SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,

BIDAR- FF0190

MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS

Total Sessions – 07
SESSION –1
AIM:
 Definition of Matrix
 Various types of Matrices
 Equality of Matrices

EXPLANATION:
1] Matrix: A rectangular arrangement (or array) of numbers, real or complex, is
called a Matrix. In other words, A matrix is a collection of real or complex
numbers arranged in a fixed number of rows and columns. Here a line of
numbers aligned Horizontally form a row and those aligned vertically form a
column.
The numbers that make up a matrix are called its elements.

Ex:[−21 −3 0 8
4 48 ]
is a 2 x 4 matrix, where 2is the number of rows and 4 is the

number of columns.
So, if we have a matrix with m –rows and n – columns, the matrix is denoted as

[ a i j ]m × nWhere11 ≤i ≤m
≤ j≤n

2] Various types of Matrices:

a) Row Matrix: A matrix which has only one row is called a Row A Matrix
Ex:[ 2 0 −1 ] is a 1 x 3 matrix
A Row matrix can be represented as[ a i j ]l × n
b) Column Matrix: A matrix which has only one column is called a column
Matrix

[]
1
Ex: 0 is a 3 x 1 matrix
−6
A column Matrix can be represented as[ a i j ]m × l
c) Square Matrix: For a Matrix A, if the number of rows is equal to the number
of columns then A is said to be a Square Matrix. If Matrix A = [ a i j ]m × n is a square
matrix,
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
then m = n

Ex: [−31 20] is a 2 x 2 square matrix

[ ]
1 2 7
5 4 −1 is a 3 x 3 square matrix.
0 −5 0
Note: *Capital letters are usually used to name (or represent) a Matrix.
* If for A = [ a i j ]m × n , m ≠ n, then A is called a Rectangular Matrix
d) Null Matrix: A matrix ' A' is called a null matrix if all its elements are zero.
That is, if a ij=0 ∀ I and j then A = [ a i j ]m × n is a Null matrix.

[ ]
0 0 0
Ex: 0 0 0 is 2 x 3 Null matrix Null matrices are denoted by O
0 0 0

Principal diagonal of a matrix

In a square matrix, the collection of elements ai j where (i) = j forms the
principal diagonal. In other words, the principal diagonal of a square matrix is
formed by the line joining the first element of the first row (top– left corner) to
the last element of the last row ( bottom – right corner)

[ ]
−1 2 7
Ex: 5 2 −3 principal diagonal
6 5 9
e) Diagonal matrix: A square matrix A = [ a i j ]m × n is said to be a Diagonal Matrix if
aij = 0 ∀ i≠ simply, a square matrix in which all the elements outside the
principal diagonal are zero is called a diagonal Matrix

[ ]
−1 0 0
Ex: 0 5 0
0 0 6
The diagonal matrix in the above example can be represented as
Diag [ 1 ,5 , 6 ] or Diag ( –1, 5, 6)
f) Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix M = [ a i j ]m × n where aij = 0 ∀ i > j is
called an upper Triangular Matrix. We can also say that, in a square matrix if all
the elements to the left of principal diagonal are zero then it is an upper
triangular matrix.
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
2 −3 8
Ex: 0 5 −7 ; Here aij = 0 ∀ i > j
0 0 6
g) Lower Triangular Matrix: A square Matrix N =[ d ij ]m ×n where dij = 0 ∀ i< j is
said to be a lower Triangular Matrix ie., if all the elements to the right of the
principal diagonal in a square matrix are zero then it is a lower Triangular Matrix

[ ]
4 0 0
Ex: 1 2 0 , Here aij = 0 ∀ i < j
7 9 −1
h) Triangular Matrix: If a square matrix is either an upper triangular matrix or a
lower
triangular matrix then it is called a Triangular matrix.
i) Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose elements of the principal diagonal are
equal is
said to be a scalar matrix.

[ ]
9 0 0
Ex: 0 9 0
0 0 9
j) Identify (or) Unit Matrix: A square matrix in which all the principal diagonal
elements
( i.e. aij where i = j)are equal to 1 and all other elements are zero is called an
Identify matrix (or) Unit Matrix. Identify Matrix is denoted by I

[ ]
1 00 0
Ex: I 2
[ 10 o1]
=
2×2
I4 =
0
0
10
01
0
0
0 00 1 4×4

3] Equality of Matrices:
Two matrices A=[ a ij ]m × n and B = [ b ij ] p × q(are said to be equal)
i) m = p and n = q; that is both A and B are of same type and ii) All the
corresponding
elements of A and B are equal.
Ex:For 2x 2 matrices

If A = [ ac bd ] and B = [ pr qs ] then A = B iff a = p, b = q, c =r and d = s

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

Ex.1: Find the values of a and b if [ a2 13] =[ 72 1b]

Sol: Since corresponding elements must be equal for two matrices to be equal, a =
7 and b = 3

[ ][ ]
1 2 2 3
Ex.2: Is 3 4=4 5?
5 6 6 1
Sol: No, because the corresponding elements are not equal.

[ ]
7 0
Ex.3: If A =[7 2 0
0 1 5 ] and B = 2 1 then, are A and B equal?
0 5
Sol: No, because A and B differ in dimensions and hence are not of the same type.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] Which of the following matrix (or Matrices) is /are triangular

[ ] [ ] [ ]
1 0 1 9 0 6 1 −1 0
a) 1 4 0 b) 0 4 0 c) 0 2 1 d) none
5 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 7

2] If [ abc 1
a/b][ ]
=
8 1
2 2
find the values of a & b

3] Which of the following is diag [–1, 1, 4] ?

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
−1 0 0 −1 1 4 −1 0 0 4 0 0
a) 1 0 0 b) 0 0 0 c) 0 1 0 d) 0 1 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 −1
4] Which of the following statements (s) is /are correct?
a) Every diagonal matrix is a scalar matrix
b) Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix
c) If Am x n = B2 x 1 then m = 2 and n = 1
d) Identify matrix has all principal diagonal elements equal to 1
5] Which of following statements are incorrect?
a) Row matrices have only one row
b) Every identify matrix is a square matrix

[ ]
1 1 1
c) 1 1 1 is a unit matrix
1 1 1
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
1 0 0
d) 0 1 0 is a triangular matrix.
1 1 0

HOME EXERCISE:
1] If A = [ a ij ]m × n then
a) m is the number of rows b) m is the number of columns
c) n is the number of columns d) n is the number of rows

[ ]
a 0 0
2] If 0 b 0 is a scalar matrix the
0 0 c
a)a = b = c b) a ≠ b≠ c
c) a = b = c = 1 is possible d) a + b + c = 64161 is possible

[ ][ ]
a+ b+c 0 0 5 0 0
3] Find a, b & c if 0 ab 0 = 0 3 0
a+b−c 0 0 3 0 0

[ ][ ]
log y x / y 0 0 −1 0 0
4] If 0 0 y / z 0 0 2 = x> 0 y > 0 find x 2
+ y2 + z 3

2
0 x + yz 0 0 9 0

[ ]
x
e 0 0
5] If 0 sin y 0 is an identify matrix, the value of cos(x + y + z) is
0 0 z+1
a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) none of these
6] If a matrix has 11 elements, its possible dimension(s) is/are
a) 10 x 1 b) 11 x 1 c) 1 x 10 d) 1 x 11
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
SESSION – 2 & 3
AIM:
 Operations on Matrixes
i) Matrix addition and its properties
ii) Matrix Multiplication and properties
iii) Transpose of a Matrix

EXPLANATION:
Operations on Matrices
A] Matrix addition and its properties:
If A and B are two matrices of the same order (or dimension) then the matrix
addition is performed by adding the corresponding elements of A and B. The
resulting sum is represented as A + B and is of the same order as A and B.
Therefore, if A = [ a ij ]m × n and B = [ b ij ]m × n then A + B = [ a ij +b ij ]m × n

Ex:If A = [ 13 24] and B =[ 86 75] then A + B = [ 1+8

3+6
2+7
4 +5 ][ ]
=
9 9
9 9

Properties of Matrix addition:

(i) Matrix addition is commutative i.e., A + B = B + A
(ii) Matrix addition is associative. ie., A + ( B +C) = ( A + B) + C
(iii) If A is m x n matrix then Om x n (null matrix of dimension m x n ) is its additive
Identify.
ie., O + A = A + O = A
(iv) If A + B = D and A + C = D then B = C
*Few more properties of matrix addition will be taught after “multiplication of
matrices by a scalar”

B) Matrix Multiplication:
i) Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar (scalar multiplication)
If A = [ a ij ]m × nis the given matrix and if ‘K’ is a real or complex constant, then
kA = K [ a ij ]m × n = [ ka ij ]m × n

Ex: If K = – 1 and A = [−21 −14 ] find – A

Sol: – A = (– 1) A
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BIDAR- FF0190

=(–) [−21 −14 ]= [ (−1(−1) ×) ×(−21 ) (−1 ) × (−1 )

(−1 ) × 4 ]
– A =[
2 −4 ]
−1 1

i) Few more properties of Matrix addition:

(i) A + (– A) = ( –A) + A = 0 ie., – A is the additive inverse of A
(ii) K ( A + B) = KA + KB
(iii) If A + B = C then A = C – B

ii) Multiplication of two matrices (Matrix Multiplication):

Let A is a m x n matrix and B is a n x p matrix, then the product C of A and B is
a m x p matrix
C = AB = [ a ij ]m × n [ b ij ]m × n= [ c ik ]m × p
n
Here Cik = ∑ ( aij ) ( b jk )
j=i

Note: If A and B are two matrices, their product AB exists if and only if the number
of columns of A is equal to number of rows of B.

Corollary: If AB exists it is not necessary that BA should exist.

Ex: Let A = [−10 1 2
7 6 ]
and B =
0 1
2 9
find AB [ ]
Sol: AB does not exist because number of columns of A (3) is not equal to rows of B (
2)

[ ]
1 −1
Ex: If A = [
1 0 −3
−1 2 1 ] and B = 2
−1 5
0 find AB

Sol: A is a 2 x 3 matrix and B is a 3 x 2 matrix. Hence, matrix multiplication is

possible and the resultant is a 2 × 2 matrix.

