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 Contents OF fREE sAMPLE bOOK
1. Number Systems1-36
Case Study : Understand Terminating or Non-terminating Rational Numbers
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
This sample book is prepared from the book "Foundation Course in Mathematics Class 9
with Case Study Approach for IIT JEE/ Olympiad - 6th Edition".

ISBN - 9789362258113
MRP-525/-
In case you like this content, you can buy the Physical Book or E-book
using the ISBN provided above.

The book & e-book are available on all leading online stores.
C ontents
1. Number Systems1-36
Case Study : Understand Terminating or Non-terminating Rational Numbers
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
2. Polynomials37-60
Case Study : Factorisation of Polynomials
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
3. Co-ordinate Geometry 61-80
Case Study : Reflections in Coordinate plane
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
4. Linear Equations In Two Variables 81-102
Case Study : Formation of Linear Equation in Two Variables
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
5. Introduction to Euclid’s Geometry 103-120
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
6. Lines & Angles 121-148
Case Study : Test for Parallel Lines
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
7. Triangles 149-186
Case Study : RHS and AAS Rules for Congruency
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
8. Quadrilaterals 187-216
Case Study 1: Based on Mid-Point Theorem
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
9. Circles217-254
Case Study : Angle Subtended by an Arc at Centre
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
10. Heron’s Formula 255-274
Case Study : Calculating Area of Triangles
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
11. Surface Areas and Volume of Solid 275-302
Case Study : Conversion of Volume from One form to Another
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
12. Statistics303-332
Case Study : Histogram
Exercise 1 : Master Board
Exercise 2 : NCERT Questions
Exercise 3 : Foundation Builder
Foundation Builder 333-380
13. Instalments333-346
14. Sequence and Series 347-364

15. Data Interpretation 365-380

 Chapter

1 Number Systems

Learning Objectives
ø Rational Numbers
n F  inding rational numbers between 2 rational numbers.
ø Irrational Numbers
n Representation of Irrational numbers on the number line.
ø Real Numbers
–3 –2 –1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 3
p − –
2 4 4 2
n C  onversion of rational numbers of the form to decimal
q
form. Rational Numbers
Real Numbers

n C  onversion of rational number in decimal form to its Irrational

Integers 0.75
Numbers
Natural –3
p 3.2125
34 32 2 5
simplest form Numbers –24
q 349 12 –1.7 – 3 24
ø Properties of irrational numbers 0
5 3 –4 3 10
n Rationalising factor –10 7.66..
p

ø Laws of Rational exponents 2.1515

n C  onversion of rational number in decimal form to its

p am × an = am+n
simplest form am ÷ an = am–n
(am)n = amn
q m
m 1  1
 
a n = (a m ) n .  a n 
m
a am
  = n
b b

Exam Mirror
 Finding rational numbers between 2 rational numbers.
p
 Conversion of rational number in decimal form to simplest form.
q
 Reducing a given surd to Rational form by rationalising.
 Representation of irrational number on real number line.
 Application of laws of rational exponents.

Critical Concepts
 Finding rational numbers between two rational numbers.
p
 Conversion of rational number in decimal form to simplest form
 Representation of irrational number on number line. q
 Rationalising factor
2 Mathematics

INTRODUCTION

The collection of all types of numbers is called the number system. All numbers starting from 1 till infinity are natural numbers
such as 1, 2, 3, ... ∞. All natural number including 0 are called whole number. Integers are whole numbers and negative whole
p
numbers. The numbers which can be expressed as where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0 are called rational numbers. The
q
p
numbers which cannot the expressed as when p and q are integer p ≠ 0 are called irrational numbers. Real numbers are
q
collection of rational and irrational numbers.

NUMBER SYSTEMS

Natural Numbers Zero

N = {1, 2, 3, ...} 0

Whole Numbers Negative Numbers Real Numbers

W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...} {..., –3, –2, –1} Rational Numbers
Irrational
Integers 0.75
Numbers
Natural –3
3.2125 2 5
Numbers –24 34 32
Fractions 349 12 –1.7 – 3 24
Integers 0
Z = {..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...} 1 3 5 5 –4 3 10
 , ,  –10 7.66..
3
2 8 11 p
2.1515

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

p  e.g. : 2, 5, π,e
Q =  q : q ≠ 0; p, q ∈ Z 
 

Real Numbers DID YOU KNOW?

R ∈(–∞, ∞) A perfect number is a positive integer that is
π
e.g. : –19, , 3, 11, 22, 10001
equal to the sum of its positive divisors. By
2 this rule, 6 is the smallest perfect number.

NUMBER LINE

Representation of various types of numbers on the number line.

–3 –2 –1 –1 0 1 1 1 2 3
2 4 2
Various Types of Numbers
1. Set of natural numbers, N = {1, 2, 3, …} representation of N on number line

1 2 3 4

2. Set of whole numbers, W = {0, 1, 2, 3, …}        number line of W (whole numbers) :

0 1 2 3 4
Number Systems 3
3. Set of integers,
Z = {…, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, … } number line of Z (integers) :

–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3

p
4. Rational numbers : A number ‘Q’ is called a rational number, if it can be written in the form , where p and q are
q

integers and q ≠ 0. DID YOU KNOW?

p  The rational numbers also include the
Q  : p, q ∈ I , q ≠ 0 
Rational numbers, =
q  natural numbers, whole numbers and
integers.

FINDING RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS

Method to find two or more rational numbers between two numbers p and q:
In general, there are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
p+q p + ( p + q) / 2 p+q
If p < q, then one of the number be p < < q and others will be in continuation as p < 2
<
2
2

Illustration 1 :
4 1
Find six rational numbers between and .
Solution : 7 7

4 1
Denominator of both the given rational numbers and are equal. Now the difference of numerator = 4 – 1 = 3, which is
7 7
not greater than 6 (i.e. the number of rational numbers is to be found out). On multiplying both numerator and denominator of
4 1
and by 3, we get
7 7
4 4 × 3 12 1 1× 3 3
= = ,
= =
7 7 × 3 21 7 7 × 3 21

12 3
Now the difference of numerator of and = 12 – 3 = 9, which is greater than 6.
21 21

3 12 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 1
Also, < therefore , , , , and are one set of six rational numbers between and .
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 7 7
4 Mathematics

Illustration 2 :
Find 3 rational numbers between 1 and 2.
Solution :
3 6
1= ; 2=
3 3
2 5
3 rational number between 1 and 2 are , and 1 + 2 = 3
3 3 2 2

CHECK POINT-1

1. Which of the following statement is not true?

(a) Between two integers, there exist infinite number of rational numbers
(b) Between two rational numbers, there exist infinite number of integers
(c) Between two rational numbers, there exist infinite number of rational numbers
(d) Between two real numbers, there exists infinite number of real numbers
2. Which of the following is correct ?
(a) Every whole number is a natural number.
(b) Every integer is a rational number.
(c) Every rational number is an integer.
(d) Every rational number is a whole number.
3. Four rational numbers between 3 and 4 are:
3 4 6
(a) , , 1, (b) 13 , 14 , 16 , 17 (c) 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 (d) 3.1, 3.2, 3.8, 3.9
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Solutions:
1. (b) Between two rational number there exists infinite number of integers is not true.
2. (b) Every integer is a rational number
3. (d)

IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

p
A number is called irrational, if it cannot be written in the form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0.
q
Examples are : 2, 3, 15, p, 0.10110111011110...

DID YOU KNOW?

 hen we use the symbol
W , we assume that it is the positive square root
of the number. So 4 = 2, though both 2 and – 2 are square roots of 4.
i.e. x will always be a positive value.
Number Systems 5

Illustration 3 :
Represent of 2 on the Number Line
Solution :
Draw a number line indicating all integral points
on it.

Since 2 > 0 therefore, 2 lies right side of O O

on the number line.

Now, 2 = (1)2 + (1)2

So, if we draw a right angled triangle whose base and perpendicular each is of unit length, then length of its hypotenuse is
2 units. Draw a perpendicular line segment of unit length above the number line at the point representing 1 on it. Let the
top-point of this perpendicular line segment be A. Clearly, OA = 2 units.
Now draw an arc with O as centre and OA as radius intersecting the number line at a point B on the right side of 1 on the number
line. Hence, OB = 2 unit.
Therefore point B on the number line represent 2

Illustration 4 :
Represent of 3 on the Number Line
Solution :

Since
= 3 ( 2)2 + 12
Mark a point B on the number line which represent 2 on the number line as discussed above.
Draw a perpendicular line segment of unit length above the number line at the point representing 2 on it.
Let top point of this perpendicular line segment be C. Clearly OC = 3 units.
Taking O as centre and OC as radius, draw an arc intersecting the number line at point D on the right side of 2 on the number
line. Clearly point D on the number line represents the number 3 .

