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Learn coding and testing with puzzles and games

Ken Youens-Clark

MANNING

Tiny Python Projects

KEN YOUENS-CLARK

MANNING
SHELTER ISLAND

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brief contents

Getting started: Introduction and installation guide

1

How to write and test a Python program

15

The crow’s nest: Working with strings

35

Going on a picnic: Working with lists

55

Jump the Five: Working with dictionaries

76

Howler: Working with files and STDOUT

92

Words count: Reading files and STDIN, iterating lists,

formatting strings

107

Gashlycrumb: Looking items up in a dictionary 118

Apples and Bananas: Find and replace

128

Dial-a-Curse: Generating random insults from

lists of words

150

10

■
Telephone: Randomly mutating strings

165

11

Bottles of Beer Song: Writing and

testing functions

178

12

Ransom: Randomly capitalizing text

195

13

Twelve Days of Christmas: Algorithm design

207

iii

iv

BRIEF CONTENTS

14

■
Rhymer: Using regular expressions to create

rhyming words

225

15

The Kentucky Friar: More regular expressions

248

16

The Scrambler: Randomly reordering the middles

of words

268

17

Mad Libs: Using regular expressions

281

18

Gematria: Numeric encoding of text using

ASCII values
295

19

Workout of the Day: Parsing CSV files, creating

text table output

311

20

Password strength: Generating a secure and

memorable password

331

21

Tic-Tac-Toe: Exploring state

351

22

Tic-Tac-Toe redux: An interactive version

with type hints

367
contents

preface

xv

acknowledgments

xvii

about this book

xix

about the author

xxii

about the cover

xxiii

Getting started: Introduction and installation guide

Writing command-line programs

Using test-driven development

Setting up your environment

Code examples
5

Getting the code

Installing modules

10

Code formatters

10

Code linters

11

How to start writing new programs

11

Why not Notebooks?

12

The scope of topics we’ll cover

12

Why not object-oriented programming?

13

A note about the lingo

13

v
vi

CONTENTS

1 How to write and test a Python program 15

1.1

Creating your first program

15

1.2

Comment lines

16

1.3

Testing your program

17

1.4

Adding the #! (shebang) line

18

1.5

Making a program executable

20

1.6

Understanding $PATH
20

Altering your $PATH

21

1.7

Adding a parameter and help

22

1.8

Making the argument optional

24

1.9

Running our tests

26

1.10

Adding the main() function

26

1.11

Adding the get_args() function

27

Checking style and errors

28
1.12

Testing hello.py

29

1.13

Starting a new program with new.py

30

1.14

Using template.py as an alternative to new.py

33

2 The crow’s nest: Working with strings 35

2.1

Getting started

36

How to use the tests

36 ■ Creating programs with new.py

37

Write, test, repeat

38 ■ Defining your arguments

39

Concatenating strings
41 ■ Variable types

42 ■ Getting

just part of a string

43 ■ Finding help in the REPL

44

String methods

44 ■ String comparisons

45 ■ Conditional

branching

47 ■ String formatting

48 ■ Time to write

49

2.2

Solution

49

2.3

Discussion

50

Defining the arguments with get_args()

50 ■ The main()
thing

51 ■ Classifying the first character of a word

51

Printing the results

52 ■ Running the test suite

52

2.4

Going further

53

3 Going on a picnic: Working with lists 55

3.1

Starting the program

56

3.2

Writing picnic.py

58

CONTENTS

vii

3.3

Introducing lists
59

Adding one element to a list

60 ■ Adding many elements to a

list

61 ■ Indexing lists

63 ■ Slicing lists

64 ■ Finding

elements in a list

64 ■ Removing elements from a list

65

Sorting and reversing a list

67 ■ Lists are mutable

69

Joining a list

70

3.4

Conditional branching with if/elif/else

70

Time to write

71
3.5

Solution

71

3.6

Discussion

73

Defining the arguments

73 ■ Assigning and sorting the items

73

Formatting the items

73 ■ Printing the items

74

3.7

Going further

75

4 Jump the Five: Working with dictionaries 76

4.1

Dictionaries

77

Creating a dictionary
78 ■ Accessing dictionary values

80

Other dictionary methods

81

4.2

Writing jump.py

82

4.3

Solution

84

4.4

Discussion

85

Defining the parameters

85 ■ Using a dict for encoding

85

Various ways to process items in a series

86 ■ (Not) using

str.replace()

90
4.5

Going further

91

5 Howler: Working with files and STDOUT 92

5.1

Reading files

93

5.2

Writing files

97

5.3

Writing howler.py

99

5.4

Solution

101

5.5

Discussion

102

Defining the arguments

102 ■ Reading input from a file or the

command line

103 ■ Choosing the output file handle

104

Printing the output

104 ■ A low-memory version

104

5.6

Going further

106

viii

CONTENTS

6 Words count: Reading files and STDIN, iterating lists,

formatting strings

107

6.1

Writing wc.py

109

Defining file inputs

110 ■ Iterating lists

111 ■ What you’re

counting

111 ■ Formatting your results

112

6.2

Solution

114

6.3

Discussion

115

Defining the arguments

115 ■ Reading a file using

a for loop

115

6.4

Going further

117

7 Gashlycrumb: Looking items up in a dictionary 118

7.1

Writing gashlycrumb.py
119

7.2

Solution

122

7.3

Discussion

123

Handling the arguments

123 ■ Reading the input file

124

Using a dictionary comprehension

125 ■ Dictionary

lookups

126

7.4

Going further

126

8 Apples and Bananas: Find and replace 128

8.1

Altering strings
130

Using the str.replace() method

131 ■ Using str.translate()

131

Other ways to mutate strings

132

8.2

Solution

133

8.3

Discussion

134

Defining the parameters

134 ■ Eight ways to replace

the vowels

135

8.4

Refactoring with tests

149

8.5
Going further

149

9 Dial-a-Curse: Generating random insults from

lists of words

150

9.1

Writing abuse.py

151

Validating arguments

153 ■ Importing and seeding the random

module

154 ■ Defining the adjectives and nouns

155 ■ Taking

random samples and choices

156 ■ Formatting the output

156

CONTENTS

ix

9.2

Solution
157

9.3

Discussion

159

Defining the arguments

159 ■ Using parser.error()

160

Program exit values and STDERR

160 ■ Controlling randomness

with random.seed()

