Unit-1

Representation of Power system components

Single-phase representation of balanced three phase networks

One Line Diagram

In practice, electric power systems are very complex and their size is unwieldy. It is very
difficult to represent all the components of the system on a single frame. The complexities
could be in terms of various types of protective devices, machines (transformers, generators,
motors, etc.), their connections (star, delta, etc.), etc. Hence, for the purpose of power system
analysis, a simple single phase equivalent circuit is developed called, the one line diagram
(OLD) or the single line diagram (SLD). An SLD is thus, the concise form of representing a
given power system.
Impedance diagram

Symbols used for SLD

Various symbols are used to represent the different parameters and machines as single phase
equivalents on the SLD,. Some of the important symbols used are as listed in the table
Advantages of per unit system
i) Per unit data representation yields valuable relative magnitude information.
ii) Circuit analysis of systems containing transformers of various transformation ratios is greatly
simplified.
iii) The p.u systems are ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power
system problems.
iv) Manufacturers usually specify the impedance values of equivalent in per unit of the
equipments rating. If the any data is not available, it is easier to assume its per unit value than
its numerical value.
v) The ohmic values of impedances are refereed to secondary is different from the value as refer
to primary. However, if base values are selected properly, the p.u impedance is the same on the
two sides of the transformer.
vi) The circuit laws are valid in p.u systems, and the power and voltages equations are
simplified since the factors of √3 and 3 are eliminated.
Reactance diagram

Generator:-300 MVA , 20 KV , Reactance 20%

Transformer 1 (T1):-350 MVA , 20/230 KV , Reactance 10%
Transmission line (TL):- Length=64 km , Reactance=j0.5ohm/km
Transformer 2 (T2):-3 X 100 MVA , 127/13.2 KV , Reactance 10%
Motor Load 1 (M1):- 200 MVA , 13.2KV , Reactance 20%
Motor Load 2 (M2):- 100 MVA , 13.2KV , Reactance 20%
Solution,

Total reactance of transmission line will be,

j0.5ohm x 64 km = j32 ohm
Now we convert the single phase rating of Transformer 2 into three phase rating,
3 x 100 = 300 MVA
This voltage rating (127/13.2 KV) is phase voltage.
But when three single phase transformer comes to three phase transformer we have to
write the phase voltage rating in line voltage
So the line voltage will be,

Primary is star connected, So VL = 3 Vph = 3 x 127 = 220 KV

Secondary is delta connected, So VL = Vph =13.2 KV

Say,
Base MVA = MVAb(new)=300MVA
Base KV = KVb(new)=20KV
Once we choose base MVA, throughout the power system base MVA will not change.
But when we cross the transformer from primary to secondary the KV base will change.
HT 230 KV
KVb(new) on HT side = KVb(new) on LT side x = 20 KV x = 230 KV
LT 20 KV

LT 13.2 KV
KVb(new) on LT side = KVb(new) on HT side x = 230 KV x = 13.8 KV
HT 220 KV

Now, The formula for calculation of per unit(PU) reactance,

2
 KVold  MVAnew
X PU ( new)  X PU ( old )  
 KVnew  MVAold

PU reactance of Generator(G),
2
 20  300
X PU ( new)  0.2 X   X
 20  300 = 0.2 PU

PU reactance of Transformer 1(T1),

2
 20  300
X PU ( new)  0.1X   X = 0.0857 PU
 20  350

PU reactance of Transmission line 1(TL),

2 2
Re ac tan ce ( KVb ,new ) 230
 z
, and b  
zb MVAb ( new) 300 = 176.33 ohm

j 32
= = 0.1815 PU
176.33
PU reactance of Transformer 2(T2),
2
 220  300
X PU ( new)  0.1X   X
 230  300 = 0.0915 PU

PU reactance of motor 1(M1),

2
 13.2  300
X PU ( new)  0.2 X   X = 0.2745 PU
 13.8  200

PU reactance of motor 2(M2),

2
 13.2  300
X PU ( new)  0.2 X   X = 0.549 PU
 13.8  100

Hence the reactance diagram of the power system,

NB-Reactance diagram is useful in load flow analysis and short circuit analysis.
Example,
Obtain the per unit impedance diagram of the power System shown in figure. Assume a
base of 30 MVA, 33 kv on the transmission line

