CORE118 – General Mathematics

READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

3 | ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION
Learning Competencies:
The learners are able to:
a. represents real-life situations using one-to-one functions;
b. determines the inverse of one-to-one function;
c. represents an inverse function through its table of values and graph;
d. finds the domain and range of an inverse function; and
e. solves problems involving inverse functions.

The function, 𝒇, is one-to-one if for any 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 in the domain of 𝒇, then 𝒇(𝒙𝟏 ) ≠ 𝒇(𝒙𝟐 ). Each element in the domain is
mapped to exactly one element in the range, that is, the same 𝑦-value is never paired with two different 𝑥-values.

Example 1:
Determine whether the given situation illustrates a one-to-one function or not.

a) Pairing a student to his or her student ID number.

Answer: Each student is assigned to a unique ID number. Further, two different students cannot be assigned
the same ID number. Thus, the function is one-to-one.

b) Pairing a real number to its square.

Answer: Each real number has a unique perfect square. However, two different real numbers such as 𝟐 and
−𝟐 may have the same square. Thus, the function is not one-to-one.

c) Pairing a person to his citizenship.

Answer: The presented scenario is not a one-to-one function because a person can have dual citizenship
(i.e., citizenship is not unique).

d) Pairing an airport to its airport code.

Airport codes are three letter codes used to uniquely identify airports around the world and prominently
displayed on checked–in bags to denote the destination of these bags. Here are some examples of airport
codes:
• MNL – Ninoy Aquino International Airport (All terminals)
• CEB – Mactan–Cebu International Airport
• DVO – Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao)
• JFK – John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City)
• CDG – Charles de Gaulle International Airport (Paris, France)
Airport codes can be looked up at https://www.world-airport-codes.com

Answer: Since each airport has a unique airport code, and that no two airports share the same airport code,
then the function is one-to-one.

A way to determine if a graph illustrates a function is by using a vertical line test, a simple way to determine if a given
graph is that of a one-to-one function is by using the Horizontal Line Test.

The Horizontal Line Test states that a function is one-to-one if each horizontal line intersects the graph at most one
point.
Example 2:
Is the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 one-to-one function?

Answer 2.1:
If 𝑥1 ≠ 𝑥2 , then 𝑥13 ≠ 𝑥23 (two different numbers cannot have the same
cube). Therefore, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 is a one-to-one function.

Answer 2.2:
From Figure 1 we see that no horizontal lines intersect the graph of
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 more than once. Therefore, by Horizontal Line Test, 𝒇
isone-to-one.

Figure 1
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/kzth53kjlh

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Example 3:
Is the function 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 one–to–one?

Answer 3.1: This function is NOT one–to–one because,

for instance,

𝑔(1) = 1 and 𝑔(−1) = 1

and so, 1 and – 1 have the same image.

Answer 3.2: From Figure 2, we see that there is a horizontal line

that intersects that graph of 𝒈 more than once. Therefore, by
Horizontal Line Test, 𝒈 is not one–to–one.
Figure 2
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/kzth53kjlh

Although the function 𝒈 in Example 3 is note one-to-one, it is possible to restrict its domain so that the resulting function
is one-to-one. In fact, if we can define
ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥≥0 𝑜𝑟 ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , 𝑥≤0
then 𝒉 is one-to-one, as you can see from Figures 3 and 4, and the Horizontal Line Test.

Figure 3 Figure 4
https://www.desmos.com/calculator/kzth53kjlh https://www.desmos.com/calculator/takvucsml3

Activity 3.1
Determine whether the following functions are either a one-to-one function or not.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥 − 2|
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 5
3. ℎ(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 1
2𝑥−1
4. 𝑛(𝑥) = 𝑥−3
1
5. 𝑘(𝑥) = 3 𝑥 + 2

INVERSE OF ONE-TO-ONE FUNCTION

The importance of one-to-one function is due to the fact that they are the only functions that have an inverse, as
defined below.
Definition:
Let 𝒇 be a one-to-one functio with domain A and range B. Then the inverse of 𝒇, denoted by
𝒇−𝟏 , is a function with domain B and range A defined by 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒚) = 𝒙 if and only 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒚 for any
𝒚 in B.

Note: A function has an inverse function if and only fi it is one-to-one.

To find the inverse of a one-to-one function:

1. Write the function in the form 𝒚 = 𝒇(𝒙).
2. Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables.
3. Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙.
4. Replace 𝒚 by 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) if the inverse is a function.

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Example 4:
Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 1.

Solution:
STEP 1: The equation of the function is:
𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 1

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝑥 and 𝑦 variables:

𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝑥:

𝑥 = 3𝑦 + 1
𝑥 − 1 = 3𝑦
𝑥−1
𝑦=
3
STEP 4: Replace 𝒚 by 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
𝑥−1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
3
𝒙−𝟏
Therefore, the inverse of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 is 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = 𝟑
.