161 ■ Iterating with range() and using

throwaway variables

162 ■ Constructing the insults

162

9.4

Going further

163

10 Telephone: Randomly mutating strings 165

10.1

Writing telephone.py
167

Calculating the number of mutations

168 ■ The mutation

space

169 ■ Selecting the characters to mutate

169

Mutating a string

172 ■ Time to write

173

10.2

Solution

173

10.3

Discussion

175

Mutating a string

175 ■ Using a list instead of a str

176

10.4

Going further
177

11 Bottles of Beer Song: Writing and testing functions 178

11.1

Writing bottles.py

179

Counting down

180 ■ Writing a function

181 ■ Writing

a test for verse()

182 ■ Using the verse() function

186

11.2

Solution

187

11.3

Discussion

189

Counting down

189 ■ Test-driven development

189
The verse() function

190 ■ Iterating through the verses

191

1,500 other solutions

194

11.4

Going further

194

12 Ransom: Randomly capitalizing text 195

12.1

Writing ransom.py

197

Mutating the text

197 ■ Flipping a coin

198 ■ Creating

a new string

198

12.2

Solution

199
12.3

Discussion

200

Iterating through elements in a sequence

200 ■ Writing a function

to choose the letter

202 ■ Another way to write list.append()

202

Using a str instead of a list

203 ■ Using a list comprehension

203

Using a map() function

204

CONTENTS

12.4

Comparing methods

204

12.5

Going further
205

13 Twelve Days of Christmas: Algorithm design 207

13.1

Writing twelve_days.py

208

Counting

209 ■ Creating the ordinal value

211 ■ Making the

verses

213 ■ Using the verse() function

215 ■ Printing

215

Time to write

215

13.2

Solution

216

13.3

Discussion

218
Making one verse

218 ■ Generating the verses

221

Printing the verses

222

13.4

Going further

223

14 Rhymer: Using regular expressions to create rhyming

words 225

14.1

Writing rhymer.py

227

Breaking a word

228 ■ Using regular expressions

229

Using capture groups

232 ■ Truthiness

236 ■ Creating the

output
238

14.2

Solution

238

14.3

Discussion

240

Stemming a word

240 ■ Formatting and commenting the regular

expression

242 ■ Using the stemmer() function outside your

program

243 ■ Creating rhyming strings

244 ■ Writing

stemmer() without regular expressions

245

14.4

Going further

246

15 The Kentucky Friar: More regular expressions 248

15.1

Writing friar.py

250

Splitting text using regular expressions

251 ■ Shorthand

classes

252 ■ Negated shorthand classes

254 ■ Using re.split()

with a captured regex

255 ■ Writing the fry() function

256

Using the fry() function

261

15.2

Solution

262

15.3

Discussion

263

Writing the fry() function manually

264 ■ Writing the fry()

function with regular expressions

266

15.4

Going further

266

CONTENTS

xi

16 The Scrambler: Randomly reordering the middles of words

268

16.1

Writing scrambler.py

269

Breaking the text into lines and words

270 ■ Capturing, non-

capturing, and optional groups

272 ■ Compiling a regex

272

Scrambling a word

273 ■ Scrambling all the words

275

16.2

Solution

276

16.3

Discussion

277

Processing the text

277 ■ Scrambling a word

279

16.4

Going further

280

17 Mad Libs: Using regular expressions 281

17.1

Writing mad.py

282

Using regular expressions to find the pointy bits

284

Halting and printing errors

287 ■ Getting the values

288

Substituting the text

289

17.2

Solution

289

17.3

Discussion

290

Substituting with regular expressions

291 ■ Finding the

placeholders without regular expressions

291

17.4

Going further

293

18 Gematria: Numeric encoding of text using

ASCII values

295
18.1

Writing gematria.py

296

Cleaning a word

297 ■ Ordinal character values and

ranges

298 ■ Summing and reducing

300 ■ Using

functools.reduce

302 ■ Encoding the words

303

Breaking the text

304

18.2

Solution

304

18.3

Discussion

305

Writing word2num()
306 ■ Sorting

308 ■ Testing

309

18.4

Going further

309

19 Workout of the Day: Parsing CSV files, creating text

table output

311

19.1

Writing wod.py

312

Reading delimited text files

313 ■ Manually reading a CSV

file

315 ■ Parsing with the csv module

318 ■ Creating a

xii

CONTENTS

function to read a CSV file

320 ■ Selecting the exercises

321

Formatting the output

322 ■ Handling bad data

322

Time to write

323

19.2

Solution

323

19.3

Discussion

325

Reading a CSV file

325 ■ Potential runtime errors

326

Using pandas.read_csv() to parse the file

327 ■ Formatting

the table

328
19.4

Going further

330

20 Password strength: Generating a secure and memorable

password

331

20.1

Writing password.py

334

Creating a unique list of words

335 ■ Cleaning the text

337

Using a set

339 ■ Filtering the words

340 ■ Titlecasing the

words

341 ■ Sampling and making a password

341

l33t-ify

342 ■ Putting it all together

343

20.2

Solution

343

20.3

Discussion

346

Cleaning the text

346 ■ A king’s ransom

347 ■ How to

l33t()

347 ■ Processing the files

347 ■ Sampling and

creating the passwords

348

20.4

Going further

349

21 Tic-Tac-Toe: Exploring state 351

21.1
Writing tictactoe.py

353

Validating user input

355 ■ Altering the board

355

Printing the board

356 ■ Determining a winner

356

Solution

357 ■ Validating the arguments and mutating

the board

360 ■ Formatting the board

363 ■ Finding the

winner

364

21.2

Going further

366

22 Tic-Tac-Toe redux: An interactive version

with type hints

Other documents randomly have
different content
 CHAP. V.
Of the Flower.