The reactance data of the elements are given below,

Solution,

Say,
Base MVA = MVAb(new)=30MVA
Base KV = KVb(new)=33KV on the transmission line
LT 11KV
KVb(new) on LT side of T1 = KVb(new) on HT side x = 33 KV x = 11 KV
HT 33KV

LT 6.2 KV
KVb(new) on LT side of T2 = KVb(new) on HT side x = 33 KV x = 6.2 KV
HT 33KV

Now ,
PU reactance of Generator 1(G1),

Re ac tan ce Re ac tan ce 1.6 1.6

   
( KVb ,new ) 2
(11) 2 = 0.39 PU
zb 4.03
MVAb ( new) 30

PU reactance of Generator 2(G2),

Re ac tan ce Re ac tan ce 1.2 1.2

   
( KVb ,new ) 2
(6.2) 2 = 0.93 PU
zb 1.28
MVAb ( new) 30

PU reactance of Generator 3(G3),

Re ac tan ce Re ac tan ce 0.56

   
0.56
( KVb ,new ) 2
(6.2) 2 = 0.43 PU
zb 1.28
MVAb ( new) 30

PU reactance of Transformer 1(T1),

Re ac tan ce 15.2 15.2


Re ac tan ce   
zb ( KVb ,new ) 2 (33) 2 36.3 = 0.41 PU
MVAb ( new) 30

PU reactance of Transformer 2(T2),

Re ac tan ce Re ac tan ce 16 16
   
zb ( KVb ,new ) 2 (33) 2 36.3 = 0.44 PU
MVAb ( new) 30

PU reactance of Transmission line(TL),

Re ac tan ce Re ac tan ce 20.5 20.5

   
( KVb ,new ) 2
(33) 2 = 0.56 PU
zb 36.3
MVAb ( new) 30
Load impedance of load A,

SL= 40∠cos-1(0.9) = 40∠25.8

V2 112
Actual load impedance ( Z L )  * , ZL  
121
= 3.02∠25.8 ohm
SL 40 25.8 40 25.8

KVb 2 112
Base load impedance ( Zb )    4.03
MVAb 30

ZL 3.02 25.8
Z L , pu  Z
, L , pu  = 0.74∠25.8 = 0.66+j0.32
Zb 4.03

Load impedance of load B,

SL= 40∠cos-1(0.85) = 40∠31.7

V2 6.62
Actual load impedance ( Z L )  * , ZL  
43.56
= 1.08∠31.7 ohm
SL 40 31.7 40 31.7

KVb 2 6.22
Base load impedance ( Zb )    1.28
MVAb 30

ZL 1.08 31.7
Z L , pu  , Z L, pu  = 0.84∠31.7 = 0.71+j0.44
Zb 1.28
[NB.
(1)Case-1 Load =62 MVA ,0.8 PF lagging at 10.5 KV

SL= 62∠cos-1(0.8) = 62∠36.86

V2 10.52
Actual load impedance ( Z L )  *  =1.423+j1.0667
SL 62 36.86

KVb 2 112
Base load impedance ( Zb )    1.21
MVAb 100

ZL 1.423  j1.0667
Z L , pu  , Z L, pu  =1.176+j0.88 pu
Zb 1.21

(2)Case-2 Load = 48 MW + j 64 Mvar , 200 kv

V2 2002 2002
Actual load impedance ( Z L )  *   = 500∠59.03
SL 48  j 64 80 59.03

KVb 2 2002
Base load impedance ( Zb )   = 400
MVAb 100

ZL 500 59.03
Z L , pu  , Z L, pu  = 1.25∠59.03 = 0.75+j1 pu ]
Zb 400

Example,

The single line diagram of an unloaded power system is shown in Fig.The generator
transformer ratings are as follows.
G1=20 MVA, 11 kV, X’’=25%
G2=30 MVA, 18 kV, X’’=25%
G3=30 MVA, 20 kV, X’’=21%
T1=25 MVA, 220/13.8 kV (Δ/Y), X=15%
T2=3 single phase units each rated 10 MVA, 127/18 kV(Y/Δ), X=15%
T3=15 MVA, 220/20 kV(Y/Δ), X=15%
Draw the reactance diagram using a base of 50 MVA and 11 kV on the generator1.
Solution,

