EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS : 1) Noted the colour Colourless Absence of Cu” Fe*,Fe*,Mn*",Co?*,Ni* Blue of Cu’ Brown Pre. of Fe” Green Pre. of Ni?* Pale pink Pre. of Mn?" | Pink Pre. of Co* 2) Noted the solubility a) Inwater a) Soluble and no a) Pre. of NHa* b) Indil.HCl ppt with Na,CO; b) Insoluble b) Pre. of Pb?* 3) Flame Test: Alittle of the salt is made into paste with conc.HCl. A glass rod is dipped in it and introduced into the flame. Allittle of the salt is heated with con.HNO; and cobalt nitrate solution. A filter paper is dipped in it and burnt. a) Blue surrounded by green b) Brick red c) Crimsonred d) Bluish white b) Blue tinted ash c) Pale pink ash $Y a) Pre. of Cu™ b) Pre. of Ca”* c) Pre. of Sr?* d) Pre. of Pb?* e) Grassy greenon e) Pre. of Ba” prolonged heating 4) AshTest: a) Green ash a) Pre. of Zn b) Pre. of AP* c) Pre. of Mg’ “SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF ANIONS : 1) Dil.H,SO. test : To the salt add dil.H:SO., warm if required. a) Evolution of Colourless, odourless gas with brisk effervescence, turns limewater milky. b) Smell of vinegar a) Pre. of carbonates b) Pre. of acetate2) Conc.H,SO. test Treat a small quantity of the salt with Conc.H.SOs, warm if necessary. a) Colourless gas with pungent smell, give dense white fumes when a glass rod dipped in NH.OH is shown. b) Brown gas with pungent smell ¢) Violet vapours with pungent. smell d) Light brown gas with pungent smell on strong heating. e) Smell of vinegar a) Pre. of Cl* b) Pre. of Br* ¢) Pre.of d) Pre. of NOs* e) Pre. of CH;COO* 3) Paper ball test: Heat alittle of the salt with Conc.H2SO, and introduce a paper ball to it. Brown fumes Pre. of NOs? 4) Test for sulphates : Heat alittle of the salt solution with dil. HCl and add BaCl, solution. White ppt insoluble in Cone.HCl Pre. of sulphate 5) Test for phosphates: ‘Add Conc.HNOs to the salt solution and boil, Add exess of ammonium molybdate solution and boil again. Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANIONS : 1) Carbonates: White ppt Pre. of carbonates confirmed Magnesium sulphate test : To the salt solution add MgSOx solution. 2) Chlorides: a) MnOztest : a) Greenish yellow _| Pre. of chloride confirmed Heat a small quantity of salt gas with pungent with Conc.H:S0.and MnO, smellb) Chromyl chloride test : Salt is heated with conc.sulphuric acid and pot.dichromate. The vapours are collected and passed through NaOH solution. Add lead acetate solution to this. ¢) Silver nitrate test : Acidify the salt solution with nitric acid and add silver nitrate solution. b) Reddish brown vapours Yellow solution Yellow ppt White curdy ppt soluble in excess of NH,OH Pre. of chloride confirmed Pre. of chloride confirmed 3) Acetates : a) Oxalic acid test : Make a paste of the salt with oxalic acid. Rub the paste and smell. b) Ester test: To the salt add conc.H:SOs and heat. Add alcohol. Shake. Pour the contents into a beaker containing water. Ferric chloride test : To the salt solution add a) Smell of vinegar b) Pleasant fruity smell ¢) Reddish coloured Pre. of acetate Pre. of acetate confirmed neutral ferric chloride ppt solution. Filter. Divide the filtrate into two portions : Pre. of acetate confirmed 1. Toone add dil HCl. |. Reddish colour Il. Tothe second, add disappears water and boil ll Reddish ppt 4) Sulphate : a) To the salt solution add dil. HCl and barium chloride solution. 'b) To the salt solution add White ppt insoluble in HCI White ppt solublein hot Pre. of sulphate confirmed Pre. of sulphate confirmed acetic acid and lead acetate | ammonium acetate solution. 5) Phosphate: a) Ammonium molybdatetest:| a) Yellow ppt Pre. of phosphate To salt solution add conc.HNO3and boil. Add ammonium molybdate andheat again. b) Magnesia mixture test : To the salt solution add magnesia mixture and allow b) White ppt Pre. of phosphate confirmed. to stand. 