W
e next proceed to the Flower. The general Parts whereof
are most commonly three; sc. the Empalement, the
Foliation, and the Attire.
The Empalement, whether of one or more pieces, I call that which
is the utmost part of the Flower, encompassing the other two. ’Tis
compounded of the three general Parts, the Skin, the Cortical and
Lignous Bodies; each Empaler (where there are divers) being as
another little Leaf; as in those of a Quince-Flower, as oft as they
happen to be overgrown, is well seen. As likewise in the Primrose,
with the green Flower, commonly so call’d, though by a mistake; for
that which seems to be the Flower, is only the more flourishing
Empalement, the Flower it self being white; but the continuation of
all the three aforesaid Parts into each Empaler, is discoverable, I
think, no where better than in an Artichoke, which is a true Flower,
and whose Empalers are of that amplitude, as fairly to shew them
all: As also, that the Original of the Skin of each Empaler is not
distinct from that of the rest; but to be all one piece, laid in so many
Plaits or Duplicatures as there are Empalers, from the outermost to
the inner and most central ones.
The Design of the Empalement, is to be security and Bands to the
other two Parts of the Flower: To be their security before its
opening, by intercepting all extremities of Weather: Afterwards to be
their Bands, and firmly to contain all their Parts in their due and
most decorous posture; so that a Flower without its Empalement,
would hang as uncouth and taudry as a Lady without her Bodies.
Hence we have the reason why it is various, and sometimes
wanting. Some Flowers have none, as Tulips; for having a fat and
firm Leaf, and each Leaf likewise standing on a broad and strong
Basis, they are thus sufficient to themselves. Carnations, on the
contrary, have not only an Empalement, but that (for more
firmitude) of one piece: For otherwise, the foot of each Leaf being
very long and slender, most of them would be apt to break out of
compass; yet is the top of the Impalement indented also; that the
Indentments, by being lapp’d over the Leaves before their
expansion, may then protect them; and by being spred under them
afterwards, may better shoulder and prop them up. And if the feet of
the Leaves be both long and very tender too, here the Empalement
is numerous, though consisting of several pieces; yet those in divers
Rounds, and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other
(which also the Learned Dr. Brown observes) as in all Knapweeds,
and other Flowers; whereby, how commodious they are for both the
aforesaid ends, may easily be conceiv’d; and well enough
exemplified by the Scales of Fishes, whereunto, as to their position,
they have not an unapt resemblance.
The Foliation also, is of the same substantial nature with the green
Leaf; the Membrane, Pulp, and Fibres whereof, being, as there, so
here, but the continuation of the Skin, the Cortical and Lignous
Bodies.
The Foulds of the Flower or Foliation are various, as those of the
green Leaf; but some of them different. The most general are, First,
The Plain Couch, as in Roses, and many other double Flowers. then
the Concave Couch as in Blattaria flore albo. Next the Plait, as in
some of the Leaves of Pease-Blooms, in the Flowers of Coriander,
&c. which is either single, as in those nam’d; or double, as in Blew-
Bottle, Jacea, and more of that rank. Next, the Couch and Plait
together in the same Flower, as in Marigolds, Daisies, and all others
of an agreeing form: where the first apparent Fould or Composture
of the Leaves is in Couch; but the Leaves being erect, each likewise
may be seen to lie in a double Plait within it self. Then the Rowl, as
in the Flowers of Ladies-Bower, the broad top of each Leaf being by
a double Rowl foulded up inwardly. Next, the Spire, which it the
beginning of a Rowl; and may be seen in the Flowers of Mallows,
and others. Lastly, the Plait and Spire together, where the part
analogous to the Foliation, is of one piece, the Plaits being here laid,
and so carried on by Spiral Lines to the top of the Flower, as is in
divers, and I think in Convolvulus Doronici folio more elegantly seen.
The reason of all which varieties, a comparative consideration of the
several parts of the Flower may suggest. Ile only mention, that no
Flower that I find, hath a Back-Rowl, as hath the green Leaf, for two
Reasons; because its Leaves have not their Fibres standing out much
on their backside, as the green Leaves have; and because of its
Attire, which it ever embosomes, and cannot so well do it by a Back-
Rowl.
The usual Protections of Flowers by the Precedents are express’d,
sc. Green Leaves and Empalements. Some have another more
peculiar, that is a double Vail; as the Spring-Crocus. For having no
Empalement, and starting up early out of the Mould, even before its
Green Leaves, and that upon the first opening of the Spring; lest it
should thus be quite starved, ’tis born swath’d up in a double
Blanket, or with a pair of Sheets upon its Back.
The Leaves of divers Flowers at their Basis have an hairy Tuft; by
which Tufts the Concave of the Empalement is fill’d up; that, being
very choice and tender, they may thus be kept in a gentle and
constant warmth, as most convenient for them.
The Leaves of the Flower, though they are not hairy all over, yet in
some particular parts they are often set with a fine Downy Velvet;
that, being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to
their delicate and tender Attire, they may thus give it a more softly
and warmer touch. Thus in the Flower of Ladies Bower, those parts
of its Leaves which rowl inward, and lie contiguous to the Attire, are
Downy; whereas the other parts are plain and smooth: So the
Flowers of Pease, Spanish Broom, Toad-Flax, and many others,
where contiguous to their Attires, are deck’d with the like Hairy
Velvet.
As upon the Green Leaves, so upon the Flowers are Globulets
sometimes seen; as upon the backside of that of Enula. On none
more plainly than that kind of Blattaria with the white Flower; where
they are all transparent, and growing both on the Stalk and Leaves
of the Flower, each shewing likewise its Peduncle whereon it is
erected.
The use of the Flower, or the Foliation whereof we now speak,
(that is, as to its private service) is for the protection of the Attire;
this, as its under, and the Empalement as its upper Garments; as
likewise of the Fruit: The necessity of which Service, in some Cases,
by the different situation of the Flower and Fruit, with respect to
each other, is evident; Apples, Pears, and several other Fruits,
standing behind or under the Flower; but Cherries, Apricots, and
divers others, within it; for these, being of a very tender and pulpous
Body, and withal putting forth with the colder part of the Spring,
could not weather it out against the Variations and Extremities of the
Air, (as those of a more solid Parenchyma can) except lodged up
within their Flowers.
And as the Flower is serviceable to the safety of the Fruit, so is it
to its growth; sc. in its Infancy, or Embryo-estate; for which purpose,
as there is a Flower, so that Flower is greater or less, according as
the nature of the Fruit to which it belongs, and the plenty of the Sap
by which the Fruit is fed, doth require. Thus, where the young Fruit
is of a solider constitution, and the ascent of the Sap less copious,
were there here no Flower to promote the said ascent thereof into
the Fruit (in the manner as is effected by the Green Leaves) it must
needs pine and die, or prove less kindly. On the contrary, should the
Flower be over-large, it would not only promote the ascent of the
Sap up to the Fruit, but being as yet over-proportionate to it, would
likewise it self exhaust the same Sap, as fast as ascendent; like a
greedy Nurse, that prepares the Meat for her Child, and then eats it