Base MVA b,new = 50 MVA

Base kV b,new = 11 kV ( generator side)
Example,

Draw the reactance diagram of given power system using common base of 100 MVA and
20 KV on the generator side. All the impedance including load impedance is in PU.

G= 85 MVA , 20 KV , 16%
T1= 60 MVA , 20/220 KV , 10 %
T2 = 50 MVA , 220/11KV , 5%
T3 = 50 MVA , 20/110 KV , 7%
T4 = 40 MVA , 110/11KV , 9%
M = 65 MVA , 10.5 KV , 17%
Load = 62 MVA , 10.5 KV at 0.8 power factor lagging.
Line 1 and Line 2 have reactance of 45 ohm and 60 ohm respectively

Solution,

MVAb(new) = 100 MVA

KVb(new) = 20 KV (Generator side)
PU impedance of Generator (G),
2
 20   100 
Z pu ( new)  j 0.16 X   X    j 0.188 pu
 
20  85 
PU impedance of Transformer 1 (T1),
2
 20   100 
Z pu ( new)  j 0.10 X   X    j 0.166 pu
 
20  60 

PU impedance of Transmission line 1 (TL1),

HT 220 KV
KVb(new) on HT side = KVb(new) on LT side x = 20 KV x = 220 KV
LT 20 KV
 Z ( KVb,new )2 2202
Z pu ( new)  actual , and zb   = 484 ohm
zb MVAb ( new) 100

j 45
= = 0.093 PU
484
PU impedance of Transformer 2 (T2),
2
 220   100 
Z pu ( new)  j 0.05 X   X   j 0.1 pu
 220   50 
PU impedance of Transmission line 2 (TL2),

HT 110 KV
KVb(new) on HT side = KVb(new) on LT side x = 20 KV x = 110 KV
LT 20 KV

Z ( KVb,new )2 1102
Z pu ( new)  actual , and zb   = 121 ohm
zb MVAb ( new) 100

j 60
= = 0.496 PU
121

PU impedance of Transformer 4 (T4),

2
 110   100 
Z pu ( new)  j 0.09 X   X    j 0.225 pu
 110   40 

PU impedance of Motor (M),

11
KVb(new) on LT side of T2 = 220 X = 11 kv
220

11
KVb(new) on LT side of T4 = 110 X = 11 kv
110
2
 10.5   100 
Z pu ( new)  j 0.17 X   X    j 0.238 pu
 11   65 

PU impedance of Load ,

SL= 62∠cos-1(0.8) = 62∠36.86

 V2 10.52
Actual load impedance ( Z L )  *  =1.423+j1.0667
SL 62 36.86

KVb 2 112
Base load impedance ( Zb )    1.21
MVAb 100

ZL 1.423  j1.0667
Z L , pu  , Z L, pu  =1.176+j0.88 pu
Zb 1.21

Sequence Impedance and Sequence Network

The sequence impedances are impedances offered by the devices or components for the like
sequence component of the current. The single phase equivalent circuit of a power system
consisting of impedances to the current of any one sequence only is called sequence network.

Positive Sequence Components

The positive sequence components are equal in magnitude and displayed from each other by
1200 with the same sequence as the original phases. The positive sequence currents and voltages
follow the same cycle order of the original source. In the case of typical counter clockwise
rotation electrical system, the positive sequence phasor are shown in Fig. The same case applies
for the positive current phasors. This sequence is also called the "abc" sequence and usually
denoted by the symbol"+" or "1"
Negative Sequence Components

This sequence has components that are also equal in magnitude and displayed from each other
by 1200 similar to the positive sequence components. However, it has an opposite phase
sequence from the original system. The negative sequence is identified as the "acb" sequence
and usually denoted by the symbol "-" or "2" . The phasors of this sequence are shown in Fig
where the phasors rotate anti- clockwise. This sequence occurs only in case of an
unsymmetrical fault in addition to the positive sequence components.