Example 5:
Solve for the inverse of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3.

Solution:
STEP 1: The equation of the function is:
𝑦 = 5𝑥 − 3

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝑥 and 𝑦 variables:

𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 3

STEP 3: Solve for 𝑦 in terms of 𝑥:

𝑥 = 5𝑦 − 3
𝑥 + 3 = 5𝑦
𝑥+3
𝑦=
5
STEP 4: Replace 𝑦 by 𝑓 −1 (𝑥).
𝑥+3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
5
𝑥+3
Therefore, the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = .
5

Example 6:
Find the inverse of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2.

Solution:
STEP 1: The equation of the function is:
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟐

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables:

𝒙 = 𝒚𝟑 − 𝟐

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙:

𝑥 = 𝑦3 − 2
𝑥 + 2 = 𝑦3
3
𝑦 = √𝑥 + 2

STEP 4: Replace 𝒚 by 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙).

3
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2
3
Therefore, the inverse of 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2 is 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 .

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Example 7:
2𝑥+1
Find the inverse of the rational function 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥−4.

Solution:
STEP 1: The equation of the function is:
2𝑥 + 1
𝑦=
3𝑥 − 4

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables:

2𝑦 + 1
𝑥=
3𝑦 − 4

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝑥:

2𝑦 + 1
𝑥=
3𝑦 − 4
𝑥(3𝑦 − 4) = 2𝑦 + 1 Multiply both sides by 3𝑦 − 4.
3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 = 2𝑦 + 1 Multiply 3𝑦 − 4 by 𝑥.
3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 1 Group similar terms.
𝑦(3𝑥 − 2) = 4𝑥 + 1 Factor out 𝑦 from 3𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑦.
4𝑥+1
𝑦 = 3𝑥−2 Divide both sides by 3𝑥 − 2.

STEP 4: Replace 𝒚 by 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙).

4𝑥 + 1
𝑓 −1 (𝑥) =
3𝑥 − 2
2𝑥+1 4𝑥+1
Therefore, the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = is 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = .
3𝑥−4 3𝑥−2

Inverse Function Property

Given a one-to-one function, 𝒇(𝒙), and it inverse, 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙), then the following are true:
• The inverse of 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) is 𝒇(𝒙).
• 𝒇(𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙 for all 𝒙 in the domain of 𝒇−𝟏 .
• 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙 for all 𝒙 in the domain of 𝒇.

For the second and third properties, the composition of a function and its inverse is the identity function 𝒚 = 𝒙. This
can be used to check if one function is the inverse of another. Thus, the inverse function of a given one-to-one
function can also be solved using the mentioned properties.

Example 8:
𝑥+3
Show that 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 5 are inverses of each other using the idea that 𝒇(𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙 or
𝒇−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙.

Solution:

Using the Inverse Function Property, we have

𝑥+3
• Case 1: We want to show that 𝒇(𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙 given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = 5
. We have
𝑥+3
𝑓(𝑓 −1 (𝑥)) = 𝑓 ( )
5
𝑥+3
= 5( )−3
5
=𝑥+3−3
𝒇(𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙

𝑥+3
• Case 2: We want to show that 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙 given 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = . We have
5
𝑓 −1 (𝑓(𝑥)) = 𝑓 −1 (5𝑥 − 3)

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

(5𝑥 − 3) + 3
=
5
5𝑥
=
5
−𝟏
𝒇 (𝒇(𝒙)) = 𝒙

𝑥+3
Therefore, using the Inverse Function Property, we can say the 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = are inverses of
5
each other.

Example 9:
3
Show that 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2 and 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 are inverses of each other using the idea that 𝒈(𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙 or
𝒈−𝟏 (𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙.

Solution:
Using the Inverse Function Property, we have

3
• Case 1: We want to show that 𝒈(𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙 given 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2 and 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2. We have
3
𝑔(𝑔−1 (𝑥)) = 𝑔( √𝑥 + 2)
3 3
= ( √𝑥 + 2 ) − 2
=𝑥+2−2
𝒈(𝒈−𝟏 (𝒙)) = 𝒙

3
• Case 2: We want to show that 𝒈−𝟏 (𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙 given 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2 and 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2. We have
𝑔−1 (𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑔−1 (𝑥 3 − 2)
3
= √(𝑥 3 − 2) + 2
3
= √𝑥 3 − 2 + 2
3
= √𝑥 3
−𝟏
𝒈 (𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝒙

3
Therefore, using the Inverse Function Property, we can say the 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥 3 − 2 and 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = √𝑥 + 2 are
inverses of each other.