Let’s Do Activity
 Take a large sheet of paper and construct the 'square root spiral' in the P3
following fashion.
 Start with a point O and draw a line segment OP, of unit length. P4 P2
 Draw a line segment P1 , P2 perpendicular to OP1 of unit length.
 Now draw a line segment P2 P3 perpendicular to OP2.
 Continuing is this manner, you can get the line fegment Pn–1Pn by drawing P1
a line segment of unit length perpendicular to OPn–1.
 In this manner, you will have created the points P2, P3, ... Pn and join them
to create a beautiful spiral depicting 2 , 3 , 4 . O
6 Mathematics

CHECK POINT-2

1. Which of the following is not correct ?

(a) There are infinitely many rational numbers between any two given rational numbers.
(b) Every point on the number line represents a unique real number.
(c) The decimal expansion of an irrational number is non-terminating non-recurring.
(d) A number whose decimal expansion is non-terminating non-recurring is rational.
2. The number 1.101001000100001....is
(a) a natural number (b) a whole number
(c) a rational number (d) an irrational number
3. ( −5 + 2 )
5 − 5 is
(a) an irrational number (b) a positive rational number
(c) a negative rational number (d) an integer
4. The decimal expansion of the number 2 is
(a) a finite decimal (b) 1.41421
(c) non-terminating recurring (d) non-terminating non-recurring
Solutions:
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d)

CONNECTING TOPIC

To prove n is not a rational number, if n is not a perfect square

Let n be a whole number but not a perfect square
p
If possible, let n be the rational number, then it can be represented in the form of q , where p and q are integers but q ≠ 0.
Also suppose p is in simplest form, hence p and q are co-prime i.e. they have no common factor other than 1.
q
p
Now, = n
q
p2
Squaring both the sides, we get 2
=n⇒ p2 = nq2 ...(i)
q
Since n is a factor of p2, \ n is a factor of p.
Hence, we can suppose that p = nm, where m is an integer.
Putting the value of p in equation (i), we get
n2m2 = nq2 ⇒ q2 = nm2
∴ n is a factor of q2
⇒ n is a factor of q. ...(ii)
Hence, n is a factor of both p and q. This contradicts our assumption that p and q does not have any common factor.
This means our assumption that n is a rational number is wrong. Hence n is an irrational number, where n is not a perfect
square.
To prove 2 is an irrational number
This is proved by the method of contradiction.
Let us suppose, if possible that 2 is not an irrational number i.e. 2 is a rational number. Hence, it can be represented in the
p
form of i.e. 2 = p ; where p and q are integers but q ≠ 0.
q q
Number Systems 7

p
Let is in simplest form hence p and q are co-primes i.e. they have no common factor other than 1.
q
p2
Squaring both the sides, we get 2 = 2
q
⇒ p2 = 2q2 ...(i)
Since RHS of (i) is twice the square of an integer, therefore RHS of (i) is even
⇒ p2 is even
Hence p is also an even integer.
Let p = 2m, where m is an integer.
p2 = 4 m2
Putting the value of p2 in (i),
4 m2 = 2 q2
⇒ q2 = 2m2 ...(ii)
Since RHS of (ii) is an even integer, hence L.H.S. of it i.e. q2 is also even integer.
Therefore, q is also an even integer.
Hence, p and q both are even integers.
But two even integers have always a common factor 2, which contradicts our assumption that p and q are co-primes.
Hence, 2 is an irrational number.
To prove (2+ 3) is an irrational number
Let us suppose if possible that 2 + 3 is not an irrational number i.e. 2 + 3 is a rational number, then it can be represented
in the form of p where p and q are integers but q ≠ 0.
q
p p p − 2q
i.e. 2 + 3 =⇒ 3 = −2= ...(i)
q q q
p − 2q
Since p and q are integer so (p – 2q) will also be, an integer, hence is a rational number.
q
But 3 is an irrational.
This contradicts our assumption that (2 + 3) is a rational number.
Hence, (2 + 3) is an irrational number.
Let's Connect
1. Show that 5 3 is an irrational number.
2. Prove that 3 + 2 is irrational.
Solutions:
1. If possible, let 5 3 be a rational number.
So, 5 3 = p/q where p and q are co-prime integers and q ≠ 0
p
So, 3 =
5q
So, R.H.S is a rational number and hence 3 is also rational which is a contradiction.
So our supposition is wrong. Hence, 5 3 is an irrational number.
2. Let 3 + 2 = r be a rational number.
⇒ ( 3 + 2) 2 =
r2

2
r2 − 5
⇒ 3+ 2+ 2 6 = 6 r2 − 5 ⇒
r ⇒ 2 = 6=
2
As R.H.S is rational, 6 should be rational which is incorrect.
Hence, 3 + 2 is an irrational number.
8 Mathematics

REAL NUMBERS

The set of rational numbers and irrational numbers form a set of real numbers which is denoted by R.
Remark
Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line. Also, every point on the number line represents a unique
real number.
DID YOU KNOW?
(i) All integers are rational numbers.
(ii) The square root of every perfect square number is rational. e.g. =4 2,= 16 4 etc. are all rational
9 3,=
numbers.
(iii) The square root of any positive number which is not a perfect square is an irrational number.
E.g.: 5, 3, 10, 12, 3.4, 0.748 etc.
c
(iv) π is an irrational number, which is actually the ratio of circumference to the diameter of a circle i.e. π = , where
d
22
c and d are the circumference and diameter of a circle. Approximate value of π is taken as or 3.14
7

p
DECIMAL REPRESENTATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS IN THE FORM q
p
Every rational number in the form q can be expressed to its equivalent decimal form.
1 1
For example, = 0.2,
= 0.333.....= 0.3 , etc
5 3

Generally, we use long division method to get the decimal form.

13
For example to get the decimal form of , we simply divide 13 by 7 is shown below
7

∴ 13
= 1.857142857142.... = 1.857142
7
Terminating Decimal Expansions
In this case, the decimal expansion terminates or ends after a finite number of steps. We call such a decimal expansion as
terminating.
Non-terminating Recurring Expansions
In this case we have a repeating block of digits in the quotient. We say that this expansion is non-terminating recurring.
Number Systems 9

DID YOU KNOW?

The decimal number system which we study today was introduced to the Islamic civilization by
Al-Khwarizmi. It was known as Hindu numeral system. It was only centuries later, in the 12th
century, that the Indian numeral system was introduced to the Western world by the Arabs, and
it was named as Hindu-Arabic numeral system.

CONVERSION OF RATIONAL NUMBER IN DECIMAL

p
FORM TO ITS SIMPLEST q FORM

p
Type-I : Conversion of a Terminating Decimal Number to its Simplest Form.
q
Step 1 : Obtain the rational number.
Step 2 : Determine the number of digits in its decimal part.
Step 3 : Remove decimal point from the given number and write 1 as its denominator followed by as many zeros as the total
number of digits in the decimal part of the given number.
Step 4 : Write the number obtained in step-3 in its simplest form (i.e. the form in which there is no common factor other than
1 in its numerator and denominator).
p
The number so obtained is the required form.
q

Illustration 5 :
p
Convert rational number 2.348 in simplest q form.
Solution :
Given rational number = 2.348. There are three digits in the decimal part.
2348 Now, write 2348 in its lowest form.
∴ 2.348 = 1000
1000 .
2348 1174 587
2.348
= = = , which is the required form.
1000 500 250
p
Type-II : Conversion of Non-terminating Repeating Decimal Number to its Simplest Form.
q
Step 1 : Put the given number equal to x and consider it as equation number say (i)
Step 2 : If there are some non-repeating digits after decimal on the right hand side of the equation (i), then count the number
of non-repeating digits after the decimal point. Let it be n. Otherwise go to step 4 directly.
Step 3 : Multiply both sides of equation (i) by (10)n, so that on the right hand side of the decimal point only the repeating
digit(s) is/are left. Consider the equation so obtained as equation number (ii).
Step 4 : Multiply both sides of the equation (ii) by (10)m, where m is the number of digit(s) which repeats on the right hand side
after decimal point. Consider the equation so obtained as equation number (iii).
Step 5 : Subtract the equation (ii) from equation (iii).
Step 6 : Divide both sides of the equation obtained in step-5 by the coefficient of x.

p
Step 7 : Write the rational number on the right hand side of equation obtained in step-6 in the simplest q form. This simplest

p
q form is the required form.
10 Mathematics

Illustration 6 :
p
Express 6.48261261261………. in the simplest form.
Solution : q
Let x = 6.48261261261……
⇒ x = 6.48261 ...(i)
Since there are two non-repeating digits (48) on the right hand side of equation (i), therefore we multiply both sides of equation
(i) by (10)2 i.e. 100, we get
100 x = 648.261 …(ii)
Since there are three repeating digits (261), therefore multiply both sides of equation (ii) by (10)3 i.e. 1000, we get
100000 x = 648261.261 … (iii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from (iii), we get 99900x = 648261 – 648
⇒ 99900x = 647613 ...(iv)
Divide both side of equation (iv) by the coefficient 99900 of x in equation (iv),
we get
99900 x 647613 647613 ⇒ x = 71957 (in simplest form)
= ⇒ x = 11100
99900 99900 99900
71957 p
Hence, 6.48261261261……………… = , which is the required form.
11100 q

Illustration 7 :
p
Express 0.52 in the form.
Solution : q
Let x = 0.52
x = 0.525252         ...(i)
There is no non-repeating digit after decimal point on the right hand side in equation (i).
Number of repeating digits after the decimal point on the right hand side of equation (i) is 2. Hence, multiplying both sides of
equation (i) by (10)2 i.e. 100, we get
100 x = 52.525252.....       ...(ii)
Subtract (i) from (ii), we get

100 x = 52.5252.....
x = 0.525252... 52 52
⇒ x= ∴ 0.52 =
99 x = 52 99 99
Number Systems 11

Illustration 8 :
p
Express 0.2434343……… in the form of .
q
Solution :
Let x = 0.2434343 ……
x = 0.243 ...(i)
Here, a digit 2 does not repeat after decimal point.
So, we multiply equation (i) by 10, we get
10x = 2.4343 ...(ii)
Since there are two repeating digits (43) after decimal point in the right side of equation (ii).
So, multiplying (ii) by (10)2 i.e. 100, we get
1000x = 243.4343 ...(iii)
Subtract (ii) from (iii), we get
1000 x = 243.4343......
10 x = 2.4343......
990 x = 241

241 241 p
x= ⇒ 0.2434343...........= is the required form.
990 990 q

CHECK POINT-3

4
1. Convert into decimal form.
11
(a) 0.36 (b) 0.3736 (c) 36.36 (d) 18.36
2. Irrational number between 1.011243... and 1.012243... is
(a) 1.011143 ... (b) 1.012343 ... (c) 1.01152243 ... (d) 1.013243
3. Decimal representation of a rational number cannot be
(a) terminating (b) non-terminating
(c) non-terminating repeating (d) non-terminating non-repeating
4. Express the repeating decimal as a quotient of integer 0.134 .
133 133 133 143
(a) (b) (c) (d) 990
990 900 999
Solutions:
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)

