst em adequacy and secur it y r eliabilit y st andar ds shall be as specified in Section 4 of this Grid Code. 3.4.1 Service Reliability The point s wher e elect r ic power is supplied f r om t he Tr ansmission Syst em t o t he user s (gener at ion companies, dist r ibut ion companies, anot her Tr ansmission Syst em, EHT cust omer s) ar e called deliver y point s or Gr id supply point s. Out ages at t hese point s dir ect ly af f ect t he user s of t he Gr id. The r eliabilit y level at t he deliver y point s is t her ef or e an

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indicat ion of t he qualit y of ser vice pr ovided by ZETCO t o it s user s. Service reliability of the GRID is indicated by: System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI) System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) Which are calculated as follows: For each f or ced out age involving one or mor e deliver y point s and last ing more than 1 minute, the following parameters are recorded: Duration of outage in minutes: T i (min) Sum of interrupted loads at all affected delivery points: SAIFI = Pi / Ptotal SAIDI= (Pi x Ti)/Ptotal 60 Where Ptotal = total sum of installed load at all delivery points Note: Scheduled out ages, which ar e communicat ed t o t he consumers beforehand and load shedding due to capacity shortage, are not counted in the computation of these indices Table 3.4.1: Allowable Limits

Pi (kVA)

SAIFI 24/yr

SAIDI 10 hours/year

3.5 3.5.1

Power Factor General description I t is desir able t hat loads on t he Syst em have power f act or s at or close t o unit y as t hat r epr esent s t he most ef f icient use of t he Syst em capabilit y and t he least loss of ener gy. I t also eliminat es many t r ansient st abilit y pr oblems. Any load wit h a power f act or lower t han 90% is imposing an unfair burden on the Transmission System and other Users.

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3.5.1.1 Limit

The minimum power factor allowed is 90%. 3.5.1.2 Control and Measurement

Power f act or measur ement s ar e made cont inuously in conj unct ion wit h t he volt age measur ement s. Loads wit h inher ent low power f act or s should aut omat ically include power f act or cor r ect ion equipment t o cor r ect t he problem. 3.5.1.3 Penalty

A user wit h power f act or wor se t han 90% may be r ef used connect ion t o t he t r ansmission Gr id unt il t he pr oblem is r ect if ied. Alt er nat ively, a penalt y will be imposed based on load level and annualised cost of power factor correction capacitors. 3.5.2 Reactive Power Requirements I n gener al t he Dist r ibut ion Companies shall not depend on ZETCO f or reactive power support. ZEDC and other Grid Users shall provide reactive compensat ion f or t heir Syst em. ZEDC and ot her Gr id User s shall ensur e t hat consumer s having induct ive load inst all capacit or s so t hat at t he interface with ZETCO the power factor is not less than 90%.

SECTION 4 PLANNING CODE

4.1 Introduction Pr ovisions of t his Sect ion ar e int ended t o enable ZETCO t o pr oduce a Net wor k Development Plan and a Power Development Plan f or demand and supply balance. This will be done in consult at ion wit h all Gr id user s in or der t o ensur e an ef f icient , coor dinat ed, secur e and economical Gr id net wor k and power development s t hat will sat isf y f ut ur e demand r equir ement s. The Sect ion ident if ies t he planning r equir ement s f or t he Tr ansmission and Sub-transmission Syst ems and t he Gener at ion Syst em including I mpor t s opt ions. These will include the planning criteria, the planning processes and the tools to be used.

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The addit ion of a new f acilit y or t he modif icat ion of an exist ing f acilit y on t he Tr ansmission Syst em may have a signif icant impact on t he oper at ion of t he system. The impact needs to be analysed prior to the addition or modification of facilities. ZERC shall monit or compliance t o all mat t ers covered by t his sect ion of t he Grid Code and shall design and ef f ect appropriat e penalt ies f or enf orcing compliance.

4.2

TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA

The Zimbabwe Tr ansmission Syst em compr ises of t he 220 kV, 330 kV and the 420 kV (maximum) network and interconnectors to other SAPP utilities. I t is essent ial t hat t his Tr ansmission Syst em is designed t o ensur e adequate, secure and acceptable reliability levels

4.2.1

Voltage Definitions
The f ollowing def init ions apply f or t he volt ages (nor mally) used on t he ZETCO Transmission System

Table 4.1.1

Voltages (normally) Used on the ZETCO Transmission System

Highest voltage for equipment (kV) 245

363 420 (maximum)3*

Nominal System voltage (kV) 220 330 1*) 400 2*)

1*)

2*)

3*

Not a st andar d I EC volt age. Used wit hin ZETCO f or hist or ic reasons. Not a standard IEC voltage. Used within SAPP. Not e t hat f or saf et y pur poses, t he 400/ 420 (maximum) voltage shall be quoted as 420 (maximum) at all times

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The most common f ault s on t he Syst em ar e single-phase line-to-ground f ault s. Alt hough use of high speed single-pole aut omat ic r eclosing (HSAR) limit s t he number of line out ages due t o single-phase f ault s, t he Syst em should be designed high enough to withstand such an event. The mor e sever e t hr ee-phase f ault s ar e r ar e. Designing t he Syst em t o be able t o wit hst and such a f ault might t her ef or e be excessively cost ly. The planning cr it er ia t her ef or e do not include any cr it er ion r egar ding t hr eephase f ault s. However , t he planner should check t he Syst em r esponse t o three-phase f ault s and evaluat e r easonable measur es t o secur e st abilit y even under such conditions. Wit h all t r ansmission lines in ser vice, t he Syst em must be capable of a sat isf act or y supply of all bulk supply point s bot h dur ing peak and light load condit ions. Swit ching of f lines f or volt age cont r ol dur ing light load is accepted as long as this is not detrimental to the overall reliability.

4.2.2.1

Loading Limits

Ther mal design r at ings shall not be exceeded in st eady st at e oper at ion. These line r at ings will be as per ZETCO designs as shown below and updat ed from time to time.
Table 4.1.2 Conductor Current Rating (MVA) for the Transmission System for Different Maximum Conductor Temperatures. Conductor (mm2) Twin Bison (2x350) 65 oC (MVA) 746 945 75 oC (MVA) 897 1346 1632 80 oC (MVA) 1444 1740

Voltage (kV) 330 420 330 420 (maximum)

Triple Bison

(3x350)

4.2.2.2

Voltage Limits
In steady state operation, main Grid voltages shall be kept within the following limits:

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Nominal (kV) 330 kV: 400 kV: 4.2.3 Outage Conditions The following outage criteria apply to the operation of the interconnected Transmission System. In general, the criterion requires that there shall be no loss of load for single contingency faults. Not e t hat r adial lines at 220 kV or above, supplying loads in r emot e ar eas, ar e in t his cont ext consider ed par t of t he sub-t r ansmission Syst em, and t he cr it er ia given in Sect ion 4.2 below should be applied t o t hese par t s of the System. The cr it er ia pr esent ed in t he f ollowing is based on t he assumpt ion t hat all lines and all r eact ive power compensat ion plant s ar e available f or use pr ior to the fault, and that reserve is kept on the System. Maximum (kV/p.u.) 346.5/1.05 420.0 (maximum) Minimum (kV/p.u.) 313.5/0.95 380.0/0.90

4.2.3.1 Reserve Requirements

Supply t o all bulk supply point s shall be maint ained f ollowing a sudden out age (wit hout any pr ior f ault ) of any single Tr ansmission System component (line, transformer, reactor, capacitor or SVC). 4.2.3.2 Stability Criteria The Syst em shall r emain st able f or a single line t o gr ound f ault wit h unsuccessf ul high-speed single pole r e-close and def init e three pole tripping. The System shall withstand a sudden outage of any generating unit or block of unit s connect ed t o t he same t r ansf or mer wit hout loss of supply. (However , load shedding f ollowing an out age of t he whole power station is accepted). 4.2.3.3 Loading Limits

For a single out age, t he f ollowing load limit s shall be applied once t he new steady state has been reached, but prior to any operator intervention.

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Short-time (10 minutes) overloads of up to 15% on transmission lines shall be accepted if generation rescheduling is available (i.e. before operator action can be taken). Short-t ime (10 minut es) over loads of up t o 15% on t r ansf or mer s shall be accept ed (i.e. 400/ 330 kV and 330/ 220 kV transformers).

Limit ed over loads f or shor t per iods ar e not consider ed t o br ing t he conduct or t emper at ur e t o cr it ical values neit her ar e t hey expect ed t o incr ease sags t oo much. For most of t he lines, t he load in nor mal oper at ion will be much lower t han t he t her mal r at ing. I t would t her ef or e t ake t ime f or t he t emper at ur e even t o r each t he design r at ing of t he line. Limit ed, short time overloads are for these reasons acceptable. 4.2.3.4 Steady State Voltage Limits

For a single out age, t he f ollowing volt age limit s shall be applied once t he new steady state has been reached, but prior to any operator intervention. Main Grid voltages shall be kept within: Nominal (kV) - 330 kV: - 400 kV: 4.2.3.5 Maximum (kV/p.u.) 363.0/1.10 420.0 (maximum) Minimum (kV/p.u.) 297.0/0.90 357.0/0.89

Transient Voltage Deviations

The transient response of the System following a disturbance as observed in dynamic simulations is considered warranting further investigations if bus voltages swing outside the range of 0.8 to 1.2 p.u. for more than 500 milliseconds. This should be checked for adverse effects on motors, contactors and other voltage sensitive loads. Volt age excur sions below 0.7 p.u. any t ime even af t er cleared successfully is considered to be unacceptable. a f ault has been

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4.2.4 4.2.4.1 Other Criteria Losses

Cost s of losses shall be evaluat ed as par t of t he economic analysis of t he dif f er ent Tr ansmission Syst em alt er nat ives. The analysis shall include evaluat ions on opt imum line design (volt age and conduct or t ype and configuration).

4.2.4.2

Line Design and Substation Design

When planning new 330 kV lines, it should be consider ed extensively whet her t he lines should be designed f or 420 kV (maximum) oper at ion t o f acilit at e lat er upr at ing of t he lines. For a subst at ion f ed f r om a line t hat has been designed f or 420 kV (maximum) oper at ion, but oper at ed at 330 kV, ext ensive consider at ion should be given on t he design of t he subst at ion including t r ansf or mer s, t o be easily be conver t ible t o 420 kV (maximum) operation. I t is expect ed t hat gener at or t r ansf or mer s and 420/ 330 kV t r ansf or mer s shall be designed such that they carry maximum output or line.

The standard way leaves shall be as follows: 11kV 22kV 33kV 66kV 88kV 132kV 330kV 420kV ..10m ..10m ..15m ..30m ..30m 30m 60m 60m

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In addition, the following line clearances shall be observed: Normal operating voltage between line conductors (in kV ) Up to and including 33 66 88 10 and 132 220 330 and 400 4.2.4.3 Over roads Minimum clearance between conductors and rail top ( in metres ) 10.5 10.9 11.1 11.5 12.4 13.4

5.8 6.0 6.1 6.7 7.0 7.3

System Protection Schemes

To be able to increase the utilization of the investments already made in the Transmission System, use of special intelligent System protection schemes like automatic shedding of generation to avoid cascading line faults shall be evaluated. Such schemes can prove to limit the number of new lines needed on the System, and thus considerable investments can be saved. 4.2.4.4 Steady State Stability Limits

When evaluat ing t he Syst em' s t r ansf er limit s, car e should be t aken t o design t he Syst em wit h adequat e mar gin t o volt age collapse phenomena. Not e especially t hat a volt age collapse might occur at volt age levels above t he minimum oper at ing levels indicat ed above. Tr ansf er limit s must ensur e t hat a single out age does not br ing t he Syst em int o a st eady st at e inst abilit y sit uat ion. The Syst em should be r egar ded as unaccept able f r om a planning point of view if it r uns out of volt age cont r ol r ange f ollowing a single contingency. 4.2.4.5 Maintenance Restrictions

The pr oposed "N-1" cr it er ion used f or t he Tr ansmission Syst em does not t ake int o account out ages due t o maint enance. The r eason is t hat it has been assumed t hat no maj or maint enance will be car r ied out dur ing peak load, which is consider ed t o det er mine t he design of t he Syst em. Depending on circumstances, it might be necessary for the planner evaluate t he Syst em even f or "N-2" condit ions, and weigh cost s and benef it s of designing t he Syst em t o meet such a cr it er ion. Planning of r eact ive power compensat ion plant s ar e obvious candidat es f or such evaluat ions as such

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plants are often connected via large power transformers that might have to be t aken out of ser vice at t imes when t he r eact ive power compensat ion is needed the most. In general, when evaluating different development strategies, those alternatives that are foreseen to better meet requirements during maintenance, should be preferred if the alternatives are otherwise comparable. 4.3 SUB- TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PLANNING CRITERIA The Zimbabwe Sub-transmission System comprises of 66 kV, 88 kV, 110 kV, and 132 kV System. The following planning criteria apply to the 66 kV, 88 kV, 110 kV and 132 kV Systems and any lines at higher voltage that only serve a local area supply function (for instance radial 330 kV lines and receiving end substations). Note that the 330 kV substation transformers are considered part of the sub-transmission System. The reason for this is that an outage of a 330/132(88) kV transformer will have no significant impact on the operation of the Transmission System, whereas it might cause a black-out in the sub-transmission System fed from the substation. As opposed t o a f ault on t he int er connect ed Tr ansmission Syst em, which might lead t o a widespr ead blackout , a f ault on t he sub-transmission System will affect only one bulk supply point or a few sub-transmission subst at ions. The r equir ed r eliabilit y level on t he sub-t r ansmission Syst em is therefore normally lower than in the bulk power Transmission System. 4.3.1 Voltage Definitions The volt age def init ions used in t his manual ar e based on r ecommendat ions given in I EC St andar d 38. This st andar d gives r ecommendat ions on bot h t he highest volt age and t he nominal volt age for equipment with a highest voltage not exceeding 245 kV For normal operating conditions, the following voltage limits shall apply: - Sub-transmission voltages shall be kept within:

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Normal (kV) 132 kV: 110 kV: 88 kV: 66 kV: Maximum (kV/p.u.) 138.6/1.05 115.5/1.05 92.4/1.05 69.3/1.05 Minimum (kV/p.u.) 125.4/0.95 104.5/0.95 83.6/0.95 59.4/0.95

4.3.2

Line Loading Limits

Ther mal design r at ings shall not be exceeded in st eady st at e oper at ion. These line r at ings will be as per ZETCO designs as shown below and updated from time to time.

Table 4.3.2a Conductor Current Rating (MVA) for the Sub-Transmission Syst eme s Dif f er ent Maximum Conduct or Temper atures.
Conductor (mm2) 50 oC (MVA) 16.5 21.9 18.6 24.8 37 21.7 29 43 58 87 22.7 30.3 45 61 91 23.8 31.7 48 65 oC (MVA) 30 40 36 48 71 45 61 91 121 182 50 66 99 132 198 54 72 108 75 oC (MVA) 36 47 42 56 84 54 72 108 144 216 59 79 118 157 236 64 86 128 80 oC (MVA) -

Voltage (kV) 66 88 66 88 132* 66 88 132 88 132 66 88 132 88 132 66 88 132

Racoon

(75)

Dog 1*

(100)

Wolf

(150)

Twin Wolf

(2x150)

Single Lynx

(175)

Twin Lynx

(2x175)

Single Panther

(200)

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Twin Panther Bear 2* Single Bison (2x200) (250) (350) 132 132 88 132 132 95 50 215 122 100 149 299 257 146 120 179 359 128 193 385 963

Twin Bison
1

(2x350)

* Dog conduct or might cause excessive cor ona losses at 132kV and should pr ef er ably be avoided
2* For future purposes, and for the purpose of standardisation, the Bear conductor should not be used, in preference to the Lynx Conductor, which has comparable transfer capabilities, but is from cost consideration cheaper.

Table 4.3.2b Cable Current Rating (MVA) for different conductor sizes. Type of cable 0.1 Inch 3Core Copper cable 300mm2 Al 3Core cable 185mm2 3Core Copper cable 4.3.3 Reserve Requirements Voltage 88 kV 88 kV 88 kV Rating in MVA 29 48 85

I n t he case of a single out age, t he f ollowing r eser ve levels shall be considered: - Loss of a 330 kV sub-st at ion t r ansf or mer (including banked transformers): a) For sub-stations with a peak demand of 200 MW or more: Moment ar y r eser ve shall be secur ed f or an out age of a single (or banked) transformer (see table in 4.2.3) b) For subst at ions wit h a peak demand of 100 MW t o 200 MW: Af t er ut ilizing all available swit ching oppor t unit ies (i.e. including swit ching in healt hy unit s of banked t r ansf or mer s and making use of backup oppor t unit ies f r om adj acent subst at ions) t her e should be suf f icient capacity to maintain full peak load supply. c) For substations with a peak demand of less than 100 MW: Af t er ut ilizing all available swit ching oppor t unit ies (i.e. including swit ching in healt hy unit s of banked t r ansf or mer s and making use of backup oppor t unit ies

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f r om adj acent subst at ions) t her e should be suf f icient capacity to meet 80% of peak demand. Loss of a Single Sub-Transmission Line: a) For loss of a line t o an ar ea wit h a peak demand of mor e t han 200 MW: Af t er ut ilizing all available swit ching oppor t unit ies (i.e. including backup oppor t unit ies f r om adj acent subst at ions) there should be suf f icient capacit y t o maint ain f ull peak load supply. b) For loss of a line t o an ar ea wit h a peak demand of 100 MW t o 200 MW: Af t er ut ilizing all available swit ching oppor t unit ies (i.e. including back-up oppor t unit ies f r om adj acent subst at ions) t her e should be suf f icient capacit y t o meet 80% of peak demand. c) For loss of a line to an area with a peak demand of less than 100 MW: No back up r equir ed. (Not e t hat most line out ages ar e expect ed t o be short.) - Loss Of A 132kV Substation Transformer a) For a substation with a peak demand of more than 100MW, momentary reserve shall be provided. b) For a substation with a peak demand of between 50 and 100MW: After utilising all available switching options making use of back-up opportunities from adjacent substations, there should be available capacity to maintain 100% peak supply. c) For a substation with a peak demand of less than 50MW: There should be sufficient capacity at adjacent substations to maintain 50% of Peak Demand. 4.3.4 132 kV Transformer Loading Limits The f ollowing 132kV t r ansf or mer loading limit s shall be applied f ollowing t r ansf or mer out ages. The set limit s ar e based on I EC st andar ds 38 or ZETCO design, assuming an ambient t emper at ur e of 30 deg. C. Moment ar y loading based on I EC st andar ds 38 or ZETCO design is for a period of 30minutes.

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Table 4.3.4 132 kV, 110 kV, 88 kV and 66 kV Transformer Loading (MVA) LOADING LIMIT (MVA) TRANSFORMER NAMEPLATE RATING (MVA) 90MVA (ONAF) 50/75MVA (ONAN/ONAF) 30/50MVA (ONAN/ONAF) 35/45MVA (ONAN/ONAF) 20/30MVA (ONAN/ONAF) 20MVA (ONAN) 10MVA (ONAN) 7.5MVA (ONAN) 5MVA (ONAN) 4MVA (ONAN) MOMENTARILY CONTIUNUOUSLY

115

90

95

75

55

50

50 35

45

30 23 20 12 10 8.5 7.5 6 5 4.5 4

4.3.5

330 kV Transformer Loading Limits For a single outage, the following load limits shall be applied: No overloads on sub-transmission lines shall be accepted. The f ollowing 330 kV subst at ion t r ansf or mer load limit s shall be applied bot h f ollowing line and t r ansf or mer out ages. (The limit s are based on IEC standard 38 assuming an ambient temperature of 30 oC. Tr ansf or mer load f act or s ar e account ed f or .) Moment ar y loading based on t he I EC st andar d 38 is f or a per iod of 30 minutes.

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Table 4.3.5 330 kV Transformer Loading Limits Transformer Name-plate Rating Load Limit (MVA)

Momentarily 60 MVA (ONAF) 90 MVA (ONAF) 62.5/125 MVA (ONAN/ONAF) 125/175 MVA *) (ONAN/ONAF)
*)

Continuously

75

65

115

100

140

125

195

175

Not e t hat t he t r ansf or mer impedance is mat ched t o t he ONAN r at ing. The economic oper at ing r ange will t her ef or e be close t o t he ONAN rating.