6) Bromide : a) To salt add conc.H,SO, and a) Dense brown Pre. of bromide confirmed MnO, fumes b) To salt add dil. HCl and AgCl b) Pale yellow ppt partially soluble inNH.OH Pre. of bromide confirmed 7) Nitrate : a) Toalittle salt add a) Brown vapours Pre. of nitrate confirmed cone.H,SO, and add cu and green turnings and heat. solution b) To salt solution add fresh b) Brown ring at the | Pre. of nitrate confirmed FeSO, and cool. Add junction between conc.H2SOx two layer. ANALYSIS OF CATIONS: 1) To the salt solution add sodium | No ppt Pre. of zero group carbonate solution (Ammonium) 2) To the solution add dil. HCI White ppt Fite! of group 1 (Pb?) 3) To the solution add dil. HCl and | Black ppt Pre. of group 2 pass H2S (cu) 4) To the solution add solid ‘White gelatinous ppt Pre. of group3 ammonium chloride and excess (ar) ‘of ammonium hydroxide 5) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 4 ammonium chloride and excess (2n*) ‘of ammonium hydroxide. Pass HS 6) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 5 ammonium chloride and excess (Ba*,Sr**,Ca”) ‘of ammonium hydroxide. Add ammonium carbonate solution 7) To the solution add solid White ppt Pre. of group 6 ammonium chloride and excess ‘of ammonium hydroxide. Add sodium hydrogen phosphate (Me™)ANALYSIS OF GROUP 0(AMMONIUM) 1) To the salt solution add NaOH solution. Warm 2) To the salt solution add NaOH solution. Warm. Add Nesslers reagent ‘Smell of ammonia. Gives white dense fumes when a glass rod dipped in HClis introduced. Brown ppt ». of ammonium confirmed .. of ammonium confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 1(LEAD) 1) Potassium iodide test : To the salt solution add KI solution Yellow ppt Pre .. of lead confirmed 2) Potassium chromate test: To the salt solution add k2CrO, solution Yellow ppt Pre. of lead confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 2(Copper) 1) To the salt solution add few drops of potassium ferrocyanide solution and acetic acid. Chocolate coloured precipitate .. of Cu”* confirmed 2) To the salt solution add acetic acid and potassium iodide solution. White ppt .. of Cu”* confirmed 3) To the salt solution add NHsOH solution. Deep blue colour ». of Cu”* confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 3(Aluminium) ) 1) The white ppt obtained is dissolved in dil. HCI Add 2 drops of blue litmus solution. Then add ammonium hydroxide dropwise tll blue colour develops. Blue ppt floating in colourless solution 2. of aluminium confirmed 2) Add excess of NaOH to the salt solution White ppt solublein excess of NaOH Pre. of aluminium confirmed3) Ash test is conducted with the | Blue ash Pre. of aluminium confirmed ANALYSIS OF GROUP 4(Zn?*) 1) The white ppt obtained in gp.4 is dissolved in dil.HC! And divided into two a) White ppt soluble | Pre. of Zn** confirmed a) To one part add NaOH in in excess of NaOH drops b) White/bluish Pre. of Zn* confirmed b) To the second part add white ppt pot.ferrocyanide solution 2) Ash test is conducted with the | Green ash Pre. of Zn®* confirmed group ppt ANALYSIS OF GROUP 5(Ba”*,Sr?*,Ca”*) Test for Ba : Potassium chromate test : 1) To the salt solution add K,CrO4 Pre. of Ba confirmed solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with Pre. of Ba confirmed 1) Add ammonium sulphate to the 1) White ppt Pre. of Sr confirmed salt solution. 2) Flame test is conducted with 2) Crimson red Pre. of Sr confirmed the group ppt. flame Test for Ca: 1) To the salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of Ca confirmed ammonium oxalate solution. 2) rere ce is conducted with 2) Brick red flame Pre. of Ca confirmed 1) Tothe salt solution add 1) White ppt Pre. of magnesium confirmed ammonium phosphate solution. 2) Pale pink ash Pre. of magnesium confirmed 2) Ash test is conducted with group ppt