][ ]
1 −1
AB = [
1 0 −3
−1 2 1
2
−1 5
0

Sum of products of corresponding elements of Sum of products of

corresponding elements of first row of A with first column of B first row of A with
second column of B
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BIDAR- FF0190

= [ ( 1× 1 )+ ( 0 ×2 ) + (−3 ×−1 ) (1 ×−1 ) + ( 0 × 0 ) + (−3 ×5 )

(−1 ×1 ) + ( 2 ×2 ) + ( 1 ×−1 ) (−1×−1 )+ ( 2× 0 ) + ( 1× 5 ) ]
Sum of Products of corresponding of second row of ASum of products of
corresponding
With first column of Belements of second row of A with second column of B

[−1+4−1
=
1+0+3 −1+ 0−15
1+0+5
=
2 ][
4 −16
6 ]
∴ AB=
[ 42 −166 ]
Properties of Matrix Multiplication:
i) Matrix multiplication is not necessarily commutative ie. AB is not necessarily
equal to BA even if both of them exist.
ii) Matrix Multiplication is associative A(BC) = ( AB) C

iii) (A)n =exists iff A is a square matrix.

n times
q
iv) ( Ap ) = Ap q

v) AP. Aq = A p + q
vi) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition
ie., A (B + C) = A B + AC
vii) If A is a square matrix of order m x m then I m( Identify Matrix of order m x m ) is
its multiplicative identify.
ie.,AI = IA = A
viii) If A is a m x n matrix then, AIn = ImA = A
Identify matrix of order n x n
Identify matrix of order m x m
ix) If A is the diagonal matrix given by
A = diag [a1, a2, a3….an] then Am is given by
Am = diag [a1m, a2m, a3m,a……..anm]

C) Transpose of a Matrix:
Let A = [ a ij ]m × n be a matrix. Then, the transpose of A denoted by A T, is obtained
by interchanging its rows and columns.
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
Therefore AT = [ a ij ]n × m

[ ] [ ]
1 3 0
1 4 7 −11
4 19 −1
Ex: Let A 3 19 0 2 then AT =
7 0 5
0 −1 5 8
−11 2 8
Properties
(i) (AT)T = A
(ii) ( A + B)T = AT + BT ( also ( A – B) T = AT – BT)
(iii) (AB)T = BT AT
(iv)(KA) T = KAT( K is a scalar).

D) More types of Matrices:

(i) Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix A is said to be a symmetric matrix if,
AT = A, ie., [aij] = [aj i]

[ ][ ]
4 −2 0 a b c
Ex: −2 9 6 ; b d e
0 6 1 c e f
(ii) Skew – symmetric Matrix:
If AT = –A where A is a square matrix then A is said to be a skew symmetric
Matrix. ie.,
[aij]= – [aji]

[ ][ ]
0 −2 1 0 a b
Ex: 2 0 −3 ; −a 0 −c
−1 3 0 −b c 0
* In a skew – symmetric matrix, the principal diagonal elements are all zero.
* Let Abe a symmetric matrix, then An is also a symmetric matrix ∀ n Z+
* Let A be a skew – symmetric matrix, then A n is a symmetric matrix if n is an
even integer and An is a skew – symmetric matrix if n is an odd integer.
T T
A+A A− A
* Let A be a square matrix, then is a symmetric matrix and is a
2 2
T T
A+A A− A
skew– symmetric matrix and + =A
2 2
* Skew – symmetric matrices are sometimes refer to as anti – symmetric
matrices.
(iii) Idempotent Matrix:
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BIDAR- FF0190
If A2 = A, then A is called an Idempotent matrix. Here, A must be a square
matrix.
(iv) Orthogonal Matrix:
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if A. A T = AT. A = I
(v) Conjugate of a matrix
Let A be a matrix then A A is called its conjugate and is obtained by replacing
the elements of A by their corresponding complex conjugates.

7 [
Ex: Let A = 2+3 i i
−4−3 i
⇒ A=
2−3 i
7 ] −i
−4+3 i [ ]
(vi) Conjugate Transpose of a matrix:
Transpose of a conjugate matrix is called conjugate transpose of the matrix. Let
A be a matrix, then, A is the conjugate matrix and ( A )T is the conjugate
transpose of A and is represented as A*
i.e., ( A )T = A [ a ji ] A* = [ A ] T =A T
T

* If A = A* then A is said to be a Heronitian matrix. i.e., [aij] = [ a ji ]

* If A = – A* or A* = – A then A is said to be a skew – hermitian (or) Anti –
hermitian
matrix. ie.,[aij] = [ a ji ]* Diagonal elements of a hermitian matrix must be real
(vii) Nilpotent Matrix: Let A be a square matrix. If An = 0 for
some n Z+ then A is called a
Nilpotent matrix. The least value of n that makes A n = 0 is called its Index.
(viii) Commuting Matrices:
In general, matrix multiplication is not commutative. But, if there exists
matrices A and B such that AB = BA, then A and B are said to commute (or) to
be commuting) Now, if AB = BA then
(i) (A ±B)2 = A2±2 AB + B2
(ii) (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2
(iii) (A±B)3 = A3± 3A2B + 3AB2±B3
(iv) A3±B3 = (A ±B) (A2∓AB + B2)

SOLVED EXAMPLES:

[ ] [ ]
1 1
1 1 0 −1
Ex.1: Let A = [
0 1 −1
1 0 1 ] B = 0 1 −1 0 and C =
1 1 0 0
0
−1
0
0
. Find A (BC)
1 0
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BIDAR- FF0190
Sol: A (BC) = (AB) C

][ ]
1 1 0 −1
Let us first find AB; AB =
0 1 −1
1 0 1
0 1 −1 0 =
1 1 0 0
[

[ ( 0 ×1 ) + ( 1 ×0 ) + (−1 ×1 ) ( 0 ×1 ) + ( 1 ×1 ) + (−1 ×−1 ) ( 0 × 0 ) + ( 1 ×−1 )+ (−1× 0 ) ( 0 ×−1 ) + ( 1× 0 ) + ( 1 ×0 )

( 1× 1 )+ ( 0 ×0 ) + ( 1 ×1 ) ( 1× 1 )+ ( 0 ×1 ) + ( 1 ×1 ) ( 1 ×0 )+ ( 0×−1 )+ ( 1× 0 ) (1 ×1 )+ ( 0× 0 ) + ( 1 ×0 ) ]
[ ]
1 1
∴
[
−1 0 −1 0
2 2 0 −1
; Now (AB) C = ]
−1 0 −1 0 0
2 2 0 −1 −1 [ ] 0
0
.
1 0

AB = C = [ (−1 ×1 ) + ( 0 × 0 ) + (−1 ×−1 ) (−1× 1 )+ ( 0 ×0 )+ (−1 × 0 ) + ( 0 ×0 )

( 2× 1 )+ ( 2× 0 ) + ( 0 ×−1 ) + (−1 ×1 ) ( 2× 1 ) + ( 2× 0 ) + ( 0 × 0 ) + (−1 ×0 ) ]
A(BC) = (AB) C = [−21 −12 ]
Ex.2: If A = [ 20 i 3−2 i
1 −i ] find A *
Sol: A * = ( A )T

Now A = [ 20 −i 3+2 i
1 i ]
[ ]
2 0
A* = −i 1
3+2 i i

Ex.3. Let A = [ 0i 0i ] where i= √−1, find A 106

Given A = [
0 i]
i 0
Sol: = diag [ i, i]

But An = diag [in, in]

Here , n = 106 A106 = diag [ i106, i106]1 = diag [‘ – 1, – 1]

∴A106 = [−10 −10 ]

Ex.4. If A = [ 20 02], then A = 512 I ; True or false
9
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

Sol: Given A = [ 20 02],

We can write, A = 2 [ 10 01], = 2I
∴A9 = 29. I9= 29. I
∴A9 = 512 I .Hence True.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] If S is an anti – symmetric matrix of dimension n x n and C is a n x 1 column
matrix, then CTSC is a
a) Unit matrix b) null matrix c) Scalar matrix d) diagonal matrix

[ ]
1 0 1
1 0 −1
2] The values of K for which the matrix M =k is orthogonal is
1
0 0
k
a) ±1/2 b) ±1 c) ± 1/ √ 3 , d) ± 1/ √ 2

[ ]
1 2 1
3] If A = 0 1 −1 then A3 – 3A2 – A – 9I =
3 −1 1
a) I b) O c) A2 d) A

[−sinθ ] [ ]
x
cosθ sinθ A 0 0
4] If A = show that lim is O =
cosθ x→ ∞ x 0 0

[ ]
1 3−2 i 7+ 9i
5] Let A = 3+2 i 0 −i the A is
7−9i i 2
a) Hermitian b) Symmetric c) Skew – symmetric d) Skew – Hermitian

[ ]
0 1 0
6] If A = 0 0 1 show thatA3 = xI + yA +zA2, where I is an identify matrix of
x y 3
dimension 3 x 3

[ ] [ ] [ ][ ]
1 2 3 a 4 −2
2
7] If 3 1 2 b = 0 −6 the a, b,c =
1
2 3 1 c −1 2
a) a = b = 2, c = – 4 b) a = – 4, b = c = 2
c) a = c = – 4, b = 2 d) a = b = c = 2

8] Let A = [−13 12] then A – 5A + 7 I is

2
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
a) unit matrix b) null matrix c) A d) none of these

HOME EXERCISE:
1] If A = [ 34 −2
−2 ]
and A +2 I = kA find K
2

If A = [ ] Show that A = [ ]
n n
cosθ −sinθ co s θ −si n θ
2] n
for all n ∈Z +
sinθ cosθ si n θ n
co s n θ

If A =[
0 i]
i 0
3] where i = √ −1, A is 2011

a) A b) 0 c) –A d) A*

[ ]
2 3
4] If A = [ 1 −2 3
−4 2 5 ]
and B = 4 5 show that AB ≠ BA
2 1

5] Let A = [ 31 −4
−1 ]
then A is n

a) [ b)[ c)[ [ 1−2n n

1−n ] 1−2 n ] −n 1−2 n ] ]
1+ n −4 1+ 2 n −4 n 1+ 2 n 4n −4 n
d)
1 n 1−2 n

Show that A = [
−1 −2 ]
5 3
6] satisfies x – 3x – 7 =0
2

[ ]
2
ab b
7] If A = 2 then A is
−a −ab
a) idempotent b) Nilpotenet with index 2
c) Nilpotent with index 3 d) Identify matrix
8] If the order of A is 4 x 3 and B is 4 x 2 and that of C is 5 x 3 find the order of
D = (ATB)TCT
a) 2 x 5 b) 5 x 2 c) 3 x 5 d) 5 x
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
SESSION –4
AIM:
 Trace of a matrix
 Determinant of a square matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Trace of a matrix: The sum of elements, that constitute the principal
diagonal of a square matrix, is called the trace of that matrix.
If A is a square matrix then the trace of A is denoted as trA

Properties of trace of Matrix:

(i) tr (A + B) = tr A + trB
(ii) (ii) tr (A – B) = trA – tr B
(iii) tr(KA) = K . tr A
(iv) tr (AB) = tr( BA) ( If both AB and BA exist ) (v) tr(AB)≠ tr A. tr B
(v) If A, B, C are three matrices of order n then, t r (A BC) = tr (BCA) = tr (CAB) = tr (
ACB) =
tr(BAC) = trC(BA)

2] Determinant of a Matrix: a 2 x 2 matrix

Let A = [ ac bd ] be the matrix. The determinant of A is a value represented by det
(A) or det A and denoted as [
c d]
a b
and is equal to ad – bc

∴det A = ad – bc
Note: Determinants are usually associated with square matrices only.
b) 3 x 3 matrix:

(i) Minor: Let A = [ a ij ]3 ×3 , where aij represents the element which is in the i th row
and jth column.The determinant, obtained by removing the ith row and jth
column, of the matrix is called the minor of aij. It is denoted by Mij.