up her self. Thus we see Apples and Pears with a Flower of a
moderate size, like their Body; of a middle Constitution, and their
Sap of a middle quantity: But Quinces, being more solid, besides
that they have as great a Flower, the Impalers of their Flower also
thrive so far as to become handsom Leaves, continuing also after
the Flower is fallen, firm and verdent a great while; so long till the
fruit be able to provide for it self. On the other hand, Plums being
more tender and Sappy than Apples and Pears, besides that their
Empalers are much alike, their flower is less, and Gooseberries and
Currans, which are still more Pulpy, and the course of the Sap
towards them more free, have yet a flower far less. And Grapes,
whose Sap is still of quicker Ascent, have scarce any flower at all;
only some small resemblance thereof, serving just upon the setting
of the fruit, and no longer.
The Attire I find to be of two kinds, Seminie and Florie: That
which I call Seminie, is made up of two general parts, Chives and
Semets, one upon each Chive. These Semets have the appearance
(especially in many flowers) of so many little Seeds; but are quite
another kind of Body: For upon enquiry we find, that these Semets,
though they seem to be solid, and for some time after their first
formation, are entire; yet are they really hollow; and their side, or
sides, which were at first entire, at length crack asunder: And that
moreover the Concave of each Semet is not a meer vacuity, but fill’d
up with a number of minute Particles, in form of a Powder; which,
though common to all Semets, yet in some, and particularly those of
a Tulip, being larger, is more distinctly observable.
These Semets are sometimes fastned so, as to stand erect above
their Chive, as those of Larks-heel. Sometimes, and I think usually,
so as to hang a little down, in the manner and figure of a Kidney; as
in Mallows. Their Cleft or Crack is sometimes single, but for the most
part double: At these Clefts it is that they disburse their Powders;
which as they start out, and stand betwixt the two Lips of each Cleft,
have some resemblance to the common Sculpture of a Pomegranate
with its Seeds looking out at the Clefts of its Rind: This must be
observ’d when the Clefts are recently made, which usually is before
the expansion of the Flower.
The Particles of these Powders, though like those of Meal or other
Dust, they appear not easily to have any regular shape; yet upon
strict observation, especially with the assistance of an indifferent
Glass, it doth appear, that they are nothing else but a Congeries of
so many perfect Globes or Globulets: That which obscures them; is
their being so small. In Dogs-Mercury, Borage, and very many more
Plants, they are extreamly so. In Mallows, and some others, more
fairly visible.
Some of these Powders are yellow, as in Dogs-Mercury, Goats-
Rue, &c. and some of other colours: But most of them I think are
white; and those of yellow Henbane very elegant; the disburs’d
Powders whereof, to the naked eye, are white as Snow; but each
Globulet, through a Glass, transparent as Crystal; which is not a
fallacy from the Glass, but what we see in all transparent Bodies
whatsoever, lying in a Powder or small Particles together.
The Florid Attire, is commonly known by the blind and rude Name
of Thrums; as in the Flowers of Marigold, Tansie, &c. How adequate
its imposition is, observation will determine: For the several Thrums
or rather Suits, whereof the Attire is made up, however else they
may differ in various Flowers, in this agree, that they are ever
consistent of more than one, sometimes of two, and for the most
part of three pieces (for which I call them Suits) and each piece of a
different, but agreeable and comely form.
The outer part of every Suit, is its Floret: whose Body or Tube is
divided at the top (like that of the Cowslip) into divers distinct
Leaves; so that a Floret is the Epitome of a flower; and is all the
flower that many Plants, as Mugwort, Tansie, and others, have.
What the Learned Dr. Brown observeth of the number Five as to the
Leaves of the flower, is still more universally holding in these of the
Floret.
Upon the Expansion of the Floret, the next part of the Suit is from
within its Tube brought to sight; which we may (with respect to that
within it) call the Sheath: For this also, like the Floret, is a concave
Body; in its shape very well resembling the Fistulous Pouches of
Wake-Robin, or of Dragon.
The Sheath, after some time, dividing at the top, from within its
Concave, the third and innermost part of the suit, sc. the Blade
advanceth and displayes it self. This part is not hollow, as the other
two, but solid; yet at its point, not originally, but after some time, is
evermore divided into two halves.
Upon the division of the said Point, there appears, as upon the
opening of a Semet; a Powder of Globulets, which before lay
enclosed up within its Clefts; and are of the same nature with those
of a Semet, though not so copious: So that all flowers have their
Powders or Globulets. The whole Attire may in Knapweed,
Blewbottle, &c. be observed.
The use of the Attire, how contemptibly soever we may look upon
it, is certainly great. And though for our own use we value the
Leaves of the Flower, or the Foliation, most; yet of all the three
Parts, this in some respects is the choycest, as for whose sake and
service the other two are made. The use hereof, as to Ornament and
Distinction, is unquestionable, but is not all. As for Distinction,
though by the help of Glasses we may make it to extend far; yet in a
passant view, which is all we usually make, we cannot so well. As for
Ornament, and particularly in reference to the Semets, we may ask,
If for that meerly these were meant, then why should they be so
made as to break open, or to contain any thing within them? Since
their Beauty would be as good as if they were not hollow, and is
better before they crack and burst open, than afterwards.
A farther use hereof therefore we must acknowledge, and may
observe; and that is for food; for Ornament and Distinction to us,
and for Food to other Animals. I will not say, but that it may serve
even to these for Distinction too, that they may be able to know one
Plant from another, and in their flight or progress settle where they
like best; and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are
many, and well observed by them, which we take no notice of: Yet
the finding out of Food is but in order to enjoy it: Which, that it is
provided for a vast number of little Animals in the attires of all
Flowers, observation perswades us to believe. For why else are they
evermore here found? Go from one Flower to another, great and
small, you shall meet with none untaken up with these Guests. In
some, and particularly the Sun-flower, where the parts of the Attire,
and the animals for which they provide, are larger, the matter is
more visible. We must not think, that God Almighty hath left any of
the whole Family of his Creatures unprovided for; but as the Great
Master, some where or other carveth out to all; and that for a great
number of these little Folk, He hath stored up their peculiar
provisions in the Attires of Flowers; each Flower thus becoming their
Lodging and their Dining-Room, both in one.
Wherein the particular parts of the Attire may be more distinctly
serviceable, this to one Animal, and that to another, I cannot say: Or
to the same Animal, as a Bee, whether this for the Honey, another
for their Bread, a third for the Wax: Or whether all only suck from
hence some Juice; or some may not also carry some of the Parts, as
of the Globulets, wholly away: Or lastly, what may be the primary
and private use of the attire (for even this abovesaid; though great,
yet is but secondary) I now determine not.
 CHAP. VI.
Of the Fruit.

