Section One: Multiple-choice (50 marks)

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. C 5. D
6. C 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. C
11. D 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. A
16. All 17. B 18. D 19. A 20. C
21. C 22. B 23. C 24. D 25. C

Section Two: Short answer (70 marks)

Question 26 (4 marks)

(a) Some hydrochloric acid solution is mixed with solid sodium carbonate. (2 marks)

A white solid dissolves in a colourless solution, producing a colourless and odourless gas.(2)

(*Must have two observations for both marks).

(b) Some solid copper (II) hydroxide is mixed with a dilute nitric acid solution. (2 marks)

A blue solid dissolves in a colourless solution to produce a blue solution. (2)

(*Must have two observations for both marks).

Question 27 (6 Marks)

(a) Write balanced chemical equations showing carbon dioxide reacting with water to form
carbonic acid, and then the two successive ionisation reactions that carbonic acid undergo
in water. (3 marks)

(i) CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) (1)

(ii) H2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ HCO3- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) (1)

(iii) HCO3- (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ CO32- (aq) + H3O+ (aq) (1)

CO2 (g) + CO32– (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ 2 HCO3– (aq)

(b) Identify a conjugate acid-base pair in this reaction, and explain why it is classified as a
Brønsted – Lowry acid-base reaction.
(3 marks)

Conjugate A/B pair = CO32- / HCO3- (1) *Also accept HCO3- / CO32-

This equation is classified as a Brønsted – Lowry acid-base reaction because in the forward
reaction, H2O donates a proton, thus acting as a B-L acid, (1)
while CO32- accepts a proton, thus acting as a B-L base. (1)

© WATP
Question 28 (8 Marks)

The following chemical equation represents an unbalanced redox reaction.

MnO4– (aq) + C2O42– (aq) Mn2+ (aq) + CO2 (g) (4 marks)

Oxidation: (C2O42- 2 CO2 + 2e- ) x 5 (1)

Reduction: (MnO4- + 8 H + + 5 e- Mn2+ + 4 H2O) x 2 (1)
_____________________________________________________

Overall Redox: 5 C2O42- + 2 MnO4- + 16 H+ 10 CO2 + 2 Mn2+ + 8 H2O (1)

a) The following chemical equation represents an unbalanced redox reaction.

IO3– (aq) + SO32– (aq) I2 (aq) + SO42- (aq)

(4 marks)

Oxidation: (H2O + SO32- → SO42- 2H+ + 2e- ) x 5 (1)

Reduction: (2IO3- + 12 H+ + 10 e- → I2 + 6 H2O) (1)

Overall Redox: 2IO3- + 2 H+ + 5SO32- → 5SO42- + I2 + H 2O (1)

1 MARK FOR OXIDATION AND REDUCTION IN CORRECT POSITION

Question 29 (6 Marks)

(a) Addition of NaOH (aq).

(3 marks)

Colour: Brown colour fades, or solution turns less brown. (1)

Explanation: Addition of OH- causes a decrease in the [H+] as the combination of the two
ions produce water (H2O). (1) This will result in the rate of collision of
reactants being greater than that of products, shifting the equilibrium to the
right, favouring the forward reaction rate. Thus the [Br2] decreases causing
the brown colour to fade. (1)

(b) Addition of excess HCl (aq). (3 marks)

Colour: Brown colour becomes more intense, or solution becomes more brown. (1)

Explanation: Addition of HCl causes an increase in the [H+] on product side, leading to a
higher rate of collision of products than the reactants. (1) This will shift the
equilibrium to the left, favouring the reverse reaction, leading to an increase in
the [Br2], and the solution becomes more brown. (1)
Question 30 (5 Marks)

NaOH + HCl NaCl + H 2O

n(NaOH) = cV = 2.00 x 0.025 = 0.05 mol (1)

n(HCl) = cV = 1.00 x 0.052 = 0.052 mol (1)
n(HCl)excess = (0.052 - 0.05) = 0.002 mol (1)

[HCl] = n(H+) = 0.002 = 0.025974 mol L-1 (1)

VTot 0.077

pH solution = -log [H+] = -log (0.025974) = 1.59 (1)

Question 31 (6 marks)

pH (acidic, basic
Substance Equation
or neutral)

Mg(CH3COO)2 (aq) Basic (1) CH3COO- + H2O ⇌ CH3COOH + OH- (1)

NH4Cl (aq) Acidic (1) NH4+ + H2O ⇌ NH3 + H3O+ (1)

NaHSO4 (aq) Acidic (1) HSO4- + H 2O ⇌ SO42- + H 3O+ (1)

* Also accept “greater than 7” or “less than 7” respectively, for each salt.