How to represent square root of any rational number on number line. D

Eg. To find 3.5
Steps 3.5
1. Make the distance 3.5 units from a fixed point A on a given line to obtain a point B
such that B = 3.5 units.
A O B C E
2. From B, mark a distance of 1 unit and mark the new point as C. 3.5 1
3. Find mid point of AC and mark that point as O. 3.5
4. Draw a semicircle with centre O and radius OC.
5. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B and intersecting semicircle at D. Then BD = 3.5
6. Now let us treat BC as the number line, with B as zero, and C as 1 and so on. Draw an arc with centre B and radius BD
which intersect the number line in E. Then E represents 3.5 .
12 Mathematics

PROPERTIES OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

(i) Negative of an irrational number is also an irrational number.
For example: – 5 is an irrational number, because 5 is an irrational number.
(ii) The sum or difference of a rational number and an irrational number is an irrational.
For example : 2 + 3 , 2 − 3 , 3 − 2 are irrational numbers because 2 is a rational number and 3 is an irrational num-
ber.
(iii) The product or quotient of a non-zero rational number with an irrational number is an irrational.
2 3
For example : 2 3, , are irrational numbers because 2 is a rational number and 3 is an irrational number.
3 2
(iv) The sum, difference, product and quotient of two irrational numbers may be rational or irrational.
For examples :
(i) (2 + 3) and (2 − 3) are two irrational numbers but their sum = 2 + 3 + 2 − 3 =4 is a rational number.
(ii) (2 + 3) and ( −2 + 3) are two irrational numbers but their sum = (2 + 3) + (−2 + 3) =2 3 is an irrational number.
(iii) (2 + 3) and ( −2 + 3) are two irrational numbers but their difference = (2 + 3) − ( −2 + 3) =4 is a rational number.
(iv) (2 + 3) and (2 − 3) are two irrational numbers but their difference = (2 + 3) − (2 − 3) =
2 3 is also an irrational
number.
(v) 2 and 8 are two irrational numbers but their product = 2 × 8 = 16 = 4 or – 4 is a rational number.
(vi) 2 and 3 are two irrational numbers but their product = 2× 3=6 is an irrational number.
8 8
(vii) 8 and 2 are irrational numbers but their quotient = = = 4 2 is a rational number.
=
2 2
2 + 3 (2 + 3) × (2 + 3) (2 + 3)2 4+3+ 4 3
=
(viii) (2 + 3) and (2 − 3) are irrational numbers but their quotient = = =
2 − 3 (2 − 3) × (2 + 3) 4−3 1
= 7 + 4 3 is an irrational number.
DID YOU KNOW?
If a is the rational number and n is a positive integer such that the nth root of a is an irrational number, then a1/n is
called a surd eg. 5, 2 etc. If n a is a surd then ‘n’ is known as order of surd and ‘a’ is known as radicand. Every
surd is an irrational number but every irrational number, is not a surd.

SOME IDENTITIES RELATED TO SQUARE ROOTS

Let a and b be positive real numbers. Then
a a
(i) ab = a b (ii) =
b b
(iii) ( a + b ) ( a − b ) =−
a b (iv) (a + b ) (a − b ) =a 2 − b
(v) ( a + b)( c + d ) =ac + ad + bc + bd (vi) ( a + b )2 =
a + 2 ab + b.

RATIONALISING FACTOR
Rationalisation
When the denominator of an expression contains a term with a square root, the procedure of converting it to an equivalent
expression whose denominator is a rational number is called rationalising the denominator.
For example :
(i) ( a + b ) is the rationalising factor of ( a − b ) and vice-versa.
(ii) (a + b ) is the rationalising factor of (a − b ) and vice-versa.
Key concept here is : Using identity (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2
Number Systems 13

Illustration 9 :
1
Rationalise the denominator of
Solution : 7 + 3 2
We have,
1 1 7−3 2 7−3 2 7–3 2 7–3 2
= × = 2 2 = =
7 + 3 2 7 + 3 2 7 − 3 2 (7) − (3 2) 49 – 18 31

Illustration 10 :
2 3- 5
Simplify each of the following by rationalising the denominator
2 2+3 3
Solution :
Multiplying both numerator and denominator by the rationalisation factor of the denominator, we have
2 3− 5 2 3− 5 2 2 −3 3 (2 3 − 5)(2 2 − 3 3)
= × =
2 2 +3 3 2 2 +3 3 2 2 −3 3 (2 2 + 3 3)(2 2 − 3 3)
2 3 ×2 2 − 2 3 ×3 3 − 5 ×2 2 + 5 ×3 3 4 3× 2 − 6 3× 3 − 2 5× 2 + 3 5× 3
= 2 2 =
(2 2) − (3 3) 4× 2 − 9×3

4 6 − 6 × 3 − 2 10 + 3 15 4 6 − 18 − 2 10 + 3 15 18 + 2 10 − 4 6 − 3 15
= = =
8 − 27 −19 19

CHECK POINT-4

3 3 2
1. Find the sum of the squares of the following: , ,
2 1 2 1 3
56 2 18 18
(a) (b) 18 (c) 2 (d) 3
4 3 3 2
2. The sum of rational and irrational number is:
(a) Rational (b) Irrational
(c) Zero (d) Integers
1
3. If x = , then the value of x2 + 2x + 3 is
1+ 2
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 1
2+ 3
4. If a and b are two rational numbers and = a + b 3, then what is the value of a – b?
2− 3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 7 (d) 3
Solutions:
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d)

LAWS OF RATIONAL EXPONENTS

If a & b are positive real numbers and m & n are rational numbers, then
(i) am × an = am + n (ii) am ÷ an = am – n
1
(iii) (am)n = amn (iv) a − n =
an
14 Mathematics

1 m
m  1 m
(v) =
an (=
am ) n  a n  i.e. =
an
n
a m ( n a )m
= (vi) (ab)m = am bm
 
 

m
a am
( )
n
(vii)   = m (viii) a m ≠ a m
n

b b

Illustration 11 :
1 1
Simplify : 13 .17 5
5

Solution :
1 1 1 1
5
13 .17 5
5 =(13 × 17) =2215 =5 221

Illustration 12 :
a+b b+ c c+a
 2a   2b   2c 
Simplify:  b 

 c
2


 a
2


2     
Solution :
a +b b+c c+a
 2a   2b   2c 
 b   c   a  = (2a – b )a +b ⋅ (2b – c )b + c ⋅ (2c – a )c + a
2  2  2 
     
2
(a − b 2 ) + (b 2 − c 2 ) + ( c 2 − a 2 )0
          = 2 = 2= 1

Illustration 13 :
c
x a(b− c )
 xb 
Prove that ÷  =
1
x ( ) 
b a −c  x a 

Solution :
We have,
c
x a (b − c )  xb  x ab − ac
÷ a = ÷ ( xbc − ac )
xb ( a − c )  
x x ba − bc

1
= xab – ac – ba + bc × bc − ac
= x ab – ba – ac + ac + bc – bc = x0 = 1
x

Illustration 14 :
m+n n+1 1+m
 m   an 
Simplify :  a   
 a 
 n  a   m
a  a 
Number Systems 15

Solution :
m+n n+1 1+m
 am   an   a 
 n     m 
a a a
m+n n+1 1+m
= (am – n) (an – 1) (a1 – m) [ xa ÷ xb = xa–b]
= a(m – n)(m + n) . a(n + 1)(n – 1) . a(1 – m)(1 + m)
2
– n2 2
–1 2
= am . an . a1– m [ (a + b) (a – b) = a2 – b2]
2
(m − n 2 ) + ( n 2 –1) + (1– m 2 )
= a [ (xa × xb) = xa+b]
= a0 = 1 [ x0 =1]
4 6 − 6 × 3 − 2 10 + 3 15 4 6 − 18 − 2 10 + 3 15 18 + 2 10 − 4 6 − 3 15
= = =
8 − 27 −19 19

CHECK POINT-5

 2 ¾  7/6  2 7  x
1.   when divided by  2  gives   . Find the value of x.
3  3  3 
7 89 8 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 12 12

 1 4–3x
2. Find ‘x’, if 8x – 2     (0.0625) x .
 2
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) 2 (d) 1
0
 1 
3.   + (64) − (−32) is equal to
−1/ 2 4/5

 64 
7 1 7 1
(a) −15 (b) 16 (c) −14 (d) 17
8 8 8 8
4. The value of x, when (2)x + 4.(3)x + 1 = 288 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) None
Solutions:
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a)
 w
16
CASE STUDY : Understand Terminating or Non-terminating Rational numbers
CASE-I : Remainder becomes zero. CASE-II : Remainder is non-zero.
Rational numbers which have their denominator of the form Rational numbers whose denominator is not of the form 2n or 5m
2n or 5m or 2n.5m have terminating decimals. or 2n.5m have non-terminating decimals.
Let us understand the above concepts in a better way in different Let us understand the above concepts in a better way in different cases
cases through illustrative examples. through illustrative examples.
7 2 33 5 4 2 3 5
Illustration: Out of , , , which has/have terminating Illustration: Out of , , , which has/have non-terminating decimals?
8 5 1 60 250 28 3 1 21 1 2
decimals? Sol. In order to check for non-terminating decimals, denominator must
Sol. In order to check terminating decimals, denominator must be be of the form other than 2n or 5m or 2n.5m, let us check each denominator
of the form 2n or 5m or 2n.5m, let us check each denominator one one by one -
by one 28 = 22 × 7, thus the first term will have non-terminating decimal.
8 = 23, thus the first term will have terminating decimal. 4
7 = 0.142857....
= 0.875 28
8 3 = 31, thus the second term will have non-terminating decimal.
5 = 51, thus the second term will have terminating decimal. 2
2 = 0.66666666...
= 0.4 3
5 121 =112 , thus the third term will have non-terminating decimal.
160 = 25.51, thus the third term will have terminating decimal. 3
33 = 0.024793388...
= 0.01875 121
160 12 = 22.3, thus the fourth term will have non-terminating decimal.
250 = 21.53, thus the fourth term will have terminating decimal. 5
5 = 0.416666...
= 0.02 12
250

Q.1 Which of the following rational numbers can be represented as terminating decimals?
(a) 3/5 (b) 2/13 (c) 7/20 (d) none of these
[Hint : Check if the denominator can be expressed in the form 2n or 5m or 2n. 5m. Ans. (a, c)]
Q.2 The number of consecutive zeros in 23 × 34 × 54 × 7 is
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 5
[Hint : Count the number of factor 2 × 5 (i.e., 10). Ans. (3)]
Mathematics
 Walk Through the Chapter

Number System
Number Systems

Real Numbers
The set of rational numbers and irrational numbers from a set of real numbers which is denoted by R.
Every real number is represented by a unique point on the number line. Also, every point on the number
line represents a unique real number.