T
he general composition of all Fruits is one, that is, their
Essential and truly Vital Parts, are in all the same, and but the
continuation of those which in the other Parts of a Vegetable,
we have already observed: Yet because by the different
Constitutions and Tinctures of these Parts, divers considerably
different Fruits result; I shall therefore take a particular view of the
more known and principal of them, sc. Apples, Pears, Plums, Nuts
and Berries.
An Apple, if cut traverse, appears constituted of four distinct Parts,
the Pill, the Parenchyma, Branchery and Coare. The Pill is only the
spreading and dilatation of the skin, or utmost part of the Barque in
the Branch. The Parenchyma, when full ripe, is a tender delicate
Meat: Yet as the Pill is but the continuation of the utmost part of the
Barque; so is this but the continuance and ampliation, or (as I may
call it) the swelth and superbience of the Inner part thereof; which
upon observation of a young and Infant-Apple especially, is evident.
Thus we see the Pith, which is often tough, in many Roots, as
Parsneps, Turneps, &c. is tender and edible. So here, the
Parenchyma, though originally no more than the Barque, yet the
plenty and purity of its Sap being likewise effectual to the fulness
and fineness of its growth, it thus becomes a soft and tender meat.
The Branchery is nothing else but the Ramifications of the Lignous
Body throughout all the parts of the Parenchyma; the greater
Branches being likewise by the Inosculations of the less (as in the
Leaf) united together. The main Branches are usually fifteen; ten are
spred and distributed through the Parenchyma, all enarching
themselves towards the Cork or Stool of the Flower; the other five
running from the Stalk in a directer Line, at last meet the former at
the said Cork, and are there osculated with them. These five are
originated from one; which running along the Center of the Stalk,
and part of the Parenchyma of the Fruit, is therein at last divided. To
these the Coats of the Kernels are fastned; so that whereas these
Branches were originally all extended even beyond the Fruit, and
inserted into the Flower for the due growth thereof; the Fruit
afterwards growing to some head, and so intercepting and preying
upon the Aliment of the Flower, starves that, and therefrom
supersedes the service of the said Branches to it self, ten for its
Parenchyma, and five for its Seed. The Coar is originated from the
Pith; for the Sap finding room enough in the Parenchyma, through
which to dispence it self all abroad, quits the Pith, which thereby
hardens into a Coar. Thus we see the Insertions, although originate
from the Cortical Body, yet their Parts being, by the Inosculations of
the Lignous, so much compress’d and made to co-incide together,
they become a Body very compact and dense. And in the Barque we
see the same effect by arefaction only, or a meer voydance of the
Sap; the Inner Part whereof, though soft and sappy, yet its
superficial Rind is often so hard and smooth, that it may be fairly
writ upon.
In a Pear there are five distinct Parts, the Pill, the Parenchyma,
Branchery, Calculary and Acetary. The three former are here and in
an Apple much alike; saving that here the Inner or Seed-Branches
are ordinarily ten. The Calculary (most observable in rough-tasted,
or Choak-Pears) is a congeries of little stony Knots: They are many
of them dispersed throughout the whole Parenchyma; but lying more
continuous and compact together towards the Center of the Pear,
surround the Acetary there in a somewhat Globular Form. About the
Stalk they stand more distant; but towards the Cork or Stool of the
Flower, they still grow closer, and there at last gather (almost) into
the firmitude of a Plum-stone it self. Within this lies the Acetary; ’tis
of a soure tast, and by the bounding of the Calculary of a Globular
Figure. ’Tis a simple Body, having neither any of the Lignous
branched in it, nor any Knots. It is of the same substantial nature
with the Parenchyma; but whether it be absolutely one with it, or be
derived immediately from the Pith, my Enquiries yet made,
determine not.
The Original of the Calculary I seem to have neglected: But hereof
we may here best say, that whereas all the other Parts are Essential
and truly Vital, the Calculary is not; but that the several Knots
whereof it consists, are only so many meer Concretions or
Precipitations out of the Sap; as in Urines, Wines, and other Liquors,
we often see. And that this Precipitation is made by the mixture and
re-action of the Tinctures of the Lignous and Cortical Bodies upon
each other: Even as all Vegetable Nutrition or Fixation of Parts is
also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same Tinctures, as hath
been said. Hence we find, that as the Acetary hath no Branches of
the Lignous Body, so neither hath it any Knots. Hence likewise it is,
that we have so different and contrary a taste in the Parenchyma
beyond the Calculary, from that in the Acetary; for whereas this is
soure, that, wherein the said Precipitations are made, is sweet;
being much alike effect, to what we find in mixing; of Corals, &c.
with Vinegar or other acid Liquor.
In a Plum (to which the Cherry, Apricot, Peach, Walnut, &c. ought
to be referr’d) there are four distinct Parts, the Pill, the Parenchyma,
Branchery and Stone. The Pill and Parenchyma are, as to their
Original, with those of an Apple or Pear both alike: As likewise the
Branchery, but differently ramified. In Plums (I suppose all) there
are five main Out-Branches, which run along the Surface of the
Stone from the Basis to the point thereof, four of them by the one
Ridge, and one by the other opposite to it. In an Apricot there is the
same number, but the single Branch runs not upon the Surface, but
through the Body of the Stone. There are likewise two or three
smaller Branches, which run in like manner under the other Ridge
for some space, and then advancing into the Parenchyma, therein
disperse themselves: These latter sort in Peaches are numerous
throughout: But notwithstanding the different disposition of the
Branches of the Fruits aforesaid; yet is there one Branch dispos’d in
one and the same manner in them all: The entrance hereof into the
Stone is at its Basis; from whence running through its Body, and still
inclining or arching it self towards its Concave, is at last about its
Cone thereinto emergent, where the Coats of the Seed are
appendent to it. Of the Seed-Branch ’tis therefore observable that
after its entrance into the Fruit, ’tis alwaies prolonged therein to a
considerable length; as is seen not only in Apples, &c. where the
Seed stands a good distance from the Stalk; but in Plums likewise,
where it stands very near it; in that here the Seed-Branch, as is said,
never strikes through the Stone into the Coats of the Seed directly,
but about its Cone or remoter end. The Stone, though it seem a
simple Body, yet it is compounded of different ones: The Inner Part
thereof, as it is by far the thinnest, so is it the most dense, white,
smooth and simple. The Original is from the Pith; difficult, but
curious to observe: For the Seed-Branch, not striking directly and
immediately quite through the Basis of the Stone, but in the manner
as is above described, carries a considerable part of the Pith, now
gathered round about it, as its Parenchyma, along with it self, which,
upon its entrance into the concave of the Stone about its farther