4.3.6

Voltage Limits For a single outage, the following voltage limits shall apply: Sub-transmission voltages shall be kept within;

Nominal (kV) 132 kV: 110 kV: 88 kV: 66 kV:

Maximum (kV/p.u.) 145.2/1.10 121.0/1.10 96.8/1.10 72.6/1.10

Minimum (kV/p.u.) 118.8/0.90 99.0/0.90 79.2/0.90 56.1/0.90

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4.3.7 4.3.7.1 Other Criteria Losses Cost s of losses shall be evaluat ed as par t of t he economic analysis of t he dif f er ent Syst em alt er nat ives. The analysis shall include evaluat ions on opt imum line design (volt age and conduct or t ype and configuration). 4.3.7.2 Line and Substation Design I n gener al, all new sub-transmission pr oj ect s should be designed f or 132 kV oper at ion alt hough init ially being planned f or oper at ion at 88 kV. All new 132 kV lines should be designed f or a maximum conductor temperature of 75 oC. 4.4 NETWORK DEVELOPMENT APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY This Section presents the approach and methodology to be adopted in the t r ansmission planning pr ocess in ZETCO. The aim has been t o lay a f r amewor k f or t he planning aspect s involved in t r ansmission and Subt r ansmission Syst em planning cover ing t he r equir ed input s, t he expected constraints, the expected results and the basic steps to be taken. The planning and design of t he Tr ansmission Syst em is aimed at pr oducing a net wor k t hat is capable of t r ansmit t ing elect r ical ener gy f r om t he gener at ing plant s t o t he load cent r es in an economic, saf e and r eliable manner . The planning pr ocess it self t ends t o be complex since t her e is no single best solut ion t o a pr oblem. Cer t ain select ion pr ocesses have t o be used t o eliminat e some alt er nat ives and come up wit h a plan t hat sat isf ies t he const r aint s t o t he maximum ext ent . I n gener al, t he planning pr ocess has been subj ect t o development s and r ef inement s over t he year s wit h improved software programs and powerful computers making it realistic to perform comprehensive calculations in shorter time frames. Similar development s in t he planning pr ocess ar e expect ed in f ut ur e. Power System planning approach and methods will therefore be subject to amendment s as exper ience is gained on t he var ious st udy met hods and limitations and drawbacks are realised. 4.4.1 Objectives The Tr ansmission Syst em ser ves t o t r ansf er ener gy f r om t he gener at ing cent r es t o t he consumer and should do so in a r eliable, saf e and economic

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manner . Tr ansmission planning should t hus r esult in least -cost t r ansmission development plans t hat ar e capable of supplying t he f or ecast ed load while pr oviding oper at ional f lexibilit y. The capabilit y of t r ansact ions wit h neighbour ing Syst ems as well as wheeling must also be consider ed. The Syst em should oper at e wit hin accept able volt age limit s and wit hout danger ous or damaging over loads t o equipment bot h under normal conditions and in emergencies. Good planning is based on a r easonable number of t echnically accept able alt er nat ives. The cost s and benef it s of each alt er nat ive, including envir onment al impact s, need t o be compar ed in or der t o select t he best alt er nat ive. Decision analysis t echniques should be used t o per mit evaluation of non-cost factors. 4.4.2 Approach The nat ur e of Tr ansmission Syst em planning leads t o a mult i-objective evaluat ion of a number of alt er nat ive expansion scenar ios t hat in most cases become an impr act icable t ask. The nor mal appr oach in net wor k planning is t hus t o car r y out a t echnical analysis on t he most pr omising development plans based on attaining certain reliability levels. As t he demand f or a high qualit y elect r icit y supply has incr eased, it has become impor t ant t o expr ess t he r eliabilit y level using quant it at ive measur es t o f acilit at e t he evaluat ion of dif f er ent Syst em development alt er nat ives. This makes it possible t o est ablish t he balance bet ween incr ement al wor t h of ser vice qualit y impr ovement and incr ement al cost of pr oviding t hat impr ovement . This becomes an opt imisat ion pr oblem wher e the total cost is the objective function and the required level of reliability becomes the point of minimum total costs as illustrated in Figure 4.4.2. A lot of wor k has now been devot ed t o t he development of pr ocedur es and computer programs for reliability-based analysis.

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Figure 4.4.2 System Costs as a Function of System Reliability
8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 Cost of Inv., O&M and 3.0 2.0 Cost of Interruptions 1.0 0.0 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 Reliability Index 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 Total Costs

Optimum

At pr esent , Tr ansmission Syst em r eliabilit y levels ar e analysed using planning cr it er ia t hat def ine allowable syst em r esponses. The cr it er ia should be st r ingent enough t o ensur e a high qualit y of supply yet it must also be r ealist ically cost ef f ect ive in t oday' s compet it ive envir onment . The cr it er ia may be based on eit her det er minist ic or pr obabilist ic appr oaches. The det er minist ic appr oach involves t he specif ying of allowable Syst em r esponse t o specif ied cont ingencies or dist ur bances. Pr obabilist ic appr oach involves limit ing t he r isk of Syst em f ailur e or even limit ing cust omer impact such as r isk of loss of load, on t he basis of outage statistics of System components. Recent year s have seen sever al development s in pr obabilist ic reliability assessment pr ocedur es, which have been used t o subst ant iat e t he need f or Syst em expansions. These have now been applied widely by some ut ilit ies. Reliable and det ailed dat a f or making f ailur e models f or most Syst em component s have been est ablished having been assist ed by reliability-based maint enance appr oaches being used in oper at ing t he net wor k. However , t he det er minist ic appr oach is viewed as adequat e f or the Zimbabwe System. The det er minist ic appr oach is t her ef or e st ill being used. The cr it er ia developed apply t o bot h st at ic and dynamic condit ions, r equir ing t hat t he

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Syst em r esponse t o cer t ain dist ur bances f all wit hin pr escr ibed limit s. These limits often specify permissible voltage ranges, component loadings, frequency deviations and rotor angles. The limitation of the deterministic appr oach is t hat it does not pr ovide a means of quant if ying t he wor t h of improved supply, which is required to justify System reinforcements. The det er minist ic appr oach is consider ed t o be t he best f or t he ZETCO System. 4.4.3 Methodology

4.4.3.1

Basis
As alr eady st at ed, t he t r ansmission planning pr ocess is a complex one and hence t her e is a need t o lay down some guiding st eps as a means of pr oviding unif or mit y t o t he t r ansmission st udies t hat ar e car r ied out in ZETCO. The Syst em Tr ansmission Syst em development s plans shall be based on load f or ecast Gener at ion Syst em development plan and agr eement s f or t r ansact ions wit h ot her ut ilit ies. Any ext er nal f act or s t hat might af f ect Tr ansmission Syst em planning should be addr essed in t he planning pr ocess. I n gener al, t he f undament al at t r ibut es of each plan can be assessed f or t echnical, economic and envir onment al soundness. Some at t r ibut es cannot be expr essed in monet ar y t er ms but t hat does not mean t hat t hey ar e insignif icant . Envir onment al issues f or example ar e basically of a qualit at ive nat ur e but ar e becoming ver y impor t ant in inf r ast r uct ur e planning. Of t en such at t r ibut es ar e expr essed as statutory regulatory limitations to the planning process. Figur e 4.4.3 illust r at es t he st ages t hat ar e involved in t he t r ansmission planning pr ocess. An essent ial f eat ur e of t his pr ocess is t he scr eening of alternatives from an economic and technical point of view to avoid carrying out detailed studies on alternatives that are not competitive. The number of alt er nat ives t o be invest igat ed is t her ef or e r educed f r om one st age t o t he ot her . The r emaining alt er nat ives ar e t hen subj ect ed t o mor e detailed and time consuming studies.

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Figure 4.4.3 Stages in the Transmission Planning Process.

Input Data:

Load Forecasts Generation Data & Scenarios Network Data & Operating Philosophy Statutory & Regulatory limitations

Assess Existing Network against Planning Criteria: Loadflow, short circuits & stability at different stages.

Generate alternatives for network expansion & reinforcement

Assess technical feasibility of alternatives with reference to transmission planning criteria

no

Are Technical criteria Satisfied?

Yes
Cost alternatives & carry out least cost economic analysis. Carry out economic cost-benefit analysis on least cost alternative.

no

Are Economic criteria Satisfied?

yes
Carry out financial cost-benefit analysis on least cost alternative. Further refine the alternatives: -substation basic layout -protection requirements -other issues Recommend a transmission expansion plan

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4.4.3.2 Grid Planning Studies - Technical Analysis ZETCO shall car r y out Gr id planning st udies t o ensur e Reliabilit y, Saf et y, Security and Stability of the Grid for the following: Pr epar at ion of t he Tr ansmission Development Plan (TDP) t o be int egr at ed wit h t he Power Development Plan (PDP) in pur suant t o the provisions of the Act. Evaluation of the Grid reinforcement projects and Evaluat ion of any pr oposed user development , which is submit t ed t o the ZETCO in accordance with the application for connection. The Gr id planning st udies shall be conduct ed per iodically t o assess t he behaviour of t he Gr id dur ing nor mal and out age condit ions and also dur ing elect r omechanical or elect r omagnet ic t r ansient s induced by dist ur bances. The f ir st scr eening pr ocess is t hr ough t he t echnical analysis of t he ident if ied t r ansmission expansion alt er nat ives. The r equir ed input s f or this process are: -load forecasts - existing network - committed expansion plans - generation scenarios - transactions with other utilities The need f or t r ansmission expansion plans is det er mined by ident if ying any t r ansmission const r aint s, limit at ions and bot t lenecks in f ut ur e based on t he input dat a. Basic alt er nat ive development plans t hat would solve t hese pr oblems ar e list ed and engineer ing j udgement is applied t o scr een these alternatives and remain with the most promising ones. The most pr omising alt er nat ives ar e assessed f or t heir t echnical soundness against t he planning cr it er ia discussed above. The t echniques applied ensur e t hat all component s ar e oper at ing wit hin pr escr ibed limit s and t hat volt ages ar e wit hin per missible r anges. Load f low analysis t echniques ar e used at t his st age of t he pr ocess. For net wor ks wit h obvious t r ansient st abilit y pr oblems, init ial invest igat ions of Syst em dynamic r esponse will also be car r ied out at t his st age. Fault analysis is nor mally car r ied out at a lat er st age of t he planning pr ocess. I n some cases Syst em r eliabilit y analysis might be r equir ed as a basis f or evaluating alternatives.

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Tr ansmission planning st udies must be per f or med as necessar y t o det er mine t he impact on t he int er connect ed Tr ansmission Syst em when connect ing new and/ or modif ied gener at ion, t r ansmission, or end-use f acilit ies t o ensur e t he secur it y and adequacy of t he Tr ansmission Syst em. The r esult s of t hese analyses will be used t o det er mine if modif icat ions must be made t o maint ain t he r eliabilit y of t he Tr ansmission Syst em. A det ailed int er connect ion st udy is made up of the following components: Load Flow Analysis Fault Analysis Stability Analysis 4.4.3.2.1 Load Flow Analysis A model of t he power Syst em is used t o simulat e cer t ain specif ied oper at ing condit ions. Load f low st udies shall be per f or med t o evaluate t he behaviour of t he exist ing and planned Gr id f acilit ies under f or ecast ed maximum and minimum load condit ions and t o st udy t he impact on t he Gr id of t he connect ion of new gener at ion plant s, loads or t r ansmission lines. The r esult s pr edict power f low magnit udes and volt age levels under t he loss of any individual Syst em element . The load f low analysis enables t he pr edict ion of equipment over loads and t he det er minat ion of excessive st eady st at e volt age drops, which may be encountered. 4.4.3.2.2 Fault Analysis Fault analysis will be per f or med t o det er mine t he ef f ect of equipment addit ions or modif icat ion on t he Syst em f ault cur r ent s. The st udies shall also ident if y t he most sever e condit ions t hat t he Gr id equipment may be exposed t o. The f ault st udies dat a will be used t o evaluat e t he impact of t he new or modif ied inst allat ion on t he int er r upt ing capabilit y or r at ing of t he pr eviously inst alled equipment such as circuit breakers and switches. ZETCO shall maintain an up to date fault level database, which should be made available on r equest by Gr id User s. ZETCO shall inf or m t he Gr id User , if f ault levels at a Connect ion Point ar e likely t o impact adver sely on t he User s Equipment connect ed t o t he Gr id.

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4.4.3.2.3 Stability Analysis A st abilit y analysis will be per f or med t o det er mine t he Tr ansmission Syst em s r esponse t o a sudden change in t he st at e of t he Syst em due t o f ault s on t he Syst em and unit out ages. The st abilit y analysis will determine: i. Unit / station stability during faults ii. Voltage levels and deviations iii. Frequency levels and frequency deviations iv. Synchr onous gener at or r ot or oscillat ions and r eal and r eact ive power outputs 4.4.3.3 Economic Analysis Elect r icit y plays a maj or r ole in t he economic development of t he count r y as a whole. Therefore the transmission development plans that result in a r eliable net wor k ar e cor e element s in t he st r at egy f or r aising t he economic and social welf ar e of cit izens. Ther e is aviabilit y. This involves demonst r at ing t hat t he pr oposed pr oj ect is likely t o cont r ibut e signif icant ly t o t he development of t he ent ir e economy t o j ust if y t he use of the resources envisaged for the project. Cost-benef it analysis pr ovides a t ool of assessing t he wor t h of a pr oj ect t o societ y. However it is not an easy t ask t o ident if y and cost t he benef it s of some pr oj ect s. This makes cost -benef it analysis a t ime consuming t ask and hence it becomes cost ly t o car r y out on all alt er nat ives. Wher e t he alt er nat ive pr oj ect s ar e aimed at sat isf ying t he same obj ect ive, a cost -ef f ect ive analysis can be used t o compar e t he alt er nat ives. I n t r ansmission planning, least -cost analysis should be used t o eliminat e some alt er nat ive expansion plans. Cost -benef it analysis is t her ef or e car r ied out on a f ew pr oj ect s t hat ar e among t he least cost solut ions t o t he pr oblem. These f ewer alt er nat ives would sat isf y t he set economic cr it er ia in ZETCO. However in cases wher e t he cr it er ia ar e not met t hen alt er nat ives ar e modif ied and t hus t he pr ocess becomes iterative. 4.4.3.4 Environmental Analysis The envir onment al analysis f ocuses on t he pr oj ect ' s impact on t he envir onment , bot h human and bio-physical, dur ing const r uct ion, oper at ion and de-commissioning. The envir onment al impact st udy should pr ovide baseline inf or mat ion t o be used in monit or ing envir onment al impact s and assessing t he ef f ect iveness

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of mit igat or y measur es. Bot h negat ive and posit ive envir onment al impact s should be identified and quantified to the extent possible. 4.4.3.5 Financial Analysis Financial analysis of a pr oj ect involves det er mining t he cost and r evenue of t he pr oj ect . The cost s give an indicat ion of t he f unds needed t o complet e t he pr oj ect , while t he r evenue and sour ces of f unds det er mine whet her a pr oj ect can sust ain it s f inancial obligat ions and have adequat e wor king capit al as well as gener at e suf f icient cash f low t o meet the pr oj ect oper at ional expenses. Above all t he analysis should indicat e whether the project is feasible by comparing the costs and benefits. The pr oj ect cost s and benef it s used in f inancial analysis should be pr ovided and updat ed as and when necessar y by ZETCO. The t echnique provides a measure of the profitability of the project. It is recommended t hat f inancial analysis should only be car r ied out on t he scr eened alternatives that have been proved to be economically viable. 4.4.3.6 Final Selection The f inal plans t hat have under gone t he scr eening pr ocess list ed above ar e f ur t her invest igat ed and r ef ined t o pr ovide t he degr ee of det ail r equir ed f or t he specif icat ion of t he equipment . This may include f ault analysis, analysis of oper at ional cont ingencies and protection r equir ement s. The invest ment necessar y t o sat isf y t hese r equir ement s is gener ally f ar out weighed by t he invest ment s r equir ed t o sat isf y t he steady state and dynamic criteria covered in the early planning stages. The pr ocess of t r ansmission planning t hat has t hus been descr ibed involves a t r ade-of f bet ween t he level of det ail and t he number of alt er nat ives st udied. The t echnical analysis of t r ansmission planning projects is carried out on a larger number of alternatives compared to the economical and f inancial analysis. The f inal t r ansmission pr oj ect s t hat would have gone through the above stages will then be incorporated in the System Development Plan (SDP).

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4.3.4 Transmission Planning Tools ZETCO shall employ planning software, which includes but not limited to Power System Simulator for Engineers (PSS/E) for the Transmission Planning. 4.5 POWER DEVELOPMENT

According to the provisions of the Electricity Act 13:19 ZETCO has the mandate f or planning t he Gener at ion Syst em f or long t er m capacit y including gener at ion scheduling, commit ment and dispat ch. To maint ain t he capacit y balance, it is necessar y t o ensur e t hat t her e is adequat e and r eliable plant t o meet t he pr esent as well as f ut ur e consumpt ion and demand as pr escr ibed by t he load f or ecast . Having achieved t hat , t he t ot al plant must be oper at ed ef f icient ly t o minimize costs. Four basic quest ions have t o be answer ed in t he cour se of t he planning pr ocess. These are: WHAT capacities to install to ensure demand and supply balance? WHAT capacities to install to ensure an appropriate level of reliability? HOW t o pick t he best combinat ion among t he dif f er ent t echnologies at hand now and in future? WHERE to locate this new generation equipment? WHEN is the proper time to incorporate them into the System? The obj ect ive of a Power Development Plan (Gener at ion Plan) is t o est ablish when, wher e and what t ype and size of plant t o build, in or der t o ensur e an economic and reliable supply of forecasted load within a given planning period. 4.5.1 Planning Approach ZETCO shall use a Least Cost Planning appr oach. A pr act ical f r amewor k f or least - cost ut ilit y planning should explicit ly consider t he maj or issues in r esour ce planning and f acilit at e r isk management . In this framework, demand and supply side options are simultaneously evaluated for cost -effectiveness. The Dynamic Syst em Opt imisat ion (DSO) model is used f or int egr at ed demand, supply and f inancial planning. The DSO model performs the following functions: * Opt imises supply side opt ions f or convent ional, r enewable and nontraditional resources over the entire planning horizon.

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* Opt imises demand side opt ions including conser vat ion and peak reducing programs.

* Select s new plant s and Demand Side Management pr ogr ammes t o satisfy emission restrictions on SOx, NOx and particulates. * Sat isf ies r eliabilit y r equir ement s t o meet t he mont hly r eliabilit y criteria. Figure 4.5.1 Resource Integration: Dynamic System Optimisation Model
1

Demand Side Management

* Pr oduct ion Model Revenue Requirement Model

Cost

Electricity Demand

DSO 2 Plant Improvement Module New Gener at ion Resources Potential Purchase
Dynamic System Optimisation Model

New DSM 1 Resources

Existing Resources

* Market
Penetration DSM1 Analysis

New Demand Side Cost Management Programs

New DSM 1 Programs

*Resources
Optimised? *Emission constraints satisfied?

No

Yes
3 LEAST COST PLAN

Least Cost Planning approach entails emphasis on three key elements:

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4.5.1.1 Load Forecasting Elect r icit y power supply and demand must be balanced at all t imes and t he challenge f or any elect r icit y supply company is t o pr ovide a r eliable elect r icit y supply ser vice at least cost . To meet t his challenge it is necessar y t o plan f or a level of invest ment t hat meet s f ut ur e ener gy consumpt ion and maximum demand given by a load f or ecast . I t is t her ef or e of par amount impor t ance t o estimate what the load demand will be for the planning period. Guessing wr ong can be ext r emely cost ly. The maj or uncer t aint ies in f or ecast ing and planning should be explicit ly r ecognised in t he planning pr ocess. I n or der t o minimise load-forecasting uncer t aint ies, t he load f or ecast f or gener at ion planning will mainly compr ise of t he low case, base case and high case as pr ovided and updat ed by ZETCO on an annual basis or when t he need ar ises robustness and flexibility are important planning goals. Electrical demand and energy forecasting is mainly classified into three ranges: short, medium and long-term forecasts. The short term forecast is useful in determining unit commitment and economic dispatch; medium term forecasting is required for fuel procurement, maintenance scheduling and diversity interchanges; whereas the long- term forecast (annual peak and energy consumption forecast) is necessary for System expansion planning and financial analysis. Energy and demand are forecast on an annual basis for the 20-year planning period so as to provide a sufficient time horizon in providing future development options. ZETCO shall employ load-forecasting software, which includes but not limited to MAED. 4.5.1.2 Satisfying the Load Forecast / Developing Scenarios Af t er t he Load For ecast is pr oduced it is mat ched against t he capacit y and ener gy r esour ces of t he exist ing plant s t o see whet her t hey can sat isf y t he r equir ement s over t he planning per iod. I f t he exist ing plant s cannot meet t he load f or ecast it t hen becomes necessar y t o f ind t he best possible ways of meet ing t he demand r eliably and at least cost , which is what Power Development Planning is all about . Sever al t echnically equivalent scenar ios have t o be evaluat ed t o det er mine t he least cost , t aking into consideration three major criteria:

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4.5.1.2.1 Criterion 1 (Reliability Criterion) The minimum r eser ve level t o be car r ied on t he Syst em should be at least 10.6% of Adj ust ed Demand f or Thermal-based power and 7.6% f or Hydr opower and a weight ed aver age f or a combinat ion of bot h. Adj ust ed Demand is equal t o t he Peak Syst em Demand plus t he amount of Fir m Tar if f Power expor t ed minus t he amount of Firm Tariff Power imported in the same interval. 4.5.1.2.2 Criterion 2 (Security Criterion) The minimum level of int er nal gener at ion shall have as a long-term obj ect ive, capacit y equal t o or gr eat er t han 100% of demand. I nt er nal gener at ion shall be commit t ed when exist ing r eser ve levels drop below Criterion 1. 4.5.1.2.3 Criterion 3 (Economic and Financial Criterion) For economic consider at ions Fir m I mpor t s may exceed t he r eser ve mar gin limit as long as Cr it er ion 2 is met and sour ces of ener gy ar e signif icant ly diver sif ied in bot h t echnology and geography and are cost effective relative to local options. I t is t hus necessar y t o consider explicit ly what level of adequacy is r equir ed f or Syst em planning. Over building capacit y will incr ease t he aver age cost of gener at ion because t he cost s of t hat ext r a capacit y have t o be bor ne by t he cust omer s. On t he ot her hand, under building capacit y will r esult in some por t ion of t he demand not being ser ved. I f t he economic cost of t his unser ved ener gy is added t o t he gener at ion cost , t his summed cost of gener at ion also incr eases t he degr ee of under building and t he costs become severe. Based on t his Planning Cr it er ia, equivalent compet ing scenar ios ar e der ived. The plant opt ions in t hese scenar ios should be what is practically available to the Planner. 4.5.2 Demand Side Management (DSM) Cust omer demand can be inf luenced by ut ilit y act ions. Demand -side opt ions ar e available, viable and pot ent ially usef ul alt er nat ives t o t r adit ional gener at ion -based st r at egies. Demand side management is t he planning and implement at ion of t hose ut ilit y act ivit ies designed t o

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inf luence cust omer use of elect r icit y in ways t hat will pr oduce desir ed changes in t he ut ilit y s load shape. The r at ionale f or DSM as a par t of overall utility planning is: The demand f or elect r icit y is not ent ir ely beyond a ut ilit y s cont r ol. Rather than being exogenous, the timing and shape of load instead can be inf luenced by dir ect ut ilit y act ion in ways t hat cont r ibut e t o meeting utility objectives. The f act t hat demand can be inf luenced makes it possible t o consider an expanded r ange of opt ions t o meet t he obj ect ive of balancing supply and demand. Demand side opt ions can be used t o complement or subst it ut e f or supply-side options. Compar ed wit h supply side alt er nat ives, demand side opt ions shar e char act er ist ics t hat make t hem pr ef er able t o supply pr oj ect s in t he current planning environment. The benef it s ar e t he savings in avoiding ener gy supply cost s. These avoided cost s ar e t he mar ginal cost s of t he supply r esour ce r eplaced by DSM. They include t he r educt ion of t r ansmission, dist r ibut ion, gener at ion and capacit y costs for periods when the load has been reduced. 4.5.3 Options Available All available options such as, but not limited to shall be considered as considered in the optimised generation expansion plan. Thermal options Hydro options Imports Non conventional and renewable energy sources

4.5.4

Operating Environment
Wit h t he advent of I ndependent Power Pr oducer s (I PP), t he characteristics of the utility planning environment suggest four principles for improved decision making: Evaluate decisions as they affect customers and investors Analyse t he ef f ect s of uncer t ain var iables on t he cust omer ' s cost of service and the investors return Consider t he long - t er m consequences of invest ment decisions f or t he r elevant r ange of uncer t aint ies and f or maj or

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contingencies. Ensur e t hat decisions ar e well document ed wit h suppor t ive st udies and r at ionale f or t he pur poses of public and r egulat or y retrospective review. 4.5.5 Generation Planning Tools ZETCO shall employ planning software, which includes but not limited to WASP and UPLAN-E. 4.6 PLANNING DATA EXCHANGE In order to ensure adequate planning and development of the Transmission Grid, ZETCO will require information pertinent to planning that may be resident in other companies such as ZEDC and any other customers connected to the Grid and ZPC and any other suppliers of power in the Grid. ZETCO should have full access to all the relevant data from these companies as and when the need arises. ZETCO shall provide standard data format for this purpose. A more detailed account of data requirements is given in Section 8 of this Grid Code. The information requirements shall basically include, but not limited to: Historical Energy and Demand Energy and Demand Forecast Dependable capacity ZERC and/or SAPP approved criteria ZEDC or any other User or Customer System Data

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SECTION 5 OPERATIONS CODE

5.1 Introduction ZETCO ) is entrusted with the responsibility to transmit power and energy from the generating units and/or imports to the bulk and/or large customers in a safe, qualitative and secure manner. ZETCO transmission grid is operated in parallel as an interconnected grid with other SADC utility transmission networks to form the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). In pursuance of harmonised interconnected operation the SAPP has developed operating guidelines that are subscribed to by all the operating members. ZETCO takes cognisance of the SAPP requirements in developing and implementing of its own guidelines and procedures.