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

Numbers which can be expressed in the form A number ‘s’ is called irrational, if it cannot
p p
of where p, q are integers and q ≠ 0 be written in the form , where p and q are
q q
integers and q ≠ 0.
Examples are: 2, 3, 15,
p, 0, 10110111011110...

Representation of Irrational Numbers on the Number Line Rationalisation

p The process of reducing a given surd
To represent an irrational number in the form , we use the Pythagoras to a rational form after multiplying
q
theorem of a right angle triangle, according to which in a right angled it by a suitable surd is known as
triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the square rationalisation. When the product
of the other two sides. of two surds is a rational number,
then each of the two surds is called
i.e. (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (perpendicular)2
rationalising factor of the other.

Laws of Rational Exponents

If a & b are positive real numbers and m & n are rational numbers, then
1
(i) am × an = am+n (ii) am ÷ an = am–n (iii) (am)n = amn (iv) a–n =
m an
m 1  1  m
m n  n  a am
an
(v)= (a=) a  (vi) (ab)m = ambmn (vii)   = m
b b
17
18 Mathematics

Let’s Revise Through FIB & T/F

1. 0.578 is ______ number. (rational/irrational) 12. If x + 5 =4 + y , then x + y = ______. (where x and y
2. Between two rational numbers, there exist __________ are rational)
number of rational numbers. 13. The sum/difference of a rational and an irrational number
3. Between two real numbers, there exists infinite number is ______.
of __________ numbers. 14. All rational numbers when expressed in decimal form are
either terminating decimals or repeating decimals.
4. Every whole number is a natural number.  (T/F)
 (T/F)
5. Every rational number is an integer. (T/F)
15. The sum or difference of a rational number and an
6. Every natural number is a whole number. (T/F)
irrational number is an irrational. (T/F)
7. Every integer is a whole number. (T/F)
16. A real number is either rational or irrational. (T/F)
8. Every rational number is a whole number. (T/F)
17. Product of a rational and an irrational number is always
9. All rational numbers can be represented by some point irrational. (T/F)
on the number line.  (T/F)
2 3
18. An irrational number between and is
3 -1 5 7
10. Value of a is __________ if =a+b 3
3 +1 1008
19. 4 is equal to __________
63
11. Two mixed quadratic surds, a + b and a – b , whose
sum and product are rational, are called _________. 20. 0.72737475...... is ______ number. (rational/irrational)
Number Systems 19

EXERCISE -1 Master Board

Multiple Choice Questions x y

8. If x = 2 + 3, xy = 1, then find 
2x 2 y
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out (a) – 3 (b) 3 (c) – 2 (d) –2
of which only one is correct. 9. What is the value of
1 1 1
1. 0.123 can be expressed in rational form as   .... upto 15 terms?
1 2 2 3 3 4
900 111 123 121
(a) (b) (c) (d) (a) 4 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
111 900 10 900
10. If 2  1.414, 3  1.732, 5  2.236 and
5+2+ 5−2
2. Find x2, if x =
5 +1 6  2.449 , find the value of

3 2 3 2 3 3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4  
2 2 3 2 3 3 1
1 (a) 14.268 (b) 18.428 (c) 14.629 (d) 14.662
 −2  −1/3  4
  1   1
 m
11. If x   3, then x 3  1 equals
3. If   2    = 7 then find the value of m. x

  7
   x3
(a) 6 3 (b) 3 3 (c) 3 (d) 3
1 3 1 2
(a) − (b) (c) − (d)
3 2 7 8 12. The rational form of 2.7435 is
4. Let x and y be rational an irrational number respectively, 27161 27161 27161
27
then x + y is necessarily (a) (b) (c) (d)
999 99 9900 9000
(a) a whole number Assertion & Reason Questions
(b) a rational number
(c) an irrational number DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion

(d) a natural number. followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select
5. 0.123 can be expressed in rational form as
the one that best describes the two statements.
900 111 123 121
(a) (b) (c) (d)
111 900 10 900 (a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is

a+b the correct explanation of Assertion.

6. If a and b are two positive rational number then (b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
2
is .......... number. not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) Rational (b) Irrational (c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(c) Integer (d) Rational or irrational (d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
7. Two rational numbers between 6 and 9. 1 1 5
1. Assertion : A rational number between and is .
21 24 40 14 3 2 12
14 3 7 8
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
2 2 3 3 5 2 3 3 Reason : Rational number between two numbers a and b
is ab .
20 Mathematics

2. Assertion: 5 – 2 = 5 – 1.414 = 3.586 is irrational 13. Which is greatest : 3

4, 4
5 or 4
3?
number.
1 1
Reason: The difference of a rational number and an 14. Find four rational numbers between and .
4 3
irrational number is an irrational number.
Short Answer Questions
3. Assertion: 3 is an irrational number.
Reason : The sum of a rational number and an irrational 3+ 5
1. If = p + q 5 , where p and q are rational
number is an irrational number. 4-2 5
numbers, find the values of p and q.
Very Short Answer Questions
2. Simplify:
1. Write the smallest whole number.
2. Write the integer other than 1, which is a reciprocal of 1 1 1 1 1
− + − +
itself. 3− 8 8− 7 7− 6 6− 5 5−2
3. Suppose a is a rational number. What is the reciprocal of
the reciprocal of a ? 3. Examine whether the following numbers are rational or
4. Write the repeating decimal for each of the following, irrational :
and use a bar to show the repetend.
4 11 7 (i) (2 - 3)2 (ii) (3 + 2) (3 − 2)
(i) − (ii) (iii)
3 12 13
5. Classify the following numbers as rational or irrational. 4. Find the value of 'a' in the following expression.

(i) 225 (ii) 7.478478...... 6

= 3 2 −a 3
6. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational? If 3 2 −2 3
not, give an example of the square root of a number that 1
is a rational number.   1 1 34
5. Simplify : 5  8 + 27 3  
 3
7. Simplify :    
7 1 1
  
 1
(i)  3  (ii) 7 2 .8 2
3  6. Examine whether the number is rational or irrational
8. Simplify : (2 + 2)(3 − 5)
.

6 (3 + 5)(2 − 2)
3 3 5
3/ 4 5  4  
(i) ( 4) (ii)     (iii)  3 
8  3 5  7. Given that 3 = 1.732 find the value of

 9  1
75 + 48 − 192
5
3
 9
4
2 6 ´ 82
(iv)   .  (v) 2
 3  2 44 8. Simplify and express the result in simplest form
9. Find two irrational numbers between 0.1 and 0.2.
10. Determine, without actually dividing, which of the x2 − y 2 + x x2 + y 2 − y
÷
following rational numbers can be named, (a) by a x2 + y 2 + y x − x2 − y 2
terminating decimal, (b) by a repeating decimal.
7 1
(i) (ii) 5+2+ 5−2
20 6 9. Find x2, if x =
5 +1
1 47
(iii) (iv) 3 10. Show how 5 can be represented on the number line.
12 160
11. Write down a fraction which is equivalent to ( x a + b )2 ( x b + c )2 ( x c + a )2
11. Show that =1
0.033636363.......... ( x a x b x c )4
12. Find two rational numbers between
0.222332333233332.... and 0.252552555255552....
Number Systems 21

1 1 7 3 2 5 3 2
12. If=x 3 3 + 26 , then find the value of x+  4. Simplify : − −
2 x 10 + 3 6+ 5 15 + 3 2
1
 −2 −1/3  4 5. Represent 9.3 on number line.
 1  
13. If   2  
 = 7 m , then find the value of m.