end, is there in part spred all over it, as the Lining thereof. The outer
and very much thicker Part consisteth partly of the like Precipitations
or concrete Particles, as in a Pear, being gathered here much more
closely, not only to a Contiguity, but a coalition into one entire Stone;
as we see in Pears themselves, especially towards the Cork, they
gather into the like Stoniness; or as we see a Stone, Mineral or
Animal, oftentimes the product of accumulated Gravel: But as the
Parenchyma is mixed with the Concretion in the Calculary, so is it
also, though not visibly, with these in the Stone, the ground of the
Stone being indeed a perfect Parenchyma; but by the said
Concretions so far alter’d, as to become dry, hard and
undistinguishable from them.
In a Nut (to which an Achorn is analogous) there are three general
Parts, the Cap, Shell and Pith. The Cap is constituted of a Pill and
Parenchyma derived from the Barque, and Ramulets from the
Lignous Body of the Branch. The Shell likewise is not one simple
Body, but compounded. The Superficial Part thereof is originated
from the Pill or Skin of the Cap, from the inside whereof it is in a
Duplicature produc’d and spred over the shell: which, if you look at
the Basis of the shell, is farther evident; for that being continuous
with the Parenchyma of the Cap, without the interposure of the Skin,
the said superficial Part is there wanting. The thicker and inner part
of the shell consisteth of the same Parenchyma as that of the Cap,
with a congeries of Precipitations filled up, as in a Stone. And as the
Lignous Body is branched in a Stone, so, with some difference, in a
Shell. The Outer Branches or Ramulets are numerous, each issuing
out of the Parenchyma of the cap, and entring the Shell at the
Circumference of its Basis and so running betwixt its superficial and
inner parts towards its cone, in a Round. The Inner or Seed-Branch
is single, entering in, as do the other, at the Basis of the shell, but at
the center thereof; from whence it runs, not through the Shell, as in
Plums through the Stone; but through the Pith, as far as the cone,
where the Coats of the Seed hang appendent to it. The Pith,
whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the
Branch and Stalk, or from the Cortical Body, I yet determine not.
A Berry, as a Gooseberry (to which Currans, Grapes, Hipps, &c.
are to be referr’d) consisteth, besides the Seed, of the three general
Parts, Pill, Parenchyma and Branchery: The Pill is originated as in the
foregoing Fruits. The Parenchyma is double, as likewise in some
other Berries: The outer is commonly, together with the Pill, call’d
the Skin, and is that part we spit out, being of a soure taste. As the
Pill is originated from the outer, so this from the inner part of the
Barque; and accordingly the Pores thereof may be observed plainly
of a like shape with those both of the Cortical Body and Pith. The
inner is of a sweet taste, and is the part we eat: It is of a
constitution so laxe and tender, as it would seem to be only a thicker
or jellied Juice; although this likewise be a true Parenchyma,
something like that of an Orange or Limon, with its Pores all fill’d up
with Liquor. The Branchery is likewise double: The Exterior runs
betwixt the Pill and outer Parenchyma in arched Lines, from the
Stalk to the Stool of the Flower. These outer Branches, though of
various number at the Stalk, yet at the Cork are usually ten principal
ones; five for the five Leaves of the Flower, and five for the Chives.
The inner main Branches are two, diametrically opposite to each
other, and at the Cork with the other inosculated. From these two
are branched other smaller, every one having a Seed appendent to
it, whose Coats it entreth by a double Filament, one at the Basis, the
other at the Cone. They are all very white and turgent; and by a
slaunt cut, may be observ’d concave; thus representing themselves
analogous to so many true spermatick Vessels.
The Uses of Fruits are for Man, (sometimes also other Animals, as
are Akerns and Haws) and for the Seed. For Man, they are so
variously desirable, that till our Orchards and Store-Chambers,
Confectioners Stores and Apothecaries Shops, our Ladies Closets,
their Tables or Hands are empty of them, I shall not need to enquire
for what. If it be asked, how the Fruit becomes, generally above all
the other Parts, so pleasant a Meat? It is partly from the Sap, the
grosser portion thereof being deposited in the Leaves, and so the
purer hereunto reserved; partly from the Globular Figure of the
Fruit; for the Sap being thus in a greater quantity herein, and in all
parts equally diffus’d, the Concoction hereof is with greatest
advantage favoured and promoted. Wherefore all Fruits which we
eat raw, how small soever, are of a Globular form, or thereunto
approaching; and the nearer, the delicater; amongst apples, the
Peppin; amongst Pears, the Burgundian; and amongst all Fruits, the
Grape; and amongst Grapes, the roundest, are of all the most
dainty.
The visible cause of this Globular Figure, is the Flower; or the
Inosculation of all the main Branches at the Stool of the Flower; and
upon the fall of the Flower, the obtuseness, and with Wind and Sun,
as it were the searing of their several ends: For thus the Sap entring
the Fruit, being not able to effect, either a Disunion, or a shooting
forth of the said Branches, and so to carry on their growth in length;
they must thus of necessity be enarch’d, and with the Parenchyma
more and more expand themselves. Whereas were they dispos’d and
qualified otherwise, than as is said, instead of forming a Fruit within
bounds, they would run out into all extravagance, and even into
another little Tree or Leafy growth.
 To the Seed, the Fruit is serviceable; First, in order to its being
supply’d with a due and most convenient Sap, the greater and less
elaborated part thereof being, in its passage towards the Seed,
thereinto received; the Fruit doing the same office to the Seed,
which the Leaves do to the Fruit; the Sap in the Fruit being in a laxe
comparison, as the Wine; and that for the Seed, a small part of the
highest Spirit rectified from it.
So likewise for its Protection, in order to the prosperous carrying
on and perfecting of its generation, and security being perfected.
Which protection it gives not only to the Seminal Sap and Seed it
self; but alwaies also to its Seed-Branch. Thus we see an Apple,
besides that it is it self of ample compass, for the sake of its Seed,
hath likewise its coar; as if it were not sufficient, that the Walls of
their Room are so very thick, unless also wainscotted. In a Pear
again, where the Parenchyma is of less compass than that of an
Apple, to what protection this affords, that of the Calculary is super-
added. But in a Plum, where the Parenchyma is exceeding tender,
and in a Peach, which hangs late, and till Autumn Frosts approach,
we have not only the Rubbish of a Calculary but stout Stone-Walls.
Within which also, not only the Seed it self; but the Seed-Branch is
evermore immur’d. Lastly, in a Nut, where the shell being not
surrounded with a Parenchyma, that protection is wanting without,
’tis answer’d by an ample Pith within it; and the seed-Branch
likewise included, not meerly in the Body of the Shell, as in a Plum,
but within the pith it self. So necessary is this design that what the
Hen by Incubation or Hovering, is to the Egg or Chick; that the
whole Fruit, by comprehension, is to the Seed.
 CHAP. VII.
Of the Seed.