Question 32 (9 Marks)

(a) In the space provided below, draw a fully labelled enthalpy level diagram for the Haber
process, showing ∆H, EA, catalysed and uncatalysed reaction pathways, and axes with
correct units stated.
(5 marks)

Axes (1)
Exo. shape (1)
Enthalpy (H) EA & ∆ H (1)
(kJ mol-1) Fe Catalyst Reactants &
3 H2 + N2 EA products (1)
EA Catalyst (1)
∆ H = -92 kJ
2 NH3

Progress of Reaction
(b) Complete the following graph, to show what happens to the concentrations of nitrogen and
ammonia as the above changes are made.
Concentration/mol L-1 (4 marks)

[N2(g)]

[NH3(g)]

t1 eqm1 t2 eqm2

Award (2) marks for showing the correct shape and orientation for the N2 and (2)
marks for the correct shape and orientation for the NH3 lines.

Question 33 (10 Marks)

(a) Write the equilibrium constant (K) expression for this reaction. (1 mark)

K = [(Al(OH)(H2O)5)2+] [H3O+] (1)

3+
[(Al(H2O)6) ]

(b) A solution of aluminium nitrate has a pH of 5.6.

(i) Using the above equilibrium reaction, explain how the pH of the solution would
change, if more crystals of hydrated aluminium nitrate were dissolved into the
solution.
(3 marks)

The addition of a soluble Al – salt will lead to an increase in [(Al(H2O)6)3+]. (1)

Thus the rate of collision of the reactants will increase, leading to an increase
in the forward reaction rate. (1)
Consequently leading to a higher [H3O+] and a lowering in the pH. (1)

(ii) When a small volume of dilute sodium hydroxide was added to a sample of the
original solution, the pH initially increased from 5.6 to 6.0, and then decreased back
to 5.8. Explain these observations.
(3 marks)

Initially the addition of excess OH- will cause an increase in pH to 6.0. (1)
As the neutralisation of OH- and H+ takes place, the rate of collision of reactants will be higher
than that of the products, thus the rate of the F’wd reaction is favoured. (1)
 This will lead to an increase in [H3O+] and thus decrease the pH to 5.8. (1)
(c) It was found that when the aluminium nitrate solution was warmed, the pH of the solution
decreased. From this information, deduce whether the forward reaction in the above
equilibrium is endothermic or exothermic. Explain your reasoning.
(3 marks)

As the pH has decreased due to an increase in the [H+], caused by an increase in temp; (1)
clearly the F’wd reaction has been favoured by this imposed change, (ie. higher temp). (1)
In order for the reaction to respond in this way, (ie. shifting the equilibrium to the right),
the F’wd reaction must be ENDOTHERMIC. (1)

Question 34 (9 Marks)

(a) Write a balanced molecular equation, including state symbols, for the reaction occurring.
(2 marks)

H3PO4 (aq) + 3 NaOH (aq) Na3PO4 (aq) + 3 H2O (l) (2)

*Deduct 1 x mark if missing or incorrect state symbols.

(b) On the axis below, sketch a graph showing how the pH would be expected to change
during the titration, until an excess of the acid was added.
(3 marks)
1 High pH start (1)
4

Equivalence above pH 7 (1)

X
pH

Final pH NOT too low (1)

Equivalence to coincide with

10 mL H3PO4 added. (1)
0
10 20
Volume of H3PO4 added (mL)

(c) On the graph above, label the equivalence point for this reaction. (1 mark)

(d) What should the pipette be rinsed with, immediately prior to use? EXPLAIN (2 marks)

The NaOH solution. (1) to ensure correct concentration present, to not dilute (1)

(e) From the list below, circle the correct indicator, that would be suitable for use in this
particular titration. (1 mark)
(1)
Methyl orange Phenolphthalein Bromothymol blue
(pH 3.1 – 4.4) (pH 8.3 – 10.0) (pH 6.0 – 7.6)
Question 35 (7 Marks)