 7  6. Find the value of 2.6 − 0.9
   
7. Rationalise the denominator and simplify :
14. Find two irrational numbers between 0.12 and 0.13.
3 2 4 3 6
− +
3+ 6 6+ 2 2+ 3
1 7
15. Find three rational numbers between and .
5 10 1
8. If x = , find the value of x3 – x2 – 11x + 3
2+ 3
p p
16. Express 1.272727..... = 1.27 in the form , where p and 9. Express 0.123 in form.
q q
q are integers and q ≠ 0. 3+ a 3b
1  1 
and  
a+1 b+2
10. If 9 = 81 =   and the values of
1 3  27 
17. If x = 2 – 3 , then find the value of x + . a and b.
x
16 × 2 x +1 − 4 × 2 x 1
x–1 x+1 11. Prove that =
18. If 6x = 30, then what will be the value of 6 +6 ? 16 × 2 x+2
− 2× 2 x+2 2

Long Answer Questions

12. Simplify : ( 324 + 2 323 − ) ( 324 − 2 323 )
p HOTS Questions
1. Express 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.47 in the form , where p and q
q 1. Find three different irrational numbers between the
are integers and q ≠ 0
5 9
rational numbers and .
3+ 2 3− 2 7 11
2. If x = and y = . Then find the value
3− 2 3+ 2 2. Express 2.5434343… in the form p/q where p and q are
of x2 + y2. integers and q ≠ 0
3. Express with a rational denominator : 1 1
3.=
If x = ,y , find the value of
15 7+4 3 7−4 3
10 + 20 + 40 − 5 − 80 5x2 – 7xy – 5y2.
22 Mathematics

EXERCISE -2 NCERT Questions

2. Between two rational numbers
Text Book Questions
(a) there is no rational number
1. Is zero a rational number? Can you write it in the
(b) there is exactly one rational number
p
form , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0? (c) thre are infinitely many rational numbers
q
(d) there are only rational numbers and no irrational
3 4 numbers.
2. Find five rational numbers between and .
5 5
3. Decimal representation of a rational number cannot be
3. State whether the following statements are true or false? (a) terminating
Give reasons for your answers. (b) non-terminating
(i) Every natural number is a whole number. (c) non-terminating repeating
(ii) Every integer is a whole number. (d) non-terminating non-repeating
(iii) Every rational number is a whole number. 4. The product of any two irrational number is
4. State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) always an irrational number
Justify your answers. (b) always a rational number
(i) Every irrational number is a real number. (c) always an integer
(d) sometimes rational, sometimes irrational
(ii) Every point on the number line is of the form m,
5. The decimal expansion of the number is 2 is
where m is a natural number.
(a) a finite decimal
(iii) Every real number is an irrational number.
(b) 1.41421
5. Are the square roots of all positive integers irrational ? If
(c) non-terminating recurring
not, give an example of the square roots of a number that
(d) non-terminating non-recurring
is a rational number.
6. Which of the following is irrational?
6. Find : 1251/3
4
7. Find : (a)
9
(i) 322/5
(ii) 125–1/3 12
(b)
8. Simplify : 3
2 1
(i) 2 3 . 25 (d) 7

7
 1 (d) 81
(ii)  3 
3 
7. Which of the following is irrational?
1/ 2
11 (a) 0.14
(iii)
111/ 4
(b) 0.1416
Exemplar Questions (d) 0.1416
1. Every rational number is (d) 0.4014001400014...
(a) a natural number (b) an integer
(c) a real number (d) a whole number
Number Systems 23

8. A rational number between 2 and 3 is 1

10. is equal to
9– 8
2+ 3
(a)
2 1
(a) (3 – 2 2)
2
2× 3
(b)
2 1
(b)
(c) 1.5 3+ 2 2

(d) 1.8 (c) 3 – 2 2

9. 2 3 + 3 is equal to (d) 3 + 2 2
11. Simplify the following :
(a) 2 6
7
(b) 6 (i) 3 3 + 2 27 +
3
(c) 3 3 4 81 − 8 3 216 + 15 5 32 + 225
(ii)
(d) 4 6 12. Find the value of:
4 1 2
+ +
−2 −3 −1
( 216) 3 ( 256) 4 ( 243) 5
24 Mathematics

EXERCISE -3 Foundation Builder

Multiple Choice Questions 10. Four rational numbers between 3 and 4 are:
3 4 6 13 14 16 17
(a) , , 1, (b) , , ,
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out (c) 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2 (d) 3.1, 3.2, 3.8, 3.9
of which ONLY ONE is correct. 11. If 2009 = pa.qb, where "p" and "q" are prime number, then
find the value of p + q. [NTSE]
1. The value of x, when (2)x + 4.(3)x + 1 = 288 is
(a) 1 (b) –1 (a) 3 (b) 48
(c) 0 (d) None (c) 51 (d) 2009
2. The value of 0.423 is 12. When expanded, the number of zeroes in 100010 is:
423 423  [NTSE]
(a) (b) (a) 13 (b) 30
1000 100
423 419 (c) 4 (d) 10
(c) (d) x −1
13. If 2 + 2 x +1
= 320, then the value of x is- [NTSE]
990 990
1 1 (a) 6 (b) 8
3. If a= 2 + 3 and b= 2 − 3 , then − 2 is equal to, (c) 5 (d) 7
2
a b 14. If a and b are positive integers less than 10 such that ab =
(a) 14 (b) – 14 125, then (a – b)a + b – 4 is equal to: [NTSE]
(c) 8 3 (d) −8 3 (a) 16 (b) 25
(c) 28 (d) 30
4. Value of x satisfying x + 3 + x − 2 = 5, is 1
15. If x = , then the value of x2 + 2x + 3 is
(a) 6 (b) 7 1+ 2
 [NTSE]
(c) 8 (d) 9 (a) 3 (b) 0
7 (c) 4 (d) 1
5. A rational number equivalent to a rational number is
19 16. If 13 + 23 + .... + 93 = 2025, then
17 14
(a) (b) (0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + ...(0.99)3 will be- [NTSE]
119 57 (a) 0.2695 (b) 2.695
21 21
(c) (d) (c) 3.695 (d) 0.3695
38 57
( 2)
10
6. Rationalizing factor of (2 + 3) = 45 +
(a) (b) 17. The value of × 9 is  [JSTSE]
2− 3 3
( 4) − ( 2)
9 9
3 3

(c) 2 + 3 (d) 3 + 3
7. Rationalizing factor of 1 + 2 + 3 8 15
(a) (b)
(a) 1 + 2 − 3 (b) 2 7 7
(c) 4 (d) 1 + 2 + 3 18 24
n+2 n (c) (d)
8. Value of 2 − 2(2 ) when simplified is 7 7
2(2n + 2) n+ 3 1 18. If 9x – 2 = 3x + 1, then the value of 21 + x is [JSTSE]
(a) 1– 2(2n) (b) 2 −
4 (a) 64 (b) 32
1 1
(c) (d) 2n−1 (c) 16 (d) 5
2n+1
9. Which of the following statement is not true? 3 +1 3 −1 3−2
19. If x= + + , then the value of
(a) Between two integers, there exist infinite number of 3 −1 3 +1 3+2
rational numbers 2
(b) Between two rational numbers, there exist infinite  39  [JSTSE]
x 2 +   is
number of integers  x
(c) Between two rational numbers, there exist infinite (a) 104 (b) 114
number of rational numbers
(d) Between two real numbers, there exists infinite (c) 124 (d) 144
number of real numbers
Number Systems 25
20. If 4x – 4x–1 = 24, then (2x)x equals [JSTSE] The laws written on the black board are as follow:
(a) 5 5 (b) 5
xm . xn = xm + n (xm)n = xmn
(c) 25 5 (d) 125

5n+ 2 − 6 × 5n+1 xm x0 = 1
21. Simplify:
n n +1
 [Olympiad] = xm – n
n
13 × 5 − 2 × 5 x
(a) 1 (b) 0
5 5
(c)
3
(d) −
3 x–n = 1 , x ≠ 0
xn
More Than One Option Correct
With given conditions of x > 0 be real number and m, n
DIRECTIONS : This section contains multiple choice be rational numbers.
questions. Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out 1. The value of 6 (729) –1 is
of which ONE OR MORE may be correct.
1 1 1
1. Which of the following is irrational? (a) 3 (b) –2 (c) (d)
3 3 9
17 12 2. 3(a4b3)10 × 5(a2b2)3 is equal to
(a) (b)
3 (a) 15a36b36­ (b) 15a46b46
56 46
(c) 7 (d) 81 (c) 15a b (d) 15a46b36
x + 1 x – 3
3. If 2 =4 , then the value of x is
4 −2
2. Value of (81) is (a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 8
1 1 4. 52/3 × 52/6 is equal to
(a) (b) (a) 52/9 (b) 51/3 (c) 5 (d) 1
9 3
(c) 9 (d) 3 c
 x a   xb   x c
a

3. Which of the following is equal to x ? 5. The value of expression   ×   ×   is
12 5
 xb   x c   x a 
1
(a) x 7 − x7 (b)
12 4 3 (a) xa + b + c (b) xa – b – c
(x )
2 1
3 3 (c) (d) 1
(c) ( x ) (d) + x12/19 x 7/19 x
4. Which of the following is/are not correct ? Passage-II
(a) Every whole number is a natural number. When the denominator of an expression contains term
(b) Every integer is a rational number with a square root. The procedure of converting it to an
(c) Every rational number is an integer equivalent expression whose denominator is a rational
(d) Every rational number is a whole number number is called rationalising the denominator. For
5. Which of the following is/are correct ? example
(a) There are infinitely many rational numbers (i) ( a + b ) is the rationalising factor of ( a – b )
between any two given rational numbers. and vice versa.
(b) Every point on the number line represents a unique (ii) a + b is the rationalising factor of a – b and vice
real number. versa.
(c) The decimal expansion of an irrational number is
non-terminating non-recurring. a + a 2 – b2 a – a 2 – b2
6. The numerator of +
(d) A number whose decimal expansion is non-termi- a – a 2 – b2 a + a 2 + b2
nating non-recurring is rational.
(a) a2 (b) b2 (c) a2 – b2 (d) 4a2 – 2b2
Passage/Case Based Questions 3+ 2 3– 2
7. If x = and y = , find x2 + y2.
3– 2 3+ 2
DIRECTIONS : Study the given paragraph(s) and answer the
following questions. (a) 98 (b) 80 (c) 89 (d) 90
8. Rationalising factor of 5 + 2 6 is
Passage-I
Case II: One day the teacher wrote laws of exponents on (a) 5 + 2 6 (b) 5 – 2 6
the black board and the sheets containing questions based (c) 5 + 6 (d) None of these
on these Laws were distributed among the students to
conduct a open book test.
26 Mathematics
Assertion & Reason Questions
1 1 5
DIRECTIONS : Each of these questions contains an Assertion 5. Assertion : A rational number between and is .
3 2 12
followed by Reason. Read them carefully and answer the
question on the basis of following options. You have to select Reason : Rational number between two numbers a and b
the one that best describes the two statements. is ab
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is
the correct explanation of Assertion. Numeric/Integer Type Questions
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct, but Reason is
DIRECTIONS : Answer the following questions. The answer
not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) If Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. to each of the questions is a single digit integer, ranging from
(d) If Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. 0 to 9.

