Art, History and Origins, Methods

Pre-Historic Art
• It refers to artifacts made before there was a
written record.
• Art from this period was a powerful form of
communicating information between tribes and
generations
• Use of natural pigments and stone carvings was
highly significant.
Pre-Historic Art

Cave in Altamira, Spain

Pre-Historic Art

Cave in Lascaux, France

PAINTINGS IN CHAUVET CAVE
Stonehenge
 Ancient Egyptian Art
• Ancient Egyptian art is closely related to the
people’s belief in the afterlife.
Mastaba
Saqqara Pyramid
Pyramid of Cheops
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAINTING

• Frontality

•Axiality

•Proportion
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAINTING

• Frontality- simply means

they face straight ahead with just
one eye visible and both
shoulders front facing.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAINTING

• Axiality- a rule in Egyptian

painting which means that
were placed on an axis. Sizes
of figures were determined by
their importance.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN PAINTING

•Proportion- the depiction of

human figures that were similar in
appearance and form.
 Classical Art
Ancient Greek art

To the glory that was

Greece, the grandeur
that was Rome - Edgar Allan
Poe

Ancient roman art

 Ancient Greek Art
Ancient Greek art calls to mind The Parthenon
or the tragedies staged by the Greeks.

The Parthenon is a former temple on the

Athenian Acropolis, Greece, that was dedicated
to the goddess Athena during the fifth century
BC.
The Parthenon on the Acropolis of Greece
The Statue of Athena Parthenos
THE THEATRE OF EPIDAURUS
APHORODITE OF MELOS
DISCUS THROWER
GREEK VASE
 CLASSICAL ART
B. ANCIENT ROMAN ART
-their sculptures were generally copied from
Greek statues
The Roman Forum
The Pantheon in Rome
Pont du Gard
The Roman Baths
Colosseum
 Early Christian and Byzantine art
(300 AD TO 399 AD)
• The Christian religion was growing in strength.
and the Roman Emperor Constantine made
Christianity the official religion.
• He moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium (the old
Greek city) and built a new city named Constantinople
(now Istanbul).
 Galla Placidia

IN RAVENNA ITALY
MADE IN THE 5TH CENTURY AND EXAMPLE OF CENTRAL PLAN BUILT IN THE
FORM OF GREEK OR EQUAL ARMED CROSS
 St.Peter’s Basilica

VATICAN CITY
APRIL 18 , 1506 – CONSTRUCTION
STARTED
 HAGIA SOPHIA

AYA SO’FYA
-WAS CONSIDERED THE FINEST BYZANTINE BUILDING . IT WAS LOCATED IN
CONSTANTINOPLE (ISTANBUL) AND STOOD ON THE SITE OF AN ANCIENT
TEMPLE. Built to honour the Virgin Mary, by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus
 BYZANTINE EMPIRE
• early churches were basilicas made of
concrete, brick, or stone because wood was
scarce, and marble was expensive.
 MIDDLE AGES
• Romanesque buildings or style was built in
France, Germany, and Italy between 1000 and
1200
RENAISSANCE ART
 RENAISSANCE ART
• Renaissance is a French word that means
"rebirth”
• It was a time of great excitement and new
discoveries in art, architecture, literature,
exploration, and the sciences.“
Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, (Donatello) (1386–1466)

Donatello was a prolific master

of many mediums including
stone, bronze, wood, stucco,
clay, and wax
Penitent Magdalene
David (Bronze)
 Real Name: Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci
(1452-1519)
❖ an illigitimate child ( a lawyer father and and
a peasant mother)

❖He had no formal education

❖He was a leftie (was fond of mirror writing)

❖he became an apprentice in the studio of the

prominent artist Verrocchio in Florence.

❖He was chronic procrastinator

❖was a painter, engineer, architect, inventor,

and student of all things scientific.

❖ the epitome of the “Renaissance Man”

 The Last Supper (Il Cenacolo, L’ultima Cena)

Cenacolo

❖Wall of the refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie Convent in Milan

❖ the only surviving fresco painting of Leonardo
❖1495-1498
 Real Name: Lisa Gherardini (wife
of Francesco del Giocondo)

Title: La Gioconda/Mona Lisa

❖painted sometime between 1503 and

1519

❖The painting was never handed to

the real owner.