5.2

Purpose
Provisions of this Operations Section are intended to enable ZETCO to maintain a well-coordinated, safe and secure transmission grid that will deliver quality power. The provisions include guidelines on principles and procedures for system services provision; network switching (control) actions, demand/supply balancing, operational planning and event reporting. This will be done in consultation with all gird users (grid connected generators, grid connected customers and the distributors). These provisions may touch on, but not limited to, the following issues: Pre-dispatch and post-dispatch planning. Real-time system monitoring and control. Communication during normal and emergency conditions. Maintenance planning, co-ordination and execution. Generation scheduling and dispatch. Safety coordination.

5.3 Responsibility Equipment ownership and demarcations shall be as per connection agreements between ZETCO and the grid Users. Control, Operation and maintenance of any equipment shall be as detailed in the Power Supply Agreement (PSA), Power Purchase Agreements (PPA) and Joint System Operational Memoranda.

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All grid Users shall endeavor to operate their respective systems in synchronism at all the times. Security of power system and safety of personnel and/or equipment shall be accorded higher priority than economic considerations. ZERC shall monitor compliance to all matters covered by this section of the Grid Code and shall design and effect appropriate penalties for enforcing compliance.

SUPPLY

PPA

PSA

DEMAND

ZETCO JSOM SYSTEM OPERATOR JSOM

ZPC

ZEDC
SAPP

SAPP

GRID NETWORK

OTHERS

LARGE CUSTOMER

5.4

System Monitoring ZETCO shall maintain a control centre that is manned 24 hours a day by an appropriate number of personnel for the purpose of system monitoring and control. The control centre must be equipped with a computer based supervisory, data acquisition and energy management system. For effective operation of the transmission grid ZETCO shall continuously, in real time, monitor the following: (a) Actual generation unit active sent out power (MW) - it is important that the generator's declared availabilities are realistic and ZETCO advised of any departures as per provisions in PPA's.

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Equally important all information on generator trips shall be urgently conveyed to ZETCO System Operator. Actual active power (MW) drawn by grid Users Tie line interchange Reactive power (MVAr) flows into or out of ZETCO grid. - This information is necessary for and will assist in voltage management. System frequency this information gives an indication of the demand supply balance. Voltage profiles in all stations and points of connection Equipment loading

(b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g)

5.5 System Services Syst em ser vices ar e all ser vices essent ial f or t he pr oper f unct ioning of t he t r ansmission gr id and which det er mine power qualit y. These ser vices include, but not limit ed t o, f r equency cont r ol, volt age cont r ol and oper at ing r eser ves. ZETCO shall ensur e t hat t he t r ansmission gr id is oper at ed wit h adequat e levels of t hese ser vices. ZETCO shall advise Grid Users of the required contribution levels of the services where they ar e mandat or y and shall it self , pr ocur e adequat e levels wher e ZETCO has to self provide. 5.5.1 Frequency Control Service

ZETCO shall operate the grid in a manner that provides adequate frequency control within applicable limits at all times in order to maintain the security and integrity of the same. Both primary and secondary frequency control shall be as per recommendations from ZETCO. 5.5.1.1 Frequency Range The frequency within the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) is maintained and controlled jointly by all the interconnected utilities. The normal frequency shall be 50.0Hz with a statutory range of 47.5Hz 52.5Hz. The operational range, which is narrower than the statutory band, shall be as recommended by the SAPP or ZETCO when operating in the interconnected or islanded mode respectively. 5.5.1.2 Frequency Control a) All generators must operate under the control of a governor system at all times when synchronised to the grid. b) All governors shall be capable of droop adjustments of between 3% and 6%. The actual governor settings to be implemented for
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primary frequency control shall be as specified in the connection agreement. No deliberate time delays shall be introduced in the governor control systems. Frequency dead bands shall be as per recommendation from ZETCO in consultation with SAPP utilities. Exemption for free governor mode for power stations not having free governor mode facility shall be sought from ZETCO. ZETCO shall employ Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and manual actions for secondary frequency control. Generators required to be under AGC shall be specified in the connection agreement and those not operating under AGC shall continue to follow dispatch instructions from the System Operator. Control Area Frequency and Interchange Control ZETCO National Grid forms one of the Control Areas within SAPP. In line with the basic control requirement, ZETCO shall employ Automatic Generation Control (AGC) and manual actions for secondary frequency control. Generators required to be under AGC shall be specified in the connection agreement and those not operating under AGC shall continue to follow dispatch instructions from the System Operator. The AGC shall meet the frequency and tie-line standards defined by SAPP. 5.5.2 Voltage Control Service Volt ages on t he gr id and at point s of connect ion shall be maint ained wit hin t he limit s specif ied under sect ion 5.5.2.1 of t his code. I n cases wher e t he volt age limit s ar e unique t o t he point of connect ion t hese shall be as specif ied in t he connect ion agr eement s and / or j oint syst em oper at ional agr eement s. The dur at ion and ext ent of volt age f luct uat ions shall also be limit ed under f ault condit ions. ZETCO shall employ bot h st at ic and dynamic met hods t o maint ain volt age st abilit y, maint ain volt ages wit hin limit s and minimise syst em losses using met hods t hat include but not limited to the following. (a) Transformer tap changing. (b) Reactor and capacitor switching. (c) Static Var Compensators (d) Generator reactive power capability. (e) Demand management. (f) Transmission lines charging capacitance

c) d) e) f)

5.5.1.3

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5.5.2.1 Voltage Range

The main gr id volt ages shall be kept wit hin t he f ollowing limit s in st eady st at e and cont ingency oper at ing condit ions so as t o minimise syst em losses and to maintain quality of supplies. Normal Conditions Nominal Voltage (kV) 400 330 220 132 110 88 66 33 11 Maximum (KV) 420 (maximum) 346 232 138.6 115.5 92.4 69.3 34.7 11.6 Minimu m (KV) 380 313.5 209 125.4 104.5 83.6 59.4 31.4 10.5 Emergency Conditions Maximum (KV) 420 363 242 145 121 96.8 72.5 36.3 12.1 Minimum (KV) 357 297 198 118.8 99.0 79.2 56.1 29.7 9.9

Wher e st anding inst r uct ions or special dispensat ions ar e in place t he voltage might not follow guiding limits in the table above. 5.5.2.2 Voltage Control a) Gr id volt ages will cont inuously be monit or ed and cont r olled accor dingly. ZETCO shall adj ust gr id volt ages using available control facilities. b) Gener at or excit at ion syst ems shall be nor mally oper at ed under a cont inuously act ing Aut omat ic Volt age Regulat or (AVR) which shall be set t o maint ain a const ant t er minal voltage. c) The ZETCO shall inst r uct t he gener at or s on what t er minal voltage to maintain. d) Gener at or s may only disable t he act ion of AVR if such act ion assist s in impr oving on t he r eliabilit y of t he generator. e) As an emer gency measur e ZETCO may implement demand shedding to prevent lower voltage limit excursions.

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f) Line swit ching will be implement ed only if it does not jeopardise system security. 5.5.3 Equipment loading ZETCO shall cont inuously monit or t he loading on all plant and equipment on t he t r ansmission gr id. Ther mal design r at ings shall not be exceeded in st eady st at e oper at ion and f or single out age. Shor t t ime over loads of up t o 15% on t r ansmission lines and t r ansf or mer s shall be accept ed if gener at ion r escheduling is available (i.e. bef or e oper at or act ion can be t aken). Ot her wise ZETCOshall implement load management t o r elieve over loaded circuits. Gr id User s dr awing power f r om ZETCO gr id shall ensur e t hat t heir loads do not affect ZETCO grid system in terms of causing any: 1. Unbalance in t he phase angle and magnit ude of volt age at t he points of connection beyond the limits prescribed by ZETCO. 2. Har monics in t he syst em volt age at t he int er connect ion point beyond the limits prescribed by ZETCO. Should any one of t he above t wo pr evail ZETCO may dir ect t he User(s) to take appropriate measures to remedy the situation. 5.6 Operational Planning ZETCO shall be r esponsible f or planning of t he consolidat ed demand f or ecast , gener at ion scheduling, demand cont r ol pr ocedur es out ages and contingency plans.

5.6.1

Demand and Supply planning

All grid Users drawing power from ZETCO grid shall provide ZETCO, for all points of connection, with i. ii. Estimates of demand on a monthly basis for the year ahead Estimates of demand on daily basis for the month ahead.

Similarly each generator shall provide ZETCO with estimates of generation availability on monthly basis for the year ahead and on daily basis for month ahead.

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ZETCO shall match the consolidated demands with consolidated generation availability and plan for demand control to ensure that there is a balance between the available power / energy and the demand (inclusive of system losses and required reserves). 5.6.2 Outage Planning ZETCO and each User shall pr epar e an out age pr ogr amme f or t he ensuing f inancial year f or compilat ion of t he over all out age plan f or ZETCO gr id. Each User shall obt ain appr oval f r om ZETCO pr ior t o availing t he Out age. However , ZETC is aut hor ised t o def er any planned out age in case of any of the following events: a) Major grid disturbance b) Security constrained dispatch c) Unavailabilit y of ot her equipment t hat has t o be condit ionally in service for the outage to go ahead Any other event in the system that may have an adverse impact on system security by the proposed outage 5.6.3 Contingency Planning The cont ingency plan and black st ar t pr ocedur es shall be pr epar ed by ZETCO in consult at ion wit h gr id User s. The r est or at ion pr ocess shall t ake int o consider at ion gener at or capabilit ies and oper at ional const r aint s of t he t r ansmission net wor k. All user s shall be awar e of t he r equisit e steps to be taken during the following: a) Partial system blackout b) Total system blackout c) Synchronisation of system islands Dur ing syst em r est or at ion f ollowing a dist ur bance nor mal st andar ds of frequency and voltage shall not apply. User s dr awing load will ident if y non-essent ial component s of t heir load for the purpose of keeping them off during system contingencies to aid in syst em r est or at ion. The non-essent ial loads can be put on only when the syst em is r est or ed as advised by t he ZETCO. All User s shall pay special at t ent ion in car r ying out t he pr ocedur es so t hat secondar y collapse due to undue haste or inappropriate loading is avoided. Despite the urgency of t he sit uat ion, car ef ul pr ompt and complet e logging of all oper at ions and

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oper at ional messages shall be ensur ed by all User s t o f acilit at e subsequent invest igat ion int o t he incident and t he ef f iciency of t he restoration process. 5.7 Records ZETCO shall maintain a historical database of power and energy demand. This information is very useful as input to demand forecasting and for reconciliation and reporting.

5.7.1

Demand and Energy Data records

The following historical data shall be maintained to facilitate System Studies: Energy produced by source of energy Energy sent out by source of energy Energy at the Connection Points and at 330 kV substations System maximum demand 330 kV substations absolute maximum demand 330 kV substations demand at the time of the System Peak 330 kV substations demand at the time of the System Light Load Sub-transmission substations absolute peaks Sub-transmission substations loads at the time of 330 kV substations peak loads Sub-transmission substations at the time of System peak load Sub-transmission substations at the time of System light load The data shall be captured on hourly basis and either an electronic copy or hard copy shall be kept and produced on request.

5.7.2

Safety records
Legibly written Switching Logs, in chronological order, shall be maintained by both and designated Senior Authorised persons for all operations and messages relating to safety co-ordination sent and received by them. All Switching Logs and safety documents issued for work on plant and / or equipment shall be retained for a period of not less than one year.

5.7.3 Fault Recording And Reporting When a f ault occur s on t he power syst em it causes unplanned changes in t he Act ive Power , React ive Power , Volt age, Cur r ent and/ or Fr equency associated with the transmission grid.

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Fault reports for all fault s on t he ZETCO gr id shall be gener at ed. Equally all Users whose equipment is faulted and impacts on the ZETCO grid must r epor t t he det ails of such a f ault t o ZETCO at t he ear liest oppor t unit y. ZETCO shall r ecor d per manent ly all r elevant inf or mat ion per t aining t o the fault. Fault reports shall contain, but not limited to, the following information: a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) Date and time of Fault Location of Fault Circuit Breaker(s) operations Cause of Fault Injuries to Persons and/or Damage to Plant Load Interrupted and Duration of Interruption Protection Operations Any other relevant information

The fault reports for ZETCO grid related disturbances shall be made available to Users on request through the Regulator. 5.8 Safety Coordination

5.8.1 Responsibility
This sect ion specif ies saf et y r equir ement s t o be used by ZETCO and all Gr id User s so as t o maint ain saf et y of plant and / or equipment and per sonnel. ZETCO shall be t he cust odian of saf et y pr ocedur es and document s used when wor king on plant and / or equipment on t he t r ansmission gr id and at all point s of connect ion wit h t he User s. ZETCO does not , however , seek t o impose t hese saf et y r equir ement s f or wor k out side t he t r ansmission gr id net wor k and beyond t he point s of connect ion. Only compet ent per sons dully aut hor ised by ZETCO shall be per mit t ed t o car r y out any wor k and net wor k swit ching on t he t r ansmission gr id and at t he point of connect ion. The saf et y r equir ement s ar e as capt ur ed in t he Zimbabwe Elect r icit y Supply Authority Electrical Safety Rules and the supplementary Live Line Safety Rules.

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5.8.2 Authorised Persons A list of t he Senior Aut hor ised per sons (names, designat ions and telephone number s) f or t he ZETCO t r ansmission gr id and f or User s at point s of connect ion shall be cir culat ed t o all ZETCO and all gr id User s. The list must be updat ed pr ompt ly whenever any of t he inf or mat ion changes.

5.8.3 Work On Plant and Equipment

Wor k must commence only af t er it has been made saf e t o wor k on through the following steps. i. ii. iii. iv. Made dead source of power removed. Isolated physically disconnected form source of power. Earthed connected to the earth. Safety documents issued

The designat ed Senior Aut hor ised per son shall ensur e t hat adequat e saf et y pr ecaut ions ar e est ablished and maint ained t hr ough out t he wor k. The equipment shall only be consider ed as suit able f or r et ur n t o ser vice when all saf et y document s have been cancelled and isolat ion point s normalized. 5.8.3 Electrical Accidents In the event of an electrical accident on the ZETCO grid or at points of connection the following steps shall be taken: a. Stop work and attend to the injured if any. b. Not if y ZETCO Cont r oller , who will decide whet her wor k should continue or not. c. Report Incident to Zimbabwe republic Police. d. Produce a preliminary report and notify management. e. I f necessar y management const it ut es a commit t ee f or f ur t her investigation f. Produce a detailed accident report. g. Circulate report internally and to key people in the Users systems. h. Officially advise the ministry of the accident.

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5.9 Communications Telecommunicat ions ar e t he basic inf r ast r uct ur e t hat makes r emot e oper at ions of a syst em possible. I t is, t her ef or e, imper at ive t hat telecommunications be highly reliable, and highly available. ZETCO Syst em Oper at or ZETCO and User s shall advise each ot her of t he t elephone number s t o be used f or oper at ional pur poses. ZETCO shall ensur e t hat all oper at ional lines ar e monit or ed f or f ut ur e r eplay should any disputes arise or as a tool in incident investigation. I n t he case of pr oblems wit h dir ect TelOne calls, a pr ior it y call can be obt ained by dialling t he local oper at or , st at ing URGENT ELECTRI CI TY CALL and asking f or t he r equir ed number . The Oper at or will consider t he call as an emer gency and obt ain t he number wit h minimum delay. The Post mast er Gener al (PMG) s Cir cular No. 40 of 1983, which may be quot ed in the event of misunderstanding, covers the above procedure. Use of mobile communication should be used as a last resort. 5.10 Demand Control Pr ovisions of t his sect ion ar e t o enable ZETCO t o implement demand r educt ion or demand addit ion in a manner t hat ensur es t he cont inued balance bet ween supply and demand. Demand r educt ion will help in maintaining syst em int egr it y in cases of demand supply mismat ch and equipment over load. Similar ly a demand addit ion (r econnect ion) will assist in achieving controlled picking of demand. ZETCO shall be r esponsible f or issuing inst r uct ions f or t o User s f or picking or dropping load under normal or emergency conditions. 5.8.2 Planned Demand Control

I n t he case of a supply demand mismat ch is f or eseen ZETCO will aler t User s dr awing power f r om ZETCO gr id in t er ms of t he t imes and load quantum to be curtailed. ZETCO and User s shall pr oduce a load shedding pr ogr amme t hat will be followed when there is planned load demand control. Where there is not enough time to notify Users ZETCO shall curtail load in a manner t hat does not st r ict ly f ollow t he agr eed load shedding programme.

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_______________________________________________________ 5.10.2 Automatic (Emergency) Demand Control
Emergency operating conditions requiring automatic demand control occur when there is a sudden loss of generation substantially in excess of spare plant capacit y. ZETCO in consult at ion wit h gr id User s shall pr epar e t he plan for automatic load shedding during the low frequency conditions. Dur ing per iods of low f r equency condit ions gener at ing st at ions shall assist through the following: a. Endeavour t o assist t he syst em f r equency t o r ise t o 50 Hz, by increasing generation whenever possible. b. Not disconnect ing manually f r om t he t r ansmission syst em unless t her e is def init e evidence t hat a complet e f ailur e of gener at ion would otherwise result. The per son in char ge at each gener at ing st at ion, however , will r et ain t he right to shut down plant if he/she considers that its continued operations would be unsafe, or would result in breakdown of the plant. 5.11 Power System Restoration After Blackout ZETCO Syst em Oper at or s ar e r equir ed t o dir ect and co-ordinate restoration efforts after blackouts. This can only be achieved safely and quickly by using a well-or ganised and syst emat ic appr oach as specif ied in this Section. I t is incumbent on all gr id User s aut hor ised t o car r y out swit ching on t he net wor k t o be t hor oughly f amiliar wit h and obser ve t he f ollowing restoration procedures: a) ZETCO and t he Gr id User s ar e r equir ed t o accur at ely assess t he ext ent of t he blackout and t he st at us of plant and equipment , and f r om available inf or mat ion det er mine t he best met hod f or r est or ing supplies. I mpor t ant oper at ional r equir ement s, cr it ical loads, alternative supply options, etc should receive the required priority. b) ZETCO and t he Gr id User s should saf ely and quickly r est or e supplies by carrying out switching, directing and co-ordinating staff involved in t he exer cise. They must not get involved wit h non-operational matters, especially to answer queries from other staff and the public. c) ZETCO shall dir ect and co-or dinat e syst em r est or at ion wit h User s and int er connect ed ut ilit ies in accor dance wit h st anding inst r uct ions and laid down procedures.