1. Assertion : Every integer is a rational number 7 −1 7 +1

Reason : Every integer ‘m’ can be expressed in the form 1. If − a + b 7 , find the product of a and b.
=
7 +1 7 −1
m.
1 p + 2q + p − 2q
2. Assertion : 2 is an irrational number. 2. If x = and q ≠ 0, then find qx2 – px + q
p + 2q − p − 2q
Reason : A number is called irrational, if it cannot be
p 1  1 1
written in the form , where p and q are integers and 3. If x= 9 + 4 5 and xy = 1, then  2 + 2  is
q 322  x y 
q ≠ 0.
3. Assertion : 172 .175 = 173
4. The value of x, if 5 x −3.32 x −8 = 225 is
Reason : If a > 0 be a real number and p and q be rational
numbers. Then ap . aq = ap+q . 5.
2 3
If a bc = 25 and ab 2 = 5, then abc equals
4. Assertion : 2 + 6 is an irrational number.
Reason : Sum of a rational number and an irrational 6. 3, then x 2 + 1/ x 2 is equal to
If x + 1/ x =
number is always an irrational number.
Number Systems 27

Brief Explanations of
SOLUTIONS Selected Questions

6. (d) Rational or irrational

Let’s Revise Through FIB & T/F 21 24
7. (b) ,
1. rational 2.
infinite 3 3
3. real 4.
False 8. (d) Given : x = 2 + 3, xy = 1
5. False 6.
True x y

7. False 8.
False 2x 2 y

9. True 10.
2 x xy x 1
11. conjugate 912.    
2  x 2x  xy 2  x 2x  1
13. irrational 14.
True
15. True 16.
True 2 3 1
 
17. True 18.
6

2  2  3 2 2  3 1   
1/4 35  (2  3) 1
 1008  1/4 4 1/4  
19.  =
 63 
 (16)
= (2
= ) 2

3 2 2  3 1  
20. irrational
   
2
EXERCISE-1 Master Board  2 33 1  3 2 3 3
 
Multiple Choice Questions 3 3 2 3

3 3 2 3 
1.

(b) Let x = 0.12333...... ...(i)
Multiplying by 10 on both sides, we get 

 9  12  12 3  3

10x = 1.2333..... ...(ii) 3 3  2 3

Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get  18  12 3 6 3  2 3
111    2
9x = 1.11 ⇒ x = 3 3  2 3 3 3  2 3
900
5 + 2 + 5 − 2 + 2 ( 5) 2 − 22 9. (d) Rationalising each term, we get
2. (c) x2 = 1 1 2 1
5 +1  
2 5 + 2 2( 5 + 1) 1  2 2 1 2 1
= =
= 2 2 1 2 1
5 +1 5 +1 =   2 1
 2
2 2 1
1 1
 −1  4
1 1 1 3 2
  1  −2  3   
3. (a) m ⇒ {(7 −2 ) −2 }−1/3  4 = 7 m
     = 7   2  3 3 2 3 2
  7 2   
  3 2
 = 3 2
1 3 2
⇒ (7 4 ) −1/3  4 = 7 m ⇒ (7–4/3)1/4 = 7m 7–1/3 = 7m 1 1 2 3 2 3
      2 3
3  4 2 3 2 3 43
\ m = –1/3
4. (c) Irrational number. 1 1 4  15
 
5. (b) Let x = 0.12333...... ...(i)
15  16 4  15 4  15
Multiplying by10 on both sides, we get
4  15
10x = 1.2333..... ...(ii)   4  15
Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get 16  15
111 ∴ Given expression
9x = 1.11 ⇒ x =
900 =  2 1   
3  2  2  3  ....  4  15 
=4–1=3
28 Mathematics
3. (b) Reason: If possible, let the sum of a rational number
2 3 2 3 3 1
10. (a)   A and an irrational number b be a rational number
2 3 2 3 3 1
c.
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 1
=      Then, a + b =c ⇒ b =(c − a ).
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 1
But, the difference of two rationals is a rational.
4  3  4 3 4  3  4 3 3 1 2 3 So, (c – a) is rational and therefore, b is rational.
 
= 43 43 3 1 Thus, we arrive at a contradiction.
74 3 7 4 3 4 2 3 So, our supposition is wrong.
=   Hence, the sum of a rational and an irrational is
1 1 2
irrational.
= 7  4 3  7  4 3  2  3 Assertion: If possible , let 3 be rational and its
= 16  3 = 16 – 1.732 = 14.268 a
simplest form is
1 b
11. (a) x   3 ....(i)
x
a a2 a2
1  1  1 1 Then, 3− ⇒ − 3 ⇒ − 3 − 3b
x3    x    x 2   x  b b2 b
x3  x x2 x

a2
Clearly, 3b is an integer and is not an integer since
 1  1  b
 x    x 2   1 (a, b) = 1.
x 2
=  x  ....(ii)
Thus, we arrive at a contradiction.
squaring both sides of (i) Hence, 3 is an irrational number.
2
 1 Clearly, Reason does not give Assertion. So, (b) holds.
 
2
 x    3
 x
Very Short Answer Questions
1 1
x2   2.x.  3 1. 0 2. –1 3. a
2 x
x
4. (i) −1.3   (ii) 0.916   (iii) 0.538461
1
x2  23 5. (i) rational (ii) rational
⇒ x2
6. No, for example 4 = 2 is a rational number.
1
x2  5 7. (i) 3–21 (ii) 561/2
⇒ x2
3 125
Substitute in (ii) to get 8. (i) (ii)
24 216
1
x3   3 5  1  6 3 729 30375
x3 (iii) (iv)
125 16
12. (c) Let x = 2.7435 (v) 24
100x = 274.35 ....(i) 9. 0.10101001000100001 and 0.11001001000100001
10000 x = 27435.35 ....(ii) 10. (i) terminating (ii) repeating
(iii) repeating (iv) terminating
subtracting (i) from (ii)
9900x = 27161 11. 37/1100 12. 0.25 and 0.2525
27161 3 is the greatest 14.
7 13 15 31
x= . 13. 4 , , ,
9900 24 48 48 96
Assertion & Reason Questions Short Answer Questions
1  1 1 5 1. p = –11/2, q = –5/2 2. 5
1. (c)  + =
2  3 2  12 3. (i) irrational (ii) rational
2. (a) Both assertion and reason are true. Reason is the 6 6 3 2+2 3
4. = ×
correct explanation of assertion. 3 2 −2 3 3 2 −2 3 3 2+2 3
Number Systems 29
Construct DE of unit length perpendicular to OD. Then
6(3 2 + 2 3) 6(3 2 + 2 3)
= = 2 2
2
(3 2) − (2 3) 2 18 − 12 OE = ( 3) + 1 = 4 = 2
Similarly, construct EF of unit length perpendicular to OE.
6(3 2 + 2 3) 2 2
= = 3 2+2 3 Then OF = 2 + 1 =5
6
Using a compass, with centre O and radius OF, draw an
Therefore, 3 2 + 2 3 = 3 2 − a 3 arc which intersects the number line in the point R. Then
⇒ a = –2 R corresponds to 5.
1 1
  1 1 34   1 1 34
5.    3 3 3 3 
3 3
5  8 + 27   = 5  (2 ) + (3 )  
   
    

1 1 1
3 3 4
= 5(2 + 3)  4 = 5(5)  4 = 5  4 = 5

6. On rationalizing the denominator, we get Representation of 5

(2 + 2)(3 − 5)
Alternately: Students can also visualise= 5 (2) 2 + (1) 2
(3 + 5)(2 − 2)
there by taking base as 2 units and perpendicular as 1 unit
(2 + 2)(3 − 5) (3 − 5)(2 + 2)
= ×
(3 + 5)(2 − 2) (3 − 5)(2 + 2) ( x a +b ) 2 ( xb + c ) 2 ( x c + a ) 2
11. We have
(2 + 2)2 (3 − 5) 2 (4 + 2 + 4 2)(9 + 5 − 6 5) ( x a xb x c ) 4
= 2 2 2 2
=
(3 − ( 5) )(2 − ( 2) ) (9 − 5)(4 − 2)
x ( ) x 2( ) x ( )
2 a +b b+ c 2 c+ a
=
(6 + 4 2)(14 − 6 5) 84 − 36 5 + 56 2 − 24 10
( x a )4 .( xb )4 ( x c )4
= =
4×2 8
x 2 a + 2 b . x 2 b + 2 c . x 2 c + 2 a x 2 a + 2 b + 2 b + 2 c + 2 c + 2 a x 4 a + 4b + 4 c
Hence irrational. = = = = 1
x 4 a . x 4b . x 4 c x 4 a + 4b + 4 c x 4 a + 4b + 4 c
1 4
7. 75 + 48 − 192 =5 3 + 3 −8 3 12. Let =x 3 3 + 26
2 2
= 3(5 + 2 − 8) =−1.732 1 1 3 3 − 26
= ×
x 3 3 + 26 3 3 − 26
( )
2
2 2 2 2 x2 − x2 − y 2
x −y +x x− x − y 3 3 − 26
8. × = = = 3 3 − 26
( )
2 2 2 (27) − (26)
x +y +y x2 + y 2 − y x2 + y 2 − y2
1 1 1
∴  x += (3 3 + 26) + (3 3 − 26) 
2 2
x − (x − y ) 2
y 2 2 x 2  
= =
2 2 2
(x + y ) − y x2 1
= ×6 3 =
3 3
2
5 + 2 + 5 − 2 + 2 ( 5) 2 − 22
9. x2 = 1
5 +1  −1  4
1
  1  −2  3 
2 5 + 2 2( 5 + 1) 13. m ⇒ {(7 −2 ) −2 }−1/ 3  4 = 7 m
= = = 2      = 7  
5 +1 5 +1   7 2   
 