Volume of HCℓ(aq)
Measurement pH Colour of solution
(mL)
1 0.0 10 green/yellow
2 0.5 9.9 green/yellow
3 1.0 9.8 green/yellow
4 1.5 9.7 green/yellow
5 2.0 7.3 yellow
6 2.5 6.5 orange
7 3.0 4.5 orange
8 3.5 3.4 orange
9 4.0 2.1 orange

(a) Plot a graph on the grid below showing the variation of pH against volume of hydrochloric
acid added. (a spare grid is provided at the end of the questions if required) (4 marks)

12
10
8
6
pH

4
2
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Volume of HCl Added (mL)

Description Marks
appropriate scales 1
labelled axis (including units on x axis) 1
points plotted accurately 1
line drawn 1
Total 4

(b) Suggest why there was no significant change in pH for the first four measurements.
(1 mark)
It is an equilibrium system therefore as H+ gets used it favours the reverse reaction to
produce more H+ ions therefore the pH won’t change significantly for a short period of
time.

(c) Based on these results, the students concluded that potassium chromate could be used as
an indicator in an acid-base titration. Evaluate this conclusion. (2 marks)

To be an indicator you require either a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak
base and its conjugate acid. Also the acid base pairs must have two different colours.
The chromate dichromate system are not acid –base conjugate pairs.
 End of Section Two
Section Three: Extended answer 40% (80 marks)

Question 36 (11 marks)

(a) Use appropriate chemical equations, to explain why a rise in the partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere has caused a decrease in the pH of the oceans. (2 marks)

An increase in the p(CO2 (g)) will lead to an increase in [CO2 (aq)] in the oceans.

ie. CO2 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ H2CO3 (aq) (1)

Thus an increase in [CO2 (aq)] will lead to an increased rate of collision of reactants, thus
favouring the F’wd reaction rate, leading to more H2CO3 (aq), hence a higher [H+ (aq)] and a lower
pH. (1)

(b) Write a balanced ionic equation for the titration reaction. (1 mark)

CO32- (aq) + 2 H+ (aq) H2O (l) + CO2 (g) (2)

(c) Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid titrated from the burette. (1 mark)

n(HNO3) = cV = 0.0502 x 0.03505 = 0.00176 mol (3SF) (1)

(d) Calculate the number of moles of carbonate in the 20.0 mL aliquots. (1 mark)

n(CO32-) in 20 mL = ½ n(HNO3)

= 0.000880 mol (3SF) (1)

(e) Calculate the number of moles of carbonate in the original 2.17 g of powdered prawn shells,
and thus calculate the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the sample of prawn shells.
(4 marks)

n(CO32-) in 250 mL = 250 / 20 x 0.000879755 = 0.010997 mol (1)

n(CaCO3) = n(CO32-) = 0.010997 mol (1)

m(CaCO3) = nM = 0.010997 x 100.09 = 1.10 g (1)

%(CaCO3) in shells = (1.10 / 2.17) x 100 = 50.7% (3SF) (1)

(f) State and explain what effect the student’s decision to read the burette from the top of the
meniscus would have had on the calculated percentage by mass. (2 marks)

Effect on calculated
Artificially high No effect Artificially low
percentage (circle one)

(1)

Explanation: As the readings were taken consistently from the top of the meniscus, and since the
titre value is the difference between two readings, the systematic error would have
cancelled out. (1)
 Thus the calculated percentage would not have been affected.
Question 37 (22 marks)

Volume of NaOH (mL) 20.75 20.80 20.85 20.90 20.95 21.00 21.05 21.10 21.15
pH of solution 4.7 5.3 5.2 5.6 7.9 12.7 13.0 13.2 13.3

(a) Explain why a failure to standardise the sodium hydroxide solution would have led to a
systematic error, and what effect it would have on the calculated value for the concentration of
the acid. (3 marks)

NaOH cannot be obtained pure and it readily absorbs moisture from the air, so it cannot be
weighed-out directly to produce a standard solution. (1) Due to impurities and high
moisture content, its actual mass will always be “less” than that weighed out. (1) This would
lead to a consistently HIGHER than expected value for the concentration of the acid being
calculated. (1)
*Can also accept other reasons like: reaction with CO2 in the air, and/or relatively low molar
mass may lead to a significant increase in % weighing of error.