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d) Gener at ing st at ion Oper at or s shall dir ect and co-or dinat e t he st ar t up of generating machines to be ready for synchronising in accordance with local standing instructions and procedures. e) Rest or at ion wor k should be conduct ed in accor dance wit h all applicable oper at ing r ules and memor anda, in par t icular ZESA s Elect r ical Saf et y Rules must be complied wit h. St at ut or y, equipment , operational and other constraints must be observed. f) The r espect ive Oper at or s must ensur e t hat an accur at e and complet e log is maint ained. This is r equir ed f or post event analysis and may be of assistance during the emergency. All swit ching oper at ions on t he ZETCO shall be in line wit h pr ovisions of t he ZESA Elect r icit y Saf et y Rules. No par t of t he ZETCO gr id shall be deliber at ely isolat ed f r om t he int egr at ed net wor k except under t he following conditions. Under an emer gency, and condit ions in which such isolat ion would pr event a t ot al gr id collapse and/ or enable ear ly restoration of power supply When ser ious damage t o cost ly equipment is imminent and such isolation would prevent it On oper at ion of ZETCO appr oved under f r equency/ islanding scheme Complet e synchr onisat ion of int egr at ed gr id shall be r est or ed, as soon as t he condit ions again per mit it . ZETCO shall super vise t he r est or at ion process. 5.12 Schedule And Dispatch ZETCO shall pr epar e t he day ahead gener at ion schedule keeping in view the following: a) ZETCO grid constraints from time to time b) Load r equir ement s as est imat ed t hr ough consolidat ing User demands for specified intervals c) The need t o pr ovide oper at ing mar gins and r eser ves r equir ed t o be maintained d) The availabilit y of gener at ion f r om var ious sour ces t oget her wit h any constraints in each case The Gener at ion Scheduling shall be in accor dance wit h t he Power Pur chase Agr eement s (PPA s). Gener at or s shall pr ompt ly inf or m ZETCO in

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t he event of any unf or eseen dif f icult ies in car r ying out dispat ch inst r uct ions. Dispat ch inst r uct ions shall be issued by f ax and conf ir med by r et ur n f ax. I n t he event t hat or al inst r uct ions ar e used t hese shall be complied wit h f or t hwit h and wr it t en conf ir mat ion shall be issued promptly by Fax, e-mail, tele-printer or otherwise. 5.13 Network Switching ZETCO needs t o car r y out net wor k swit ching in or der t o implement maint enance out age pr ogr ammes, connect new syst ems, f acilit at e syst em and / or pr ot ect ion t est s, cont r ol volt age, load management and t o respond to emergency and fault situations on the transmission network. ZETCO shall inf or m User s, wher e pr act icable, of swit ching act ions t hat may be likely t o af f ect t he oper at ions of User s or secur it y of supply t o Users. In this regard ZETCO shall consult with Users in order to find out and take into consideration reasonable objections raised by the same. Network swit ching may also occur aut omat ically and wit hout advance war ning due t o oper at ion of pr ot ect ion equipment t o clear or isolat e faults or established deliberately to mitigate negative impact of faults on voltage and equipment loading. 5.14 System test System Test Requirements System Test, which involves the simulation of conditions or the controlled application of unusual or extreme conditions that may have an impact on the Grid or the User System, shall be carried out in a manner that shall not endanger any personnel or the general public. The threat to the integrity of Equipment, the Security of the Grid, and the detriment to ZETCO and other Users shall be minimized when undertaking a System Test on the Grid or the User System. System Test Request If ZETCO (or a User) wishes to undertake a System Test on the Grid (or the User System), it shall submit a System Test Request that contains the following: The purpose and nature of the proposed System Test;

5.14.1 5.14.1.1

5.14.1.2

5.14.2 5.14.2.1

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The extent and condition of the Equipment involved; and A proposed System Test Procedure specifying the switching sequence and the timing of the switching sequence. 5.14.2.2 The Test Proponent shall provide sufficient time for the planning of the proposed System Test shall determine the time required for each type of System Test. ZETCO may require additional information before approving the proposed System Test if the information contained in the System Test Request is insufficient or the proposed System Test Procedure cannot ensure the safety of personnel and the Security of the Grid. ZETCO shall determine and notify other Users, other than the System Test Proponent, that may be affected by the proposed System Test. ZETCO may also initiate a System Test if it has determined that the System Test is necessary to ensure the safety, Stability, Security, and Reliability of the Grid. System Test Group Within one (1) month after the acceptance of a System Test Request, ZETCO shall notify the System Test Proponent, (if it is not the System Test Proponent) and the affected Users of the proposed System Test. The notice shall contain the following: j) The purpose and nature of the proposed System Test, the extent and condition of the Equipment involved, the identity of the System Test Proponent, and the affected Users; k) An invitation to nominate representative(s) for the System Test Group to be established to coordinate the proposed System Test; and l) If the System Test involves work or testing on HV and EHV Equipment, the Safety Coordinators and the safety procedures specified in the Electrical Safety Rules Hand Book shall be adhered to. 5.14.3.2 The System Test Proponent, and the affected Users shall nominate their representative(s) to the System Test Group within one (1) month after receipt of the notice to ZETCO. ZETCO may decide to proceed with the proposed System Test even if the affected Users fail to reply within that period. ZETCO shall establish a System Test Group and appoint a System Test Coordinator, who shall act as chairman of the System Test

5.14.2.3

5.14.2.4

5.14.2.5

5.14.3 5.14.3.1

5.14.3.3

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Group. The System Test Coordinator may come from ZETCO or the System Test Proponent. 5.14.3.4 The members of the System Test Group shall meet within one (1) month after the Test Group is established. The System Test Coordinator shall convene the System Test Group as often as necessary. The agenda for the meeting of the System Test Group shall include the following: (a) The details of the purpose and nature of the proposed System Test and other matters included in the System Test Request; (b) Evaluation of the System Test Procedure as submitted by the System Test Proponent and making the necessary modifications to come up with the final System Test Procedure; (c) The possibility of scheduling simultaneously the proposed System Test with any other test and with Equipment Maintenance which may arise pursuant to the Maintenance Program requirements of the Grid or Users; and (d) The economic, operational, and risk implications of the proposed System Test on the Grid, the System of other Users, and the Scheduling and Dispatch of the Generating Plants. 5.14.3.6 The System Test Proponent, ZETCO (if it is not the System Test Proponent) and the affected Users (including those which are not represented in the System Test Group) shall provide the System Test Group, upon request, with such details as the System Test Group reasonably requires to carry out the proposed System Test. System Test Program Within two (2) months after the first meeting and at least one (1) month prior to the date of the proposed System Test, the System Test Group shall submit to ZETCO, the System Test Proponent and the affected Users a proposed System Test Program which shall contain the following: (a) Plan for carrying out the System Test; (b) System Test Procedure to be followed during the test including the manner in which the System Test is to be monitored; (c) List of responsible persons, including Safety Coordinators when necessary, who will be involved in carrying out the System Test; (d) An allocation of all testing costs among the affected parties; and

5.14.3.5

5.14.4 5.14.4.1

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(e) Such other matters as the System Test Group may deem appropriate and necessary and are approved by the management of the affected parties. 5.14.4.2 If the proposed System Test Program is acceptable to ZETCO, the System Test Proponent and the affected Users, the final System Test Program shall be constituted and the System Test shall proceed accordingly. Otherwise, the System Test Group shall revise the System Test Program. If the System Test Group is unable to develop a System Test Program or reach a decision in implementing the System Test Program, ZETCO shall determine whether it is necessary to proceed with the System Test to ensure the Security of the Grid. The System Test Coordinator shall be notified in writing, as soon as possible, of any proposed revision or amendment to the System Test Program prior to the day of the proposed System Test. If the System Test Coordinator decides that the proposed revision or amendment is meritorious, he shall notify ZETCO, the System Test Proponent, and the affected Users to act accordingly for the inclusion thereof. The System Test Program shall then be carried out with the revisions or amendments if the System Test Coordinator received no objections. If System conditions are abnormal during the scheduled day for the System Test, the System Test Coordinator may recommend a postponement of the System Test. System Test Report Within two (2) months or a shorter period as the System Test Group may agree after the conclusion of the System Test, the System Test Proponent shall prepare and submit a System Test Report to ZETCO, the affected Users, and the members of the System Test Group. After the submission of System Test Report, the System Test Group shall be automatically dissolved.

5.14.4.3

5.14.4.4

5.14.4.5

5.14.5 5.14.5.1

5.14.5.2

5.15

Generating unit capability tests Test Requirements Tests shall be conducted, in accordance with the agreed procedure and standards, to confirm the compliance of Generating Units for the following:

5.15.1 5.15.1.1

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(a) Capability of Generating Units to operate within their registered Generation parameters; (b) Capability of the Generating Units to meet the applicable requirements of the Grid Code; (c) Capability to deliver the Ancillary Service that the Generator had agreed to provide; and (d) Availability of Generating Units in accordance with their capability declaration. 5.15.1.2 5.15.1.3 All tests shall be recorded and witnessed by the authorized representatives of ZETCO, Generator, and/or User. The Generator shall demonstrate to ZETCO the reliability and accuracy of the test instruments and Equipment to be used in the test. All tests shall be of sufficient duration and shall be conducted according to The Power Purchase Agreement with ZPC or any other Generator or Supplier except when there are reasonable grounds to justify the necessity for further tests. If a Generating Unit fails the test, the Generator shall correct the deficiency within an agreed period to attain the relevant registered parameters for that Generating Unit. Once the Generator achieves the registered parameters of its Generating Unit that previously failed the test, it shall immediately notify ZETCO. ZETCO shall then require the Generator to conduct a retest in order to demonstrate that the appropriate parameter has already been restored to its registered value. If a dispute arises relating to the failure of a Generating Unit to pass a given test, ZETCO, the Generator and/or User shall seek to resolve the dispute among them. If the dispute cannot be resolved, one of the parties may submit the issue to the respective Board, the Holding Company and the ZERC in that order. Tests to be performed The React ive Power t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Gener at ing Unit meet s t he r egist er ed React ive Power Capabilit y r equir ement s. The Gener at ing Unit shall pass t he t est if t he measur ed values ar e wit hin: 1.5 percent of the Capability as registered with ZETCO. The Pr imar y Response t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Generating Unit has the capability to provide Primary Response The Gener at ing Unit shall pass t he t est if t he measur ed r esponse in

5.15.1.4

5.15.1.5

5.15.1.6

5.15.1.7

5.15.1.8

5.15.2 5.15.2.1

5.15.2.2 5.15.2.3

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MW /Hz is within: 1.5 percent of the required level of response within five (5) seconds. 5.15.2.4 The Fast St ar t capabilit y t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Gener at ing Unit has t he capabilit y t o aut omat ically St ar t -Up, synchr onize wit h t he Gr id wit hin 15 minut es and be loaded up t o it s of f er ed capabilit y. The Gener at ing Unit shall pass t he t est if it meet s t he Fast St ar t capability requirements. The Black St ar t t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Gener at ing Plant wit h Black St ar t cap-abilit y can implement a Black St ar t pr ocedur e. To pass t he t est , t he Gener at ing Unit shall st ar t on it s own, synchr onize wit h t he Gr id and car r y load wit hout t he need f or external power supply. The Declar ed Dat a capabilit y t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Gener at ing Unit can be scheduled and dispat ched in accor dance wit h t he Declar ed Dat a. To pass t he t est , t he unit shall sat isf y t he abilit y to achieve the Declared Data. The Dispat ch accur acy t est shall demonst r at e t hat t he Gener at ing Unit meet s t he r elevant Gener at ion Scheduling and Dispat ch Parameters. The Generating Unit shall pass the test if: (a) In the case of synchronization, the process is achieved within: 1.5 minutes of the registered synchronization time; (b) In the case of synchronizing generation (if registered as a Generation Scheduling and Dispatch Parameters), the synchronizing generation achieved is within an error level equivalent to 2.5% of Net Declared Capability; (c) In the case of meeting ramp rates, the actual ramp rate is within: Plus or minus 10% of the registered ramp rate; (d) In the case of meeting Load reduction rates, the actual Load reduction rate is within: plus or minus 10% of the registered Load reduction rate; and (e) In the case of all other Generation Scheduling and Dispatch Parameters, values are within: plus or minus 1.5% of the declared values. 5.15.2.8 The Ancillary Service acceptability test shall determine the committed services in terms of parameter quantity or volume, timeliness, and other operational requirements. Generators providing Ancillary Services shall conduct the test or define the committed service. However, monitoring by ZETCO of Ancillary Service performance in response to System-derived inputs shall also be carried out.

5.15.2.5

5.15.2.6

5.15.2.7

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5.16 Maintenance Requirements 5.16.1 Transformer Oil Containment
All transformers shall be placed on specially designed foundations. An oil sump shall be provided in the switchyard at a lower level than the transformer foundation. The trench to the sump shall have a well-designed gradient with tile finish to enable oil flow from transformer cavity.

5.16.2Equipment Maintenance
5.16.2.1 Maintenance Schedule for Switchgear ZETCO shall design a maintenance schedule for annual inspections of the annual conditions and performance of transformers and switchgear. Compressed air systems for Circuit Breakers shall undergo a statutory inspection and the dryness of the air should be ensured. 5.16.2.2 Maintenance of Transformer and Switchgear Dielectric Oil Oil Samples shall be taken periodically and tested for moisture, dielectric strength and decomposition products. Filtration or Regeneration is recommended if oil tests are not satisfactory. The test shall be done according to the following standards: IEC 599; IEC 422(1998); IEC 354; IEC 156 and IEC 296. 5.16.2.3 Maintenance of Power Transformers The transformer shall be inspected regularly. Regular inspection, annual checks and condition-based maintenance are essential for long, trouble-free service. 5.16.3 Infrared Thermograph Infrared Thermograph shall be carried out on the substation equipment at least once a year to ascertain equipment availability and personnel safety. The purpose of the infrared scanning is to check on loose connections.

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5.16.4 Noise level measurements Noise level measurements shall be done using a noise level meter. Transformers, Coolers, Radiators, Auxiliaries and Air-conditioning plant noise level shall be below specified limit of 78dB. Corrective measures shall be taken if the limits exceed the above stated level.

5.16.4 Polychrobiphenyls (PCB) Management

All transformers and switchgear oil shall be tested for PCBs and if contaminated, the oil container or the equipment in which the oil is cont aminat ed shall be clear ly labelled PCB equipment f or per sonnel protection. The contamination level above is 50ppm. PCB Contaminated Waste disposal shall be by incineration.

5.16.5 Live Line / Dead Line Maintenance

Routine insulator inspection and replacement of damaged insulators shall be carried out annually on all feeders. For feeders deemed critical by ZETCO, live line inspection and replacement of damaged insulators shall be carried out when and where necessary.

5.16.6 Line Way Leaves Maintenance

Bush clearing and Track maintenance shall be carried out annually for all Transmission and sub transmission lines. 5.16.7 Battery Maintenance The total battery voltage shall be checked monthly. The total voltage shall be equal to cell voltage x n. Where n is the number of cells in a bank. The voltage specific gravity and temperature of each battery cell shall be measured and recorded every month. If the measured value is outside the specified limits by SAZ standard, remedial action shall be effected. Electrolyte levels of all cells shall be checked monthly. If below minimum level, it shall be topped up with distilled/ deionised water to t he level mar ked Maximum The float charge shall be set at cell rated voltage.

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5.16.8 Circuit Breaker Tests (SF6 And Vacuum) Circuit breakers shall undergo annual timing test. The closing and opening times shall be determined and compared to the manufactures prescribed close open times. If outside the prescribed limits, then appropriate remedial action shall be effected. Circuit breakers shall undergo annual dynamic resistance tests to ascertain contact integrity.

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SECTION 6 METERING CODE

6.1 Introduction
This Grid Code sets out a uniform policy in respect of electricity metering at boundaries between entities (Connection Points) so that the transfer of electrical energy is properly accounted for.

6.2

Objective
The objective of the Code is to define the minimum acceptable metering standards for the purpose of accountability, billing of electrical energy at the Connection Point as specified in the Connection Agreement. The Code also specifies the requirement of calibration, testing and commissioning for metering equipment. The Code broadly indicates the technical features of various elements of the metering, security, meter reading and the procedure for the resolution of disputes.

6.3

Scope
The scope of this Code covers the practices that shall be employed and the practices that shall be provided for the measurement and recording of various parameters like energy pulses, Active/Reactive power etc.

6.4

Application of the Metering Code This Section of the Grid Code applies to all stakeholders in respect of any metering point, which connects to the Transmission Grid. This Section of the Grid Code sets out provisions relating to: a) Provision, and maintenance of metering equipment; b) Collection of metering data; c) Accuracy of all equipment used in the process of electricity metering; d) Testing procedures to be adhered to; e) Storage requirement for metering data; f) Competencies and standards of performance; and g) Relationship of entities involved in the electricity metering industry.

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ZERC shall monitor compliance to all matters covered by this section of the Grid Code and shall design and effect appropriate penalties for enforcing compliance. 6.5 Metering Equipment The metering equipment at the Connection Point shall consist of some or all of the following: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) 6.6 Instrument transformers; Lightning protection; Revenue class meters; Integrating pulse recorder(s) and time source; and Test interfaces to include test blocks

Active Energy and Demand Metering Act ive Ener gy and Demand Met er ing shall be r equir ed at ever y Connect ion Point . Act ive Ener gy and Power expor t ed or impor t ed by par t ies shall be met er ed and gener at ing unit s/ Gr id subst at ions shall be monitored as required.

6.7

Tariff Metering Tar if f met er ing shall be designed and inst alled so as t o measur e impor t s f r om gener at or s and expor t s t o Gr id User s. As f ar as possible t he t ar if f met er ing shall be connect ed at t he deliver y point i.e., f or ener gy expor t ed f r om gener at or s t o t he Gr id at t he HV side of t he gener at or t r ansf or mer (st ep up t r ansf or mer ) and f or ener gy impor t ed f r om t he Grid for station consumption on the HV side of the station transformer. Tar if f met er ing f or t he impor t s/ expor t s on int er -connect or s shall be inst alled at t he r eceiving/ sending subst at ion. The met er s, however , must be configured to compensate for losses from/to the National Border. Similarly, at the Connection Point with Grid Users, two meters shall be installed - One Main and the other Check.

6.7.1

6.7.2

The meter pulses shall be made available to ZETCO to allow separate recording of the input and output Active Energy and Power at each Connection Point. The Reactive Energy and Demand metering shall be provided to independently meter input and output from the Grid. It shall

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_______________________________________________________ measure all quadrants in which Reactive Power flow is possible. 6.7.3 The meter pulses shall be made available to allow separate recording of the input and output Reactive Energy and Demand at each Connection Point.
6.8 6.8.1 Integrating Pulse Meters To accommodat e t he oper at ion of t he Gr id, I nt egr at ing Pulse Met er s shall be pr ovided at ever y Connect ion Point t o r ecor d Act ive and React ive int egr at ed Demand dat a f or use in billing and set t lement s f or Ener gy ser vices pr ovided by t he Gr id and f or t r ansactions between Users. All I nt egr at ing Pulse Met er s shall be capable of elect r onic downloading of st or ed dat a or manual on-sit e int er r ogat ion by t he Meter Operator. All I nt egr at ing Pulse Met er s shall have f ail saf e st or age f or at least t wo mont hs of int egr at ed demand dat a and be capable of r et aining r eadings and t ime of day f or at least t wo (2) days wit hout an ext er nal power source. Responsibility For Metering Installations

6.8.2

6.8.3

6.9

6.9.1

6.9.2

6.9.3 6.9.4

6.9.5 6.9.6

Respect ive gener at or s shall own all gener at ion Main Met er ing and t he generators ar e r esponsible f or ensur ing t hat all such met er ing complies wit h t he met er ing st andar ds and r equir ement s of t his code. The Check Meter will be the responsibility of ZETCO. All t ar if f met er ing at t he Connect ion Point shall be t he r esponsibilit y of ZETCO. I n t his case, ZETCO shall own t he Main Met er and Gr id User the Check Meter. The pr ovisions of t he r elevant int er connect ion agr eement shall gover n all metering at SAPP interconnection points. Ener gy consumed by a gener at ing st at ion and dr awn f r om ZETCO Gr id shall be measur ed by t ar if f met er ing. Gener at or s shall pay f or t his energy drawn through the station transformer from the gridGrid. The met er ing shall be connect ed on t he HV side of t he st at ion transformer and shall belong to ZETCO. ZETCO shall be r esponsible t o ensur e t hat all point s ident if ied t o be metering points have metering installations. ZETCO shall r ecover it s cost s f or met er ing inst allat ion t hr ough connection charges.

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6.9.7 6.9.8 ZETCO shall be r esponsible t o manage and collect met er ing information for the Connection Point. Par t ies connect ed or want ing t o connect t o t he Gr id shall pr ovide t he ZETCO wit h all inf or mat ion deemed necessar y t o enable performance of its metering duties.

6.10

Metering equipment standards Voltage Transformers The volt age t r ansf or mer s shall comply wit h t he I EC 44 St andar d or it s equivalent nat ional st andar d f or met er ing, and should be of t he 0.5 accur acy class. These volt age t r ansf or mer s shall be connect ed Wye- Wye wit h bot h st ar point s gr ounded t o a gr ounding Gr id of accept able r esist ance and shall pr ovide a f our wire secondary connection. The volt age dr op in each phase of t he volt age t r ansf or mer connect ions of t he same accur acy and class shall not exceed 0.2 V. I t shall be connect ed only t o a billing met er wit h a bur den t hat shall not affect the accuracy of measurement. Current Transformers The cur r ent t r ansf or mer s shall compr ise t hr ee unit s f or a t hr eephase set , each of which complies wit h t he I EC 44 St andar d or it s equivalent nat ional st andar d f or met er ing, and is of 0.5 accur acy class. I t is pr ef er r ed t hat t wo (2) cur r ent t r ansf or mer cor es wit h cor r esponding number of secondar y coils per phase be pr ovided, one connect ed t o t he Main Met er and t he ot her t o t he Check Meter. The cur r ent t r ansf or mer ' s r at ed secondar y cur r ent shall be eit her 1 or 5 amper es. The neut r al conduct or shall be ef f ect ively gr ounded at a single point . The cur r ent t r ansf or mer shall be connect ed only t o a billing met er wit h a bur den t hat shall not affect the accuracy of measurement. Meters Met er s shall be of t he t hr ee-phase f our wir e t ype r at ed f or t he r equir ed sit e, comply wit h t he appr opr iat e I EC St andar ds or t heir

6.10.1 6.10.1.1

6.10.1.2

6.10.2 6.10.2.1

6.10.2.2

6.10.3 6.10.3.1

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equivalent nat ional st andar ds, f or st at ic wat t -hour met er and ot her t ypes of met er s, and be of t he accur acy class of 0.2 or equivalent . The met er s shall measur e and locally display at least t he kW, kWh, kVAR, kVARh, and cumulat ive Demand, wit h t he features of time-of-use, maintenance records, and pulse output. 6.10.3.2 A cumulative record of the parameters measured shall be available on t he met er . Bi-directional met er s shall have t wo such r ecor ds available. I f combined Act ive Ener gy and React ive Ener gy met er s ar e pr ovided, t hen a separ at e r ecor d shall be pr ovided f or each measur ed quant it y and dir ect ion. The loss of auxiliar y supply t o the meter shall not erase these records. For all met er ing inst allat ions, pulse out put shall be pr ovided f or each measur ed quant it y. The pulse out put shall be f r om a t hr eewir e t er minal wit h pulse dur at ion in t he r ange f r om 40 t o 80 milliseconds (pr ef er ably select able) and wit h select ive pulse f r equency or r at e. The minimum pulse f r equency shall comply wit h t he I EC St andar d or it s equivalent nat ional st andar d, f or t he shor t est int egr at ion per iod and t he accur acy class of t he met er . Pulse out put shall be galvanically isolat ed f r om the volt age/ cur r ent t r ansf or mer s being measur ed and f r om t he auxiliar y supply input t er minals. The insulat ion test volt age shall be 1000 VAC, 50 Hz and applied for one minute. Integrating Pulse Recorders I nt egr at ing Pulse Recor der s shall be capable of r ecording int egr at ed Demand per iods adj ust able bet ween f if t een (15) minutes and sixty (60) minutes. Each r ecor der shall be capable of elect r onic dat a t r ansf er t hr ough dedicat ed t elephone lines or ZETCO s communicat ion channels or manual downloading of data on-site. The int egr at ing pulse r ecor der s shall pr ovide a r ecor d f or r ef er ence at a f ut ur e t ime. The r ecor d shall be suit able f or reference for a period of at least one year after it was generated. The int egr at ing pulse r ecor der shall be r egular ly int er r ogat ed and t he r ecor d shall also be maint ained at t he r ecor der f or t wo (2) complet e billing per iods bet ween one (1) int er r ogat ion or sixt y (60) days, whichever is longer. The t ime r ef er ence used wit h t he Demand r ecor der shall ensur e t hat t he Demand per iod accur acy of t his int egr at ing pulse recorder is with a time error of no more than +/-1 second.