10. Consider a unit square OABC onto the number line with
the vertex O which coincides with zero. 1
⇒ (7 4 ) −1/ 3  4 = 7 m
Then OB = 12 + 12 =2  
Construct BD of unit length perpendicular to OB. Then ⇒ (7–4/3)1/4 = 7m ⇒ 7–1/3 = 7m
OD = ( 2) 2 + 12 =3 ∴ m = –1/3
30 Mathematics
14. The two numbers 0.1201001000100001....... and 1
0.12101001000100001........ are the irrational numbers between = 30   + 30 ( 6 )
6
0.12 and 0.13.
= 5 + 180 = 185
1 7
15. One rational number between and
5 10
1  1 7  1  2 + 7 9 Long Answer Questions
=  + =   =
2  5 10  2  10  20
1. 0.6 + 0.7 + 0.47
1
Second rational number between =
Let x 0.7
= ; y 0.47
5
7 1  1 9  1  4 + 9  13 ⇒
= 9 x 7.7
= ;10 y 4.7
and =  + =  =
10 2  5 20  2  20  40 ⇒ 9x = 7 ; 100 y = 47.7
1 7 43
Third rational number between ⇒ x= ; 90 y = 43 ⇒ y =
5 9 90
7 1  13 1  1  13 + 8  21 6 7 43
and =  + =  = \ Required expression = + +
10 2  40 5  2  40  80 10 9 90

16. Let x = 1.272727.......... Since two digits are repeating, 2. x=

3+ 2
×
3+ 2
=
( 3+ 2 )2
3− 2 3+ 2 1
we multiply x by 100 to get
100x = 127.2727 ........ ⇒ x =5+ 2 6
So, 100x = 126 + 1.272727......... = 126 + x also it can be observed that x.y = 1.
126 14
Therefore, 100x – x = 126, ⇒ 99x = 126 ⇒=x = \ y= 5 − 2 6
99 11
17. Here, x = 2 – 3
1 1 (
∴ x 2 + y 2 = (5 + 2 6) 2 + 5 − 2 6 )2
=
x 2– 3 = 49 + 49 = 98
3. 10 + 20 + 40 − 5 − 80
1 2+ 3
= ×  (By Rationalising)
2– 3 2+ 3 = 10 + 4 × 5 + 4 × 10 − 5 − 16 × 5

2+ 3 = 10 + 2 5 + 2 10 − 5 − 4 5
= [ (a – b) (a + b) = (a2 – b2)]
( 2 )2 – ( 3 )2 = 3 10 − 3 5 = 3( 10 − 5)
∴ Given expression
2+ 3
= 15 5 5 10 + 5
2–3 = = = ×
3( 10 − 5) 10 − 5 10 − 5 10 + 5
1 2+ 3

= = – ( 2 + 3) 5( 10 + 5)
x –1 = = 10 + 5
10 − 5
1
Now,
= x+ ( 2 – 3) – ( 2 + 3) 7 3 2 5 3 2
x 4. Let I = − − = A− B−C
10 + 3 6+ 5 15 + 3 2
= 2 – 3 – 2 – 3 = –2 3 7 3 10 − 3 7 3( 10 − 3)
where A = × =
18. Given, 6x = 30 10 + 3 10 − 3 10 − 3

Now, 6x–1 + 6x+1 7 30 − 7 × 3 7( 30 − 3)

= = = 30 − 3
= 6x . 6–1 + 6x . 6 7 7

1 2 5 6 − 5 2 30 − 2 × 5
= 6 x   + 6 x.6 B= × = 2 30 − 10
=
6 6+ 5 6− 5 6−5
Number Systems 31

3 2 15 − 3 2 3 30 − 18 3 30 − 18 − 2( 3 − 6) − 3( 6 − 2) − 6( 2 − 3)
=
C= × = =
15 + 3 2 15 − 3 2 15 − 18 −3 − 6 + 12 − 18 + 6 − 12 + 18 =
= 0
= − 30 + 6 8. As x=
1
= 2 − 3 (on rationalizing)
Now, I = A – B – C 2+ 3
⇒ x − 2 =− 3

= ( 30 − 3) − (2 30 − 10) − ( − 30 + 6)
Squaring both sides, we get
= 30 − 3 − 2 30 + 10 + 30 − 6 2 2 2
(x – 2)2 = ( − 3) ⇒ x + 4 − 4 x = 3 ⇒ x − 4 x + 1 = 0
= 2 30 − 2 30 − 3 + 10 − 6 =1 Now, x – x – 11x + 3 = x – 4x + x + 3x2 – 12x + 3
3 2 3 2

x (x2 – 4x + 1) + 3 (x2 – 4x + 1) = x × 0 + 3 (0) = 0 + 0

5.
=0
D
9.Let x = 0.123 i.e. x = 0.12333 ... (i)
Multiply both sides of (i) by 100
9.3 100x = 12.333 ... (ii)
O B Multiply both sides of (ii) by 10
A C
9.3 cm 1 cm 1000x = 123.333 ... (iii)
Mark a distance 9.3 units from a fixed point A on a given Subtract (ii) from (iii)
line to obtain a given point B such that AB = 9.3 units. 1000x = 123.333
From B mark a distance of 1 unit and call the new point 100x = 12.333
as C. Find the mid point of AC and call that point as O. ––––––––––––
Draw a semi circle with centre O and radius OC = 5.15 900x = 111.0
units. Draw a line perpendicular to AC passing through B 111 3´37 37
⇒ x= = =
cutting the semi-circle at D. 900 900 300
Then, BD = 9.3 = 3.05 units. 10. Given, 9a+1 = 81b+2
6. Let x = 2.6 ...(i) ⇒ (3)2(a+1) = (9)2(b+2)
∴ 10 x = 26.6 ...(ii) ⇒ 32a+2 = (3)2×2(b+2)
Subtracting (i) from (ii)
9x = 24 ⇒ 32a+2 = 34b+8
24 8 Equating powers on both sides, we get
∴=
x =
9 3 2a + 2 = 4b + 8
Also suppose y = 0.9 ...(iii)
⇒ 2a – 4b = 6
⇒ y = 0.99
⇒ 2 (a – 2b) = 6
∴ 10 y = 9.9
...(iv) ⇒ a – 2b = 3
Subtracting equation (iii) from (iv), we get 9y = 9
⇒ a = 3 + 2b....(i)
9
∴ y= = 1 3+ a 3b
9
Also,  1   1
= 
8 8−3 5  3  27 
∴ 2.6 − 0.9 = x − y = −1 = =
3 3 3 3+ a 3×3b
⇒  1  1
= 
3 3
3 2 4 3 6
7. − + 3+ a 9b
3+ 6 6+ 2 2+ 3 ⇒  1  1
= 
3 3
3 2 3− 6 4 3 6− 2 6 2− 3
= × − × + × Equating powers on both sides, we get
3+ 6 3− 6 6+ 2 6− 2 2+ 3 2− 3
3 + a = 9b
3 2( 3 − 6) 4 3( 6 − 2) 6( 2 − 3)
= − +
3−6 6−2 2−3 ⇒ a – 9b = (–3)
32 Mathematics
⇒ 3 + 2b – 9b = (–3) [From (i)] HOTS Questions
⇒ 3 – 7b = (–3) 5
1. Consider the rational number . On dividing by 7, we
⇒ 3 + 3 = 7b get, 7

6 7 ) 5.000000 (0.714285........
      =b 49
7
10
and a = 3 + 2b [From (i)] 7
30
6 12 21 + 12 33
=3 + 2   =3 + = = 28
7 7 7 7 20
14
11. Given expression is
60
16 × 2 x +1 − 4 × 2 x 56
40
16 × 2 x + 2 − 2 × 2 x + 2 35
24 × 2 x +1 − 22 × 2 x
5
= 5
24 × 2 x + 2 − 2 × 2 x + 2 Thus, = 0.714285 ........ = 0.714285
7
24 × 2 x × 2 − 22 × 2 x 9
= Now, consider .
24 × 2 x × 22 − 2 × 2 x × 22 11

25 × 2 x − 22 × 2 x On dividing by 11, we get

=
26 × 2 x − 23 × 2 x 11) 9.0000 (0.8181......
88

=
22 × 2 x 23 − 1 ( ) 20

( 23 − 1)
11
3 x
2 ×2 90
88
22 1 1
20
= =3
22−=
3
2−= 11
2 2 (Hence proved) 9

12. ( 323 + 1 + 2 323 − )( 323 + 1 − 2 323 ) Thus,

9
11
= 0.8181......= 0.81
2
 
( )
2 2 Three different irrational numbers between the rational
=  323 + (1) + 2 323 
  5 9
numbers and can be
  7 11
( ) ( )
2 2
− 323 + (1) − 2 (1) 323 
  0.75 075007500075000075.......,
0.7670767000767............ and
∵ a 2 + b 2 + 2ab = ( a + b ) 2 
  0.808008000800008...........
and a 2 + b 2 − 2ab = ( a − b ) 2  2. Let x = 2.5434343
 

 2  2 ⇒ x = 2.543
=  ( 323 + 1  −  ) ( )
323 − 1  Multiplying both sides by 10 we get
   
10 x = 25.43 … (i)
= ( 323 + 1 − ) ( 323 − 1 ) Again multiplying equation (i) by 100

= 323 + 1 − 323 + 1 = 2 1000 x = 2543.43 … (ii)

On subtracting equation (i) from (ii)