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
If A = a21 a22 a23 then M11 =
a31 a32 a33
[
a22 a23
a32 a33 ]
=a 22 a 33 – a32 a 23
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BIDAR- FF0190

Similarly M22 = [ a11 a 13

a31 a 33 ]
= a11 a33 – a31 a13

(ii) CO – factor: If A = [ aij] is a matrix such that Mij is the minor of aij, the ( – 1)
Mij is the
i+j

co – factor of aij. It is denoted by Aij.

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
Let A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
We have M11 = a 22 a33 – a32 a23
A11 = (– 1) 1+1 (a22 a33 – a32 a23)
= a22 a33 – a32 a33
Similarly
M23 = (a11 a32 – a31 a12)
A23 = (– 1) 2+3
(a11 a32 – a31 a12) = – 1 (a11 a32 – a31 a12)

(iii) Determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix

The determinant of a 3 x 3 matrix is equal to the sum of the products of the elements
of a single row ( or column) with corresponding cofactors. It is denoted by Δ

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
If A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
Then Δ = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
Δ = a11A11 + a12A12+ a13 A13
(or)
Δ = a21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
(or)
Δ = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
(or)
Δ = a11 A11 + a21 A21+ a31 A31
(or)
Δ = a12 A12 + a22 A22 + a32 A32
(or)
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BIDAR- FF0190
Δ = a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33

Solved examples:

[ ]
1 2 3
Ex.1: Find the trace of A = 4 1 0
5 1 −1
Sol: tr A = sum of elements of principal diagonal
tr A = 1 + 1 + (– 1) = 1

[ ] [ ]
1 3 1 2 1 0
Ex.2: If A= = −1 0 4 and B = = −1 0 1 show that tr (A +B) = tr A + tr B
7 1 2 1 0 −1

[ ][ ]
1+2 3+1 1+ 0 3 4 1
Sol: A + B = −1−1 0+0 4+1 = −2 0 5
7+1 1+ 0 2−1 8 1 1

Tr (A + B ) = 3 + 0 + 1 = 4 ………………………(i)
Tr A = 1 + 0 + 2 = 3
Tr B = 2 + 0 – 1 = 1
tr A + tr B = 3 + 1 = 4 Tr (A + B) = Tr (A) + Tr(B)……….(ii)

[ ]
1 1 0
Ex.3: Find A23, A13 for A = 2 0 1 and A22. A33
1 0 3

Sol: A23= (– 1) , M23 = (– 1)5 (1.0 – 1.1) = (– 1) (– 1) = 1

2+3

A13 = (– 1) 1+3. M13 = (– 1)4 (2.0 – 1.0) = (– 1) (0) = 0

∴ A23 = 1 and A13 = 0

A22 = (– 1) 2 + 2 (1.3 – 1.0) = 3; A33 = (– 1) 3+3

(1.0 – 2.1) = – 2

∴A22. A33 = 3. (– 2) = – 6

Ex.4: Find det A if A = [ cosθ sinθ ]

sinθ −cosθ

Sol: det A = [ cosθ

sinθ
sinθ ]
−cosθ
= sin θ – (– Cos θ)
2 2

det A = sin2θ + cos 2θ = 1

 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
x a 1
Ex. 5: Find Δ if A = 1 x a
1 1 x

[ ]
x a 1
Sol: Δ = 1 x a = x ( x .x – a.1) – a ( 1. x – 1.a) + 1 ( 1.1 – 1.x)
1 1 x

= x (x 2
– a)– a (x – a) + 1 (1 – x)
= x3 – ax – ax + a2 + 1 – x

∴ Δ = x3 – x ( 2a + 1) + a2 + 1.

CLASS EXERCISE:

[ ]
a+b +2 a a b
1] If c b+c +2 a b = k (a + b + c)2 then K=_____
c a c+ a+2 b
a) 2 (a + b+ c) b) 2 abc c) 2 (a + b + c)2 d) 2

[ ]
a b c
2] If a, b, c are roots of x3 + px + q = 0 then b c a =
c a b
a) p b) q c) 0 d) p2 – 2q

[ ]
1 log z y log x z
3] Show that log y x 1 log y z = 0
log z x log z y 1

4] If A = |31 41|then A + A + A …..+ A

2 3
99 =

a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these

| |
sinx cosx cosx
π π
5] The number of distinct real roots of cosx sinx cosx = 0 in the interval – x
4 4
cosx cosx sinx
is
a) 0 b) 2 c) 1 d) 3

| |
−a 2b 0
6] If A = 0 −a 2 b = 0 then
2b 0 a
a) 1/b is a cube root of unity b) a is one of the cube roots of unity
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
a
c) b is one of the cube roots of 8 d) is a cube root of 8
b

| |
−cosx −x 1 '
f (x)
7] Let f (x) = 2 sinx −x 2 2 x then lim =
x →0 x
tanx −x 1
a) 1 b)– 2 c) 3 d) 4

| |
xk x k +2 x k +3
8] Show that k = – 1 if y k
z
k
y
z
k+ 2

k+2
k+3
y =(x – y) ( y – z ) ( z – x )
z
k+3
yz + xy + xz
xyz (
. )
HOME EXERCISE:

| |
1 1 0
m m +3 m+6
1] ❑ C 1 ❑ C 1 ❑ C1 = 2a 3 b5c, then a + b + c
m m +3 m+6
❑ C 2 ❑ C 2 ❑ C2
a) 5 b) 3 c) 7 d) 4

| |
2009 2010 2011
2] 2010 2011 2012 =
2011 2012 2013
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these

3] If α , β and γ are the angles of a triangle and

| |
1 1 1
1+ sinα 1+ sinβ 1+ sinγ =0 then The triangle is a / an
2 2 2
sinα + sin α sinβ+ si n β sinγ + si n γ
a) equilateral b) isosceles c) right angled d) none of these

| |
−( x + y )
z −1 z −1
z2
−( y + z )
4] If Δ= x−1 x−1 then
x2
− y ( y+z) x +2 y+ z −( x + y )
x2 z xz x z2
a) Δ = 0 b) Δ is independent of x
c) Δ depends only on z d) Δ is independent of y

| |
a b c
5] If a, b ,c are in A.P. with common difference d then b c a
c a b
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
a) depends on a b) depends on d c) is a constant d) none
of these

| |
x−1 5x 7
6] If x 2−1 x−1 8 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d , the value of c is
2x 3x 0
a) 12 b) 17 c) – 1 d) 0

7] Let A = [ α2 α2 ]. If |A | = 125, α is
3

a) + 3 b) – 3 c) 0 d) none of these

| || |
1 1 0 0 1 0
8] If A = 0 1 1 B= 1 0 −1 ; then roots of 4x2 – Ax + B = 0 are
0 −2 4 −2 4 0
1 1 1 1
a) 1, b) – 1, c) 1, d)– 1,
2 2 2 2
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
SESSION –5
AIM:
 Properties of Determinant

EXPLANATION:
1] Properties of Determinant:
a) det (A) = det (AT)ie., if we interchange the rows and columns of a matrix the
value of the determinant remains same.
b) If two rows (or columns) of a matrix are equal (identical) or proportional then
determinant is zero.
c) If a pair of rows (or columns) are interchanged then the sign of determinant
change.

| | | | |
a b c a b c b a c
Eg. If d e f = Δ then g h i e d g =−Δ
g h i d e f h g i

d) If all the elements of a row (or column) are multiplied by a scalar K then the
determinant of the resultant matrix is K times the determinant of the original
matrix.

| | | | | || |
a b c a b c ak bk ck ak b c
Eg. If A = d e f and Δ= d e f the d e f = dk e f =k Δ
g h i g h i g h i gk h i

e) If Ktimes a row ( column) is added to another row ( column) then the

determinant of the resultant matrix is same as the determinant of the original
matrix.

| | | || |
a b c a+kb b c a+ kg b+ kh c + ki
Eg. If d e f = Δ then d+ ke e f = d e f =Δ
g h i g+ kh h i g h i

f) When each element in a row (or column) is a sum of two terms then its
determinant can be expressed as a sum of two determinants of two square
matrices of same dimension.
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

| | | || |
a+ x b c a b c x b c
Eg.If d+ y e f = Δ then Δ= d e f + y e f
g+ z h i g h i z h i

g) If A is a n x n triangular matrix ( upper or lower) thendet (A) = a 11 a22 …………

ann
ie., Determinant is equal to the product of the elements of principal diagonal.
h) det (AB) = det (BA) = det (A). det (B)

Corollary: If det (AB) = 0 then either det A = 0 or det B = 0

i) Sum of the products of the elements of a row ( or column) with the cofactors of
the corresponding elements of any other row ( or column) is zero

{
a 11 A 11 +a 12 A 22+ a13 A 23=0
a11 A 31+a 12 A32 +a13 A 33=0
¿

| |
a11 a 12 a13 a121 A11 + a22 A 21+ a32 A31=0
For eg. If Δ= a21 a 22 a23 then a12 A 13+ a22 A23 +a 32 A 33=0
a31 a 32 a33 .
.
.
.

j) If A is a n x n matrix then det (cA) = c n det A where C is a constant.

Eg: If A = [ 1030 2040] = 10 [ 13 24] = 10A then|1030 2040|= 10 |13 24| = 100 ( 4 – 6) = –
2

200
k) If |A| = 0 then A is said to be a singular matrix
If | A| ≠ 0 then A is said to be a non – singular matrix.
NOTE:
* det (A + B) is not necessarily equal to det A + det B

Ex: If A = B = [ 10 01]
Then det (A + B) = and det A = det B = 2
* Determinant of a unit matrix is 1
* Determinant of a skew symmetric matrix of dimension 3 x 3 is zero.
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

CLASS EXERCISE:

[ ]
0 4 −6
1] −4 0 −1 =?
6 1 0
a) 1 b) 0 c) –1 d) None of these

| || || |
2 1 7 a 1 7 b 1 7
2] If find 4 −1 4 = b −1 4 + c −1 4 a, b, c
6 2 1 c 2 1 a 2 1
a) a = b = c = 1 b) a = 2, b = 1, c = 4 c) a = 2 b = 0 c = 4 d)
a = 0,b= 2, c = 4

| |
5 0 0
3] 0 1 0 =¿?
0 1 2
a) 5 b) 10 c) 1 d) 2

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 5 0 6
4] If A = 0 1 0 B= 0 1 0 find det (AB)
0 0 5 0 0 1
a) 10 b) 25 c) 50 d) 30

| | | |
a b c f e d
5] d e f =k then c b a is
g h i i h g
a) –k b) k c) 0 d) k2

6] A= [ 12 34] B = [ 01 03] find det (AB)

a) 1 b) 6 c) 0 d) –2

[ ] [ ]
3 7 2 1 4 9
7] A = 1 2 −1 B = −1 8 7 find det (AB)
21 49 14 2 5 1
a) 0 b) 63 c) 12 d) – 14

[ ]
sin x 1 cosec x
cos x sin x tan x
8] C= then
sin 2 x
cos x cot x
2
a) | C | = 0 b) C is nonsingular c) | C| = 1 d) C is singular
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

HOME EXERCISE:

| || | |
2 4 6 5 0 0 a 1 1
1] =
8 16 24 0 1 0 1 2 1 then a is
6 12 18 0 0 3 1 1 1
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) 2