(b) Plot the results from the experiment on the graph paper provided below, and use your graph
to estimate the pH at the equivalence point. Include clearly labelled axes and an appropriate
scale. (5 marks)

pH

13

11
Equivalence (1)
9
Axes (1)
7 Scale (1)
Points (1)
5 Smooth curve (1)

0
20.75 20.80 20.85 20.90 20.95 21.00 21.05 21.10 21.15
Volume NaOH (mL)

Estimated pH at equivalence point: Accept pH 8 – 10 (1) (1 mark)

(c) Use an appropriate equation, to describe and explain the pH at the equivalence point of this
titration.
(3 marks)

Salt formed is sodium propanoate, CH3CH2COONa; (1)

and since propanoic acid is a weak acid, the propanoate ion will hydrolyse as follows:

CH3CH2COO- + H 2O ⇌ CH3CH2COOH + OH- (1)

 The resultant solution is basic, as the [OH-] is greater than the [H+]. (1)

(d) Use an appropriate chemical equation, to describe and explain why the reaction mixture in the
flask was able to act as a buffer before less than 20 mL of sodium hydroxide was added.
(4 marks)

When less than 20.0 mL NaOH were added, there was only CH3CH2COOH and CH3CH2COONa
in the flask, (ie. the weak acid and its salt – a buffer solution). (1)

ie. CH3CH2COOH + H 2O ⇌ CH3CH2COO- + H 3O+ (1)

As NaOH was added, OH- + H+ ⇌ H2O. Thus rate of collision of reactants is

higher than that of products, thus F’wd reaction is favoured, producing more of the H + ions
that were removed. (1)

As the change in [H+] is minimised, the pH will not increase significantly. (1)
After repeating the experiment a number of times, the student found the concentration of the
propanoic acid solution was 0.815 molL-1.

(e) Using the data provided, calculate the pH of the mixture in the flask if 30.0 mL of sodium
hydroxide is added to a 25.0 mL aliquot of propanoic acid. (6 marks)

n(NaOH) = cV = 0.976 x 0.030 = 0.02928 mol (1)

n(CH3CH2COOH) = cV = 0.815 x 0.025 = 0.020375 mol (1)
n(OH) excess = 0.0293 – 0.0204 = 0.008905 mol (1)

[OH-] = 0.0089 / 0.0550 = 0.1619 mol L-1 (1)

Thus [H+] = 10-14 / 0.162 = 6.1766 x 10-14 mol L-1 (1)

Hence pH = -log [H+] = -log (6.18 x 10-14) = 13.2 (3SF) (1)

Question 38 (14 marks)

(a) Explain how this reaction causes the pH of groundwater to decrease.

As the reaction proceeds, H+ are produced, thus increasing [H+], (1)

and DECREASING pH. (1)

Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 4

Final burette reading (mL) 4.25 8.05 12.00 16.05
Initial burette reading (mL) 0.00 4.10 8.10 12.05
Volume of NaOH used (mL) 4.25 3.95 3.90 4.00

Calculated titres in Table (1)

(b) Determine the average volume of NaOH used. (2 marks)

Av Titre = 3.95 + 3.90 + 4.00 = 3.95 mL (1)

3
(c) Calculate the average number of moles of NaOH used to neutralise the acid. (1 mark)

n = cV = 0.0050 x 0.00395 = 1.975 x 10-5 mol (3 x SF) (1)

(d) Assuming that the lake water is the only source of H+ ions and that complete ionisation of the
acid in the lake water has occurred, determine the pH of the lake water. (3 marks)

n(H+) = n(NaOH) = 1.975 x 10-5 mol (1)

[H+] = n/V = 1.975 x 10-5 / 0.050 = 3.95 x 10-4 molL-1 (1)

pH = -log[H+] = -log (3.95 x 10-4) = 3.40 (3 x SF) (1)

(e) Complete the following table (6 marks)

Equipment What is it used for in this experiment? What should it be

rinsed with before use?