1000 x − 10=
x 2543.43 − 25.43
Number Systems 33
990x = 2518 5. No, the square roots of all positive integers are not
2518 1259 irrational. For example, 16 = 4 is a rational number.
x= ⇒ x=
990 495 6. Consider 1251/3 = (53)1/3 = 53×1/3 = 51 = 5.
1259 7. (i) Consider 322/5 = (25)2/5= 25×2/5 = 22 = 4.
Hence, 2.54343... =
495 1
(ii) Consider 125–1/3= (53)–1/3 = 53 × (–1/3) = 5–1 =
1 5
2 1
3. Given x =
7+4 3 8. (i) Consider 2 3 . 2 5 = 22/3 +1/5
10 + 3
on rationalising.
= 2 15 = 213 /15.
1 7−4 3
we get x = × 7−4 3
=
7+4 3 7−4 3 7
17 1
 1 3–21
(ii) Consider  3  = 3= 7
=21
1 3  (3 ) 3
Q y= ⇒ x.y = 1
7−4 3
111/ 2
and also y= 7 + 4 3 (iii) Consider = 111/2–1/4 =111/4.
111/ 4
for 5x2 – 5y2 – 7xy.
Exemplar Questions
1. (c) 2. (c)


( 2

)
= 5 (7 − 4 3) 2 − 7 + 4 3  − 7 × 1 3. (d) 4. (d)
5. (d) 6. (c)
= 5  49 + 48 − 56 3 − 49 − 48 − 56 3  − 7 7. (d) 8. (c)
9. (c) 10. (c)
5  −112 3  − 7 =
= −7 1 + 80 3  7
11. (i) 3 3 + 2 3×3×3 +
3
7
= 3 3 + 2 3 × 3 × 3 +
EXERCISE-2 NCERT Questions 3
7
Text-book Questions = 3 3 + 6 3 +
3
1. Yes! zero is a rational number. We can write zero in the
p 3 3´ 3 + 6 3´ 3 + 7
form , as follows : =
q 3
0 0 0 9 + 18 + 7 34 3 34 3
0=
= = ......so on., q can be negative integer also. = = × =
1 2 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 × 10 30 4 4 × 10 40
2. = = = , = , therefore,
5 5 × 10 50 5 5 × 10 50 (ii) 4 81 − 8 3 216 + 15 5 32 + 225
3 4
five rational numbers between and are
5 5 = 4 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 − 8 3 6 × 6 × 6
31 32 33 34 35 + 15 5 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 + 15 × 15
, , , , .
50 50 50 50 50
3. (i) True, since the collection of whole numbers contains = 3 – 8 × 6 + 15 × 2 + 15
all natural numbers. = 3 – 48 + 30 + 15
= – 45 + 45
(ii) False, because, – 3 is not a whole number.
=0
1
(iii) False, ∵ is not a whole number. 4 1 2
2 12. + +
−2 −3 −1
4. (i) True, (∵ real numbers are collection of rational and ( 216) 3 ( 256) 4 ( 243) 5
irrational numbers.)
(ii) False; 0 is not a natural number.
(iii) False, (2 is real but not irrational.)
34 Mathematics
2 3 1 5
= 4 ( 216 ) 3 + ( 256 ) 4 + 2 ( 243) 5 2x × =320
2
2 3 1
( ) ( )
= 4 63 3 + 44 4 + 2 35 5 ( ) 2x = 128 = 27 ⇒ x = 7
14. (a) ab = 125
6 12 5 We know that 53 = 125
= 4 × 6 + 4 + 2 × 3 = 4 × 62 + 43 + 2 × 3
3 4 5
So, a = 5, b = 3
= 4 × 36 + 64 + 6 = 144 + 64 + 6 = 214 Now, the value of (a – b)a + b – 4 is
(5 – 3)5 + 3 – 4 = 24 = 16
EXERCISE-3 Foundation Builder
1
15. (c) x=
Multiple Choice Questions 1+ 2
1. (a) 2x+4
. =3x+1 25.32 ⇒
x=1 after rationalization
2. (a)   3. (d) 1 1− 2
4. (a) x = 6 satisfies the given equation =x ×
1 + 2 1− 2
17 17
5. (d) Simplest form of =
119 119 x
= 2 −1
14 14 so x2 =3–2 2
Simplest form of =
57 57
\ x2 + 2x + 3 ⇒ (3 – 2 2 ) + 2( 2 –1) + 3 = 4
21 21
Simplest form of = 16. (b) 13 + 23 + .... 93 = 2025
38 38
(0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + ....+ (0.99)3
21 7
Simplest form of =
57 19 ⇒ (0.11)3 [13 + 23 + .... 93]
6. (a)    7. (a)   8. (c)   9. (b) ⇒ 0.001331 × 2025 = 2.695275
10. (d) From the given options (a) and (b) does not
contain rational number between 3 and 5. 17. (d)
45 + ( 2=
)10 × 9 210 + ( 2 )10 × 3
(3 4) − (3 2)
9 9 9 9
(c) has 4.1 and 4.2 that does not lie between 3 (4) 3 − ( 2) 3
and 4.
11. (b) The prime factorization of, 2009 is, 25 + 25

= ×3
2009 = 7 × 7 × 41 = 72 × 41 43 − 23
Compare with 2009 = pa.qb, we get 64 8 24
= ×3= ×3=
p = 7, q = 41 56 7 7
⇒ p + q = 7 + 41= 48
18. (a) 9x – 2 = 3x + 1 ⇒ 32x – 4 = 3x + 1
12. (b) Total number of zeroes in the number 1000 is 3
⇒
Also exponent of the number 1000 is 10 2x – 4 = x + 1 ⇒ x = 5
Therefore, the total number of zeroes are \ 21 + x = 21 + 5 = 26 = 64
3 ×10 = 30. 3 +1 3 −1 3−2
19. (b) x= + +
13. (d) 2 x −1 + 2 x +1 =
320 3 −1 3 +1 3+2

2x 10 3 + 12 5 3 + 6
+ 2x × 2 =320
= = = 4 3 −3
x 4+2 3 2+ 3
1  2 2
2 x ×  + 2 =

2 
320
\
 39 
x2 +   =
 x (4 3 −3 )2 +  4 393 − 3
Number Systems 35

507 Assertion & Reason Questions

57 − 24 3 +
=
19 − 8 3 1. (a) 2. (a)
3. (d) 172 .175 = 172+5 = 177
=57 − 24 3 + 3(19 + 8 3) = 57 + 57 = 114 4. (a)
1  1 1 5
20. (c) 4x – 4x – 1 = 24 ⇒ 4x – 4x . 4–1 = 24 5. (c)  + =
2  3 2  12
1 3
⇒ 4 x 1 −  = 24 ⇒ 4 x   = 24 Numeric/Integer Type Questions
 4  4
1. Ans : 0
4
⇒ 4 = 24 × ⇒ 4 x = 32 ⇒ 22 x = 25
x
3 7 −1 7 +1 ( 7 − 1) 2 − ( 7 + 1) 2
L.H.S. = − =
5 7 +1 7 −1 ( 7 + 1)( 7 − 1)
⇒x=
2
(7 + 1 − 2 7) − (7 + 1 + 2 7)
5 =
5 2
5
( 7)2 − (1)2
\ (2 x) x =  2 ×  = 52 = 5×5×5×5×5
 2 8− 2 7 −8− 2 7 4 7 2
= = − =
− 7
= 25 5 7 −1 6 3
2
5n + 2 − 6 × 5n +1 5n [ 25 − 30] −5 ∴ − 7=
a+b 7
21. (d) = = 3
13 × 5n − 2 × 5n +1 5n [13 − 10] 3
2
More Than One Option Correct ⇒ a = 0 and b = –
3
1. (a, c) 2. (b) ⇒ a×b=0
3. (c) 4. (a, c, d) 2. Ans : 0
5. (a, b, c) x p + 2q + p − 2q
=
1 p + 2q − p − 2q
Passage/Case Based Questions
1 1
–6× x + 1 2 p + 2q
1. (a) We have, 6
(729)
= –1
(3
= –6 6
) 3 6 = (By componendo and dividendo)
x − 1 2 p − 2q
–1 1
= 3 = On squaring both sides, we get
3
2. (d) We have, 3(a4b3)10 × 5(a2b2)3 ( x 2 + 1) + 2 x p + 2q
3 × 5 × a4×10 × b3×10 × a2×3 × b2×3( (xm)n) = xmn) 2
=
p − 2q
15a40b30a6b6 = 15a40+6 b30+6    ( xm.n = xm+n) ( x + 1) − 2 x
= 15a46b36 On again applying componendo and dividendo.
3. (a) We have, 2x+1 = 4x–3 we have,
2x+1 = 22x–6 ⇒ x + 1 = 2x – 6 ⇒ x = 7
4. (c) We have, 52/3 × 52/6 = 52/3 + 1/3 = 53/3 = 5 2( x 2 + 1) 2. p
=
 a
c
  xb
a
  xc 
b 2.2 x 2.2q
5. (d) We have,  x  ×  c  ×  a 
 b qx2 + q = px
x  x  x 
( ac −bc ) Then, qx2 – px + q = 0.
= x × x (ab −ac ) × x (bc −ab)
3. Ans : 1
= x (ac −ac + bc − bc + ca −ca) 0
= x= 1
6. (d) x= 9 + 4 5
7. (a) 1 1 9−4 5
8. (b) y= = = = 9−4 5
x 9 + 4 5 (9)2 − (4 5) 2
36 Mathematics

1  1 1 ab 2 = 5 ......(ii)
∴  2 + 2
322  x y  3 3 3
Multiplying (i) & (ii), we get a b c = 125
1 abc (125)
= = 1/ 3
5
= [(9 − 4 5) 2 + (9 + 4 5) 2 ]
322
6. Ans : 7
2(81 + 80) 2(161) 322
= = = = 1 1
322 322 322 x+ 3 (given)
=
x
4. Ans : 5 1
Squaring both sides x 2 + +2=9
x2
5 x −3 32 x −8 =
225 ⇒ 5 x −3 32 x −8 =
52.32 1
x2 + 7.
=
By comparing x − 3 = 2 ⇒ x = 3 + 2 = 5. x2
5. Ans : 5

a 2bc3 = 25 ......(i)