[ ]
1 12 1 7
0 2 a −1
2] If A = and | A| = – 36 then a is
0 3 0 3
0 0 0 6
a) 1 b) – 1 c) – 2 d) 2

| |
1
a2 bc
a
1
3] b2 ca =
b
1
c 2 ab
c

a) 1 b) 2 c) 0 d) –b

| | |
a2 ab ac

|
a b c
4] If 2 3 4 = D then 4 6 8 is
p q r 2
pq q r
2

a) D b) 2aq D c) 2apD d) O

[ ]
a 1 1
5] Let A = b 1 1 then 2b (a – c) =
c 1 1
a) 0 b) 1 c) abc d) ab

| |
log a n log a n+1 log an +2
6] If a 1, a2, a3….. are in G.P. then the value of log an+3 log an +4 log an +5 is
log an+5 log a n+7 log an +3

a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these

| |
2 x+ 7 x +4 x+3
7] If x+ 4 2 x +6 x+2 = 0, the possible values of x are
x +3 x +2 2 x +5
a) 2, 3, 4 b) – 2, 3, 4 c) – 2, – 3, 4 d) – 2, – 3, –4
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

| |
cosec x tan x co s 2 x
2 3 4
8] si n x tan x co s x =
3
cot x sin x co s x
a) 1 b) – 1 c) 0 d) none of these
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
SESSION – 6
AIM:
 Adjoint Matrix
 Inverse of a Matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Adjoint Matrix:
Let A = [ aij] be a square matrix and Aij is the cofactor of aij. Then transpose of
the matrix [Aij] is called the adjoint of A. It is denoted as adj A (or) Adj A

[ ]
a11 a12 a13
Let A = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33

[ ]
A11 A12 A 13
Now [Aij] = A 21 A22 A 23 is the cofactor matrix
A 31 A32 A 33

[ ]
A11 A21 A 31
adj A = A 12 A22 A 32
A 13 A23 A 33

[ ]
1 2 1
Ex.1. Find the adjoint of A = 2 1 1
1 1 2

[ ][ ]
( 1.2−1.1 ) −( 2.2−1.1 ) (2.1−1.1 ) 1 −3 1
Sol: Cofactor Matrix = −( 2.2−1.1 ) ( 1.2−1.1 ) − (1.1−1.2 ) = −3 1 1
( 2.1−1.1 ) −( 1.1−1.2 ) (1.1−2.2 ) 1 1 −3

[ ]
T
1 −3 1
Now Adj A = −3 1 1
1 1 −3

[ ]
1 −3 1
Adj A = −3 1 1
1 1 −3

1. Properties of Adjoint Matrix:

a) Adj (AB) = (Adj B) (AdjA)
b) Adj AT = (Adj A)T
c) If ' C ' is a constant Adj (CA) = cn – 1 Adj A, n is the order of the square matrix A
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
2

d) |(Adj A)| = |A| (n – 1)

and | Adj (Adj A)| = | A|(n−1 ) similarly |Adj Adj Adj A| =
3
( n−1 )
| A|
e) If A is singular then A. (Adj A) = (Adj A) A = O
f) If |A| = O |Adj A| = O
g) If A is symmetric then Adj A is also symmetric
h) Adj (Adj A) = | A| n–2
A
2. Inverse of a Matrix:
A square matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists a square matrix B such
that AB = BA = I then B is called the inverse of A.
AdjA
If A is a non – singular matrix then the Inverse of A is A – 1 =
det A
a) 2 x 2 matrix:

Let A be a 2 x 2 matrix and if A = [ ac bd ] then A – 1 = ad−bc

1
.
[−cd −ba ]
AdjA
b) 3 x 3 matrix: A – 1of a 3 x 3 matrix can be found using A – 1 =
det A

Note:
* Every square matrix is not necessarily Invertible
* Rectangular matrices are not Invertible
* Every Invertible square matrix has a unique Inverse.

Properties of Inverse of a Matrix:

(i) If A is invertible then (A – 1) –1 = A
(ii) I – 1 = I, I is the Identify matrix
(iii) If A and B are two invertible matrices of same dimension (AB) – 1 = B – 1 A – 1
Corollary: (A1, A2, A3,………An) – 1 = A – 1n. A – 1n – 1 …………A – 13, A – 12, A – 11
(iv) If A is invertible, so is AT and (AT)– 1
= (A – 1) T
1
(v) det A – 1 =
det A
A
(vi) (Adj A) – 1 = = Adj ( A– 1)
| A|
(vii) If a matrix A exists such that A 2 = I then A is said to be a Involuntary matrix.
Here, A is the inverse of itself
(viii) If A is a symmetric matrix then A – 1 is also symmetric
(ix) If A is a diagonal matrix the A – 1 is also a diagonal matrix
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

Ex. 2: A=[ 13 24] find A – 1

1.4 – 3.2 [−3 1 ]

1 4 −2
Sol: A –1
=

¿−
[
1 4 −2
2 −3 1 ]
A–1 = [ −2
3/2
1
−1 /2 ]

[ ]
1 2 3
Ex.3: If A = 0 4 5 then find A – 1
1 0 6

[ ]
24 5 −4
Sol: The cofactor matrix of A = −12 3 2
−2 −5 4

| |
24 −12 −2
Adj A = 5 3 −5 = det A = 1(4.6 – 0.5) – 2 (0.6 – 1.5) + 3 (0.0 – 1.4)
−4 2 4
= 24 + 10 – 12 = 22

[ ][ ]
24 −12 −2 12/11 −6 /11 −1/11
1
A –1
= 5 3 −5 = 5/22 3/22 −5 /22
22
−4 2 4 −2 /11 1 /11 2/11

CLASS EXERCISE:

[ ] [ ]
1 −1 1 4 2 2
1] Let A = 2 1 −3 and 10 (B) = −5 0 α If A – 1 = B find α
1 1 1 1 −2 3
a) 5 b) – 5 c) 0 d) 2

[ ]
cos α −sin α 0
2] sin α cos α 0 then (Adj A) –1
=
0 0 1
a) A b) I c) 1 d) 0

[ ]
4 0 0
3] If A is a square matrix such that A (Adj A) = 0 4 0 then det (adj A) =
0 0 4
a) 64 b) 16 c) 4 d) 256
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
4] If A is a non – singular square matrix such that it satisfies A 2 – A + 2I = 0 then A
–1

1 1
a) I – A b) I + A c) (I – A) d) (I + A)
2 2
5] A and B are invertible matrices of same order, then adj (AB) is equal to
a) adj (B) adj (A)b) |B| |A| B – 1 A – 1 c) |B| |A| A – 1 B – 1 d) |A||B|(AB) – 1
6] If B = –A – 1 BA then
a) AB + BA = O b) (A + B) 2 = A2 + B2
c) (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + 2AB d) (A +B)2 = A +B
7] If A is invertible and A2 – 3A + 8I = 0 then I =
1 3 1 3 1 8 1 8
a) A – A– 1 b) A + A– 1 c) A + A– 1 d) A – A– 1
8 8 8 8 3 5 3 3

[ ]
1 2 2
8] If 3A = 2 1 −2 then A –1
=
−2 2 −1

a) AT b) 2AT c) AT d) 3AT

HOME EXERCISE:

[ ]
12 22 32
1] If A = 22 32 42 then |adj A |=
32 42 52
a) 6 b) 8 c) 64 d) 256

[ ]
−1 −2 −2
2] Let A = 2 1 −2 and if Adj A = x AT, x =
2 −2 1
a) – 3 b) – 2 c) 2 d) 3
3] A has dimensions n x n , if A + A + 2I = 0, then
2

1
a) A is singular b) A ≠ 0 c) |A| ≠ 0 d)A – 1= – (A + I)
2
4] If A and B are 3 x 3 matrices and | A|≠ 0 then
a) |AB | = 0 |B| = 0 b) |AB| 0 |B| 0
c) | A –1
| = |A| –1
d) | 2A| = 2 |A|

[ ]
1 0 0
5] If A = 0 1 1 , 6 A – 1 = A2 + cA + dI, then (c, d ) is
0 −2 4
a) (– 11, 6) b) (– 6, 11) c) (6, 11) d) (11, 6)
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
2 2 1
6] If A = 1 3 1 then A – 1 + (A – 5I) (A – I) 2 =
1 2 2

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
4 2 −1 4 −2 −1 4 2 −1 4 −2 −1
1 1 1 1
a) −1 3 1 b) −1 3 −1 c) −1 3 1 d) −1 3 −1
5 5 3 3
−1 2 4 −1 −2 4 −1 2 4 −1 −2 4
7] If A2 + I = 0 ; If I is the Identify matrix then A =
a) diag [– i, – i] b) diag [– i, i] c) diag [i, – i] d) all of the above

[ ]
cos x sin x 0
8] If A = f (x) = −sin x cos x 0 then A – 1 =
0 0 1
a) f (x) b) – f (x) c) f (– x) d) –f (– x)
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
SESSION – 7
AIM:
 Simultaneous linear equations
a) Matrix Representation
 Matrix Method of solving
a) Elementary transformations
b) Cramer’s Rule
 Rank of a matrix

EXPLANATION:
1] Simultaneous Linear equation
a) In two variables:
Linear equations in two variables may be expressed as
a1 x + b1 y = c1 anda2 x + b2 y = c2. Here the two variables are x and y.
If c1 = c2 = 0 then the set of linear equations become a 1 x + b1 y = 0 and a2x +
b2 y = 0, these are treated as Homogenous equations. While solving these, if x
= 0 and y = 0 then the solution is called a Trivial solution or zero solution,
otherwise the solution is called a nontrivial solution.
b) In three variables:
Linear equations in three variable may be expressed as
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
Hence the Homogenous equations will be
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
and a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
Again, if x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0 the solution is said to be a trivial ( or zero)
solution, else if is called a non – trivial solution
c) Matrix Representation:
A set of simultaneous linear equations can be represented in matrix form as Ax
= B; Let us see them in detail.
i) In two variables:
If a1 x + b1 y = c1 and a2x + b2y = c2 are the set of linear equations in two
variable, then they can be represented in matrix form as
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
Ax=B

Where A = [ ] [] []
a1 b1
a2 b2
x
, X= ,B=
y
c1
c2
coefficient Matrix

ii) In Three variable:

When a1x + b1 y + c1z + d1, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 form
the system on linear equations in three variables, then they can be represented
using the matrix notation
Ax=B

[ ] [] [ ]
a1 b1 c1 x d1
Where A = a2 b2 c2 , x = y , B = d 2 Coefficient matrix
a3 b3 c3 z d3

Matrix Methods of solving:

a) Elementary transformation:
(i) Switching of two rows (or columns)
(ii) Addition of scalar multiples of elements of a row (or column) to the
corresponding elements of other row ( or column)
(iii) Multiplying every element of a row ( or column) with a scalar
These transformations are applied to get a simpler but equivalent matrix.
b) Echelon form of a matrix:
A matrix A is said to be in echelon form if
a) Rows of A which has all elements zero lies under all rows which have a non –
zero element
b) The first non – zero entry (element) is every non – zero row is 1
c) The number of zeroes before the first non – zero element of a row is less than
the numberof zeros in the next row.A matrix can be brought into its equal
echelon form by using theelementary transformations.
c) Cramer’s rule
(i) Two variables:
A system of simultaneous linear equations in two variables if written in matrix
form,
we have

