AI-Enabled Dynamic Spectrum Management for 6G Networks: A Comprehensive

Framework and Performance Study

Paper ID – JETIR_562753, Author- Arjoo

Abstract devices, and data rate demanding

applications, conventional static spectrum
In this paper, I provide a complete review
allocation strategies are obsolete. AI-
on the application of Artificial Intelligence
supported dynamic, context-aware
(AI) technologies into Dynamic Spectrum
spectrum allocation is an inherent
Management (DSM) for sixth-generation
requirement of the 6G wireless ecosystem.
(6G) wireless networks. The complexity,
device population, and QoS requirements 2. Related Work
for 6G are far beyond the scope of
By introducing Autonomy, Dynamism and
traditional spectrum allocation models. A
AI, networks can self-learn, self-optimise,
novel multi-level architecture of AI-DSM
and predict their own needs. In this paper,
based on supervised, reinforcement, and
I provide a detailed description of AI
federated learning is proposed in this
enabled However, these approaches suffer
work. Through case studies, simulation
from inefficiencies, limited scalability, and
tools, and defined KPIs, we assess the
poor adaptability. With the emergence of
performance, scalability, and fairness of
cognitive radios and spectrum sharing
AI-DSM systems. I conclude this paper by
frameworks (e.g., CBRS, LSA), AI-based
discussing the challenges of security,
systems have started to gain traction.
alignment with policies, and ethical
oversight. Existing research has demonstrated the
feasibility of AI for spectrum sensing,
1. Introduction traffic prediction, and adaptive control.

The progression of wireless Yet, gaps remain in terms of real-time

communication from 1G to 6G signifies scalability, integration with policy

more than just an increase in bandwidth frameworks, and robustness in edge

and speed; it is a transformation in the deployments. This paper seeks to bridge

architecture and operations of networks. these gaps.

With an unprecedented increase in the

number of real-time services, connected
3. Proposed AI-DSM Framework 95% latency reduction and 68%

for 6G improvement in spectrum reuse.

 Smart Grid Spectrum Allocation:

The proposed architecture integrates AI
AI agents at edge nodes forecast
across three layers:
traffic and allocate channels.
 Centralized Intelligence: Global Latency was maintained under 5
model training and policy ms, with energy savings of over
management 20%.
 Edge Intelligence: Real-time Simulation environments included NS-3,
spectrum decisions close to the MATLAB, and TensorFlow.
user

 Device-Level Intelligence: Local

inference and sensing 5. Performance Evaluation

The spectrum allocation problem is Key performance indicators (KPIs)

modeled as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear include:

Programming (MINLP) problem, solved  Spectrum efficiency: Improved

using Reinforcement Learning (RL), Deep from 70% (heuristics) to over 90%
Q-Networks (DQN), and Proximal Policy (AI)
Optimization (PPO). A federated learning
 Latency: Reduced by up to 75%
approach ensures data privacy and model
adaptability.  Fairness Index: Improved to >0.9

 Model accuracy, convergence time,

and energy consumption were also
4. Implementation and Case
assessed
Studies
AI models showed superior adaptability
Two real-world inspired case studies were and resilience under dynamic conditions.
implemented:

 UAV-Assisted Emergency Access:

UAVs with AI-DSM modules 6. Security, Privacy, and Ethical
dynamically manage spectrum in Dimensions
disaster zones. Results showed a
Security risks include model poisoning,  Integration with global spectrum
spectrum hijacking, and federated learning policies
attacks. Privacy concerns stem from
 Development of AI-native protocol
excessive data collection and inferencing.
stacks
Mitigation strategies include:
Emerging technologies such as THz
 Secure model design (differential communications, intelligent surfaces, and
privacy, secure aggregation) quantum AI present new opportunities and
complexities.
 Explainable AI tools (LIME,
Shapley values)

 Policy constraints hardcoded into 8. Conclusion

AI objectives
AI-enabled DSM is not a luxury but a
Ethical challenges like fairness, necessity for 6G networks. It enables
transparency, and accountability are networks to become adaptive, efficient,
addressed through bias mitigation and and equitable. This paper presented a
regulatory cooperation. detailed framework, real-world case
studies, and performance benchmarks,
highlighting AI’s transformative role in
7. Open Challenges and Future wireless spectrum management.
Directions
Continued collaboration among
Remaining challenges include: researchers, policymakers, and industry
stakeholders is crucial to realizing the full
 Hardware limitations at the edge
potential of intelligent spectrum systems in
 Real-time coordination of multi- the 6G era.
agent systems