A
s the Original, so the ultimate end & Perfection of Vegetation
is the Seed. How it is the former, and in its state apt for
Vegetation, hath already been seen. How the latter, and in its
state of Generation, we shall now lastly enquire. In doing
which, what in the other state was either not distinctly existent, or
not so apparent, or not so intelligible, will occur.
The two general Parts of the Seed are its Covers and Body. The
Covers in this estate are usually four; the outmost we may call the
Case: ’Tis of a very various form; sometimes a Pouch, as in
Nasturtium, Cochlearia; a Cod, as in all Pulse, Galega; sometimes
not entire, but parted, or otherwise open, as in Sorrel, Knotgrass,
with many other forms; I think alwaies more heterogeneous to that
of the Seed, by which it differs from the proper Coats. To this the
Caps of Nuts, and the Parenchyma’s of Fruits are analogous.
The two next are properly the Coats: In a Bean especially, and the
like; from whence to avoyd Confusion, the denomination may run
common to the responding Covers of other Seeds. The Colour of the
outer is of all degrees, from White to the Blackness of Jett: Its
Figure sometimes Kidney’d, as in Alcea, Behen, Poppy; triangular, as
in Polygonatum, Sorrel; triangular spherical, in Mentha, Melissa;
circular, in Leucoium, Amaranthus; globular, in Napus, Asperula;
oval, in Speculum Veneris, Tithymalus; half Globe, in Coriander; that
which we take for one single round Seed, being a Conjugation of
two; half Oval, in Anise, Fennel; Hastal, in Lactuca; Cylindrical, as, if
I mistake not, in Jacobæa, Pyramidal, in Geranium, Althææ Fol. with
many other differences: But the Perfection of one or two of the said
Figures lieth in the Case: So that as all Lines and Proportions are in
the Flower, so all Regular Figures in the Seed, or rather in its Covers.
 ’Tis sometimes glistering, as in Speculum Veneris; Rough-cast, in
Catanance; Studded, in Behen, Blattaria; Favous, in Papaver,
Antirrhinum, Lepidium annuum, Alcea Vesicaria, Hyosciamus, and
many more, before the Seeds have lain long by; Pounced, in
Phalangium Cretæ, Lithospermum; Ramified, in Pentaphyllum
fragiferum, Erectum majus, resembling the Fibres of the Ears of the
Heart; some just Quinquenerval, as in Anisum, and many more, the
Lignous Body being in five main Fibres branched therein.
The Covers of not only Quince-Seeds, and those of Psyllium (more
usually taken notice of) but those also of Horminum, Nasturtium,
Eruca, Camelina, Ocymum, and divers others, have a Mucilage;
which, though it be not visible when the Seeds are throughly dry;
yet lying a while in some warm Liquor, or only on the Tongue, it
swells more or less, and upon them all fairly shews it self. On that of
Ocymum it appears grayish; on the other, transparent; and on that
of Nasturtium Hortense very large; even emulous of the inner Pulp
surrounding a Gooseberry-seed. The putting of Clary-seed into the
Eye, may have been brought into use from this Mucilage, by which
alone it may become Medicinal. And thus far of the Superficies.
The nature of the outer Coat is various, Membranous,
Cartilaginous and Stony; the like Precipitations being sometimes
made herein, as in a Stone or Shell; as in that of the Seeds of
Carthamum, Lithospermum, and others. The Designment hereof,
being either with respect to the Seed in its state of Generation; as
where the Case is either wanting, or at least insufficient of it self,
there for its due protection and warmth; or, in its state of
Vegetation, for the better Fermenting of its Tinctures and Sap; the
Fermentations of some Seeds not well proceeding, unless they lie in
their Stony Casks in the Mould, like Bottled Liquors in Sand.
All Seeds have their outer Covers open; either by a particular
Foramen, as in Beans, and other Pulse, as is said; or by the breaking
off of the Seed from its Peduncle or Stool, as in those in Cucumber,
Cycory; or by the entering and passage of a Branch or Branches, not
only into the Concave thereof near the Cone, but also through the
Cone it self; as in Shells and Stones.
For the sake of this aperture it is, that Akerns, Nuts, Beans,
Cucumbers, and most other Seeds, are in their formation so placed,
that the Radicle still standeth next to it; that, upon Vegetation, it
may have a free and ready passage into the Mould.
The Original of the outer Coat, though from Parts of the same
substantial nature, yet is differently made. In a Plum, the Seed-
Branch which runs, as is described, through the Stone, is not naked,
but, as is said, invested with a thin Parenchyma, which it carries
from the Stalk along with it; and which, by the Ramification of the
said Branch within the Stone, is in part dilated into a Coat. That of a
Bean is from the Parenchyma of the Cod; the superficial part of
which Parenchyma, upon the large peduncle of the Bean becoming a
thin Cuticle, and upon the Bean it self a cartilaginous Coat.
The Original of the inner Coat of the Bean is likewise from the
inner part of the said parenchyma; which first is spred into a long
Cake, or that which with the seed-Branch maketh the peduncle of
the Bean; under which Cake, there is usually a black part or spot; by
the length of which, the inner part of the Cake is next inserted into
the outer Coat, and spred all over the Concave thereof.
This inner Coat, though when the Seed is grown old and dry, ’tis
shrunk up, and in most Seeds so far as scarcely to be discern’d; yet
in its first and juvenile Constitution, is a very Spongy and Sappy
Body; and is then likewise (as the Womb in a pregnant Animal) in
proportion very thick and bulky; in a Bean, even as one of the Lobes
it self: And in a Plum or apricot, I think I may safely say, half an
hundred times thicker than afterwards, when it is dried and shrunk
up; and can scarcely be distinguished from the upper Coat. Upon
which Accounts it is, in this estate, a true and fair Parenchyma.
In this Inner Coat in a Bean, the Lignous Body or Seed-Branch is
distributed: Sometimes, as in French-Beans, throughout the whole
Coat; as it is in a Leaf: In the Great Garden-Bean, upon its first
entrance, it is bipartite, and so in small Branches runs along the
Circumference of the Coat, all meeting and making a kind of
Reticulation against the Belly of the Bean. In the same manner the
main Branches in the outer Coat of a Kernel, circling themselves on
both hands from the place of their first entrance, at last meet, and
mutually inosculate.
So that all the Parts of a Vegetable, the Root, Trunk, Branch, Leaf,
Flower, Fruit and Seed, are still made up of two substantially
different Bodies.
And as every Part hath two, so the whole Vegetable taken
together, is a composition of two only, and no more: All properly
Woody Parts, Strings and Fibres, are one Body: All simple Barques,
Piths, Parenchyma’s and Pulps, and as to their substantial Nature,
Pills and Skins likewise, all but one Body: the several Parts of a