[ ][ ] [ ]
a1 b1 x
a2 b2 y
c
= 1
c2
Cramer’s rule says that
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

X=
| |
c 1 b1
c 2 b2
and y =
| |
a1 c1
a2 c2

| |
a1 b 1
a2 b 2 | |
a1 b 1
a2 b 2
c 1 b2−b 1 c2 a 1 c 2−c1 a2
i.e., x = and y =
a1 b2−a2 b 1 a1 b2−a2 b 1

(ii) Three variables:

[ ][ ] [ ]
a1 b1 c1 x d1
If a2 b2 c2 y = d2
a3 b3 c3 z d3
Then according to cramers rule

| | | |
d1 b1 c 1 a1 d 1 c 1
d2 b2 c 2 a2 d 2 c 2
d3 b3 c 3 a3 d 3 c 3
X= y=

| | | |
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c 3 a3 b3 c3

| |
a1 b 1 d 1
a2 b 2 d 2
a3 b 3 d 3
And z =

| |
a1 b1 c 1
a2 b2 c 2
a3 b3 c 3

d) Augmented Matrix:

[ ]
a1 b1 c1
If a2 b2 c2 is the coefficient matrix for the system of linear equations,a 1x + b1
a3 b3 c3
y + c1 z = d 1

[ ]
a1 b1 c1 d 1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 and a3x + b3y + c3z = d3then a2 b2 c2 d 2 is
a3 b3 c3 d 3
called the Augmented Matrix
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
1 0 0α
i) The Augmented matrix can be reduced into the form 0 1 0β using the
0 0 1γ
elementary operations, then x = α , y = β , z = γ

[ ]
e1 e 2 e 3 e4
ii) The Augmented Matrix can also be reduced into the echelon form 0 e 5 e 6 e7
0 0 e 8 e9
by using elementary transformations. The echelon form can be used for solving
the equations

Important points about solutions of equations:

* Every homogeneous system has at least one solution, known as trivial solution
if |A| 0 where A is the co – efficient matrix. If |A| = 0 then the system either
has infinite number of (non– trivial) solutions.
* Every non – homogenous system of linear equations has a unique non – trivial
solution if
| A | ≠ 0. If |A| = 0 then the system either has no non – trivial solution or has an
infinite number of solutions. If the system of linear equations Ax = B has a
solution then the system of linear equations is said to be consistent.
* Similarly, if Ax = B has no solution, then the system of linear equations is
inconsistent.
3. Rank of a Matrix:
Rank of matrix is equal to the number of non – zero rows in its reduced echelon
form
(Or)
The maximum number of linearly independent rows in a matrix is called the
rank of a matrix.
* The rank of matrix A of order n, if |A| ≠ 0, is n
* The rank of an identify matrix of order n is n
* Let the rank of a coefficient matrix be r, and that of Augmented matrix is r 2.
Then,
The system of linear equations Ax = B is inconsistent if r 1≠ r2 .The system Ax = B
is consistent and has unique solution if r 1 = r2 = n, where n is the order of the
coefficient matrix. If r1 = r2< n then Ax = B is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions
* Only a zero matrix has rank zero
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
* If A is a m x n matrix, then rank (A) ≤ min (m, n)
* A square matrix A of order n is invertible iff rank (A) = n
* rank (A) = rank (AT) = rank (A*)

SOLVED EXAMPLES:
Ex.1. Solve the system of linear equation given below
–x+5y=4
2x + 5y = – 2
Sol: We can represent the given system of equations in matrix from as
Ax = C, where

A [2 5 ] []
= −1 5 , x = x ; C = 4
y −2 [ ]
A x = C  X = A–1 C
( A – 1 (AX) = A – 1C  Ix = A – 1 C  X = A – 1C)
| A | = 5 (– 1)–(– 2) ( –5) = – 5 – 10 = – 15

∴A – 1 = [
−15 −2 −1
=
][
1 5 −5 −1/3 1/3
2/15 1/15 ]
Using (1)

X= [−1/3
2/15 1 /15 ] [−2 ] [ 2/5 ]
1/3 4
=
−2

[ y ] [ 2/5]
x
=
−2
x=−2∧ y =
2
5
The above system can also be solved using cramer’s rule as follows,

X=
|−2 5|
4 5
and y =
| 2 −2|
−1 4
x=
20+10
and y =
2−8

|−12 55| |−12 55| −5−10 −5−10

−30 −6 2
x= ∧ y= x = – 2 and y =
5 −15 5
Ex.2: Solve the following system of linear equations
X + 2y – z = 6
3x + 5y – z = 2
– 2x – y – 2z = 4
Sol: Here, we have A x = C

[ ] [] []
1 2 −1 x 6
Where A = 3 5 −1 ; X= y c= 2
−2 −1 −2 z 4
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BIDAR- FF0190
Ax=c X=A–1C

[ ]
11 −5 −3
2 2 2
We can find that A – 1 = −4 2 1
−7 3 1
2 2 2

[ ][ ] [ ]
11 −5 −3
2 3 2 6 22
X= −4 2 1 2 = −16
−7 3 1 4 −16
2 2 2
x = 22, y = – 16, z = – 16
We can also solve using cramer’s rule as follows

| | | | | |
6 2 −1 1 6 −1 1 2 6
2 5 −1 3 2 −1 3 5 2
4 −1 −2 −2 4 −2 −2 −1 4
X= ; y= ;z=

| | | | | |
1 2 −1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1
3 5 −1 3 5 −1 3 5 −1
−2 −1 −2 −2 −1 −2 −2 −1 −2
X = 22 y = – 16 z = – 16

Ex.3: Solve
x+y–z=–2
2x – y + z = 5
– x + 2y + 2z = 1
Also find the rank of coefficient matrix
Sol: Let us use a different approach to solve this system

[ ]
1 1 −1−2
Here, the Augmented Matrix = 2 −1 1 5
−1 2 2 1

After apply the transformation R2 2R1 + R2

[ ]
1 1 −1 −2
We get 0 −3 3 9
−1 2 2 1

Now, R3 R3 + R 1

[ ]
1 1 −1 −2
We get 0 −3 3 9
0 3 1 −1
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BIDAR- FF0190

Now, R2 R2 x

[ ]
0 1 −1 −2
We get 0 1 −1 −3
0 3 1 −1

[ ] [ ]
1 1 −1 −2 1 1 −1 −2
1
Now R3 – 3 R2 + R3 we get R
0 1 −1 −3 and 3 → R 3x 0 1 −1 −3
4
0 0 4 8 0 0 1 2

[ ]
1 0 0 1
Now R1 R1 – R2 0 1 −1−3 and R2 R2 + R 3
0 0 1 2

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 1 1 0 0α
→ 0 1 0−1 this is of the form 0 1 0β
0 0 1 2 0 0 1γ

Where α = x , β = y and γ = 3 x = 1, y = – 1 and z = 2

[ ]
1 1 −1
Here the co – efficient matrix is 2 −1 1 .
−1 2 2
After applying all the transformations as above we get the row – reduced

[ ]
1 0 0
echelon form = 0 1 0
0 0 1
This is an identity matrix of order 3 Hence the rank of the co – efficient matrix is
3.

CLASS EXERCISE:
1] Solve 3x _ 4y + 4z = 7; x _ y _ 2z = 2; 2x _ 3y + 6z = 5.
2] The system of equations p + 2x _ y _ z = 0 q _ x + 2y _ z = 0 r_ x _ y + 2z = 0 has
a) unique solution of p + q + r = 0 b) Infinite number of
solutions if p + q + r = 0
c) No solution if p + q + r ≠ 0 d) solution which does not depend on p, q, r
3] Solve x + 2y + 2z = 1; 2x + 2y + 3z = 2; 2x + 2y + z = 3
4] Solve 3x + y = 3; 9x + 4y = 6
5] If x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + pz = 0, x + 2y + 3z = 10 has no Solution. Then p =
_____
a) 5 b) 2 c) 4 d) 3
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BIDAR- FF0190
6] The number of solution of 2x + y _ z = 7
x_ 3y + 2z = 1
x + 4y _ 3z = 5 is
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) infinite

[ ]
7 −7 7
7] The rank of 7 7 −7 is
−7 7 7
a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
8] If bx + cy + az = cx ay bz
_ _ _

cx + ay = _ bz
ax + by = _ cz forms a system of equations which is consistent. Then,
a) a = b ≠ c b) a = b = c c) a = 2b = 3c d) a + b + c = 0

HOME EXERCISE:
1] If px + qy + rz = β – γ ; qx + ry + pz = – α ; rx + py + qz =α −β is consistent,
then,
a) α ≠ β ≠ γ b) α =β=γ
c) p, q, r are distinct and p + q + r ≠ = 0 d) p = q = r
2] If 3x 2y + z = 0, α x – 14y + 15 z = 0, x + 2y 3z = 0 has non – zero solution.
_ _

Then α = ____
a) 0 b) 1 c) 3 d) 5
3] The number of non – trivial solutions of x y + z = 0; x + 2y _ z = 0; 2x + y + 3z
_

= 0 is
a) 3 b) 2 c) 1 d) 0

[ ]
0 1 2
4] Rank of 1 2 1 is
2 7 8
a) 1 b) 0 c) 2 d) 3

[ ]
−1 2 5
5] The Rank of 2 −4 α −4 is
1 −2 α +1
a) 1 if α = – 6 b) 2 if α = – 6 c) 3 if α = 2 d) 3 ifα = 6
6] If x + 2ay + az = 0, x + 3by + bz = 0, x + 4cy + cz = 0 has a non – trivial
solution then a, b, c
a) Satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0b) are in A.P. c) are in H. P. d) are in
G.P.
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
7] if a, b, c ≠ 1 and ax + y + z = 0, x + by + z = 0; x + y + cz = 0 has a non –
zero solution, then
1 1 1
+ + =¿
1−a 1−b 1−c ¿
a) 1 b) 2 c) _ 1 d) _ 2
8] α x + y + z=α −1; x +α y + z =α −1; x + y +α z=α −1has no solution then
is
a) 1 b) either _ 2 or 1 c) _ 2 d) not _ 2
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
JEE MAIN

1. If [ xz−1+3 2 y+x
4 a−z ][
=
0 −7
3 2a ]
, (x+y+z+a) =

1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 8

2. [ 13 24]+ 2 x=[ 35 59 ]⇒ X=¿

[ ]
3
1
1) [ 22 35] 2)
1
2
5
2

[ ]
3
1
3) [−22 −35 ] 4)
−1
2
−5
2

3. If A = [ 94 13], B=[ 16 115 ]& 3A + 5B + 2X = 0 then X =

1) [ ] 2) [
−21 −32 ]
16 −14 16 14
21 −32

3) [ ] 4) [
21 32 ]
−16 −14 16 14
−21 −32

If A−2 B = [ ] and 2 A−3 B = [

1 −1 ]
1 −2 −3 3
4. then B =
3 0

1) (−55 71) 2) (−5

−5
7
−1 ) 3) (−55 7
−1 ) 4) (−5
−5
−7
−1 )
5. If A= [ 01 −10 ] and B=[ 0i 0i ] then
1) A2=B2 =I 2) A2=B2 =−I
3) A2=I , B 2=−I 4) A2=−I , B 2=I