6.10.3.3

6.10.4 6.10.4.1

6.10.4.2

6.10.4.3

6.10.4.4

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6.10.4.5 6.10.4.6 6.10.4.7 All r evenue met er ing inst allat ions shall r ecor d t ime, based on t he Central African standard time. The st ar t of each demand per iod shall be wit hin +/ -30 seconds of t he standard time. Repr ogr amming of int egr at ing pulse r ecor der s shall be done as soon as possible within one billing cycle if there is a time error.

6.11

Metering Equipment Testing And Maintenance Instrument Transformer Testing Test on t he I nst r ument Tr ansf or mer s at t he Connect ion Point , shall be done by ZETCO or a par t y aut hor ized by ZETCO and t he concer ned User dur ing t he Test and Commissioning st age and t hen at least once ever y f ive (5) year s or as t he need ar ises due t o quer ies on accur acy. The tests shall be car r ied out as specif ied in this Section of the Grid Code or an agreed equivalent international standard. An I nst r ument t r ansf or mer shall not be connect ed t o a load beyond it s r at ed bur den and shall be oper at ed at t he opt imum bur den r ange t o achieve maximum accur acy of t he met er ing syst em. Bur den Test shall be conduct ed dur ing commissioning, r einst allat ion or r elocat ion or when r equest ed by t he User and/ or t he ZETCO. Loading r esist or s f or compensat ing low bur dens may be allowed as long as accuracy level is sustained. Meter Testing and Calibration

6.11.1 6.11.1.1

6.11.1.2

6.11.2

ZETCO and t he user shall t est and seal t he met er s at least once a year and r ecalibr at e or r eplace such met er s if f ound t o be out side t he acceptable accuracy stipulated in the Grid Code. 6.11.3 6.11.3.1 Request for Test A Grid User or ZETCO may request a test of the installed metering equipment if it has reason to believe that the performance of the Equipment is not within the accuracy limits set forth in clause 6.7.3 of this Grid Code . The test shall be done by the two concerned parties or an independent entity approved by both parties.

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6.11.3.2 If the meter Equipment fails the test, ZETCO shall pay for the cost of the test. If the meter Equipment passes the test, the party who requested the test shall pay for the test cost. Maintenance of Metering Equipment The metering equipment at the Connection Point shall be maintained by ZETCO. All test results, maintenance programs, and sealing records shall be kept for the life of the Equipment. The Equipment data and test records shall be made available to authorized parties. ZETCO shall repair the metering System as soon as practical and in any event within two (2) days if a metering System malfunctions or maintenance occurs. ZETCO shall be allowed to charge the metering services provided, subject to the approval of the ZERC. Metering Equipment Security

6.11.4 6.11.4.1

6.11.4.2

6.11.5

ZETCO shall take all reasonable steps to prevent unauthorized interference with the Equipment. ZETCO shall provide seals and other appropriate devices to prevent unauthorized alteration on site settings and calibrations. The metering Equipment cubicle shall be completely and securely locked and sealed, provided any register on Equipment is visible and accessible. ZETCO shall also provide appropriate security against unauthorized access and against corruption of data in transmission. 6.12 Meter Reading And Metering Data Integrating Pulse Metering Data ZETCO shall download Integrating Pulse Metering data (the actual hourly data on generation and off-takes at each Connection Point) for billing and settlement purposes. Each User shall be provided full access to the data for his Connection Point. The pulses from two or more meters may be combined into one integrating Pulse Recorder provided all the requirements of this Section of the Grid Code are met. The meter pulses that need to be integrated into the recorder are:

6.12.1 6.12.1.1

6.12.1.2

6.12.1.3

(a) Act ive Ener gy and Demand incoming and out going in t he Grid; and
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(b) React ive Ener gy and Demand incoming and out going in t he Grid 6.12.1.4 Pr ovisions shall be made by ZETCO t o per mit on-site as well as remote interrogation of the Integrating Pulse Recorder. Running Total of Active Energy and Power

6.12.2

At input / out put connect ions, t he Act ive Ener gy and Act ive Power met er ing shall pr ovide t he r unning t ot al of t he Ener gy. Combined met er s which measur e bot h t he Act ive Ener gy and Act ive Power input t o and out put f r om t he Gr id shall have t he r unning t ot als available f or each measur ed quant it y, each dir ect ion, and each quadr ant or combinat ion of quadrants. 6.12.3 Running Total of Reactive Energy and Power

At input / out put connect ions, t he React ive Ener gy and React ive Power met er ing shall pr ovide t he r unning t ot als of t he Ener gy. Combined met er s which measur e bot h t he React ive Ener gy and React ive Power input t o and out put f r om t he Gr id shall have t he r unning t ot als available f or each measur ed quant it y, each dir ect ion, and each quadr ant or combinat ion of quadrants. 6.12.4 Billing and Settlement Procedure

The billing pr ocedur es shall be as out lined in Ser vice Levels Agr eement s and/or Power Purchase and Power Supply Agreements 6.13 Settlement Audit Procedure Right to Request Settlement Audit The User shall have the right to request an audit of the settlement data related to its account and the right to choose an independent third party qualified to perform the audit. ZETCO, Generators and Grid Users shall cooperate in the auditing process. 6.13.2 Allocation of Audit Cost

6.13.1

The ext er nal audit or has t o be appr oved by all concer ned par t ies. The requesting party is responsible for all outside auditor costs.

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6.13.3 Audit Results The audit results shall be issued to the billing party who shall issue a response to the audit report, including any adjustment in account billing/payments proposed. 6.13.4 Audit Appeals I f any User disagr ees wit h t he billing par t y s r esponse t o t he audit , that response may be appealed to ZERC.

6.14 Confidentiality
Metering data and passwords are confidential information and shall be treated as such at all times. 7 References The following standards shall be applicable as relevant to meters and associated equipment. (i) Electricity meters class 0.5, 1 and 2 single-phase and poly-phase, single rate and multi-rate watt-hour meters. Insulation test for electric relays Alternating current static watt-hour meters for active energy (classes 0.25 and 0.5 S) Standard for Current Transformers Standard for Voltage Transformers BS 5685

(ii) (iii)

IEC 255-5 IEC 687

(iv) (v)

IEC 44 IEC 44

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SECTION 7 PROTECTION CODE

7.1 Introduction

This Section specifies the minimum protection requirements as well as typical settings, to ensure adequate performance of the power network as experienced by the customers. ZETCO shall at all times install and maintain protection installations that comply with the principles and specifications of this Section. 7.2 Objective

The objective of this Protection Code is to define the minimum protection requirements for any equipment connected to the Grid. The objective of the Protection Code is to define minimum protection requirements for any system or equipment connected to the Grid. This is done in order to: Ensure agreed power quality to customers Minimise damage to primary plant Pr event damage t o healt hy equipment t hat conduct s f ault cur r ent dur ing faults Restore supply over the remaining healthy network Sustain stability and integrity of the power System Limit safety hazard to the power utility personnel and public.

7.3

General Principles

Protection schemes are generally divided into: Equipment protection and System protection. The main functions of equipment protection are to selectively and rapidly detect and disconnect a f ault on t he pr ot ect ed cir cuit . The main f unct ion of Syst em pr ot ect ion is t o r espond t o a Syst em condit ion as opposed t o a Syst em f ault e.g. under f r equency, volt age slide, out of st ep or sub synchr onous r esonance and undertake appropriate automatic actions to maintain power network integrity. The pr ot ect ion f unct ions ar e consider ed adequat e when t he pr ot ect ion r elays perform correctly in terms of: Dependability Security

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Speed of operation Selectivity Sensitivity All Grid users shall ensure correct and appropriate settings of protection to achieve effective, removal of faulty equipment within the clearance time specified in Section 7.6 of this Grid Code. Protection settings at the Connection Point shall not be altered, or protection bypassed and/or disconnected without consultation and agreement of ZETCO and the Grid User. In the case where protection is bypassed and/or disconnected, by agreement, then the cause must be rectified and the protection restored to normal condition as quickly as possible. If agreement has not been reached the electrical equipment will be removed from service forthwith. ZERC shall monitor compliance to all matters covered by this section of the Grid Code and shall design and effect appropriate penalties for enforcing compliance. 7.4 Protection Coordination at the Connection Point

ZETCO shall be r esponsible f or co-or dinat ion of pr ot ect ion at t he Connect ion Point and shall invest igat e any mal-f unct ion of pr ot ect ion or ot her unsatisfactory protection issues at the Connection Point. Grid Users shall take prompt action to correct any protection mal-function. 7.5 Testing of Protection Equipment

ZETCO shall conduct per iodic t est ing of equipment and syst ems t o ensur e t hese ar e per f or ming t o t he designed specif icat ions. Per iodic t est s must be performed within a period of two years. Each Grid User is responsible for tests on own equipment and t est r esult s shall be submit t ed t o ZETCO. The t est s ar e t o be done as per t he t est pr ocedur es det ailed under t his Sect ion of t he Gr id Code and as specified from time to time by ZETCO. 7.6 Fault Clearance Times

From a stability consideration the maximum fault clearance times for faults on any Gr id User s syst em dir ect ly connect ed t o t he Gr id, or any f ault s on t he Gr id itself, are as follows:

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Allowable Maximum Clearance Times: 400 kV 100 milliseconds 330 kV 100 milliseconds 220 kV 100 milliseconds 132 kV 160 milliseconds 110 kV 160 milliseconds 88 kV 160 milliseconds 66 kV 160 milliseconds 33 kV 200 milliseconds 22 kV 200 milliseconds 11 kV 200 milliseconds Higher volt ages have gener ally f ast er clear ance t imes because of t he cr it ical nat ur e of such f ault s on t he over all syst em. However , appr opr iat e discr iminat ion should be obser ved when pr ot ect ion set t ings ar e applied. Slower f ault clear ance t imes f or f ault s on a Gr id User s syst em may be agr eed t o but only if , in ZETCO s opinion, syst em condit ions allow t his. 7.7 Generator Protection Requirements

All Generating Units and all associated electrical equipment of the Generator connected to the Grid shall be protected by adequate protection so that the Grid does not suffer due to any disturbance originating from the Generating Unit. The minimum protection for the generators shall constitute the following: Overcurrent and Earth Fault Differential Protection Reverse power protection Overvoltage protection Negative phase sequence Field failure 7.8 Transmission Line (220- 400kV) Protection Requirements

Every Transmission line taking off from a Generating Station or a sub-station shall have Main and Back Up protection as mentioned below. ZETCO shall notify Grid Users of any changes in its policy on protection from time to time. Protection requirements for transmission differ slightly for short and long lines. For the purposes of this Grid Code short line are up to 5 km.

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7.8.1 Transmission Line Protection Design Standard On long lines t he main pr ot ect ion shall be Dist ance Pr ot ect ion and on shor t lines (5km and below) it shall be Dif f er ent ial Pr ot ect ion or a combination of t he t wo. Tr ansmission lines shall be equipped wit h adequat e pr ot ect ion syst ems, which include one or t wo discr eet Dist ance Pr ot ect ion Relays (Main 1 and Main 2). Wher e Main 1 and Main 2 pr ot ect ion syst ems ar e inst alled and wher e pr act icable, t hese shall be designed t o oper at e independent ly of t he ot her . The r elays should be connect ed t o separ at e measur ing t r ansf or mer s and auxiliar y supplies fused separately. The minimum r equir ement f or t he pr ot ect ion of t he pr ot ect ed line is t hr ee f or war d zones. Zone 1 should nor mally be 80% of t he pr ot ect ed line and zone 2 and zone 3 should be 120% and 150% 0f t he pr ot ect ed line r espect ively. Zone 2 cover s 100% of t he pr ot ect ed line and 20% of t he next shor t est adj acent line. Zone 3 cover s 100% of t he pr ot ect ed line, 50% of t he next adj acent shor t est line and should have 15% r ever se reach on the protected line. The Dist ance Pr ot ect ion should also oper at e on dif f er ent schemes (per missive over -r each and per missive under -r each). Dir ect ional Ear t h Fault pr ot ect ion shall be incor por at ed in t he Dist ance Pr ot ect ion Relays or inst alled as a separ at e r elay t o pr ovide mor e sensit ive pr ot ect ion against high impedance Ear t h Fault s. Back up over -cur r ent and Ear t h Fault protection shall be installed. Short feeders should be equipped with line Differential Protection Relays in addit ion t o all t he ot her pr ot ect ion t o impr ove per f or mance f or high resistance faults. 7.8.2 Automatic Re closing (ARC) On Transmission Lines The most impor t ant consider at ion in t he applicat ion of aut omat ic r e closing (ARC) on t r ansmission lines is t he maint enance of syst em st abilit y and synchr onism. Aut omat ic r e closing is init iat ed f ollowing Zone 1 oper at ion of t he Dist ance Pr ot ect ion Relay and subsequent t r ipping of the circuit breaker for a fault on the line. ARC sequence will compr ise a single phase High Speed Aut o Re closing (HSAR) f ollowed by t hr ee phase Delayed Aut o Re closing (DAR) if necessar y. Not e t hat f or t hr ee phase f ault only t he delayed aut o r e closing should be initiated

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7.8.3 Power Swing Blocking Power swings ar e var iat ions in power f low which occur when t he volt age of gener at or s at dif f er ent point s of t he power syst em slip r elat ive t o each ot her t o cat er f or changes of load magnit ude and dir ect ion or as a r esult of f ault s and t heir subsequent clear ance. The r esult of a power swing may cause t he impedance pr esent ed t o a dist ance r elay t o move int o t he r elay-oper at ing char act er ist ic. I n t he case of a t r ansient power swing, it is impor t ant t hat t he dist ance r elay should not t r ip and should allow the power system to return to a stable condition. Most dist ance r elays on t he t r ansmission syst em have an opt ional power swing-blocking f eat ur e available. ZETCO will ensur e t hat t his f eat ur e is enabled for the Transmission lines. 7.9 Sub transmission (132kV and below) Lines Sub Tr ansmission f eeder s shall be pr ot ect ed by a single Dist ance Pr ot ect ion. Sub Tr ansmission lines pr ot ect ion shall consist of main and back up pr ot ect ion. Main pr ot ect ion shall be a single Dist ance Pr ot ect ion Relay consist ing of t hr ee f or war d zones. The zones ar e as per Sect ion 7.8.1 of t his Gr id Code. Back up shall be pr ovided by def init e t ime and inver se def init e minimum t ime (I DMT) Over -Cur r ent and Ear t h Fault Relays. Shor t f eeder s should be equipped wit h addit ional dif f er ent ial Relays t o pr ovide mor e sensit ive pr ot ect ion f or high impedance f ault s. High-speed aut o r e closing is deemed necessar y f or st abilit y pur poses. However , most sub t r ansmission lines ar e r adial and less cr it ical t o syst em st abilit y. Sub Tr ansmission lines t her ef or e do not necessar ily need HSAR, unless specif ied by ZETCO. Thr ee phase delayed Aut o Re Closing should t her ef or e be employed on zone 1 f ault s on t he sub transmission system for all faults. 7.10 Distribution Line Protection Requirements:

For the purposes of this Grid Code, Distribution shall refer to all Connection Points at 33kV and below. All 33 kV and 11 kV lines at Connection points shall be provided with a minimum of Over Current and Earth Fault protection with or without directional features as given below. 7.10.1 Plain Radial Feeders: Non-directional time lag Over Current and Earth Fault Relay with suitable settings to obtain discrimination between adjacent relay stations.

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7.10.2 Parallel Feeders/ Ring Feeders: Directional time lag Over Current and Earth Fault Relays. 7.10.3 Long Feeders/Transformer Feeders For long feeders (above 5 km) or transformer feeders, the Over Current Relays should incorporate a high set instantaneous element. 7.11 Transformer Protection Requirements: Generating Station/ Transmission System

7.11.1

All windings of Aut o Tr ansf or mer s and power t r ansf or mer of EHV class shall be pr ot ect ed by dif f er ent ial and Balanced Ear t h Fault (BEF)/ Rest r ict ed Ear t h Fault (REF) Relays. I n addit ion t her e shall be back up t ime lag Over Cur r ent and Ear t h Fault pr ot ect ion. For t r ansf or mer s oper at ing in par allel, Back up Over Cur r ent and Ear t h Fault pr ot ect ion shall have a dir ect ional f eat ur e at t he Connect ion Point . Over Cur r ent Ear t h Fault The Over Cur r ent Relays should incor por at e a high set inst ant aneous element . I n addit ion t o elect r ical pr ot ect ion, gas oper at ed r elays, winding t emper at ur e pr ot ect ion and oil temperature protection shall be provided. 7.11.2 Distribution system at Connection Point

For smaller transformers of HV class on the Distribution System Differential Protection shall be provided for 10 MVA and above along with back up time lag Over Current and Earth Fault protection (with directional feature for parallel operations). Transformers of 1.6 MVA and above and less than 10 MVA shall be protected by time lag Over Current, Earth Fault and instantaneous REF relays. In addition all transformers of 1.6 MVA and above shall be provided with gas-operated relays, winding temperature and oil temperature protection. 7.12 Sub- Station Bus Bar Protection

All Users shall provide adequate bus zone protection for substation bus bars in all 220 KV substations to 400kV substations.

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7.13 Teleprotection Requirements Introduction

7.13.1

Tele protection is used in the ZETCO network as part of the overall protection schemes associated with High Voltage networks in order to achieve fast and selective fault clearances indipendent of the fault location and system conditions. Teleprotection relays are positioned between the station protection relays and the Power Line Carrier Equipment to receive and send inter tripping signals between substations. 7.13.2 Characteristics of Teleprotection

Important criteria for protection signalling equipment are security, dependability and transmission time. 7.13.3 Teleprotection Schemes

7.13.3.1 Direct Transfer Trip (DTT) Transfer Tripping shall be applied on all substations and transmission lines with Distance Protection schemes at both ends and for busbar protection scheme. DTT shall be set to operate for Distance Protection zone 1 operation. Receipt of the signal at the remote end initiates the tripping immediately at this end. 7.13.3.2 Permissive Under Reach Transfer Trip (PUTT) PUTT shall be set to operate for under reaching Zone 1 elements of the Distance Protection Relay operation, trip the associated breaker and send an inter trip signal to the remote end. Receipt of the carrier signal and the operation of the zone 2 elements cause an instantaneous trip of the breaker at this end. The scheme shall afford fast fault clearance for faults occurring at the ends of the line 7.13.3.3 Permissive over reach Transfer Trip (POTT) POTT shall be set to operate for the over reaching zone 2 elements of the Distance Protection, trip the associated breaker and send an inter trip signal via the tele protection relay to the remote end. Receipt of the carrier signal and the operation of the over reaching Zone 2 elements at this end causes an instantaneous trip of the breaker at this end. The scheme shall afford fast clearance of faults in the zone 2 part of the protected lines.

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7.13.3.4 Blocking Schemes Blocking schemes shall be applied where the Distance Protection Relay zone 3 Reverse looking elements are used to block instantaneous tripping of the remote relay for Zone 2 faults external to the protected line section. In this scheme, signalling is only initiated only for external faults and signalling transmission takes place over healthy line section. Fast fault clearance occurs when the signal is received and the over reaching zone 2 elements looking into the line operate. 7.14 Over voltage Protection

Over voltages in the system are caused by lightning surges, switching surges and sudden load throw off. Over voltage surges cause possible failure of insulation on transformers, motors and other related electrical equipment. They also cause possible flashovers on highly stressed points external or internal of to equipment. 7.14.1 Protection against Lightning Over voltages

This shall be achieved through the following; 7.14.1.1 Rod Gaps These shall be applied across insulator string or bushing insulators.The gap shall be set to allow the breakdown of the insulation medium at voltages above 140% of nominal as specif ied in t he ZETCO s Par amet er Guidelines f or Pr ot ect ion Test Document Number PTOR 020 R 00. 7.14.1.2 Horn Gaps These shall be applied above overhead lines or substations to provide effective protection against direct strike on line conductors, towers and substation equipment. All sub transmission and transmission overhead lines shall be provided with Horn Gaps. Horn Gaps shall be set to provide effective protection against direct strikes on line conductors, towers and substation equipment as specified by ZETCO. 7.14.1.3 Lightning Masks These shall be applied above buildings to protect them against direct lightning strikes. All substation buildings shall be provided with lightning masks for protection against direct lightning strikes. The lightning masks shall be designed as specified by ZETCO.

