SO SÁNH TÍNH TỪ VÀ TRẠNG TỪ

I. SO SÁNH BẰNG

 Hình thức so sánh bằng được thành lập bằng cách thêm ”as” vào trước và
sau tính từ (adj) hoặc trạng từ (adv).

S + V + as + adj/ adv + as + noun

Ex: Jane sings as well as her sister.

Her feet were as cold as ice.

 Trong câu phủ định “so” có thể được dùng thay cho “as”

S + V + not as/ so + adj/ adv + as

Ex: This flat isn’t as/ so big as our old one.

She isn’t as/ so smart as I am.

 So sánh bằng cũng có thể được diễn đạt bằng cấu trúc:

S + V + the same + (noun) + as + noun

Ex: My house is as high as his = My house is the same height as his

He is as young as Mary = He is the same age as Mary

* Lưu ý:

- Less … than = not as/so … as

- Khi nói gấp bao nhiêu lần, ta dùng cấu trúc “twice as … as, three time as …
as, …”

Ex: Petrol is twice as expensive as it was 2 years ago.

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II. SO SÁNH HƠN

 Thêm -er vào sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ có một âm tiết (short adjective/
adverb) và một số tính từ có hai âm tiết kết thúc bằng -er, -ow, -le, -y
(chuyển “y” thành “i” rồi thêm -er)
 Thêm “more” vào trước tính từ hoặc trạng từ có hai âm tiết (trừ các tính từ
tận cùng bằng -er, -ow, -le, -y) hoặc từ có từ ba âm tiết trở lên

short adj/ adv + er

S+V+ + than + S (+ V)
more + long adj/ adv

Ex: The giraffe is taller than the man.

The exam was more difficult than we expected.
She speaks Vietnamese more fluently than me.
 So sánh hơn có thể được nhận mạnh bằng cách thêm “much” hoặc “far”
trước hình thức so sánh
Ex: Harry’s broom is much/ far faster than Draco’s one.
His watch is much/ far more expensive than mine.
 A lot, a bit, a little, rather, slightly cũng có thể được dùng trước dạng so
sánh.
Ex: I got up a little later than usual.
I’m feeling a lot better today.
* Lưu ý:
- Trong lối văn thân mật (informal), đại từ nhân xưng làm tân ngữ thường
được dùng sau as hoặc than
Ex: He’s older than me.
They have more money than us.
- Trong lối văn trịnh trọng (formal), đại từ nhân xưng làm chủ ngữ được dùng
(thường đi với động từ hoặc trợ động từ)
Ex: She doesn’t sing as well as I do.

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 They have more houses than we have.

III. SO SÁNH NHẤT

 Thêm -est vào sau tính từ hoặc trạng từ ngắn hoặc tính từ có hai âm tiết kết
thúc bằng -er, -ow, -le, -y
 Thêm “most”vào trước tính từ hoặc trạng từ dài
short adj/ adv + est
S + V + the + S (+ V)
most + long adj/ adv
 So sánh nhất có thể được bổ nghĩa bằng “much” hoặc “by far”

* MỘT SỐ TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT

good/ well  better  best
bad/ badly  worse  worst
many/ much  more  most
little  less  least
far  farther/ further  farthest/ furthest
old  older/ elder  oldest/ eldest

* Lưu ý: So sánh nhất được dùng khi so sánh từ ba đối tượng trở lên. Khi
trong nhóm chỉ có hai đối tượng, ta thường dùng so sánh hơn.

CÁCH THÊM ĐUÔI -ER VÀ -EST

 Tính từ hoặc trạng từ tận cùng băng “e” thêm -r và -st
 Tính từ hoặc trạng từ có hai âm tiết kết thúc bằng “y”  đổi y thành i
và thêm -er hoặc -est
 Tính từ hoặc trạng từ có một âm tiết kết thúc mà trước đó là nguyên
âm (u, e, o, a, i)  gấp đôi phụ âm sau rồi thêm -er hoặc -est (trừ w)

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IV. SO SÁNH KÉP
1. So sánh đồng tiến (càng … càng)
The + comparative + S + V, the + comparative + S + V
Ex: The older I get, the happier I am.
The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.
- More có thể được dùng với danh từ
Ex: The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
2. So sánh luỹ tiến (càng ngày càng)
short adj/ adv + er + and + short adj/ adv + er
more and more + long adj/ adv
- Less and less được dùng để diễn đạt sự giảm dần
Ex: He became less and less interested in politics.

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EXERCISES
I. Complete the sentences using as … as. Choose one of the following words.
expensive comfortable fast long quietly soon
well often quickly much strong exciting

1. I don’t earn as much as I’d like.

2. Oh, don’t sit there. The stool isn’t the armchair.
3. I didn’t want to wake anybody, so I came in I can.
4. We can’t do crosswords you do.
5. I’m sorry I’m a bit late. I got here I could.
6. We like to keep fit, so we go swimming we can.
7. It was a difficult question. I answered it I could.
8. I prefer surfing to swimming. Swimming isn’t surfing.
9. How long can we stay with you? ~ You can stay you like.
10. Why don’t you buy a motorbike? A motorbike isn’t a car.
11. I need the information quickly, so please let me know possible.
12. I don’t like these plastic screws. Plastic isn’t metal.
II. Rewrite the sentence with a comparative and “than”. Use these adjectives:
big, fast, expensive, long, old, popular, strong, tall, cold, far, bad, early,
frequently, busy, high.
1. Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it’s only six degrees.
 It’s colder today than it was yesterday
2. The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train.
 Travelling by car is
___________________________________________________________________
3. Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam. Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%.
 Joe did
___________________________________________________________________