[ ]
2 3
6. If A= [ 1 −2 3
−4 2 5 ] and B= 4 5 then
2 1
1) AB, BA exist and equal
2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
3) AB exists and BA does not exist
4) AB does not exist and BA exists

7. If A= [ 10 01]then 5 A −7 A + 2 A=¿ ........

3 2
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BIDAR- FF0190

1) 0 2) 3) A 4) [−10 01 ]
8. If A= [ 0i −i0 ] B=[ 01 −10 ] and C=[0i 0i ] then AB ≠
1) −BA 2) −C 3) BA 4) AB

[]
1
9. If A= [ 1 2 3
4 5 6 ]
, B= 0 , then AB=¿
5
1) [ 1 0 15 ] 2) [ 4 0 30 ]

3) [ 1634] 4) [ 16 34 ]

10. If A=
[ 01 10]and B=[ 10 01 ], then AB+ BA=¿

1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A

11. If A= [ aa 00], B=[ 0b 0b], then AB=¿

1) 0 2) bA 3) aB 4) ab AB

12. If A= [ 0i −i0 ] B=[ 01 −10 ] C=[ oi oi ] then A 2+ B 2+C 2 =

1) 2 I 2) −2 I 3) −3 I 4) 3 I

13. If A= [ 01 10] then A5 =

1) I 2) O 3) A 4) A 2

14. If A= [ ac bd ] and I =[10 01] then

A 2−(a+ d) A−(bc−ad) I =¿
1) 0 2) I 3) 2I 4) (a−d )

[ ]
2 0 0
15. If A= 0 2 0 , then A 4= ....
0 0 2
1) 16A 2) 32 3) 4A 4) 8A

[ ][ ]
x 0 0 a 0 0
16. y z 0 0 b 0 =
l m n 0 0 c

[ ] [ ]
ax 0 0 ax 0 0
1) ay bz 0 2) 0 ab az
al mb nc 0 al mb
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ] [ ]
ax ab al 0 0 nc
3) 0 bz mb 4) 0 bz mb
0 0 nc ax ab al

[ ] [ ]
o c −b a 2 ab ac
17. If A= −c 0 a and B= ab b 2 bc then AB =
b −a o ac bc c 2
1) A 2) B 3) I 4) O

[ ]
a2 ab ac
18. If A= ab b2 bc and a 2+ b2 +c 2=1, then A 2 =
ac bc c 2
1) A 2) 2A 3) 3A 4) 4A
19. If AB= A and BA=B then
1) A=2 B 2) A 2= A and B 2=B
3) 2 A=B 4) cannot be determined
20. If A and B are two matrices such that A has identical rows and AB is defined.
Then AB has
1) no identical rows 2) identical rows
3) all of its zeros 4)cannot be determinant

[ ]
1 −3 −4
21. If A= −1 3 4 then A 2 =
1 −3 −4
1) A 2) − A 3) Null matrix 4) 2A

22. [ ah hb] ,C=[ xy ] then ABC=¿

If ¿ [ x , y ] , B=

1) (ax +hy + bxy) 2) (a x 2 +2 hxy +b y 2)

3) (a x 2−2 hxy +b y 2 ) 4) (b x 2−2 hxy +a y 2 )

23.
2 2
[ xy ] and A is a symmetric matrix then A =
If [ 3 x +10 xy +5 y ]=[ xy ] A

1) [ 2) [ 3) [ 4) [
10 5 ] 5 10 ] −5 +5 ] 5 5]
3 10 10 3 +3 −5 3 5

If [
1 y ][ 2 6 ] [ 7 22 ]
x 1 1 4 4 14
24. = = , then (x , y )=¿

1) (1 ,−2) 2) (2 , 1) 3) (3 , 2) 4) (2 , 3)
25. If A 2= A , B 2=B , AB=BA=O then
( A+ B)2=¿
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1) A−B 2) A+ B 3) A 2−B 2 4) 0

26. If ¿ [10 01] ,E=[ 00 10] then ( aI +bE ) =¿ 3

1) aI +bE 2) a 3 I +b3 E 3) a 3 I +3 a b2 E 4) a 3 I +3 a2 bE

27. If I = [10 01]and E=[ 00 10] then ( 2 I +3 E ) 3

1) 8 I + 18 E 2) 4 I +36 E
3) 8 I + 36 E 4) 2 I +3 E

( )( )( )( )
10 20 30 1 0 0 X 0 0 1 2 3
28. If = 20 45 60 = 2 1 0 . 0 5 0 . 0 1 0 then X =
30 80 91 3 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
5 10
1) 5 2) 10 3) 4)
2 3

29. If A+ B= (32 −4
5
, A−B) 1 2
−2 −3
then AB= ( )
1) (08 −40
16 ) 2) (
0
4 8 )
−40
3) (02 −10
4 ) 4) (02 4011)
30. If A= [ 23 −1
−2 ]
then A 5 =

1) I 2)A 3)− A 4)+2

31. If A= [ xx xx ]then A =. … ., n ∈ N n

[ ] [ ]
n n n n n−1 n n−1 n
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
1) 2)
2n x n 2n x n 2n−1 x n 2 n−1 x n

[ ] [ ]
n−2 n n−2 n n−1 n−1 n−1 n −1
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x
3) 4)
2n−2 x n 2 n−2 x n 2n−1 x n−1 2n−1 xn −1
32. If 'n' is a +ve integer and if

A=
[−sin θ cos θ ]
cos θ sin θ
then A n =

1) [ ] 2) [ ]
cos θ −sin θ cos θ −sinθ
sin θ cos θ −sin θ cos θ

3) [ ] 4) [
sin nθ sin nθ ]
cos nθ sin nθ cos nθ cos nθ
−sin nθ cos nθ
33. Matrix A is such that A 2=2 A−I where I is the unit matrix . Then for n ≥ 2 , A n=¿
1) nA−( n−1 ) I 2) nA−I 3) 2n +1 A ( n−1 ) I 4) 2n +1 A−1
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
i o o
34. o i o then A 4 n+ I =. … … . , n ∈ N
o o i

[ ] [ ]
1 0 0 −1 0 0
1) 0 1 0 2) 0 −1 0
0 0 1 0 0 −1

[ ] [ ]
i 0 0 −i 0 0
3) 0 i 0 4) 0 −i 0
0 0 i 0 0 −i

35. If the matrix A = (−11 −11 ) then A n +1

=¿

1) 2(−11 −11 ) 2) 2n(

−1 1 )
1 −1
3) 2n (
1 −1
−1 1 ) 4) 2n+1 (1 −1
−1 1 )
If A= (
1 1)
1 1
36. then n N then An =

1) 2n−1 A 2) 2 n A 3) n A 4)2 n

37. ( 3 −2 ) ( )
2 −1 n= 1 0
0 1
if n is

1) odd 2) any natural number

3) even 4) not possible

38. If ( tan1 θ 1 )(
−tan θ 1
−tanθ
tanθ
1
=)(a −b
−b a )
1) a=1 , b=−1 2) a=sec2 θ , b=0
3) a=0 , b=sin2 θ 4)a=sin 2 θ , b=cos 2θ

39. If n is a natural number and

A= [ 52 −8
−3 ]
then A n=

1) (6−n
2n 1−4 n )
−2 n−6
2) ( 4+n
2n
−8 n
2−5 n )
3) (
1−4 n ) (6−n )
1+ 4 n −8 n −8 n
4)
2n 2n 1−4 n

[ ]
0 1 −2
40. If A= 1 0 3 then A+ A T =
2 −3 0
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ] [ ]
0 2 0 1 0 0
1) 2 0 0 2) 0 3 0
0 0 0 0 0 4

[ ] [ ]
2 0 0 2 0 2
3) 0 2 0 4) 0 2 0
0 0 2 0 0 2

41. [ r +43 6
r+3
=
5
][
r +5
r+ 2
4
= then r = ]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4)−1

[ ]
1 2
42. A=
[ 2 6 7
2 1 3 ]
, B= 4 1 then A+3 B T =
5 2

[ ]
5 8
1) [ ]
5 18 22
8 4 9
2) 18 4
22 9
3) [ 78 22 26
4 11 ] 4) [ 227 8 11
4 26 ]
Let A=[
y 0]
5 x
43. and A=A T then

1) x=0 , y=5 2) x + y=5

3) x= y 4) x=− y

44. If A= [−sin
cos α
α
sin α
cos α ] then A. A T

1) Null matrix 2) A 3) I 2 4) A T
45. ( A+ AB )T =X A T , then x=¿
1) BT 2) I + B 3) I + B T 4) BT A T
46. ( A T B T )T =
1) AB 2) BA 3) A T B T 4) ABT

( )
−1 18
47. If 3 A + 4 b T =
0 6 (
7 −10 17
31
and 2 B−3 A T = ) 4 −6 then B =
−5 −7

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 −3
1) −1 0 2) 1 0 3) −1 0 4) 1 0
−2 −4 2 4 2 4 2 4

48 If 5 A= ( 34 −4
x ) and A A T =A T A=I then x=

1)3 2)−3 3)2 4)−2

 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

49. ( 24 37), A T −B = ( 40
If 2 A + BT =
−5
1)then A = ----

1) ( ) 2) (
−1 8 ) ( )
1 6 3 2 3 1 2 3
3) 4) 0
3 −1 8 2 −1 8
50. If A is a symmetric or skew-symmetric matrix then A2 is
1) symmetric 2) skew-symmetric 3) Diagonal 4) scalar
51. Let A be a square matrix. consider
1) A+ A T 2) AA T 3) A T A 4) A T + A
5) A−A T 6) − A , Then
1) all are symmetric matrices
2) (2),(4),(6) are symmetric matrices
3) (1),(2),(3),(4) are symmetric matrices &(5),(6) are skew symmetric matrices
4) 5,6 are symmetric

52. [ 17 62]= P+Q, where P is a symmetric & Q is a skew-symmetric then P =

[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
13 −13 −1 13
1 1 1 0
2 2 2 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
13 −13 1 13
2 2 2 0
2 2 2 2

53. A=
[ 7x −7y ]is a skew-symmetric matrix, then (x , y ) =
1) (1 ,−1) 2) (7 ,−7) 3) (0 , 0) 4) (14 ,−14)

( )
1 2 3
54. If A= 2 4 5 and A T = A then x =
x 5 6
1) 3 2) 3 3)2 4)-2
55. If A, B are symmetric matrices of the same order then AB-BA is
1) symmetric matrix 2) skew symmetric matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) identity matrix