❖77 cm x 53 cm

❖Louvre, Paris, France

 Michelangelo Bounarroti (1475-1564)

❖Nicknamed Il Divino (The Divine One)

❖Sculptor, Painter, Architect and an

amateur poet

❖He was known as prickly tempered, not

sociable, mistrusting and lonely man.
 517 cm × 199 cm (17 ft × 6.5 ft)
Dimensions
created between 1501 and 1504
complete during the years of 1498-99.
174 cm × 195 cm (68.5 in × 76.8 in)
Carraara Marble
 Raffaello Sanzio or Raffaello
Santi, (born April 6, 1483, Urbino,
Italy)—died April 6, 1520, Rome

❖Master painter and architect of the

high Renaissance
❖more versatile than Michelangelo
❖more prolific than their older
contemporary Leonardo.
❖514, he was appointed architect in
charge of St Peter's Basilica.

https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/raphael https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raphael-Italian-painter-and-architect
School of Athens
Art, History and Origins, Methods
 Baroque Art
• The development of the Baroque style was linked
with the Catholic Church.
• The Baroque style is characterized by exaggerated
motion and clear detail used to produce drama,
exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture , painting,
architecture and music.
• The chiaroscuro technique refers to the interplay
between light and dark that was often used.
• Famous painters of the Baroque era include
Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt.
• Gian Lorenzo Bernini as a sculptor and architect
Peter Paul Rubens- Massacre of the
Innocents
Caravaggio - The Conversion of St. Paul
Rembrandt- The Night Watch
GIAN LORENZO BERNINI
❖ His dynamic and exuberant style
perfectly embodies the baroque period,
of which he has become the symbol.

❖ remained unchallenged as the foremost

sculptor of his time

❖ Named "Architect to Saint Peter's" in

1629
ECSTACY OF
ST. THERESA
PLUTO AND
PROSERPINA
DAPHNE AND
APOLLO
ANCHISES AND
AENEAS
 Neo-Classicism
• draw inspiration from the "classical" art and
culture of classical antiquity invoking
harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and
idealism.
• based on the principles of simplicity and
symmetry, which were seen as virtues of the
arts of Rome and Ancient Greece
• a widespread and influential movement in
painting and the other visual arts that began
in the 1760s, reached its height in the 1780s
and ’90s, and lasted until the 1840s and ’50s.
Jacques-Louis David- TheOath of the
Horatii
Angelica Kauffman – Venus Induces
Helen to Fall in Love with Paris
 Romanticism
The movement validated strong emotion as an
authentic source of aesthetic experience.

• coincide with the battles and political turmoil on both

(the American and French Revolutions.)
• glorified huge, complex concepts such as liberty,
survival, ideals, hope, awe, heroism, despair, and the
various sensations that nature evokes in humans.
Eugene Delacroix –Liberty Leading the
People
Theodore Gericault- Raft of the
Medusa
Francisco Goya - El tres de mayo de
1808 en Madrid
Francisco Goya - La Maja Desnuda
(The Naked Maja)

The first “totally profane life-size female nude in Western art” and the first large
Western painting to depict female pubic hair without obvious negative connotations.
Gustave Courbet- “Stone-Breakers”
Courbet- “German Huntsman”
 Realism
• considered the beginning of modern art.
• its conviction is that everyday life and the
modern world were suitable subjects for art.
• The artist’s main function is to objectively
describe as accurately and honestly as
possible what is observed.
• Realist works depicted people of all classes in
situations that arise in ordinary life.
Jean Francois Millet – “The Gleaners”
Fernando Amorsolo – “Planting Rice”
• END OF MODULE 4
• PREPARE FOR A LONG QUIZ
– COVERAGE: MODULE 3 AND 4