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7.14.1.4 Surge Arrestors These shall be applied on lines terminating at the substations and on the transformer terminals so that they divert over voltages to earth without causing short circuits. The surge arrestors shall be as specified by ZETCO. 7.15 7.15.1 Protection Against Switching Surges at the Connecting Point Where it is recommended through studies, shunt reactors and or preclosing resistors on circuit breakers shall be installed to protect against switching surges. All distribution circuits at the Connection Point shall be equipped with surge suppressors and arrestors to limit over voltages. Protection of Compensating Equipment Protection of Reactors All reactors shall be protected at the minimum, by Over Current and Earth Fault Protection, Differential Protection, Restricted Earth Fault Protection, Gas operated and temperature relays. 7.16.2 Protection of Capacitors All Capacitors shall be protected by a minimum of Over Current and Earth Fault Relays. 7.16.3 Protection of Static Var Compensators All Static Var Compensators shall be protected by Over Current and Earth Fault Relays. 7.17 Under frequency Load Shedding

7.15.2

7.16

7.16.1

ZETCO shall employ an automatic Load Shedding scheme when frequency falls to 48.8 HZ and below. The Load Shedding scheme shall be in stages as follows: 7.17.1 7.17.2 7.17.3 Stage 1 is set at 48.8 Hertz and disconnects a total of 20% of the demand Stage 2 is set at 48.5 Hertz and disconnects a total of 10% of the demand Stage 3 is set at48.2 Hertz and disconnects a total of 10% of the demand

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7.17.4 Stage 4 is set at 47.5 Hertz and disconnects most of the remaining loads leaving essential services. Safety Protection Requirements

7.18

7.18.1 Fire Protection All electrical energised equipment is capable of causing fire if proper usage and handling procedures are not adhered to. All ZETCO substations and Connection Points should be equipped with appropriate electrical fire extinguishers located at strategic points at each substation. These shall be tested on annual basis. Fire fighting system shall where appropriate be automatic and in all instances be adequate. The system shall be a combination of fire alarm system and transformer water spray system. The system shall be tested annually. All the Power Transformers in a substation deemed critical by ZETCO shall be equipped with water spray system (mulsifire protection). The transformers in the switchyard shall be provided with barrier walls. The walls shall be covered with refractory bricks. The wall shall prevent the spreading of fire from one transformer to another. Fireguards should be created and maintained around the perimeter of every substation and connection point. All fuels capable of causing fire such as petrol and diesel should be stored at sites away from electrical plant in every substation and Connection Point. Adequate precautions shall be taken and protection shall be provided against fir hazards to all indoor equipment. 7.18.2 Personnel Protection All personnel that have to carry out any works at the Connection Point or ZETCO Substation shall abide by the ZESA Safety Rules and any other Safety requirements that shall be put in place by ZETCO from time to time. As a protection measure to personnel against electrical hazards the following shall be observed at all times.

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7.18.3 Visitors Visitors to a Connection Point or ZETCO Substation All visitors to the Connection Point or ZETCO substation shall obtain t he r elevant aut hor it y t o ent er and sign t he Visit or s Live Enclosure Permit before entering. 7.18.4 Equipment Switching All switching in the Connection Point or ZETCO substation shall be carried out by a ZETCO Senior Authorised Person under the recorded Instruction of a ZETCO Controller. 7.18.5 Carrying out Works at the Connection Point All works at the Connection Point or any part of the ZETCO Network shall be carried out under any of the following ZESA Safety Documents or any document that shall be specified by ZETCO from time to time, depending on the nature of works being carried out. Limitation of Access Document Permit to Work Document Live Line Permit to Work Document Sanction for Test Document

7.19

Earthing Requirements For Substations Earthing Systems All substations Earthing Systems should have Earth Resistance lower than 0.5 ohms for effective discharge of lightning or over voltages to earth. The current carrying paths of an Earthing System should have enough capacity to deal with maximum fault current Earthing Mat shall be provided below ground level and earth electrodes shall be driven into ground at several points and shall be connected to the Earthing Mat to form an Earthing Mesh. All structures, transformer tanks, breakers, equipment panels shall be connected to this mat by galvanised steel strips.

7.19.1

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7.19.2 7.19.2.1 Periodic Checks on Earthing Systems Buried elements of the earthing system should be checked for condition at random points as and when necessary but not exceeding a period of five (5) years. Circuit continuity should be checked between earthing devices and earthed elements. Open circuits and high resistance connections should be investigated and rectified when regular maintenance is being carried out. Earthing resistance should be measured and if more than 0.5 ohms, it should be reduced by the addition of any of the following; Sodium Chloride (Common Salt) Calcium Chloride Sodium Carbonate Copper Sulphate Charcoal Soft Coke 7.20 Test and Commissioning Procedures

7.19.2.2

7.19.2.3

Test and Commissioning Procedures shall be carried out in accordance with the ZETCO standards as specified in the following documents: 7.19.1 Guidelines for Power Systems Protection and Control - PROT 001 R00 7.19.2 Transformer Protection Planned Maintenance Procedure PROT 002 R00 7.19.3 Transformer Protection Planned Maintenance Instructions PROT 003 R00 7.19.4 Transformer Protection Planned Maintenance Records PROT 004 R00 7.19.5 Feeder Protection Planned Maintenance Procedure PROT 005 R00 7.19.6 Feeder Protection Planned Maintenance Instructions PROT 006 R00 7.19.7 Feeder Protection Planned Maintenance Records PROT 007 R00 7.19.8 Transformer Protection Commissioning Procedure PROT 008 R00 7.19.9 Transformer Protection Commissioning Instructions PROT 009 R00 7.19.10 Transformer Protection Commissioning Records PROT 010 R00 7.19.11 Feeder Protection Commissioning Procedure PROT 011 R00 7.19.12 Feeder Protection Commissioning Instructions PROT 012 R00 7.19.13 Feeder Protection Commissioning Records PROT 013 R00 7.19.14 Generator Protection Planned Maintenance Procedure PROT 014 R00 7.19.15 Generator Protection Planned Maintenance Instructions PROT 015 R00 7.19.16 Generator Protection Planned Maintenance Records PROT 016 R00 7.19.17 Generator Protection Commissioning Procedure PROT 017R00 7.19.18 Generator Protection Commissioning Instructions PROT 018R00 7.19.19 Generator Protection Commissioning Records PROT 019R00 7.19.20 Parameter Guidelines for Protection Tests - PROT 020 R00

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7.21 Data Requirements:

Grid Users shall provide ZETCO with all data concerning Protection in their system that is connected to the Grid for as specified in Section 8 of this Grid Code.

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SECTION 8 INFORMATION EXCHANGE CODE

8.1 Introduction

The I nf or mat ion Exchange Code def ines t he r ecipr ocal obligat ions of par t ies wit h r egar d t o t he pr ovision of inf or mat ion f or t he implement at ion of t he Grid Code. The inf or mat ion r equir ement s are necessar y t o ensur e non-discriminatory access t o t he Tr ansmission Syst em and t he saf e, r eliable pr ovision of transmission services. The inf or mat ion r equir ement s ar e divided int o planning inf or mat ion, oper at ional information and post-dispatch information. I nf or mat ion cr it er ia specif ied in t he I nf or mat ion Exchange Code ar e supplementary to the other codes within the Grid Code. 8.2 Information exchange interface

The parties shall identify the following for each type of information exchange: The name, designation and contact details of the person(s) designated by the information owner to be responsible for provision of the information The names, contact details of, and the parties represented by persons requesting the information The purpose for which the information is required. 8.3 8.3.1 8.3.2 Confidentiality of information Information exchanged between parties governed by this code shall be confidential. Confidential information shall not be transferred to a third party without the written consent of the information owner. Parties shall observe the proprietary rights of third parties for the purposes of this code. Access to confidential information within the organisations of parties shall be provided as reasonably required. Parties receiving information shall use the information only for the purpose for which it was supplied.

8.3.3

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8.3.4 The information owner may request the receiver of information to enter into a confidentiality agreement before information, established to be confidential, is provided. A pro forma agreement is included in Appendix II. The parties shall take all reasonable measures to control unauthorized access to confidential information and to ensure secure information exchange. Parties shall report any leak of information that is governed by a confidentiality agreement as soon as practicable after they become aware of the leak, and shall provide the information owner with all reasonable assistance to ensure its recovery or destruction (as deemed appropriate by the information owner). Telephone/Fax The Grid User and ZETCO shall be responsible for the provision and maintenance of no less than one telephone and one fax unit that shall be reserved for operational purposes only, and shall be continuously attended to and answered without undue delay. ZETCO shall use a voice recorder for historical recording of all operational voice communication with Grid Users. These records shall be available for at least one (1) year. ZETCO shall make the voice records of an identified incident in dispute available within a reasonable time after such a request from the Grid User and/or ZERC.

8.3.5

8.4

8.5

Electronic Mail Electronic communication, wherever used shall always be supported by signed hard copies. The data should be in the same format as specified for hard copy transmission. The exchange of archived data shall preferable be carried out on a computer-to-computer basis communication link.

8.6 8.6.1

System planning information Gr id User s shall pr ovide such inf or mat ion as and when r equest ed by ZETCO f or t he pur poses of planning and developing t he Tr ansmission Syst em. The par t ies shall submit t he inf or mat ion t o ZETCO without undue delay. Such inf or mat ion may be r equir ed so t hat ZETCO can plan and develop t he Tr ansmission Syst em, monit or cur r ent and

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f ut ur e power syst em adequacy and per f or mance, and f ulf ill it s statutory or regulatory obligations. Gr id User s shall submit t o ZETCO and t o all r elevant service providers t he r elevant inf or mat ion list ed in Appendix I or as specified by ZETCO from time to time. ZETCO may request additional information as and when required. ZETCO shall keep an updat ed t echnical dat abase of t he Syst em f or pur poses of modelling and st udying t he behavior of t he Tr ansmission and Sub-transmission Systems. ZETCO shall pr ovide Gr id User s or pot ent ial Gr id User s , upon any r easonable r equest , wit h any r elevant inf or mat ion t hat t hey r equir e t o pr oper ly plan and design t heir own net wor ks/ inst allat ions or comply with their other obligations in terms of the Grid Code ZETCO shall make available all t he r elevant inf or mat ion r elat ed t o net wor k planning as descr ibed in t he Gr id Connect ion Code, Sect ion 2 of this Grid Code. Customers shall, upon r equest t o upgr ade an exist ing connect ion or when applying f or a new connect ion pr ovide ZETCO wit h inf or mat ion relating to the following:

8.6.2

8.6.3 8.6.4

8.6.5

8.6.6

8.6.7

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Table 8.6 System Planning Requirements for Customers Commissioning Operating Reliability of connection requested Location map. Projected or target commissioning test date Target operational or on-line date Number of connecting circuits, e.g. one or two feeders, or firm/non-firm supply required Upgrades: name of existing point of supply to be upgraded and supply voltage New connections: provide a 1:50 000 or other agreed scale location map, with the location of the facility clearly marked. In addition, coordinates of the point of connection to be specified Provide a plan of the site (1:200 or 1:500) of the proposed facility, with the proposed point of supply, and where applicable, the transmission line route from the facility boundary to the point of supply, clearly marked Provide an electrical single-line diagram of t he Gr id User s intake substation and to provide an accurate record of the layout of circuits, numbering and nomenclature of equipment and plant.

Site plan

Electrical single-line diagram

8.6.8

8.6.9

ZETCO may estimate any System planning information not provided by the Grid user. ZETCO shall take all reasonable steps to reach agreement with the Grid User on estimated data items. ZETCO shall indicate to the Grid User any data items that have been estimated. The obligation to ensure the correctness of data remains with the Grid User. Generators shall submit to ZETCO all the maintenance planning information detailed in Section 5 of this Grid Code with regard to each unit at each power station. Operational information Pre- commissioning studies Customers shall meet all system planning information requirements before the commissioning test date. (This will include confirming any estimated values assumed for planning purposes or, where practical,

8.7 8.7.1 8.7.1.1

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replacing them with validated actual values and with updated estimates for the future.) 8.7.2 Commissioning and notification (a) Records of commissioning shall be maintained for reference by the asset owner for the operational life of the plant and shall be made available, within a reasonable time, to ZETCO upon notification of such request. (b) The asset owner shall communicate changes made during an outage to commissioned equipment, to ZETCO before the equipment is returned to service. ZETCO shall keep commissioning records of operational data for the operational life of the plant connected to the Transmission System. (c) Participants shall give ZETCO notice, as defined in the Operations Code, of the time at which the commissioning tests will be carried out. 8.7.3 8.7.3.1 General information acquisition requirements Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)

The information exchange shall support data from the SCADA system. The System Operator shall be able to monitor the state of t he power system using the data from the remote terminal units (RTU).
The SCADA system shall be used for storage, display and processing of operational real time data. All Grid Users and Generating Units shall make available outputs of their respective operational equipment to the data acquisition system or as specified in the connection agreement. The data collection, storage, monitoring and display center for ZETCO SCADA data shall be The National Control Center.

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8.7.3.2 Generation Operational SCADA data The Generator Unit shall provide operational information for both real time and recording purposes in relation to each Generating Unit at each Power Station in respect of indications and measurands as follows: i. Mwhr ii. Voltage iii. Frequency iv. MW v. MVAr and any other additional data as specified in the connection agreement. 8.7.3.3 Transmission System Operational SCADA data ZETCO and the grid user shall specify the data characteristics for monitoring electrical supply and load characteristic at each substation and connection point. The data shall be used for both real time and recording purposes in relation to each feeder, transformer and compensation device in respect of indications and measurands as follows: i. Voltage ii. Frequency iii. MW iv. MVAr v. Current and any other additional data as specified in the connection agreement. 8.7.3.4 Process signals interface to RTU The interface of the process signals to RTU shall be as specified by ZETCO. The Interface cabinets shall be installed in the Grid users plant and equipment room if required. The provision and maintenance of the wiring and signalling from the Grid Users plant and equipment to the interface cable to MDF shall be the responsibility of the Grid User. 8.7.4 Measurements and indications to be supplied by Grid Users to ZETCO shall include the formats as specified by ZETCO. Where required signals become unavailable or do not comply with applicable standards

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for reasons within the control of the provider of the information, such participant shall report and restore or correct the signals and/or indications as soon as reasonable. ZETCO shall notify the Grid User, where ZETCO, acting reasonably and in consultation with the Grid User , determines that additional measurements and/or indications in relation to a Grid User plant and equipment are needed to meet a Transmission System requirement. The cost s r elat ed t o t he par t icipant s modif icat ions f or t he addit ional measurements and/or indications shall be for the account of the providing Grid User On receipt of such notification from ZETCO the Grid User shall promptly ensure that such measurements and/or indications are made available at the RTU. ZETCO and the Grid User shall agree on the timeous provision of operational data items as per the relevant Power Purchase Agreement and/or Power Supply Agreement. Grid Users shall jointly verify all measurements and/or indications for functionality and accuracy once every three (3) years, so as to achieve overall accuracy of operational measurements within the limits agreed. The data formats to be used and the fields of information to be supplied to ZETCO by the Grid Users shall be as per the Power Purchase Agreements. ZEDC shall provide periodic feedback to Grid Users regarding the status of equipment and systems installed in the substations where they are connected to the Transmission System. The feedback shall include results from tests, condition monitoring, inspections, audits, failure trends and calibration. The frequency of the feedback shall be determined in the operating agreement, but will not exceed one year. Plant status reports provided by Grid Users will also include contingency plans where applicable. Unit Scheduling Declared Available Capacity Generators shall complet e and submit t o ZETCO t he Declared Available Capacit y f or each gener at ing unit at a per iod specif ied by ZETCO under the Power Purchase Agreement. All scheduled and other out ages and der at ings which pr event some or all of t he Dependable Capacit y of each unit f r om being available f or dispat ch shall be specif ied. Should t he Declar ed Available Capacit y be less t han t he Dependable Capacit y f or any gener at ing unit due t o a r eason ot her t han Scheduled Out age, ZPC or any ot her gener at or shall explain t he r eason f or t he r educt ion, t he act ion planned t o r est or e t he unit t o

8.7.5

8.7.6

8.7.7

8.7.8

8.7.9

8.7.10

8.7.11

8.8 8.8.1

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t he Dependable Capacit y level, and t he est imat ed t ime r equir ed f or such restoration. 8.8.2 Statement of Reduction and Re- establishment in Declared Available Capacity Should t he ZPC or any gener at or become awar e of a change in st at us of any gener at ing unit s f ollowing t he submission of t he Declar ed Available Capacit y it shall make t his st at us change known immediat ely t o ZETCO by t elephone, f ollowed by wr it t en conf ir mat ion t o be r eceived by ZETCO wit hin one hour . ZPC or any ot her gener at or shall conf ir m t he r educt ion in Declar ed Available Capacit y, t he r eason f or t he r educt ion, t he act ion planned t o r est or e t he Declar ed Available Capacit y t o t he Dependable Capacit y level, and t he est imat ed t ime required for such restoration. Once the Declared Available Capacity can be increased over the levels st at ed under 8.5.1 t his change in st at us shall immediat ely be r elayed t o ZETCO by t elephone communicat ion, f ollowed by wr it t en conf ir mat ion t o be r eceived by ZETCO wit hin one hour . ZETCO may then dispat ch t he af f ect ed gener at ing unit at t he Declar ed Available Capacity level.

8.8.2.1

8.8.2.2

8.8.3

Scheduled Capacity Requirement

8.8.3.1

8.8.3.2

ZETCO will not if y ZPC or any ot her gener at or of it s Scheduled Capacit y r equir ement s f or t he plant f or each hour of t he day as per Power Pur chase Agr eement ZPC or any ot her gener at or will conf ir m accept ance and dispat ch t he plant t o t he Capacit y Schedule specif ied in the Power Purchase Agreement. Should ZETCO r equir e changing t he Scheduled Capacit y level of t he plant at any t ime, it shall not if y ZPC or any ot her gener at or of all changes t hr ough t elephone communicat ion, f ollowed by sending a r evised schedule t o be r eceived by ZPC or any ot her gener at or wit hin one hour . ZPC will dispat ch t he plant t o t he r evised Scheduled Capacit y r equir ement s as not if ied by t he init ial t elephone communication. Demand Scheduling

8.9

ZETCO r eser ves t he r ight t o load shed should cir cumst ances beyond it s cont r ol ar ise. This will be done t o ensur e syst em int egr it y. ZETCO shall as soon as possible give not ice of any imminent load shedding t hat might ar ise due t o plant out ages due t o maint enance. However f or f or ced out ages such notices might not be possible

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8.10 Data storage and archiving The obligation for data storage and archiving shall lie with the information owner. The systems that store the data and/or information to be used by the parties shall be of their own choice and for their own cost. All the systems must be able to be audited by the ZERC. The systems must provide for clear and accessible audit trails on all relevant operational transactions. All requests that require an audit on a system shall be undertaken with reasonable notice to the parties. The information owner shall keep all hard copy and/or paper-based information for a period of at least five (5) years (unless otherwise specified in the Grid Code) commencing from the date the information was created. Parties shall ensure reasonable security against unauthorised access, use and loss of information (i.e. have a backup strategy) for the systems that contain the information. Parties shall store planning information that is kept electronically for at least five (5) years or for the life of the plant or equipment concerned, whichever is the longer. ZETCO shall archive operational information, in a historical repository sized f or t hr ee (3) year s dat a. This dat a includes t r ansmission timetagged status information, change of state alarms, and event messages, hourly scheduling and energy accounting information and operator entered data and actions. An audit trail of all changes made to archived data should be maintained. This audit trail shall identify every change made, and the time and date of the change. The audit trail shall include both before and after values of all content and structure changes. File Transfers

8.10.1 8.10.2 8.10.3

8.10.4

8.10.5

8.10.6

8.10.7

8.10.8

8.11

The f or mat of t he f iles used f or dat a t r ansf er shall be negot iat ed and def ined by t he supplier and r eceiver of t he inf or mat ion. The f ile t r ansf er media shall be negot iat ed and def ined by bot h parties involved. The parties shall keep t he agr eed number of f iles f or backup pur poses so as t o enable t he r ecover y of information in the case of communication failures.

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8.12 Performance data Generator performance data Generators shall provide ZETCO monthly with performance indicators in relation to each unit at each power station in respect of availability and reliability as determined from time to time by ZETCO. Generators shall report significant events, such as catastrophic failures, to the ZERC within one (1) week of occurrence of such event. ZEDC and End- Use Customer Performance The performance measurement of all distributors and end-use customers shall be supplied to the ZETCO in accordance with the operating agreement requirements. Distributors shall submit on annual basis the maximum demand of each distributions substation to facilitate long term network development by ZETCO Distributors shall submit on annual basis any known load exceeding 3MVA to be connected to the distribution system and the substation where such loads are likely to be connected Distributors shall report periodic testing of under-frequency load shedding relays in the following format:

8.12.1 8.12.1.1

8.12.1.2

8.12.2 8.12.2.1

8.12.2.2

8.12.2.3

8.12.2.4

TABLE 8.7.2: Testing of Under- Frequency Load Shedding Relays Date: Substation: Fed from transmission substation (directly or indirectly): Activating frequency Required As tested Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Feeders selected (required) Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Feeders selected (as tested) Timer setting Required As tested

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8.12.3 Performance ZETCO shall make the following Transmission System performance indicators available monthly to the ZERC: Table 8.12.3 ZETCO Performance Indicators to be submitted to ZERC
Indicator Performance this month Performance year to date Current international performance where applicable

Actual

Targeted

Actual

Targeted

Local generation by plant Imports by source Energy purchased from IPPs and embedded generators by source Inadvertent energy Exports Capacity arising from demand side management Power wheeled Energy at Bulk Supply Point Energy Sold to ZEDC System maximum demand System load failure Transmission and subtransmission losses (separate) System minutes Transmission system minutes Number of supply interruptions Average duration of interruptions (minutes) Number of frequency excursions outside statutory limits Number of voltage excursions outside statutory limits

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% of transmission line faults resulting in supply interruptions % of sub-transmission faults resulting in supply interruptions % of transmission/subtransmission transformer resulting in supply interruption Number of supply interruption by cause (human error, lightening, bush fires, other) % of transmission/subtransmission substation operated at full capacity % of lines operated at thermal rating Unsaved energy attributed ZETCO Average defects duration Planned maintenance done (%) Number of supply interruption due to protection malfunction Availability of protection system (%) Number of power control system failures Power system communication availability (%) Sales Revenue/Employee Gwh/employee Number of employees per category (managerial, technical etc) Number of non-fatal accidents Number of fatal accidents Number of environmental

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complaints Number of customer complaints Itemized Revenue and Expenditure as per format provided by ZERC Average processing time for application Average time for system studies Average Connection time after system studies and payment of Connection Fees Number of customers awaiting connection due to transmission and sub transmission constraints Average waiting time by customers awaiting connection due to ZETCo constraints Average time for responding to written correspondence by customers Network length by voltage level Number of transformers by voltage level and capacity Average transformer life Average line life Annual system chronological data Any other statistics or indicators that would be specified by ZERC from time to time

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SECTION 9 PROJECT APRAISAL FRAMEWORK CODE

9.1 Introduction The pur pose of t his code is t o pr ovide guidance on how t o appr aise pr oj ect s in ZETCO t o ensur e t hat only pr oj ect s t hat sat isf y ZETCO ' s viabilit y cr it er ia ar e implemented. This edition of the appraisal framework unlike the previous edition includes project documentation guidelines and guidelines on the economic and financial analysis of projects to determine whether projects will increase shareholder value/wealth or not. The underlying principles are that:

i) ii) iii) iv)

Money r eceived t oday can be invest ed t o ear n mor e money at a r eal rate of interest. Inflation erodes purchasing power of money such that money received in the future does not buy the same quantity of goods as money today. Ther e is r isk t hat money expect ed in t he f ut ur e might not be received. This is called default risk. Ther e is t he r isk t hat t he invest or s might not be able t o liquidat e t he invest ment int o cash at a f air mar ket pr ice. This is called liquidit y risk

The pr oper car r ying out of a pr oj ect appr aisal will ensur e t hat t he pr oper oppor t unit y cost of public money will be under t aken in an envir onment wher e projects are competing for scarce public funds.