Take note that in checking wheter a function is an inverse of another function, it is not mandated to use both properties.

Example 10:
Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 2, if it exists.

Answer:
Since the given is a quadratic function with a graph in the shape of a parabola that opens upward, it follows that
it is not a one-to-one function as it fails the horizontal line test.

(Optional) The procedure for finding the inverse of a one-to-one function can still be applied to a function which
is not one-to-one. To illustrate, we have:

STEP 1: The equation of the function is:

𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables:

𝒙 = 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙:

𝑥 = 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 − 2
𝑥 + 2 = 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦
𝑥 + 2 + 4 = 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4 Complete the square.
𝑥 + 6 = (𝑦 + 2)2 Factor 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 4.
±√𝑥 + 6 = 𝑦 + 2 Get the square root of both sides.
𝑦 = −2 ± √𝑥 + 6 Add −2 on both sides.

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

The equation 𝒚 = −𝟐 ± √𝒙 + 𝟔 does not represent a function because there are some 𝒙-values that
correspond to two different 𝒚-values (e.g., if 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 can be 1 or −5. Therefore, the function
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟐
has no inverse function.

Example 11:
Find the inverse of 𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥|, if it exists.

Answer:
Recall that the graph of 𝑓(𝑥) = |3𝑥| is shaped like a “V” whose vertex is located at the origin. This function fails
the horizontal line test and therefore has no inverse.

Alternate Answer: We can also show that 𝒇−𝟏 does not exist by showing that 𝒇 is not a one-to-one. Note that
𝑓(1) = (−1) = 3. Since the 𝒙-values 1 and – 1 are paired to the same 𝒚-value, then 𝒇 is not one-to-one and it
cannot have an inverse.

(Optional) If we apply the procedure for finding the inverse of a one–to–one function:

STEP 1: The equation of the function is:

𝑦 = |3𝑥|

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables:

𝑥 = |3𝑦|

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙:

𝑥 = |3𝑦|
𝑥 = √(3𝑦)2 Use the definition |𝑥| = √𝑥 2
𝑥 2 = 3𝑦 2 Square both sides.
𝑥2
= 𝑦2 Divide both sides by 3.
3

𝑥2
𝑦 = ±√ 3 Get the square root of both sides.

In this function, 𝑥 = 2 will correspond to 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 and 𝑓(𝑥) = −1. Therefore, 𝒇(𝒙) has no inverse function.

Activity 3.2
Find the inverse of the following one-to-one function.
1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 3
7+2𝑥
2. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑥
𝑥 5 −3
3. 𝑘(𝑥) = 2
3𝑥−2
4. ℎ(𝑥) =
2𝑥−3

5. 𝑚(𝑥) = 3𝑥 + 4

GRAPHS OF INVERSE FUNCTION

The graph of the inverse is the reflection of the graph of the original function with respect to 𝒚 = 𝒙. The examples
below illustrate this property.

Example 12:
𝟐𝒙+𝟏 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
Graph the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙−𝟒 and its inverse 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = in one coordinate plane.
𝟑𝒙−𝟐

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Graph:

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟐

Graph of 𝑓 −1
Axis of symmetry
𝑦=𝑥

Graph of 𝑓

Example 13:
𝒙−𝟏
Graph the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 and its inverse 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) = in one coordinate plane.
𝟑

Graph:
𝒙−𝟏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒇−𝟏 (𝒙) =
𝟑

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Axis of symmetry
𝑦=𝑥

Graph of 𝑓 Graph of 𝑓 −1

Considering Examples 12 and 13, we have the following properties satisfied by the function, 𝒇, and its inverse function,
𝒇−𝟏 .
a. The graphs of 𝒇 and 𝒇−𝟏 are symmetric with respect to the line 𝒚 = 𝒙.
b. The domain of 𝒇−𝟏 is the range of 𝒇.
c. The range of 𝒇−𝟏 is the domain of 𝒇.

Solving Problems Involving Inverse Functions

We can apply the concepts of inverse functions in solving word problems involving reversible processes.

Example 14:
You asked a friend to think of a non-negative number, add two to the number, square the number, multiply the
result by 3, and divide the result by 2. If the result is 54, what is the original number? Construct an inverse function
that will provide the original number if the result is given.

Solution:
We first construct the function that will compute the final number
based on the original number. Following the instructions, we come
up with this function:

3(𝑥+2)2
𝑓(𝑥) = [(𝑥 + 2)2 ∙ 3] ÷ 2 = , 𝑥 is non-negative number
2

The domain of the function is restricted to 𝒙 ≥ 𝟎, hence its graph.

The function with restricted domain 𝑥 ≥ 0 is then a one-to-one

function, thus we can find its inverse.