•THANK YOU AND SEE YOU NEXT

MEETING!
Art, History and Origins, Methods
 Impressionism
• One critique mentioned about one particular
art of Claude Monet titled “Impression:
Sunrise” and so the movement was named
after it.
• It is characterized by small, visible and heavy
brushstrokes.
• Pointillism is an offshoot of Impressionism
 Impressionism
• the impressionists captured the momentary
and transient effects of sunlight by working
quickly, in front of their subjects, in the open
air (rather than in a studio).
• Brushwork became rapid and broken into
separate dabs in order to render the fleeting
quality of light.
Claude Monet – Impression: Sunrise
Claude Monet – Terrace at St.
Adresse
Monet- A Path to an Artist’s Garden
Monet – Little Bridge
Monet- Irises
Monet - Waterlilies
Monet – Rouen Cathedral
Edouard Manet – A Bar at The Folies
Bergere
Manet - De Jeuner sul Herbe
Manet - Dead Christ and the Angels
Manet -Monet Painting on his Floating
Studio
Manet - Olympia
Paul Cezanne- Chateau Noir
Cezanne -Bridge of Maincy
Cezanne-Mont Sainte Victoire
Cezanne-Onions and Bottles
Cezanne-Seven Bathers
Cezanne- The Forest
Auguste Renoir -La Loge
Renoir- Large Bathers
Renoir-Luncheon of the Boating Party
Renoir-Moulin de la Galette
Paul Gauguin- What are you Jealous?
Gauguin- Where are you going?
Gauguin- Joyousness
Gauguin “Tropical Vegetation in
Martinique”
 Pointillism
• Pointillism is an offshoot of Impressionism
• Pointillism is a form of painting in which artists
apply small, separate dots of colour to create
an image.
• The technique is painting with pure, unmixed
points of paint, artists work meticulously to
compose an image of thousands of tiny dots.

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
▪ Artists place the small dots of color in strategic positions to create the
impression of light and shadow.
▪colours are mixed optically by the viewer, rather than physically on the palette.

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
Georges Seurat: A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
Georges Seurat: The Channel at Gravelines, in the Direction of the Sea

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
Paul Signac: The Papal Palace, Avignon

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
Van Gogh: The Sower

https://finearttutorials.com/guide/pointillism/
 Post-Impressionism
• is the term coined to describe the
development of French art since Manet.
• They continued using vivid colours, often thick
application of paint but they were more
inclined to emphasize geometric forms, to
distort form for expressive effect, and to use
unnatural or arbitrary colour.
Interesting facts about Vincent Van Gogh

•tried many other careers before declaring

himself an artist
•When Van Gogh first began painting, he used
peasants and farmers as models
•was troubled by mental illness for most of his
life
•He only cut off a piece of his own ear, not the
whole ear ( argument with Paul Gaugin)
•created his most famous work ‘The Starry
Night’ while staying in an asylum
•In 10 years, Van Gogh created around 2,100
artworks including approximately 900
paintings
•shot himself on 27 July 1890 in a wheat field
in Auvers, France where he had been painting
•His brother Theo, at his side when he died,
said Van Gogh’s last words were “La
tristesse durera toujours” – “the sadness will
last forever”
•Van Gogh only sold one painting during his
lifetime and only became famous after his
death https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-vincent-van-gogh/
Vincent Van Gogh – A Starry Night
Van Gogh- Irises
Van Gogh – Self-portrait with
Bandaged Ear
Van Gogh-Night Cafe
Van Gogh- Cafe Terrace at Night
 Abstraction
• It refers to art unconcerned with the
literal depiction of things from the
visible world.
• Abstract means “to move away or
separate”.
• Abstract art moves away from
showing things as they really are.
Constantin Brancusi “The Kiss”
 a. Distortion
• This is clearly manifested when the
subject is in misshapen condition, or
the regular shape is twisted out.
Henry Moore – one of his pioneers, specifically in
England and in the field of human sculpture.

“Recumbent Figure”
Henry Moore – “The Reclining Figure”
 b. Elongation
• This art and design style involves creating
stretched and much more extended pieces
than reality.
• Something elongated is longer than usual or
extended out further than expected.
El Greco – “Resurrection”
Reclining Nude 1919. Museum of Modern
Art, New York
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/lists/five-things-know-amedeo-modigliani
Amedeo Modigliani, Jeanne
Hébuterne 1919 © The
Metropolitan Museum of Art