Vegetable all differing from each other, only by the various
Proportions and Mixtures, and variously sized Pores of these two
Bodies. What from these two general Observations might reasonably
be inferr’d, I shall not now mention.
The fourth and innermost Cover we may call the Secondine; the
sight whereof, by cutting off the Coats of an Infant-Bean, at the
Cone thereof in very thin Slices, and with great Caution, may be
obtain’d. While unbroken, ’tis transparent; being torn and taken off,
it gathers up into the likeness of a Jelly, or that we call the Tredle of
an Egg, when over-boyl’d. This Membrane in larger or elder Beans,
is not to be found distinct; but becomes as it were the Lining of the
inner Coat: But (as far as our Enquiries yet discover) it may in most
other Seeds, even full grown, be distinctly seen; as in those of
Cucumber, Colocynthis, Burdock, Carthamum, Gromwel, Endive,
Mallows, &c. ’Tis usually so very thin, as in the above-nam’d, as very
difficultly to be discover’d. In some Kernels, as of Apricots, ’tis very
thick; and in some other Seeds. That all these have the Analogy of
one and the same Cover, which I call the Secondine, is most
probably argu’d from their alike Natures; being all of them plain
simple Membranes, with not the least Fibre of the Lignous Body or
Seed Branch, visibly distributed in them; as also from their
Contexture, which is in all of them more close.
The Concave of this Membrane is filled with a most transparent
Liquor, out of which the Seed is formed; as in cutting a petite and
Infant-Bean, may be seen; and yet better in a young Walnut. In
Beans I have observed it to turn, upon boyling, into a tender white
coagulum.
Through this Membrane, the Lignous Body or Seed-Branches
distributed in the inner Coat, at last shoot downright two slender
Fibres, like two Navles, one into each Lobe of the Bean. The places
where the said Fibres shoot into the Lobes, are near the Basis of the
Radicle; and by their Blackishness well enough remark’d: but the
Fibres themselves are so very small, as scarcely to be discern’d: Yet
in a Lupine, of the larger kind, both the places where the Navel-
Fibres shoot into the Lobes (which here from the Basis of the Radicle
is more remote) and the Fibres themselves, are fairly visible. For the
Seed-Branch, upon its entrance into the Coat of the Lupine, is
presently divided into two main Branches, and those two into other
less; whereof some underly, others aloft, run along the Coat, and
towards its other end meet and are inosculated; where about two
opposite, shallow, round, and most minute Cavities, answerable to
two Specks of a cartilaginous gloss, one in either Lobe, may be
observed, which Specks are the ends of the said Navel-Fibres, upon
the ripening of the Seed there broken off. These Fibres, from the
Superficies of each Lobe, descend a little way directly down;
presently, each is divided into two Branches, one distributed into the
Lobes, the other into the Radicle & Plume, in the manner as in the
first Chapter is describ’d. And thus far the History. I shall now only
with a brief account of the Generation of the Seed, as hereupon
dependent, conclude this Discourse.
Let us say then, that the Sap having in the Root, Trunk, and
Leaves, passed divers Concoctions and Separations, in the manner
as they are said to be perform’d therein; ’tis now at last, in some
good maturity, advanced towards the Seed.
 The more copious and cruder part hereof is again seperated by a
free reception into the Fruit, or other Part analogous to it: being
either sufficiently ample to contain it, or at least laxe enough for its
transpiration, and so its due discharge. The more Essential part is
into the Seed-Branch or Branches entertain’d; which, because they
are evermore of a very considerable length, and of a Constitution
very fine, the said Sap thus becomes in its Current therein, as in the
Spermatick Vessels, still more mature.
In this mature estate, from the seed-Branch into the Coats of the
seed, as into the Womb, ’tis next delivered up. The meaner Part
hereof again, to the outer, as aliment good enough, is supplied. The
finer part is transmitted to the Inner; which, being, as is said, a
Parenchymous and more spatious Body, the Sap therefore is not
herein, as in the outer, a meer aliment; but in order to its being, by
Fermentation, farther prepared.
Yet the outer Coat, being on the contrary hard and dense; for that
reason, as it admitteth not the Fermentation of the Sap so well
within it self; so doth it the more promote and favour it in the Inner,
being Bounds both to it and its Sap; and also quickneth the process
of the whole Work in the formation of the Seed.
Nor doth the outer Coat, for the same reason, more promote than
declare the purity of the Sap now contained in the Inner: For being
more hard and dense, and so not perspirable, must needs suppose
the Parts of the Sap encompassed by it, since thus uncapable of any
evacuation, to be therefore all, so choice, as not to need it.
The Sap being thus prepared in the inner Coat, as a Liquor now
apt to be the Substratum of the future Seed-Embrio, by fresh
supplies, is thence discharged; yet that it may not be over-copious;
which, because of the laxity of the Inner Coat from whence it issues,
it might easily be; therefore as the said inner Coat is bounded
without by the upper Coat, so by the Secondine or Membrane is it
bounded within; through which Membrane the Sap being filtr’d, or,
as it were, transpiring, the depositure hereof, answerable to the
Colliquamentum in an Egg, or to the semen Mulibre, into its Concave
at last is made.
The other Part of the purest sap embosom’d in the Ramulets of
the seed-Branch, runs a Circle, or some progress therein; and so
becomes, as the Semen Masculinum, yet more elaborate.
Wherein also, lest its Current should be too copious or precipitate,
by their co-arcture and divarication where they are inosculated, it is
retarded; the noblest portion only obtaining a pass.
With this purest sap, the said Ramulets being supplied, from
thence at last, the Navel-Fibres shoot (as the privitive Artery into the
Colliquamentum) through the Secondine into the aforesaid Liquor
deposited therein.
Into which Liquor, being now shot, and its own proper Sap or
Tinctures mixed therewith, it strikes it thus into a Coagulum; or, of a
Liquor, it becomes a Body consistent and truly Parenchymous; and
the supply of the said Liquor still continu’d, and the shooting of the
Navel-Fibres, as is above described, still carried on, and therewith
the said Coagulation or Fixation likewise.
And in the Interim of the Coagulation, a gentle Fermentation being
also made, the said Parenchyma or Coagulum becometh such, not of
any Constitution indifferently, but is thus raised (as we see Bread in
Baking) into a Congeries of Fixed Bubbles: For such is the
Parenchyma of the whole Seed.

FINIS.