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4. I expected my friends to arrive at about 4 o’clock. In fact, they arrived at 2:30.
 My friends
___________________________________________________________________
5. The film lasts two and a half hours, but the videotape is only two hours long.
 The film
___________________________________________________________________
6. The cassette is $11,000, and the CD is $18,000.
 The CD
___________________________________________________________________
7. Dave and I went for a run. I ran ten kilometers. Dave stopped after eight
kilometers.
 I ran
___________________________________________________________________
8. The castle was built in 1878 and the church in 1925.
 The castle
___________________________________________________________________
9. Mike is 1.7 meters tall, but Harriet is 1.8 meters.
 Harriet
___________________________________________________________________
10. Andrew hasn’t many friends. Claire has lots of friends.
 Claire
___________________________________________________________________
11. Mark’s car has room for five people, but Sandra’s has room for only four.
 Mark’s car
___________________________________________________________________
12. Sears Tower in Chicago is 442 meters high. Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala
Lumpur is 452 meters high.
 Petronas Twin Towers
___________________________________________________________________
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13. We were very busy at work today. We’re not usually as busy as that.
 We
___________________________________________________________________
14. You can go by bus or by train. The buses run every 30 minutes. The trains run
every hour.
 The buses
___________________________________________________________________
15. Daniel can lift 90 kilos, but Matthew can lift 120 kilos.
 Matthew
___________________________________________________________________
III. Complete each sentence using the information in brackets and the
structure with two comparatives.
1 (The rent is high.) The bigger a flat is, the higher the rent is.
2 (You learn quickly.) The younger you are,_____________________
3 (The roads are quiet.) The earlier you leave, ____________________
4 (The choice is wide.) The bigger a supermarket is, _______________
5 (I get confused.) The more I try to work this out, _____________
6 (You can speak fluently.) The more you practice, ___________________
7 (The beaches get crowded.) The better the weather is, _________________
8 (She became impatient.) The longer she wait, _____________________
9 (It’s hard to concentrate.) The more tired you are, ___________________
10 (The product is reliable.) The higher the price is, ___________________
IV. Some of these sentences are correct, and some are incorrect. If a sentence
is correct, put a tick (). If it is incorrect, cross the wrong word and correct it.
1. You’re the luckiest person I know. 
2. The situation is getting difficulter. more difficult
3. Silver isn’t as expensive as gold. ____________________________
4. This is the quicker way to school. ____________________________
5. Is Rachel elder than Vicky? ____________________________
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 6. Who is the cleverest student of the class? ____________________________
7. This month has been weter than last ____________________________
month.
8. The weather is getting more and more ____________________________
hot.
9. The telephone is one of the most useful ____________________________
invention ever.
10. You and Luke are both better than I. ____________________________
11. This game is more exciting as the last ____________________________
one.
12. The piano is heavier than the sofa. ____________________________
13. She is the rich woman in the world. ____________________________
14. I don’t have as much tapes as you. ____________________________
15. You’re taller than he is. ____________________________
V. Read this part of Tessa’s letter to her friend about her new job. Choose the
most suitable word to fill in the blank.
My new job is great. I like it (1) better than my old one. The
people here are (2) than I expected. Luckily my new boss isn’t as
rude (3) my old boss, Mrs. Crossley, was. I hate her. She was the (4)
friendly person I’ve ever met. Everyone here is older (5) . In fact, I’m
the youngest person (6) the office. The good thing about the job is that I
get a (7) more money. The bad thing is that the journey isn’t (8)
simple as it was in my old job, where the bus took me straight there. Now I
have to change buses. But I’m allowed to start work early. The (9) I
leave home, (10) the journey because the buses aren’t so crowded.
1. a. more b. most c. much d. very
2. a. more nice b. most nice c. nicer d. nicest
3. a. as b. so c. than d. that
4. a. least b. less and less c. less d. so
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5. a. as I b. as me c. than I d. than me
6. a. from b. in c. of d. out of
7. a. bit b. less c. lot d. much
8. a. as b. less c. more d. same
9. a. early b. more early c. earliest d. earlier
10. a. more easy b. more easier c. the easier d. the easy

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 ANSWER
I 3. the quieter the roads (are)
2. as comfortable as 7. as well as 4. the wider the choice (is)
3. as quietly as 8. As exciting as 5. the more confused I get
4. as quickly as 9. as long as 6. the more fluently you can speak
5. as fast as 10. As expensive as 7. the more crowded the beaches get
6. as often as 11. as soon as 8. the more impatient she became
12. as strong as 9. the harder it is to concentrate
II 10. the more reliable the product
2. Travelling by car is faster than (travelling) by train. IV 3. 
3. Joe did worse than Chris. 4. quicker  quickest
4. My friends arrived earlier than I expected. 5. elder  older
5. The film is longer than the videotape. 6. of  in
6. The CD is more expensive than the cassette. 7.weter  wetter
7. I ran further than Dave. 8. more and more hot  hotter and hotter
8. The castle is older than the church. 9. 
9. Harriet is taller than Mike. 10. I  me/ I am
10. Claire is more popular than Andrew. 11. as  than
11. Mark's car is bigger than Sandra's. 12. 
12. Petronas Twin Towers is higher than Sears Tower. 13. rich  richest
13. We were busier than usual at work today. /We 14. much  many
were busier at work today than usual. 15. 
14. The buses run more frequently than the trains. V
15. Matthew is stronger than Daniel. 1. c 4. a 7. a 10. c
III 2. c 5. d 8. a
2. the more quickly you learn 3. a 6. b 9. d

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