https://www.tate.org.uk/art/lists/five-things-know-amedeo-modigliani
Amedeo Modigliani
Head (c.1911–12)
Tate
https://www.tate.org.uk/art/lists/five-things-know-amedeo-modigliani
 c. Mangling
• This may not be a commonly used
way of presenting an abstract
subject, but there are artists who
show subjects which are cut,
lacerated, hacked or mutilated with
repeated blows.
The Weeping Woman
Pablo Picasso
 d. Cubism
• It shows abstract form through the
use of cone, cylinder, spheres and
other basic geometrical shapes.
• Some of the leading Cubist painters
are Pablo Picasso of Spain and
George Braque of France.
Pablo Picasso – “Girl in Front of a Mirror”
Picasso – “Les Demoiselles d’Avignon”
Picasso – “Guernica”
Picasso – “The Three Musicians
 George Braque –
“Man With Guitar”
Braque- “Violin and Candlestick”
• End of Module 4
• Next meeting’s topic of discussion:
• Symbolism
• Fauvism
• Dadaism
• Futurism
• Expressionism
• Surrealism
Art, History and Origins, Methods
 Symbolism
• The representation of an idea by
means of signs or figures.
• Symbols arise from conventional
usage, association and general
relationship.
Juan Luna “Spoliarium”
Auguste
Rodin –
“The Thinker”
 Fauvism
• Fauvism tries to paint pictures of
comfort, joy and pleasure.
• It uses extremely bright colors.
• Fauvism is characterized by a violence of
colors often applied unmixed from
commercially produced tubes of paint
and applied in broad flat areas.
Henri Matisse “The Joy of Life”
Matisse – “The Dance”
Matisse- “Pastoral”
Matisse- “La desserte (Harmonie en rouge),
1908”
 Dadaism
• A protest movement that originated in
Switzerland.
• “DADA” is a term which means hobby horse.
• A reaction to what is believed to be outworn
traditions in art and the evil they saw in
society.
• The aim is to shock the viewer.
Marcel Duchamp

FOUNTAIN - an icon of twentieth-century art.

Duchamp- Nude Descending a
Staircase
 Futurism
• It developed in Italy about the same time
Cubism developed in France
• Futurist painters wanted their works to
capture the speed and force of modern
industrial society
• Subjects included automobiles, trains and
bikes that express the vitality of a city.
The City Rises by Umberto Boccioni
Cyclist by Natalia Goncharova
 Expressionism
• This method was introduced in Germany
during the first decade of the 20th century.

• The emotional expressions in expressionistic

paintings could be described as involving
morbidity, violence or chaos.
Edvard Munch- The Scream
 Surrealism
• Surrealism is an invented word meaning super
realism .
• This movement was influenced by the
Freudian psychology which emphasizes the
activities of the subconscious state of the
mind.
Salvador Dali- Persistence of Memory
 Pop Art
• Pop art started with the New York artists Andy
Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein, who drew on
popular imagery.
• Pop's reintroduction of identifiable imagery
(drawn from mass media and popular culture)
was a major shift for the direction of modernism.
• The subject matter became far from traditional
"high art" themes of morality, mythology, and
classic history; rather, Pop artists celebrated
commonplace objects and people of everyday
life.
Andy Warhol- Coca Cola
Warhol- Marilyndiptych
Roy Lichtenstein – Whaam
 Art Nouveau
• is an international style of art, architecture
and applied art, especially the decorative arts,
that was most popular between 1890 and
1910.
• A reaction to the academic art of the 19th
century, it was inspired by natural forms and
structures, particularly the curved lines of
plants and flowers.
Gustav Klimt – The Kiss
Sagrada Familia – Antoni Gaudi
 Art Deco
• is a style of visual arts, architecture and design
that first appeared in France just before World
War I
• It combined modernist styles with fine
craftsmanship and rich materials.
 Chrysler Bldg- William Van Alen

Art Deco could describe everything from the style of a corporate

office tower (such as the Chrysler Building), to the decorative
pattern on furniture, murals, and tilework.

The Chrysler Building’s style—Art Deco—was

considered modern, urbane, and luxurious. https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art-1010/architecture-design/ny-skyscrapers-landmarks/a/van-alen-chrysler-building
Christ The Redeemer (Cristo Redentor)
by Paul Landowski
 Op Art
• short for optical art, is a style of visual art that
uses optical illusions.
• they give the viewer the impression of
movement, hidden images, flashing and
vibrating patterns, or of swelling or warping.
• Op art works are abstract, with many better
known pieces created in black and white
ZEBRA by Victor Vasarely (the grandfather of
optical art)
Vonal Stri by Victor Vasarely (the grandfather of
optical art)
Bridget Riley
Movement in Squares by Bridget Riley