STEP 1: The equation of the function is:

𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒚= ,𝒙 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐

STEP 2: Interchange the 𝒙 and 𝒚 variables:

𝟑(𝒚 + 𝟐)𝟐
𝒙= ,𝒚 ≥ 𝟎
𝟐

STEP 3: Solve for 𝒚 in terms of 𝒙:

3(𝑦+2)2
𝑥= 2
2𝑥 2
= (𝑦 + 2)2 Multiply both sides by 3.
3

2𝑥 2𝑥
√ = 𝑦+2 Get the square root of both sides, and since 𝑦 ≥ 2, we do not need to consider −√ 3 .
3

2𝑥 2𝑥
√ −2=𝑦 ⇒𝑦 =√3 −2
3

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CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Finally, we evaluate the inverse function at 𝑥 = 54 to determine the original number.

2(54) 108
𝑓 −1 (54) = √ −2=√ − 2 = √36 − 2 = 6 − 2 = 4
3 3

Answer: The original Number is 4.

Example 15:
Engineers have determined that the maximum force 𝒕 in tons that a particular bridge can carry is related to the
distance 𝒅 in meters between its supports by the following function:
12.5 3
𝑡(𝑑) = ( )
𝑑

How far should the supports be if the bridge is to support 6.5 tons? Construct an inverse function to determine
the result.

Solution:
The equation of the function is:
𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝟑
𝒕=( )
𝒅

To less the confusion in this case, let us not interchange 𝒅 and 𝒕 as they denote specific values. Solve instead
for 𝒅 in terms of 𝒕:
12.5 3
𝑡=( )
𝑑
3 12.5
√𝑡 =
𝑑
12.5
𝑑= 3
√𝑡
12.5
The inverse function is 𝑑(𝑡) = 3 .
√𝑡

12.5
Evaluate the function at 𝑡 = 6.5 ∶ 𝑑(6.5) = 3 = 12.06.
√6.5

The supports should be placed at approximately 12.06 meters apart.

Activity 3.3
Solve the following problems.
1. Leonor bought equal amounts of mangoes, dalandan, and rambutan. Each kilo of mango
costs Php100, while each kilo of dalandan and rambutan cost Php75 and Php125
respectively.
a) If Leonor bought 𝒙 kilos of each, express her total expense 𝑷 as a function of 𝒙, and
solve for the total expense when she bought 4 kilos of each fruit.
b) Find 𝑷−𝟏 . What does 𝑷−𝟏 represent?
2. A tank contains 100 cubic meters of water. It has a pipe that brings in water at a rate of 30
cubic meters per hour, but water is leaking at a rate of 10 cubic meters per hour.
a) If 𝒕 is the number of hours since the pipe is opened and the tank begins to leak,
express the volume of water in cubic meters, 𝑽, as a function of 𝒕.
b) Find 𝑽−𝟏 . What does 𝑷−𝟏 represent?
c) Find 𝑽−𝟏 (𝟐𝟎𝟎).

Reference:
• Stewart, J., Redlin, L., and Watson, S., (2015) College Algebra, Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd.
• Larson, R., Hostetler, R., Edwards, B., (2009) Precalculus: A Graphing Approach. D.C. Heath and Company

Page 9 of 10 Autor.Delloro.Hipolito. | ADNU SHS @ 2024

CORE118 – General Mathematics
READING MATERIAL
Topic 3
1st Semester, SY 2024-2025

Answers to the Activities:

Activity 3.1
1. Not a one-to-one function
2. Not a one-to-one function
3. One-to-one Function
4. One-to-one Function
5. One-to-one Function

Activity 3.2
3 𝑥
1. 𝑓 −1 (𝑥) = √5

7
2. 𝑔−1 (𝑥) = 𝑥−2
5
3. 𝑘 −1 (𝑥) = √2𝑥 + 3
3𝑥−2
4. ℎ−1 (𝑥) = 2𝑥−3
𝑥−4
5. 𝑚−1 (𝑥) = 3

Activity 3.3
1. a) 𝑃(𝑥) = 300𝑥; 𝑃(4) = 300(4) = 𝑃ℎ𝑝1,200 is the cost for buying 4 kilos of each fruit.
𝑥
b) 𝑃−1 (𝑥) = 300, it represents the number of kilos bought for each fruit, given 𝒙 = total expenses.
2. a) 𝑉(𝑡) = 100 + 20𝑡
𝑡−100
b) 𝑉 −1 (𝑥) = , it represents the time needed to reach a given volume.
20
−1 (200)
c) 𝑉 = 5 hours

Page 10 of 10 Autor.Delloro.Hipolito. | ADNU SHS @ 2024