Burette To deliver accurate volume of NaOH. (1) The NaOH solution. (1)

Pipette To measure 50.0 mL of lake water. (1) The lake water. (1)

Conical flask Where the titration reaction takes place. (1) Distilled water. (1)

Question 39 (18 marks)

(a) State an environmental issue linked to the release of oxides of nitrogen into the atmosphere.
It creates acid rain
(1 mark)

(b) Balance the equation for this reaction shown below:

6NO(g) + 4NH3(g) → 5N2(g) + 6H2O(g) (2 marks)

(c) 500 kL of ammonia gas is added to the same volume of nitrogen oxide at 25oC and 101.5 kPa.
Calculate the amount of nitrogen released into the atmosphere at this temperature and
pressure.
(Note can use gay lussacs law)
PV = nRT
n = 101.5 x 500 x 10-3
8.314 x 298
= 20.48 x 10-3 mol each (2)
Calculation for Limiting reagent NO (2)
n(N2) = 17.06 x 10-3 mol (1)
V(N2) = 416.6 x 10-3 L
= 4.17 x 10-5 (1)
(d) Calculate the volume of excess reagent not reacted.

n(NH3) xs = 20.48 - 4/6 x 20.48

= 6.826 mol (2)
Vol (NH3) = 6.826 x 8.314 x 298
101.5
= 166.6 L (1) (3 marks)
(e) It is important to adjust the amount of ammonia mixing with the chimney gases to give the
correct mole ratio of ammonia to nitrogen oxide (NO).
Explain the effect on the composition of the gases released into the atmosphere if the
amount of ammonia was too low or too high.
Too low : acidic NO released into the atmosphere
Too high: basic NH3 released into the atmosphere (1)

(f) The chemical reaction occurring in the ammonia generator is:

(NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ 2NH3(aq) → CO2(aq) ΔH = +ve

In a particular generator a 1:1 mass ratio of urea and water is used.

i which reactant is in excess? Make mass the same ie 1000g

n (Urea) = 1000
60.062
= 16.649 mol
n(water) = 1000
18.016
= 55.5 mol
Water in excess (2 marks)

ii In this chemical reaction is the excess of one reactant an issue.

If the excess is water it isn’t an issue, however an excess of urea as aqueous is ok but
vapour will cause toxic vapours to enter the environment.
(1 mark)
Changing the temperature of the reaction mixture in the ammonia generator can control the
amount of ammonia gas produced.
iii Explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the amount of ammonia formed in the
generator. (2 marks)
If the temperature is increased the system will want to decrease the temperature and favour
the endothermic reaction. This is the forward reaction hence will produce a greater yield of
ammonia.
Question 40 (15 marks)
Cl2 (g) + H2S (aq) + H2O (l)  H2SO4 (aq) + HCl (aq)
(a) Balance the equation

4 Cl2 (g) + H2S (aq) + 4 H2O (l)  H2SO4 (aq) + 8 HCl (aq)
(2 marks)

The process represented by the equation above is also a redox reaction.

(b) State which substance has been oxidised and which has been reduced. Use oxidation
numbers to support your answer. (3 marks)

- Cl2 reduced
- (0) to (-1)
- H2S oxidised
- S from (-2) to (+6)
The tank held 20 000 L of contaminated water. The concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the water
was 7.13 x 10-4 g L-1.
(c) Calculate the volume of chlorine at STP that would be required to remove all the hydrogen
sulfide from the water. (4 marks)
m(H2S)= cV
= 0.000713 x 20000
= 14.26 g

n(H2S) = m/M
= 14.26 / 34.086
= 0.4183536

n(Cl2) = 4 x n(H2S)
= 0.4183536 x 4
= 1.673414

V(Cl2) = 22.71n
= 22.71 x 1.673414
= 38.00324 L
= 38.0 L
(d) Calculate the final concentration of HCl (in mol L-1) that would be present in the tank after
the chlorination process was complete. (2 marks)

n(HCl) = 8 x n(H2S)
= 0.4183536 x 8
= 3.346829

c(HCl) = n/V
= 3.346829 / 20000
= 0.00016734 mol L-1
= 0.000167 mol L-1 OR 1.67 x 10-4 mol L-1
Both of the products in this reaction (hydrochloric and sulfuric acid) are strong acids.

(e) Explain the difference between a strong and weak acid. (2 marks)

- strong acid completely ionises in solution

- weak acid only partially ionises
(f) Sulfuric acid is ‘diprotic’. Explain what this term means, using equations to support your
answer. (2 marks)
- diprotic means 2 acidic / ionisable hydrogens
- H2SO4  H+ + HSO4- OR H2SO4 + H2O  H3O+ + HSO4-
- HSO4  H + SO4
- + 2-
OR HSO4- + H2O  H3O+ + SO42-