9.2 Project Documentation Guidelines These guidelines ar e meant t o pr ovide guidance on ar eas t o include when wr it ing up pr oj ect pr oposals t o ensur e t hat t her e is clar it y and unif or mit y in pr esent at ions. The guidelines pr eset ed her e ar e t he minimum r equir ement s and ar e not exhaust ive as pr oj ect s always var y accor ding t o what t hey ar e meant t o addr ess. I t is however f elt t hat some of t he maj or t opics f or any pr oj ect ar e cover ed. Any r elevant addit ional inf or mat ion t hat helps bet t er t he pr oposal can still be included.

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9.2.1 Project Justification The project justification should include: Purpose of the project Nat ur e of t he pr oj ect : Eit her new wor ks, r einf or cement / r ehabilit at ion, replacement or expansion How t he pr oj ect is going t o f it int o t he inf r ast r uct ur e alr eady in place and future plans Corporate strategic issues the project meant to address Identification of t he needed ser vice or measur es t o solve t he pr oblems being presently encountered I dent if icat ion of opt ions t o pr ovide t he needed ser vice. Her e t he planner must provide the full portfolio of available options Evaluat ion of cr it er ia f or evaluat ing opt ions (e.g. r eser ve mar gin, volt age limits) Analysis of opt ions consider ing t echnical, economic, f inancial and environmental impacts Analyzing availabilit y of r esour ces in ZETCO - labour (local skills, expat r iat e skills), t r aining; f inancial r esour ces (local and f or eign), physical (land, buildings). Any other possible constraints to be addressed here. A r ecommendat ion t o commit r esour ces t o t he plan, which pr ovides t he needed ser vice in t he most cost -ef f icient manner possible, and which balances the interests of customers and ZETCO. For t he chosen alt er nat ive it is necessar y t o ensur e t hat t he cost s ar e cur r ent . I f any pr ice changes ar e f or eseen (bef or e appr oval of pr oj ect ) it may be necessary to include a conservative (+-10%) price change contingency. Cost Benef it analysis (I dent if icat ion of benef it s f lowing out of t he inception of such projects A simple procedure to identify benefits of projects should involve answering the following questions: What is the problem to be addressed? How is the problem being addressed now? - status quo What cost s ar e associat ed wit h t he st at us quo, which would not be incur r ed wit h t he incept ion of t he pr oj ect ? - These become t he benefits or costs saved.

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9.2.2 Results of cost/benefit analysis 9.2.2.1 A br ief out line of t he r esult s of t he f inancial and economic analysis of t he r ecommended least cost opt ion (as car r ied out in compliance t o t he pr ocedur es set in Sect ion 3.3 of t his Gr id Code) shall be cont ained in t he project documentation. 9.2.2.2 The pr oj ect document at ion shall cont ain a comment on whet her t he project passes the set approved viability criteria. 9.2.2.3 Pr oj ect s shall be subj ect ed t o sensit ivit y analysis and t he r esult s of such a sensitivity analysis shall constitute project documentation

9.2.3 Conclusions and recommendations The project documentation shall provide specific recommendation made by the initiator of the proposal, on how the project shall be implemented. Such a recommendation shall have an alternative fall back plan. 9.3 APPRAISAL GUIDELINES

9.3.1 Economic Analysis 9.3.1.1 Purpose Main purpose of carrying out economic project appraisals to ensure that scarce resources are used to the best advantage of ZETCO and the country in terms of meeting adequate, safe, reliable, environmentally friendly and least cost energy supplies. 9.3.1.2 Underlying Principles Economic analysis shall be based on real prices with a view to secure maximum benefit to the society as a whole rather than the utility. In general, all domestic transfers like indirect taxes, duties, and interest on loans, loan repayment, depreciation and subsidies shall be excluded in prices used in economic analysis. Apart from the exclusion of transfers, the economic analysis shall make use of shadow pricing, which corrects for the distortions existing in the market. Such shadow prices shall be for foreign exchange, labour and the discount rate.

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9.3.1.3 Cost Parameters 9.3.1.4 The cost shall be calculated on an incremental basis, which means that sunk costs should be excluded. Sunk costs are costs already incurred before the analysis of the project. 9.3.1.5 The costs should be based on standard prices. The prices shall be availed to any user or ZERC 9.3.1.6 Investment or Capital Costs For projects the capital costs shall be split into two categories, namely foreign and local costs. 9.3.1.7 Foreign costs require use of foreign currency to acquire the project inputs (materials, labour & transport), and local costs (also materials, labour & transport) require the use of local currency. 9.3.1.8 Foreign costs shall be shadow priced by the shadow price of foreign currency, whilst the labour component shall be further shadow priced by the labour adjustment factor. 9.3.1.9 Costs quoted in foreign currencies shall be converted to local currency using the ruling exchange rate at the time of analysis and the assumptions used shall be made available to ZERC and any other User.

9.3.1.9.1

Unless pr ices ar e expect ed t o incr ease bef or e act ual implement at ion (in which case a pr ice cont ingency would have t o be included), no conversion or adjustments are required for these costs.

9.3.1.10 Total capital or investment costs shall be obtained by adding the foreign and local portions of costs. 9.3.2 Operation and Maintenance Costs Annual O & M cost s shall be assumed t o be 1.5% of capit al cost s. They shall be obt ained by mult iplying t he t ot al capit al invest ment cost s by 1.5% f or t he lif et ime or per iod of analysis of t he pr oj ect . However wher e act ual f igur es can be obt ained use should be made of them in place of this assumption.

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9.3.3 Electricity Production Cost The elect r icit y pr oduct ion cost includes cost of gener at ion, and r elevant cost on t he t r ansmission, sub-t r ansmission and dist r ibut ion net wor k. These shall be obt ained by mult iplying t he unit s or kWh gener at ed by t he aver age elect r icit y pr oduct ion cost s applicable t o the voltage level. Discount Rates These shall as stipulated by Government from time to time 9.3.4 Opportunity Costs Any opportunity costs or loss of revenue due to the implementation of a project must be taken into account during economic analysis. The loss in revenue must be included in the analysis for the project life. 9.3.5 Transfer Payments Sales tax, custom duties, income tax, subsidies and interest on borrowed funds are all regarded as transfer payments in economic analysis and should therefore be ignored as they do not represent direct claims on the count r y s r esources, but merely reflect a transfer of the control over resources within the country. 9.3.6 Shadow Pricing Shadow prices are economic accounting prices specifically estimated to be used in project appraisal to correct for market distortions. Shadow price corrections are most frequently applied on the following type of cost. 9.3.7 Foreign exchange (Shadow Exchange Rate) Because economic analysis is concerned with the real cost of resources, an exchange rate higher than the official rate, i.e. the shadow rate should be used in estimating the foreign exchange value. 9.3.8 Economic Life Depending on the nature of the project, the following economic life should be assumed:

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Table 9.3.8: Economic Life of Projects 9.3.8.1 Civil Work and Buildings 20 50 years 9.3.8.2 General equipment 25 years 9.3.8.3 Transmission Equipment Lines 25 45 years Cables 35 years Electro-technical 25 years 9.3.8.4 Distribution Lines 25 45 years Cables 35 years Electro-technical 25 years Plant and machinery 25 years 9.3.8.5 Tools 10 years 9.3.8.6 Light Vehicles 5 years 9.3.8.7 Heavy Vehicles 5 years 9.3.8.8 Office Furniture 5 years 9.3.8.9 Office machine including typewriters 5 years 9.3.8.10 Office equipment including computers 3 years 9.3.9 Benefits Each benef it ar ising f or m t he implement at ion of t he pr oj ect should be capt ur ed and put in a dif f er ent column, e.g. Sales Revenue t hat is obt ained by mult iplying t he number of unit s or kWh t o be sold by t he aver age t ar if f applicable f or t he f inancial year . I n cases wher e t her e is mor e t han one st r eam of benef it s t hese need t o be summed up in a separate column for total benefits. 9.4 Cost- Benefit Analysis 9.4.1 Objective The objective of cost-benefit analysis is to test the economic viability of the least-cost option that will have been selected. In other words costbenefit analysis assesses the benefits accruing to the economy as a result of implementing a project. 9.4.2 Methodology Cost-benefit analysis shall be based on a projection of economic costs and benefits over the lifetime of the project.

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Once the costs and benefits have been established, a cash flow statement shall be set up for each year in the period of the analysis. The streams of benefit and cost should be discounted using the discount rate that is market based. 9.4.3 Discount Factors These shall be calculated using the formula given below: 1/(1+r)n Wher e r is t he discount r at e as advised f r om t ime t o t ime by ZETCO and n is a time variable. For t he base year n = 0 and f or t he f ollowing year it will be 1 (one) unt il the last year of the project's life. 9.4.4 Discount Rate The discount rate or cost of capital is the rate of interest reflecting the value of money that is used to convert costs and benefit accruing at different times to equivalent values at a common time. Using the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), the Benefit to Cost ratio and the Least Cost Approach the viability of a project should be determined. 9.4.4.1 The Net Present Value (NPV)

The idea behind t he NPV t echnique is t hat it discounts t he cash f lows gener at ed by an asset back t o t he pr esent day. Thus t he NPV t echnique is concer ned wit h t he t ime value of money. The key consider at ion is on the net present value, which is t he net of t he init ial (or iginal) cost and t he pr esent value of all ot her cash f lows. This is as opposed t o t he pr esent value of t he cash f lows, which would simply be t he sum of t he original cash flows in each year.

The NPV shall be calculated as follows: NPV= NCFt - I 0

(1 + r) t

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Discounted cash flows are summed over life of project (N). NPV = CFI x PVIF (K%, 1year)+ CF2 x PVI F (K%, 2 yr s) + CFn x PVIF (K%, n yrs) -I 0 Where CFt K = n= I0 = cash flow in year t cost of capital or discount rate period of investment = Initial investment

Where future cash flows are an annuity (an equal amount), NPV = CI F x PVIF A (k%, n yrs) - I0 Where CF = annual Cash Flow

PVIFA = present value interest factor of an annuity The net present value decision criteria are the acceptance of a project with an NPV equal to or greater than zero and the rejection of a project with an NPV less than zero. When comparing mutually exclusive projects, the decision criterion is to accept the project with the highest NPV. 9.4.4.2 The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Whilst the net present value method provides useful information on project acceptance, the results from different projects need to be compared in conjunction with the internal rate of return (IRR) method. The IRR is defined as the discount rate, which will result in an NPV of zero. 0 = CFI x PVIF (IRR%, 1yr)+CF2 x PVI F (I RR%, 2 yr s)+ CFn x PVIF (IRR%, n yrs) -I 0 To f ind t he I RR one has t o solve f or t he discount r at e t hat gives an NPV that is equal to zero. The IRR decision criteria shall be acceptance of a project with IRR equal or greater than the discount rate used in the analysis and rejection of a project with an IRR less than the cut off discount rate. In the case of comparing projects, the project with the highest IRR should be given top priority if the projects under consideration are otherwise comparable.

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9.4.4.3 The Payback Period The payback per iod measur es t he lengt h of t ime it t akes a pr oj ect t o repay its initial capital cost. The payback period calculation is: The cash flow received during the year to take cumulative cash flow to zero The total cash flow during the year during which the payback period occurs

Number of years immediately prior to the year in which the payback period occurs

PLUS

Payback Period = Initial Investment/Annual Cash flow (If the project Cash flows are an annuity) Or Payback Period = t I o - Ct CFt + 1

For unequal cashflows

Where t = is t he last f ull year in which t he cumulat ive cashf low ar e less than the initial investment Io CFt Ct = the initial investment
+ 1

= the cashflow in year t +1 Cumulative cashflow

The met hod can be used wher e on, viable mut ually exclusive pr oj ect s t he per iod of r ecover y of t he init ial invest ment a maj or consider at ion. The accept able payback per iod can be decided by t he company and may depend on the nature of the project and costs involved. 9.4.4.4 Benefit- Cost Ratio Pr oj ect s shall be analysed f or benef it cost r at io. This shall be calculat ed by dividing t he t ot al discount ed benef it s by t he t ot al discounted costs.

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9.4.5 Financial Analysis

All pr oj ect s shall be f inancially appr aised. The f inancial analysis of a pr oj ect est imat es t he pr of it accr uing t o t he pr oj ect -oper at ing ent it y or t o t he pr oj ect par t icipant s, wher eas economic analysis measur es t he ef f ect of t he pr oj ect on t he nat ional economy. For a pr oj ect t o be economically viable, it must be f inancially sust ainable, as well as economically ef f icient . I f a pr oj ect is not f inancially sust ainable, economic benef it s will not be r ealized. Financial analysis and economic analysis are therefore two sides of the same coin and complementary. I n f inancial analysis all expendit ur es incur r ed under t he pr oj ect and r evenues r esult ing f r om it should be t aken int o account . This f or m of analysis is necessary to: Assess t he degr ee t o which a pr oj ect will gener at e r evenues sufficient to meet financial obligations, Assess the incentives for producers, and Ensur e demand or out put f or ecast s on which t he economic analysis is based ar e consist ent wit h f inancial char ges or available budget resources. The st eps pr esent ed below should be f ollowed in under t aking f inancial analysis of projects. 9.4.5.1 Capital Costs Cost s quot ed in f or eign cur r ency should be conver t ed t o local currency using the exchange rate ruling at the time of the analysis. When cost s ar e being incur r ed over a number of year s t hey must be escalat ed by t he r elevant inf lat ion index over t he per iod t hey ar e being incurred. Inflation index for base year is equal to 1 (one) Inflation index for subsequent years = Ifi * (1+R) Where: Ifi is inflation index for previous year R is inf lat ion r at e f or t he year under consider at ion wr it t en in decimal f or m. Appendix 1 shows t he f or ecast exchange r at es and inflation rates.

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9.4.5.2 Total Capital/Investment Costs Tot al capit al or invest ment cost s shall be obt ained by adding t he foreign and local costs. 9.4.5.3 Operating & Maintenance (O & M) Costs O & M cost s shall be obt ained by mult iplying t he t ot al capit al/ invest ment cost s by 1.5% and t hen escalat ing t he r esult s by t he inflation index for that year e.g. (D1 Dn) * 0.015Ifi. Where D1..Dn are the capital costs Ifi is the inflation index for the year under consideration 9.4.5.4 Electricity Production Costs These shall be obt ained by mult iplying t he unit s or kWh gener at ed by t he aver age elect r icit y pr oduct ion cost applicable t o t he volt age level and then escalating using the inflation index for each year. 9.4.5.5 Total Costs These shall be obt ained by t he summat ion of t ot al capit al cost s, operating and maintenance costs and electricity production costs. 9.4.5.6 Benefits These vary depending on the nature of project being considered. Each benef it st r eam should be put in a dif f er ent column, e.g. sales r evenue is obt ained by mult iplying t he number of unit s or kWh t o be sold in a par t icular year by t he aver age t ar if f and t hen escalat ed by t he inf lat ion index f or t hat year . I n cases wher e t her e is mor e t han one st r eam of benef it s t hese need t o be summat ed in t he t ot al benef it s column. 9.4.5.7 Net Benefits or Net Cash Flows This is obtained by subtracting the total costs from total benefits. 9.4.5.8 Discount Factors These are calculated using the formula given below:

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1/(1+r)n where r is the discount rate as advised from time to time. n is t he number of year s of t he pr oj ect s usef ul lif e. 9.4.5.9 Net Present Values These ar e obt ained by mult iplying t he r espect ive net benef it s or net cash f lows by t he discount f act or f or each year of t he pr oj ect s lif et ime or per iod of analysis. The t ot al of t his column gives us t he NPV. 9.4.5.10 Cumulative Net Present Values For t he f ir st or base year t his is obt ained by adding t he net pr esent value t hat has been calculat ed in t he pr evious st ep (t her ef or e cumulat ive NPV f or f ir st year equals NPV f or f ir st year ). For subsequent year s it is obt ained by adding t he cumulat ive net pr esent value of the preceding year and the net present value of that year. 9.4.5.11 Discounted Benefits And Costs Discounted benefits are obtained by multiplying the total benefits by t he r espect ive discount f act or s while t he discount ed cost s ar e obt ained by mult iplying t he t ot al cost s by t he r espect ive discount factors. Each column of the resultant figures needs to be summed. 9.4.5.12 Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) This is obtained by using the formula below: @ IRR (I , L5 L24) Where: @ is a lotus function, IRR is the Internal Rate of Return, I is an imaginar y discount r at e wr it t en in decimal f or m and usually r anges f r om 0.1 t o 0.9 wher e 0.1 r epr esent 10% and 0.9 represents 90% but can exceed unity. (L5 L24) r epr esent s t he net cash f lows or net benef it s f r om t he first year to the last year of the period of analysis.

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9.4.5.13 Benefit- Cost Ratio This is obt ained by dividing t he t ot al discount ed benef it s by t he total discounted costs. 9.4.5.14 Assumptions The following assumptions need to be stated where applicable. i. Discount Rate ii. O & M cost as a percentage of total investment costs iii. Aver age Elect r icit y Pr oduct ion Cost s f or per iod under consideration iv. Average Tariffs for period under consideration v. Load Growth Rate per Annum vi. Load Factor or Power Factor vii. Exchange rate viii. Derivation of benefits for support projects 9.4.5.15 Expected Results A viable project has to meet the criteria below : I) At least 18 % internal rate of return (IRR) II) A benefit-cost ratio of at least 1 III) A positive net present value (NPV) 9.5 Environmental Impact Assessment All t r ansmission and subt r ansmission pr oj ect s shall be subj ect ed t o Envir onment al I mpact Assessment (EI A). The Envir onment al I mpact assessment shall be as per t he Envir onment al Code developed and amended by ZERC from time to time, but should include the following issues. 9.5.1 Major Environmental Issues The maj or envir onment al issues shall be assessed and incor por at ed in t he planning stage as underscored in the following section. 9.5.1.1 Physical/Biological

All transmission and subtransmission projects shall be assessed on their physical and biological effects as follows:

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Pollution (water, soil, air, noise) Wast e handling, st or age and t r eat ment (solid, wat er bor ne, gaseous) Ef f ect on downst r eam sur f ace wat er bodies (wat er qualit y, siltation, and change in regime). Effect on soil (erosion, compaction, quality) Loss or change of local and sur r ounding ecosyst ems e.g. cut t ing trees Effect on threatened/protected species Effect on protected areas or habitats I nt er f er ence in animal populat ions (migr at ion, f r ee movement , behaviour, breeding) Any ot her physical and/ or biological ef f ect s t hat could be of major concern to ZETCO or any segment of society 9.5.1.2 Social All t r ansmission and subt r ansmission pr oj ect s shall be assessed on their social effects as follows: Effect on local community's way of life e.g. displacement Consultation, participation and support from local community Possible resistance to development Rest r ict ion of t r adit ional access (pat hways, r eligious sit es, etc.) Threat to traditional cultural sites and artifacts Loss of access t o t r adit ional nat ur al r esour ces (gr azing, firewood, medicines) I ncr eased r isks t o public healt h (accident s, diseases, deteriorated water supply) Any ot her social ef f ect s t hat could be of maj or concer n t o ZETCO or any segment of the public 9.5.1.3 Economic All transmission and subtransmission projects shall be assessed on their economic effects as follows Land tenure issues Effect on property values Permanent loss of land (opportunity cost) Effect on household incomes

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Effect of secondary and downstream economic activity Sustainability of chosen technology Compliance with international conventions/protocols Compliance with national policy, law and standards Compliance with voluntary standards (SAZ, ISO 9 000, 14 000) Any ot her economic ef f ect s t hat could be of maj or concer n t o ZETCO or any segment of society 9.5.2 Typical Impacts Dur ing const r uct ion and oper at ion of t r ansmission and subt r ansmission pr oj ect s and/ or inf r ast r uct ur e special car e and mit igat ion measur es should be maint ained t o r educe or eliminat e possible physical, social and economic environmental impacts. 9.5.2.1 Physical Impacts Physical impact s t hat could ar ise due t o t he const r uct ion and operation of transmission and subtransmission infrastructure are: Damage to cultural resources and sites Visual intrusion from equipment and infrastructure Soil erosion from disturbed areas Degr adat ion of sur f ace wat er bodies by incr ease in suspended particulates Noise Contamination of ground water or surface water Soil contamination Any ot her physical impact s t hat could be of maj or concer n t o ZETCO or any segment of society ZETCO shall put in place management st eps t o mit igat e against negat ive possible physical impact s ar ising f r om t he const r uct ion and oper at ions of t he t r ansmission inf r ast r uct ur e. Such management steps shall include but not necessary limited: Ensuring appropriate siting Minimising clearing and blending vegetation Ensuring that safety procedures are followed Pr ovision of sur f ace dr ainage t o meet qualit y st andar ds bef or e discharge of damaging effluent Cleaning up of spills (chemicals, diesel, oil, etc) Avoiding/minimising penetration of aquifers

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Controlling surface run off Selecting appropriate site(s) for solid waste disposal Availabilit y of monit or ing inst r ument s t o be placed at sensit ive areas Car r ying out appr opr iat e sur veys pr ior t o dist ur bance t o determine vulnerability of soil erosion Utilising technologies that minimise waste creation Minimise pollution at source Routine monitoring air quality Rout ine monit or ing of wat er qualit y in r iver s upst r eam and downstream of discharge point Routine monitoring of ground water through boreholes Minimising dust and particulate emissions I nst allat ion of appr opr iat e pollut ion abat ement devices on diesel equipment to ensure minimal emissions 9.5.2.2 Social Impacts Social impacts that could arise due to the construction and operation of transmission and subtransmission infrastructure are: Dist ur bance of bot h humans and wildlif e by noise f r om activities Injury/loss of life from accidents Competition with local cultures, traditions and life styles I ncr eased demands on ser vices and f acilit ies in local communities Social and cultural conflicts affect community stability Secondary population growth Displacement of local communities Healt h pr oblems associat ed wit h dust , smoke, STD, HI V, cholera, malaria, dysentery etc +Development of schools, hospitals and recreational facilities ZETCO shall put in place management st eps t o mit igat e against negat ive possible social impact s ar ising f r om t he const r uct ion and oper at ions of t he t r ansmission inf r ast r uct ur e. Such management steps shall include but not necessary limited to: Minimising conflict by employing locals where feasible Maintaining open dialogue with communities

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Ensur ing t hat af f ect ed people ar e inf or med in advance and t heir r ight s communicat ed t o t hem. I n t he event of pr oblems, ensuring that problems are promptly addressed. Taking st ock of populat ion t o be displaced, making an invent or y of property loss and giving adequate compensation. Liaising wit h local communit y t o assess t heir needs and ensuring minimal conflict between employees and the locals. Encour age pr oj ect wor ker s t o par t icipat e in communit y af f air s and open periodic dialogue with community leaders. Ensuring that safety equipment is available at all times. Ensuring that sites of cultural significance are demarcated and fenced or catalogued moved and re-sited. Ensur ing t hat hist or ical r esour ces ar e ar chived or demar cat ed from the operating site Ut ilising appr opr iat e dust cont r ol measur es wast e spr aying, wind breaks. 9.5.2.3 Economic Impacts Economic impact s t hat could ar ise due t o t he const r uct ion and operation of transmission and subtransmission infrastructure are: Land use conflicts Induced development of other economic sectors Availability of a ready market for products Employment opportunities for local population ZETCO shall put in place management st eps t o mit igat e against negat ive possible economic impact s ar ising f r om t he const r uct ion and oper at ions of t he t r ansmission inf r ast r uct ur e. Such management steps shall include but not necessary limited to: Consult ing wit h local land user s in sit t ing access r oads and other utilities Allowing other land uses on site if they are compatible with the operations. Employing as many locals as skills requirements permit Encour aging gr owt h of secondar y act ivit ies like shops, gr een markets, etc.