( )
x 1 4
56. If A= −1 0 7 such that A T =− A then x =
−4 −7 0
1)−1 2)0 3)1 4)4
57. If a matrix A is both symmetric and skew-symmetric then A is
1) I 2)O 3)A 4)Diagonal matrix
58. If A T B T = C T then C =
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1) AB 2)BA 3)BC 4)ABC
59. If Tr ( A )=6 ⇒ Tr (4 A )=¿
3
1) 2) 2 3) 12 4) 24
2
60. If Tr ( A )=2+i ⇒ Tr [( 2−i) A]=¿
1) 2+i 2) 2−i 3) 3 4) 5

[ ] [ ]
1 2 3 1 0 0
61. If A= 4 5 6 , B= 0 3 0 , Tr ( BA )=¿
7 1 0 0 4 5
1) 40 2) 45 3) 39 4) 5
62. If ( A)=8 , Tr ( B )=6 ⇒ Tr ( A−2 B)=¿
1) −4 2) 4 3) 2 4) 11

[ ]
6 10 100
63. If A= 7 1 0 then Tr ( AT )=¿
0 9 10
1) −17 2) 17 3) −1/17 4) 1/17
64. If A=[ aij ] is a scalar matrix of order n × n,such that a ij=k for all i= j, then trace of
A=
n
1) nk 2) n+ k 3) 4) 1
k

[ ]
2
λμ μ
65. If A= 2 = then A is
−λ −λμ
1) an idempotent matrix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) an orthogonal matrix 4) symmetric

[ ]
1 2−3 i 3+ 4 i
66. If A= 2+ 3i O 4−5 i then A is
3−4 i 4+5 i 2
1) Hermitian 2) Skew-Hermitian
3) Symmetric 4) Skew-Symmetric

[ ]
2 −2 −4
67. If A= −1 3 4 then A is
1 −2 −3
1) an idempotent marix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) involuntary 4) orthogonal matrix
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1 1
68. Then matrix A=⌊
√2 √2 ⌋ is
−1 −1
√2 √2
1) unitary 2) orthogonal 3) nilpotent 4) involuntary
69. If A is skew-symmetric matrix and n is odd positive integer, then A n is
1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix

70. If A is skew-symmetric matrix and n is even positiveinteger , then A n is

1) a symmetric matrix 2) skew-symmetric matrix
3) diagonal matrix 4) triangular matrix
71. If A, B are two idempotent matrices and AB = B A = 0 then A+B is
1) Scalar matrix 2) Idempotent matrix
3) Diagonal matrix 4) Nilpotent matrix
72. If the order of A is 4 ×3, the order of B is 4 ×5 and the order of C is 7 ×3 , then
the order of (A'B)'C' is
1) 4 ×5 2) 3 ×7 3) 4 ×3 4) 5 ×7
73. If A is 3 × 4matrix 'B' is a matrix such that A ' B and BA 1 are both defined then B
is of the type
1) 3 × 4 2) 3 ×3 3) 4 × 4 4) 4 ×3
74. If A and B are two matrices such that A+ B and AB are both defined then
1) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of same order
2) A and B are square matrices of same order
3) A and B are matrices of same type
4) A and B are rectangular matrices of same order

[ ]
a b c
75. If A= b c a then cofactor of a 21 is
c a b
1) b 2−ac 2) ac−b 2 3) a 2−bc 4) bc−a 2

[ ]
12 22 3 2
76. If ¿ 22 32 4 2 , then the minor of a 22 is
32 42 52
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1) −56 2) 51 3) −43 4) 41

[ ]
1 ω ω2
77. If A= ω ω 2 1 then minor ofa 31 is
ω2 1 ω
1) −1 2) 0 3) 1 4) −1

[ ]
a c b
78. If A= b a c then the cofactor of a 32 in A+ A T is
c b a
2 2
1) 2 a ( b+ c )−( b+ c ) 2) ac−b

3) a 2−bc 4) 2 a ( a+ c )−( a+ c )2

[ ]
a b o
79. If A= c d o where ad −bc ≠ 0 then A−1
o o 1

[ ]
1 1
0

[ ]
a b d −b 0
1
1) 1 1 2) −c a 0
0 ad−bc
c d 0 0 ad −bc
0 0 1
3) I 4) A

80. If A= [ 12 48] then B=[ xy yx ] the cofactor of a 21 in AB is

1) − y−4 x 2) y + 4 x 3) 2 x+ 8 y 4) −2 x−8 y
81. If the product of two non zero square matrices A and B of the same order is a
zero matrix then
1) Both are singular
2) atleast one of A&B is singular
3) A is non-singular, but B is singular
4) A is singular but B is non-singular
82. If AB=O , then A and B are ....., when A ≠ O , B ≠O
1) Non-singular 2) singular
3) one of the two is singular 4) symmetric matrices

83. The value of |2+i

1+i
2−i
1−i|is

1) A complex quantity 2) real quantity

 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
3) 0 4)cannot be determined

[ ]
2 45 55
84. det 1 29 32 =… .
3 68 87
1) 45 2) 64 3) 54 4) 32
1) 2 2) −2 3) 0 4) 5

[ ]
12 22 32
85. det 22 32 4 2 =¿ ¿
32 42 52
−21
1) −8 2) −7 3) −6 4)
4

| |
1 ω ω2
2
86. ω ω 1 = .....
2
ω 1 ω
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) −1

87. |a2+ ab+b 2 a 2−ab+ b2 =. …

a+ b a−b |
1) 2a3 2) 2b3 3) -2a3 4) -2b3

| |
a b c
88. b c a =¿
c a b
1) a 3+ b3 +c 3 2) a 3+ b3 +c 3−3 abc
3) 3 abc−a3−b 3−c 3 4) 0

[ ]
1 a a2
89. det 1 b b 2 =¿
1 c c2
1) (a+ b)(b+ c)(c +a) 2) (a−b)(b−c )(c−a)
3) 0 4) abc

| |
1 1 1
90. x y z =¿ =
3 3 3
x y z
1) (x + y + z)(x + y )( y + z )( z+ x ) 2) (x + y + z)(x − y)( y−z)(z−x )
3) (x− y )( y−z )(z−x ) 4) (x + y )( y + z)(z + x)

| |
1 1 1
z =¿
2 2 2
91. x y
3 3 3
x y z
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1) 0 2) (x− y )( y−z )(z−x )(xy+ yz + zx)
3) (x + yx + zx )(x+ y)( y + z )( z+ x) 4) (x + y + z)

| |
b 2+ c 2 a2 a2
2 2 2 2
92. b c +a b =¿
2 2 2 2
c c a +b
1) a 2 b 2 c 2 2) 4abc
2
3) 4 a b c
2 2 2 2
4) 2 a b c
2

| |
a−b−c 2a 2a
93. 2b b−c−a 2b =¿
2c 2c c−a−b
1) 2 ( a+b +c )3 2) ( a−b−c )3
3) 2 ¿ 4) ( a+ b+c )
3

[ ]
bc b+ c 1
94. det ca c + a 1 =¿ ¿ =
ab a+ b 1
1) 0 2) (a−b)(b−c )(c−a)
2) 4 abc 2
4) a + b +c
2 2

| |
2c 2c c−a−b
95. a−b−c 2a 2a =¿ =
2b b−c−a 2b
1) (a+ b+c )2 2) (a+ b+c )3
3) (a+ b+c ) 4) (a+ b+c )4

| |
x + y +2 z x y
96. z y + z +2 x y =
z x z+ x +2 y
1) ( x + y + z )3 2) 2(x + y + z )3
3) x + y + z 4) (x + y + z)2

| |
1+ a b c
97. a 1+b c =
a b 1+c
1) 0 2) 1
3) a+ b+c 4) 1+a+ b+c

| |
a2+ 1 ab ac
2
98. ab b +1 bc =¿
2
ac bc c + 1
1) abc 2) a+ b+c
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
3) 1+a 2+ b2 +c 2 4) abc (1+ a+b+ c)

| |
1 bc a(b+c )
99. 1 ca b(c+ a) =
1 ab c (a+ b)
1) 0 2) 1 3) abc
2
4) a + b +c
2 2

| |
−a2 ab ac
2
100. ab −b bc
2
ac bc −c
1) 4abc 2) 4 a 2 b 2 c 2
3) a 2 b 2 c 2 4) a 2+b 2+ c 2−ab−bc−ca
101. If A,B,C are the angles of triangle ABC, then

| |
sin 2 A sin C sin B
sinC sin 2 B sin A =¿
sin B sin A sin 2C
3 √3
1) 1 2) 0 3) −1 4)
8

[ ]
o p−q p−r
102. det q− p o q−r =¿
r− p r−q o
1) ( p−q)(q−r )(r −p) 2) 0
3) pqr 4) 4 pqr

| |
−bc b 2+ bc c 2 +bc
2 2
103. a +ac −ac c +ac =¿
2 2
a + ab b +ab −ab
1) (ab +bc+ ca)2 2) (ab +bc+ ca)3
3) (ab +bc+ ca) 4) (a+ b+c )3

| |
( x−2 )2 ( x−1 )2 x2
104. ( x−1 )2 x
2
( x +1 )2 =¿ =
x2 ( x+ 1 )2 ( x +2 )2
1) 8 2) 16 3) −8 4) −16

| |
2
a + 2 a 2 a+1 1
105. 2 a+1 a+ 2 1 =¿
3 3 1
1) (1−a)3 2) (a−1)2 3) (a−1)3 4) (a+ 1)2
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

| |
a2 bc ac+ c2
2 2
106. a + ab b ac =¿
2 2
ab b +bc c
1) 2 abc 2) 8 abc 3) 4 a2 b2 c 2 4) 2 a2 b2 c 2

| | | |
1 a bc 1 a a2
107. If D 1= 1 b ca ∧D2= 1 b b2 then
1 c ab 1 c c
2

1) D1=D2
2
2) D21=D2 3) D1=D2 4) D1=2 D2

| |
a b ax +by
108. If a , b , c are in G.P. then the value of b c bx +cy is
ax+ by bx +cy 0
1) 0 2) 1 3) −1 4) ab

| |
x +1 x +2 x+ a
109. If a,b,c are in A.P., then x +2 x +3 x+ b =¿
x +3 x+ 4 x +c
a+b
1) 2) ab 3) 0 4) abc
2

| || |
0 cos x −sin x 1 −a a
110. If sin x 0 cos x = −a 1 a then a =
cos x sin x 0 a a 1
1) sin x 2) cos x
3) sin x .cos x 4) sin x−cos x

| |
1
a2 −bc
a
1
111. b2 −ac =¿
b
1
c 2 −ab
c
1) 3abc 2) 0
3) a 3+ b3 +c 3−abc 2
4) a + b +c
2 2

[ ]
0 c −b
112. If A= −c 0 a then ( a 2+b 2+ c 2 )∨ A∨¿ =
b −a 0
1) abc 2) a+ b+c
3) (a 3+ b 3+c 3) 4) 0
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
x+ y 0 0
113. det 0 x− y 0 =¿
2 2
0 0 x +y
1) x 8− y 8 2) x 6− y 6
3) x 4 − y 4 4) x 3− y 3
114. A2=I ⇒
1) | A|=0 2) | A|=1 3) | A|=−1 4)| A|=± 1

| |
x x 2 1+ x3
2 3
115. If x , y z are all different and if y y 1+ y =¿ 0 then xyz =
2 2
z z 1+ z
1) −1 2) 0 3) 1 4) ± 1

|
2 (3 ) 4 (5 )

|
r−1 r−1 r−1
2 n

116. Dr = x y z ⇒ ∑ Dr =¿
n n n r =1
2 −1 3 −1 5 −1
1) 2n .3 n . 5n 2) ( 2n −1 )( 3n−1 ) ( 5n −1 )
3) x y z 4) 0

Solved for X :