Zero Sequence Components

In this sequence, its components consist of three phasors which are equal in magnitude as
before but with a zero displacement. The phasor components are in phase with each other. This
is illustrated in Fig. Under an asymmetrical fault condition, this sequence symbolizes the
residual electricity in the system in terms of voltages and currents where a ground or a fourth
wire exists. It happens when ground currents return to the power system through any grounding
point in the electrical system. In this type of faults, the positive and the negative components are
also present. This sequence is known by the symbol "0".

Vector operator (a)

The ' a ' operator is a short-hand method of representing a phase shift difference of 120 degrees
in a three-phase power system. The operator ' a ' rotates with an angle of 120° in an
anticlockwise direction.
a = 1∠1200 = -0.5+j0.866

a2 = 1∠2400 = -0.5-j0.866

a3 = 1∠3600 = 1

1+a+a2 = 0
EXAMPLE
The symmetrical components of a phase –a voltage in a 3-phase unbalanced system are
Va0 =10∠1800 v , Va1 = 50∠00 v and Va2 = 20∠900 v

Determine the phase voltages Va ,Vb and Vc

Solution,
THREE-SEQUENCE IMPEDANCES AND SEQUENCE NETWORKS

The analysis of unsymmetrical faults in power systems is carried out by finding the symmetrical
components of the unbalanced currents.
Since each sequence current causes a voltage drop of that sequence only, each sequence current
can be considered to flow in an independent network composed of impedances to current of that
sequence only. The single phase equivalent circuit composed of the impedances to current of
any one sequence only is called the sequence network of that particular sequence. The sequence
networks contain the generated emfs and impedances of like sequence. Therefore for every
power system we can form three- sequence networks. These sequence networks, carrying
current Ia1, Ia2 and Ia0 are then inter-connected to represent the different fault conditions.

SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

Power system is a balanced device. In a balanced system we will have only positive sequence
networks, but when faults are introduced in the system the system becomes unbalanced. When
power system becomes unbalance the negative sequence and zero sequence also introduce in the
system along with positive sequence.

Equivalent circuit of synchronous machine

Positive sequence network

3 Φ Positive sequence network 1 Φ Positive sequence network

In = Ia1+Ib1+Ic1 Ia1

= Ia1+a2 Ia1+a Ia1

= Ia1[1+a2 +a] Ic1 Ib1

=0

Hence neutral current will be zero. That is why no neutral connection is drawn in Positive
sequence network.

Negative sequence network

Negative sequence comes into the picture when power system becomes unbalanced. It is the
unbalanced state of the system and will not produce any additional voltage. So we need not
draw the voltage source in the network.

3 Φ negative sequence network 1 Φ negative sequence network

In = Ia2+Ib2+Ic2 Ia2

= Ia2+a Ia2+ a2 Ia2

= Ia2 [1+a + a2] Ib2 Ic2

=0

Hence neutral current will be zero. That is why no neutral connection is drawn in negative
sequence network.

Zero sequence network

3 Φ zero sequence network 1 Φ zero sequence network

In = Ia0+Ib0+Ic0

= 3 Ia0 Ia0 Ib0 Ic0

SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF TRANSFORMER

As transformer is a static element, the sequence in which the currents are rotating does not
affect the impedance of the network. That is why Positive sequence network and negative
sequence network is same in case of transformer.

Positive sequence network and negative sequence network

zero sequence network

For star connection with grounding neutral For delta connection

For star connection without grounding neutral

Zero Sequence Equivalent Circuits of Three‐Phase Transformers

SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF TRANSMISSION LINE

1.Positive and negative sequence impedances are equal.

2.Zero sequence impedance is approximately 2.5 times that of positive or negative sequence
impedance in the case of single circuit lines. For double circuit lines, the order will be more.
Example