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APPENDICES
APPENDIX I PLANNING DATA REQUIREMENTS
General i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii.

Synchronous machine data Exciter data and models Governor data and models Power System stabilizer data (if installed) Step-up transformer data (positive and zero sequence) Line impedance at the Connection Point (positive and zero sequence) System configuration (one-line diagram) Short circuit data Site load data Point of delivery of excess generation Power factor limitations of the units Detailed location map

Unless otherwise indicated, the following information shall be supplied to ZETCO prior to connection and then updated as and when changes occur. (a) Demand and network data Connection capacity Measured and forecast data (annually) Connection capacity required (MVA) For each point of supply, the information required is as follows: A 10-year demand forecast A description setting out the basis for the forecast The season of peak demand Electrical single-line diagram of user network to a level of detail to be agreed with ZETCO, including the electrical characteristics of circuits and equipment (R, X, B, R0, X0, B0, continuous and probabilistic ratings) Contribution from customer network to a three-phase short-circuit at point of connection Information pertaining to the network connecting shunt capacitors, harmonic filters, reactors, SVC's, etc., to the point of supply for the purposes of conducting harmonic resonance studies.

User network data

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Electrical characteristics of all circuits and equipment at a voltage lower than secondary voltage levels of the customer connected to the Transmission System that may form a closed tie between two Connection Points on the Grid

Standby supply data (annually)

Source of standby supply (alternative supply point(s)) Standby capacity required (MW)

General information

For each new connection from a distributor or enduse customer, the following information is required: Number and type of switchbays required Load build-up curve (in the case of new end-user plant) Supply date (start of load build-up) Temporary construction supply requirements Load type (e.g. arc furnaces, rectifiers, rolling mills, residential, commercial, etc.) Annual load factor
Power factor (including details of harmonic filters and power factor correction capacitors)

Special requirements (e.g. quality of supply) Other information reasonably required by the service providers to provide the customer with an appropriate supply (e.g. pollution emission levels for insulation design)

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Disturbing loads Description of any load on the power System that could adversely affect ZETCO target conditions for power quality and the variation in the power quality that can be expected at the point connected to the Transmission System (The areas of concern here are, firstly, motors with starting currents referred back to the nominal voltage at the point of supply exceeding 5% of the fault level at the point of supply; and secondly, arc furnaces likely to produce flicker levels at the point of supply in excess of the limits specified in Section 3. The size limit for arc furnaces is subject to local conditions in respect of fault levels at the point of supply and background flicker produced by other arc furnaces and other equipment that will produce harmonics and/or negative and zero sequence current components, such as large AC/DC rectification installations.)

(b) Transmission System connected transformer data

Symbol Number of windings Vector group Rated current of each winding Transformer rating Transformer tertiary rating Transformer nominal LV voltage Transformer nominal tertiary voltage Transformer nominal HV voltage Tapped winding Units

A MVA MVA kV kV kV HV/MV/LV/None (Delete what is not applicable)

Transformer ratio at all transformer taps Transformer impedance (resistance R and reactance X) at all taps

R+jX

% on rating MVATrans

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For three-winding transformers, where there are external connections to all three windings, the impedance (resistance R and reactance X) between each pair of windings is required, measured with the third set of terminals open-circuit Transformer zero sequence impedances at nominal tap Zero phase sequence impedance measured between the HV terminals (shorted) and the neutral terminal, with the LV terminals open-circuit Zero phase sequence impedance measured between the HV terminals (shorted) and the neutral terminal, with the LV terminals short-circuited to the neutral Zero phase sequence impedance measured between the LV terminals (shorted) and the neutral terminal, with the HV terminals open-circuit Zero phase sequence impedance measured between the LV terminals (shorted) and the neutral terminal, with the HV terminals short-circuited to the ZHVMV, ZHVLV, & ZMVLV % on rating MVATrans % on rating MVATrans % on rating MVATrans

Ohm

Ohm

Ohm

Ohm

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neutral Zero phase sequence leakage impedance measured between the HV terminals (shorted) and the LV terminals (shorted), with the Delta winding closed Earthing arrangement, including LV neutral earthing resistance and reactance core construction (number of limbs, shell or core type) Open-circuit characteristic ZL 0 Ohm

Graph

Transformer test certificates, from which actual technical detail can be extracted as required, are to be supplied on reasonable request. (c) Shunt capacitor or reactor data requirements For each shunt capacit or or r eact or or power f act or cor r ect ion equipment or har monic f ilt er s connect ed t o or capable of being connect ed t o a cust omer net wor k, t he cust omer shall inf or m ZETCO and, if r equir ed, shall pr ovide ZETCO wit h t he specif ic shunt capacit or or r eact or dat a as well as net wor k det ails necessar y t o per f or m pr imar ily har monic r esonance st udies. The cust omer shall inf or m ZETCO of his int ent ion t o ext end or modif y t his equipment. Any par t y t o t his code invest igat ing a complaint about har monic dist or t ion shall have t he r ight t o r equest such addit ional inf or mat ion (including, but not r est r ict ed t o, dat a f r om har monic dist or t ion measur ing devices) f r om par t ies in t he vicinit y of t he sour ce of t he complaint as may r easonably be r equir ed t o complete the investigation.

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Shunt capacitor or reactor rating Reactor/capacitor/harmonic filter Location (station name) Voltage rating Resist ance/ r eact ance/ suscept ance of all component s of t he capacit or or reactor bank Fixed or switched If switched If automatic control Rating (MVAr) (delete what is not applicable) KV

Cont r ol det ails (manual, t ime, load, voltage, etc.) Det ails of set t ings. I f under FACTS device cont r ol (e.g. SVC), which device?

(d) Series capacitor or reactor data requirements Ser ies capacit or s ar e inst alled in long t r ansmission lines t o incr ease load t r ansf er capabilit y. Ser ies r eact or s ar e inst alled t o limit f ault levels, or t o balance load shar ing bet ween cir cuit s oper at ed in par allel t hat would ot her wise not shar e load equit ably, or t o balance load shar ing on an int er connect ed network. Reactor/capacitor Location (specify substation bay where applicable) Voltage rating Impedance rating Current rating (continuous and emergency, maximum times for emergency ratings) (Delete what is not applicable)

KV Ohm or MVAr Continuous: A Hours A Hours A Hours A

Note: if a series capacitor or reactor is located in a dedicated reactor or capacitor station (i.e. a substation built to hold only the series reactor or capacitor), the lines or cables linking it to each remote end substation must be specified as separate circuits under line or cable data.

Induction Motor data

Motor stating studies are done as part of grid impact studies carried out before a connection or modification on a connection point. All motors rated 500kW or more must therefore be specified as follows.

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Parameter Rated Voltage Rated Power Rated Current Rated Speed Rated power factor Starting Current Starting Torque Starting power factor Peak Torque Inertia Generator planning data Unless otherwise indicated, the following information shall be provided to ZETCO prior to connection and then updated as and when changes occur. (a) Power station data Generator name Power station name Number of units Primary fuel type/prime mover Secondary fuel type Capacity requirement Rest ar t af t er st at ion blackout capacity Units V/kV kW Amp

Amp

Black starting capacity

Partial load rejection capability

For example, gas, hydro, fossil or nuclear For example, oil Generation sent-out connection capacity required (MW) Provide a document containing the following: Start-up time for the first unit (time from restart initiation to synchronise) and each of the following units assuming that restarting of units will be staggered A document stating the number of units that can be black started at the same time, preparation time for the first unit black starting, restarting time for the first unit, and restarting time for the rest of the units A description of the amount of load the unit can automatically govern back, without any restrictions, as a function of

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the load at the point of governing initiation Multiple unit tripping (MUT) Risks A document outlining all systems common to more than one unit that is likely to cause a MUT; discuss the measures taken to reduce the risk of MUT

(b) Unit data Unit number Capacity

Unit capacity (MW)

Maximum continuous generation capacity: Maximum continuous sent out capacity Unit auxiliary active load Unit auxiliary reactive load Maximum (EL1) generating capacity Maximum (EL2) sent out capacity Minimum continuous generating capacity Minimum continuous sent out capacity Generator rating Maximum lagging power factor Maximum leading power factor Governor droop Forbidden loading zones Terminal voltage adjustment range Short-circuit ratio Rated stator current Time to synchronise from warm Time to synchronise from cold Minimum up-time Minimum down-time Loading rate Deloading rate Can the generator start on each fuel? Ability to change fuels on-load Available modes (lean burn etc.) Time to change modes on-load

Units MW MW MW MVAr MW MW MW MW MVA MW KV Amp Hour Hour Hour Hour MW/min MW/min

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Control range for secondary frequency regulation operation Partial load rejection capability Minimum time unit operates in island mode Maximum time unit operates in island mode MW % MW name plate rating Hour Hour

Description Capability chart showing full range of operating capability of the generator, including thermal and excitation limits Systems that are common and can cause a multiple unit trip Open-circuit magnetisation curves Short-circuit characteristic Zero power factor curve V curves

Data Diagram

Description Graph Graph Graph Diagram

Documents
Protection setting document

Description
A document agreed and signed by ZETCO containing the following: - A section defining the base values and per unit values to be used - A single line diagram showing all the protection functions and sources of current and voltage signals - Protection tripping diagram(s) showing all the protection functions and associated tripping logic and tripping functions - A detailed description of settings relevant to the Transmission System connection. - A section containing a summary of all protection settings. - A section containing a summary for each of the protection relay programming details - An annex containing OEM information sheets or documents describing how the protection relays function -Information to Grid Users on protection schemes, fault levels and settings on the Grid circuits at the connection points - Information to generators and Grid Users on Standards pertaining to commissioning and maintenance procedures as per the stated Standard Documents on Section 7 of this Grid Code - Information to be furnished to ZETCO by Grid users pertaining t o r elevant pr ot ect ion schemes, f ault levels and set t ings at t he

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Connection Points. - I nf or mat ion t o be f ur nished by ZETCO r elevant t o t he gener at or s pr ot ect ion schemes, f ault levels and set t ings on t he gener at or s equipment at t he Connect ion Point .

Excitation setting document

A document agreed and signed by ZETCO containing the following: - A section defining the base values and per unit values to be used - A single line diagram showing all the excitation system functions and all the related protection tripping functions - An excitation system transfer function block diagram in accordance with IEEE or IEC standard models - A detailed description of setting calculation for each of the excitation system functions, discussion on function stability calculations, and detailed dial settings on the excitation system in order to achieve the required setting - A section containing a summary of all settings on a per unit basis - A section containing a summary for each of the excitation system dial settings/programming details. - An annex containing plant information data (e.g. OEM data) on which the settings are based - An annex containing OEM information sheets or documents describing the performance of the overall excitation system and each excitation function for which a setting is derived

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Governor setting document A document agreed and signed by ZETCO containing the following: - A section defining the base values and per unit values to be used - A single line diagram showing all the governor system functions and all the related protection tripping functions - A governor system transfer function block diagram in accordance with IEEE standard models - A detailed description of setting calculation for each of the governor system functions, discussion on function stability calculations, and detailed dial settings on the governor system in order to achieve the required setting - A section containing a summary of all settings on a per unit basis - A section containing a summary for each of the governor system dial settings/programming details - An annex containing plant information data on which the settings are based - An annex containing information sheets or documents describing the performance of the overall governor system and each governor function for which a setting is derived

(c) Reserve capability The generator shall provide ZETCO with the reserve capability of each unit at each power station. The reserve capability shall be indicated as per each reserve category: instantaneous reserve, regulating reserve, emergency reserve, ten (10) minute reserve and supplemental reserve. (d) Unit parameters Symbol Xd Xsatd' Xunsatd' Xqd""= Xq Xunsatq' X2 Units % on rating % on rating % on rating % on rating % on rating % on rating % on rating

Direct axis synchronous reactance Direct axis transient reactance saturated Direct axis transient reactance unsaturated Sub-transient reactance unsaturated Quad axis synchronous reactance Quad axis transient reactance unsaturated Negative phase sequence synchronous

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reactance Zero phase sequence reactance Turbine generator inertia constant for entire rotating mass Stator resistance Stator leakage reactance Poiter reactance Generator time constants: Direct axis open-circuit transient Direct axis open-circuit Sub-transient Quad axis open-circuit t ransient Quad axis open-circuit sub-transient Direct axis shortcircuit transient Direct axis shortcircuit sub-transient Quad axis short-circuit transient Quad axis short-circuit sub-transient Speed damping Saturation ratio at 1 pu terminal voltage Saturation ratio at 1.2 pu terminal voltage Xq0 H % on rating MW s/MVA

Ra XL XP Tdo Tdo

% on rating % on rating % on rating sec sec

Tqo Tqo Td Td Tq Tq

sec sec sec sec sec sec

D S(1.0) S(1.2)

(e) Excitation system The gener at or shall f ill in t he f ollowing par amet er s or supply a Laplace domain cont r ol block diagr am in accor dance wit h I EEE or I EC st andar d excit at ion models (or as ot her wise agr eed wit h ZETCO) complet ely specif ying all t ime const ant s and gains t o f ully explain t he t r ansf er f unct ion f r om t he compensat or or unit t er minal volt age and f ield cur r ent t o unit f ield volt age. Cust omer s shall per f or m, or cause t o be per f or med, small signal dynamic st udies t o ensur e t hat

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t he pr oposed excit at ion syst em and t ur bine gover nor do not cause dynamic inst abilit y. The cr it er ia f or such dynamic inst abilit y shall be supplied by ZETCO. Wher e applicable, a PSS (power syst em st abiliser ) shall be included in t he excit at ion syst em t o ensur e pr oper t uning of t he excit at ion syst em f or st abilit y purposes.

Symbol
Excitation system type (AC or DC) Excitation feeding arrangement (solid or shunt) Excitation system filter time constant Excitation system lead time constant Excitation system lag time constant Excitation system controller gain Excitation system controller lag time constant Excitation system maximum controller output Excitation system minimum controller output Excitation system regulation factor Excitation system rate feedback gain Excitation system rate feedback time constant

Units
Text Text

Tr Tc Tb Ka Ta

Sec Sec Sec

Sec

Vmax

p.u.

Vmin

p.u.

Kc Kf Tf Sec

(f) Speed governor system, turbine and boiler models

The gener at or shall supply a Laplace domain cont r ol block diagr am in accor dance wit h I EEE st andar d pr ime mover models f or t her mal and hydr o unit s (or as otherwise agr eed wit h ZETCO), f ully specif ying all t ime const ant s and gains t o f ully explain t he t r ansf er f unct ion f or t he gover nor , t ur bine, penst ocks and control systems in relation to frequency deviations and set-point operation.

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_______________________________________________________ (g) Control devices and protection relays
The gener at or should supply any addit ional Laplace domain cont r ol diagr ams f or any out st anding cont r ol devices (including power syst em st abiliser s) or special pr ot ect ion r elays in t he unit t hat aut omat ically impinge on it s oper at ing characterist ics wit hin 30 seconds f ollowing a syst em dist ur bance and t hat have a minimum time constant of at least 0,02 seconds. (h) Unit step- up transformer Symbol Number of windings Vector group Rated current of each winding Transformer rating Transformer nominal LV voltage Transformer nominal HV voltage Tapped winding Transformer ratio at all transformer taps Transformer impedance at all taps (for three winding transformers the HV/LV1, HV/LV2 and LV1/LV2 impedances together with associated bases shall be provided) Transformer zero sequence impedance at nominal tap Earthing arrangement, including neutral earthing resistance and reactance Core construction (number of limbs, shell or core type) Open-circuit characteristic Units

Amps MVATrans KV KV

% on rating MVATrans

Z0

Ohm

Graph

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(i) Unit forecast data The generator shall provide ZETCO with expected maintenance requirements, in weeks per annum, for each unit at a power station. (j) Mothballing of generating plant: Mothballing of generating plant is the withdrawal of plant from commercial service for six months or longer, with the intention of returning it to commercial service at a later date. Mothballing can have a profound impact on the operation and integrity of the Transmission System. Customers wishing to mothball generating plant shall supply ZETCO with the following information:

Generator name Power station name Unit number Date withdrawn Return to commercial service

Date unit is to be withdrawn from commercial service Envisaged return to service date (recommissioning tests completed and unit available for commercial service)

Auxiliary power requirements (k) Return to service of mothballed generating plant: Once the customer has decided to return mothballed generating plant to service, ZETCO requires the information specified for new connections.

(m) Decommissioning of generating plant:

Decommissioning of plant is the permanent withdrawal from service of generating plant. ZETCO requires the following with a one-year notice period: Generator name Power station name Unit number Date to be removed from commercial service Auxiliary supplies required for dismantling and demolition

kVA, point at which supply is require, duration

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_______________________________________________________ (n) Long Term Demand and Supply Balance
Generator Name Power Station Production Cost

Plant maintenance data Fuel consumption data Heat rates Heat values Environmental emission data Plant limitations and constraints

Fixed production costs Variable production costs Start up costs Capital Costs Fuel costs Days and period of the year

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( o) Operations Data
Generator reactive power capability

Load following capability

Reactive power compensation equipment

Power requirements

Generators to furnish ZETCO of the reactive capability of their machines as installed and as available for dispatch each time they declare available capacity for energy dispatch. Generators to declare their load following capability and inform ZETCO of any variations in that capability Grid users to furnish ZETCO information on installed reactive compensation equipment; its rating, controllability and availability Grid users to furnish ZETCO of their power requirements including expected reactive power support at least a day ahead or any other such period as may be agreed between the two parties

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APPENDIX II SAMPLE CONFI DENTI ALI TY AGREEMENT FOR INFORMATION TRANSFER TO THIRD PARTIES
CONFIDENTIALITY AGREEMENT BETWEEN . (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE INFORMATION OWNER) AND . (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE RECIPIENT) IN RESPECT OF INFORMATION SUPPLIED TO PERFORM THE FOLLOWING WORK: (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE WORK) ON BEHALF OF .. (HEREINAFTER REFERRED TO AS THE CLIENT). 1. The Recipient agrees to treat all information (hereinafter referred to as the Information) received from the Information Owner, whether in hard copy or electronic format, as strictly confidential. 2. The Recipient agrees to disclose the Information only to persons who are in his permanent employ, and who require access to the Information to perform their duties in respect of the Work on behalf of the Client. 3. Persons other than those described in Clause 2 above, including but not restricted to temporary employees, subcontractors, and sub-consultants, shall enter into separate Confidentiality Agreements with the Information Owner prior to receiving the Information. 4. The Recipient undertakes to use the Information only to perform the Work on behalf of the Client, and for no other purpose whatsoever. 5. On completion of the Work, the Recipient shall at his expense return to the Information Owner all hard copy material and electronic media containing

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the Information supplied to him by the Information Owner. The Recipient shall furthermore ensure that all duplicate copies of the Information in his or his employees possession (elect r onic as well as har d copy format) are destroyed. 6. The Recipient shall take all reasonable measures to protect the security and integrity of the Information. 7. If requested to do so by the Information Owner, the Recipient shall forthwith at his expense return to the Information Owner all hard copy material and computer disks containing the Information supplied to him by the Information Owner. The Recipient shall furthermore ensure that all duplicate copies of t he I nf or mat ion in his or his employees possession (electronic as well as hard copy format) are destroyed. 8. The Recipient shall report any leak of the Information, howsoever caused, to the Information Owner as soon as practicable after he/she becomes aware of the leak, and shall provide the Information Owner with all reasonable assistance to ensure its recovery or destruction (as deemed appropriate by the Information Owner). Signed at by (f ull name) on t his t he day of .

.in his/ her capacit y as

. on behalf of Owner

, t he I nf or mat ion

Signed at by (f ull name)

on t his t he

day of

.in his/ her capacit y as . on behalf of , t he Recipient

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