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OS ppt Unit 4.2

The document discusses mass storage structures, including magnetic disks, solid-state disks, and magnetic tapes, highlighting their characteristics and uses. It also covers disk scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, and C-SCAN, which manage I/O requests for efficient disk access. Additionally, it addresses disk management aspects such as disk formatting, boot blocks, and handling bad blocks.

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Nethravathi Sarathy
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4 views

OS ppt Unit 4.2

The document discusses mass storage structures, including magnetic disks, solid-state disks, and magnetic tapes, highlighting their characteristics and uses. It also covers disk scheduling algorithms like FCFS, SSTF, SCAN, and C-SCAN, which manage I/O requests for efficient disk access. Additionally, it addresses disk management aspects such as disk formatting, boot blocks, and handling bad blocks.

Uploaded by

Nethravathi Sarathy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mass-Storage Structure

• Mass storage refers to store large amount of


data
• There area various mass storage devices
• Magnetic Disks
• provide the bulk of secondary storage for modern computer
systems
• Each disk platter has a flat circular shape, like a CD
• The two surfaces of a platter are covered with a magnetic
material
• Solid-State Disks
• SSD is nonvolatile memory that is used like a hard drive
• SSDs have the same characteristics as traditional hard disks
but can be more reliable and faster
• they consume less power
• they are more expensive
• have less capacity
• Magnetic Tapes
• was used as an early secondary-storage medium
• hold large quantities of data
• its access time is slow
• Tapes are used mainly for backup, for storage of infrequently
used information
Disk Scheduling
• One of the responsibilities of the operating system is to use
the hardware efficiently
• A process makes the I/O requests to the operating system to
access the disk. Disk scheduling algorithm manages the
requests and decides the order of the disk access
• FCFS Scheduling
• The simplest form of disk scheduling is, the first-come, first-
served (FCFS) algorithm
• Consider, for example, a disk queue with requests for I/O to
blocks on cylinders 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
• queue = 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67,
• head starts at 53
• total head movement is 640 cylinders
• SSTF Scheduling
• shortest-seek-time-first
• The SSTF algorithm selects the request with the least seek
time from the current head position and then chooses the
pending request closest to the current head position.
• queue = 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67,
• head starts at 53
• total head movement is 208 cylinders
• SCAN Scheduling
• In this algorithm, the disk arm starts at one end of the disk
and moves towards one end completely and reaches each
cylinder
• Then the direction of head movement is reversed reaches
each cylinder completely
• Example
• queue = 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
• head starts at 53
• Assuming the head move towards 0
• C-SCAN Scheduling (Circular SCAN)
• In this algorithm the head moves from one end of the disk to
the other end
• When the head reaches the other end, it immediately returns
to the beginning of the disk without servicing any requests
• Example
• queue = 98, 183, 37, 122, 14, 124, 65, 67
• head starts at 53
Disk Management
• The operating system is responsible for several other aspects
of disk management
• Here we discuss disk initialization, booting from disk, and bad-
block recovery
• Disk Formatting
• Before a disk can store data, it must be divided into sectors
that the disk controller can read and write. This process is
called low-level formatting
• Most hard disks are low-level-formatted at the factory as a
part of the manufacturing process

• Boot Block
• For a computer to start running, it must have an initial
program to run
• This initial bootstrap program starts the operating system
• the bootstrap is stored in read-only memory (ROM)
• The full bootstrap program is stored in the “boot blocks” at a
fixed location on the disk
• Bad Blocks
• More frequently, one or more sectors become defective.
These defective sectors are called as bad blocks.
• Any bad blocks that are discovered are flagged as unusable
• Data that resided on the bad blocks usually are lost

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