[ ]
2 0 0
117. det 4 3 0 =42then x=¿
4 6 x
21
1) 8 2) 7 3) 6 4)
4

| |
1 4 20
118. 1 −2 5 =0 if x
2
1 2x 5 x
1) −1 , 2 2) 0 , 1 3) 1 ,3 4) 2 , 0
119. If x <1 and

| |
3 x−8 3 3
3 3 x−8 3 =0then x=¿
3 3 3 x−8
1) 2/3 2) −2/3 3) 0 4) 1/3

| |
a+ x a−x a−x
120. If a−x a+ x a−x = 0 then the non-zero value of x = .............
a−x a−x a+ x
1) a 2) 3a 3) 2a 4) 4a
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

| |
a b c 3 3 3
a +b c
121. If abc ≠ 0 and if b c a =0 then =¿
c a b abc

1) 3 2) −3 3) 2 4) −2

122. If each element of a row of square matrix is doubled, the determinant of the
matrix is
1) non changed 2) doubled 3) multiplied by4 4) multiply by 1/2
123. ( Adj A T ) =
1) ( Adj A)T 2) Adj A 3) A T 4) Adj [ A ]−1
124. If A is an n x n non-singular matrix, then ¿ Adj A∨¿ is =
1) | A|n 2) | A|n+1 3) | A|n−1 4) | A|n−2

[ ]
12 22 32
125. If A= 22 32 4 2 then ¿ Adj A∨¿
32 4 2 52
1) 8 2) 16 3) 64 4) 128

[ ]
−1 −2 −2
126. If A= 2 1 −2 then Adj A=¿
2 −2 1
1) A T 2) 2 A T 3) 3 A T 4) 4 A T
127. If A3 × 3 and det A=6 A = 6, then det (2 adj A)
1) 8 2) 48 3) 288 4) 1/12

( [ 24 −36 ])=¿
128. Adj Adj

1) [ ] 2)[ [−6 [−64 −3

−4 2 ] −4 −2 ] −2 ]
2 −3 6 3 3
3) 4)
4 6
129. A3 × 3is a non - singular matrix ⇒ A 2 ( Adj A ) =
1) ¿ A∨A 2) I 3) ¿ A∨I 4) | A|2 I
130. If A3 × 3and det A=2, then det A−1 =
1) 1/2 2) −2 3) 1/4 4) −4
131. ( Adj A )−1 =
1) Adj( A−1) 2) Adj [− A ] 3) ( Adj A)T 4) Adj( A T )

[ ][ ] [ ] then α =
−1 −1
1 −tan θ 1 −tan θ cos α −sin α
132. If =
tan θ 1 tan θ 1 sin α cos α
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
π π π
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
2 4 6

[ ]
n
1 0
133. Inverse of is
0 1

1) [ 00 11] 2) [ 11 00] 3) [ 10 −10 ] 4)[ 10 01]

[ ]
−1 1 1
134. If A= 1 −1 1 then det ( A −1 ) =¿ ¿
1 1 −1
1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 1/3 4) ¼

[ ]
o o a
135. If A= 0 b 0 , then A−1
c o o

[ ]
1
o o
c

[ ]
a o o
1
1) A 2) I 3) o o 4) o b o
b
o o c
1
o o
a

[ ][ ]
1 a b 1 −a −b
136. The inverse of 0 x 0 is 0 1 0 then x=¿
0 0 1 0 0 1
1) a 2) b 3) 0 4) 1

[ ]
3 −2 1
137. The inverse of −4 1 −1
2 0 1

[ ] [ ]
−1 −2 1 1 2 1
1 −1
1) 2 1 −1 2) 2 1 −1
3 3
−2 −4 −5 −2 −4 −5

[ ] [ ]
1 2 1 0 2 2
3) 2 1 −1 4) 2 1 −1
2 4 5 −2 −4 5

[ ][ ] [ ]
−1
x y 1 2 x y
138. If = then =
2 0 2 0 2 0
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190

[ ]
1
0
1) [−20 −21 ] 2) [ 10 01] 3) [−20 −81 ] 4)
1
2
−1
2 4

139. If A= [−32 22] B=[ 01 −10 ] then ( B −1 −1 −1

A ) =¿

1) [ ] 2) [ [−22 23] [−22 23]

2 3 ]
2 2 2 −2
3) 4)
−3 2
140. A square matrix (Non singular) satisfies A2− A +2 I =0 then A−1=¿
I −A I+A
1) 2) I − A 3) 4) I + A
2 2

[ ]
1 4 −1
141. The rank of the matrix A= 2 3 0 is
0 1 2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0

142. The rank of the matrix A= [−1

−2
2 3
4 6 ]
is

1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0

[ ]
1 2 3
143. The rank of the matrix A= 2 3 4 is
0 1 2
1) 3 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0

144. The Rank of [ 12 0 −4

−1 3
is ]
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 3
145. The set of equations +3 y + 4 z=0 ,3 x+ 4 y +6 z=0 , 4 x +5 y+ 8 z=0
1) Infinite solutions 2) is inconsistent
3) has unique solution 4) has two solutions
146. The set of equations 4 x−3 y + z=0 , 7 x−8 y +10 z=0 , 8 x−6 y +2 z=0
1) Infinite solutions 2) inconsistent
3) has unique solution 4) has two solutions
147. x , y , z not all zeros and the equations x=cy + bz , y=az+ cx , z=bx+ ay are consistent
then a relation among a , b , c is
1) a 2+ b2 +c 2=0 2) a 2+ b2 +c 2−2 abc=0
3) a 2+ b2 +c 2+ 2 abc=1 4) a 2+ b2 +c 2+ 2 abc=0
148. The equations x + y−2 z=0 , 2 x−3 y−z=0 x−5 y + 4 z=k are consistent if k =¿
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
1) 1 2) −1 3) 0 4) −2
149. x , y , znot all zeros and the equations x + y + z=0 ,
(1+a) x+(2+a) y−8 z=0 , x−(1+a) y +(2+ a)z=0 have non-trivial solution then a =
1) 2+ √ 15 2) 3−√ 15 3) √ 15 4) −4
150. 2 x−3 y +4 z=0 ,5 x−2 y−z =0 ,
21 x−8 y +az=0has infinity solutions then a=¿
1) −5 2) −4 3) 2 4) 4
151. The system of equations x +2 y−3 z=0,2 x− y +2 z=0 , x+7 y −11 z=0 has ..... solutions
1) unique 2) two 3)0 4) infinite
152. The number of solutions of the equations 2 x−3 y=5 , x+ 2 y =7 is ....
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 0
153. The equations x +4 y−2 z=3 have
3 x+ y+ 5 z =7
2 x+3 y + z=5
1) a unique solution 2) no solution
3) two solutions 4) infinite solutions
154. The equations x +4 y−2 z=3,3 x+ y+ 5 z =7 ,2 x+3 y + z=5 have
1) a unique solution 2) infinite number of
solutions
3) no solution 4) two solutions
155. The equations 2 x+ 4 y + z=0 , x +2 y−2 z=5 , 3 x +6 y +7 z=2 have
1) unique solutions 2) no solution
3) infinite number of solutions 4) two solutions
156. The value of ' a ' for which the equations 3 x− y +az =1, 2 x+ y+ z =2 , x +2 y−az =−1 fail
to have unique solution is
1) 7 /2 2) −7 /2 3) 2/7 4) −2/7
157. Number of solutions of the equations x +2 y+ z =1 ,3 x +6 y +3 z=3 is ...
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 4) infinity
158. The solutions of the equations x +2 y+ 3 z=14 , 3 x + y +2 z=11, 2 x +3 y + z=11 ...
1) x=0 , y=2 , z=4 2) x=1 , y=0 , z=4
3) x=0 , y=1 , z=8 4) x=1 , y=2 , z=3
159. The number of solutions of the equation
x− y +3 z=5 , 4 x +2 y−z=0 , x +3 y + z=5 is
1) one 2) two 3) 0 4) infinity
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
160. The number of solutions of the equations
3 x+ 4 y +5 z=18 , 2 x− y +8 z=13 , 5 x−2 y +7 z=20 , is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) infinity

KEY ANSWERS
SESSION –1
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) b, c 2) a = 4 and b = 2 (or) a = – 4, b = – 2 3) c 4) b,c, d 5) c
HOME EXERCISE:
1) a, c 2) a, c, d 3) a = 3, b = 1, c = 1 or a = 1, b = 3, c = 1
4) x = 1, y = 4, z = 2; 25 5) b 6) b, d

SESSION– 2& 3
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) c, d 2) d 3) b 5) a 7) b 8) b
HOME EXERCISE:
1) 1 3) c, d 5)b 7) b 8) a

SESSION – 4
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) c 4) b 5) b 6) d 7) b
HOME EXERCISE
1) b 2) c 4) abd 5) ab 6) b 7) a, b 8)a

SESSION – 5
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) c 3) b 4) b 5) b 6) c 7) a 8)a, d
HOME EXERCIS
1) b 2) d 3) c 4) b 5) a 6) c 7)d 8) c

SESSION – 6
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) a 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) a, b, d 6) a, b 7)c 8) a
HOME EXERCISE
1) c 2) d 3) a, b, c, d 4) a, b, c 5) b 6) b 7)d 8) c

SESSION – 7
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
CLASS EXERCISE:
1) Infinite solutions; solution will be an ordered triplet of the form (12z + 1, 10z– 1, z)
2) b, c 3) x = 1, y = 1, z = –1 4) x = 2, y = –3 5) d 6) a 7) c 8) b
HOME EXERCISE
1) b, c 2)d 3) d 4) c 5) a 6) c 7) c 8)c
 SRI NAGABHUSHAN SHIVAYOGI PU COLLEGE, MUCHALAMB, BASAVAKALYAN,
BIDAR- FF0190
JEE MAIN
1) 3 2) 2 3) 3 4)2 5)2 6)2 7) 1
8)3 9)3 10)2 11)1 12)3 13)3 14)1
15)4 16)1 17)4 18)1 19)2 20)2 21)3
22)2 23)4 24)4 25)2 26)4 27)3 28)2
29)3 30)2 31)2 32)3 33)1 34)3 35)3
36)1 37)3 38)2 39)3 40)1 41)1 42)1
43)3 44)3 45)3 46)2 47)3 48)1 49)1
50)1 51)3 52)1 53)3 54)2 55)2 56)2
57)2 58)2 59)4 60)4 61)1 62)1 63)2
64)1 65)2 66)1 67)1 68)3 69)2 70)1
71)2 72)4 73)1 74)2 75)2 76)1 77)2
78)1 79)2 80)1 81)1 82)2 83)1 84)3
85)1 86)1 87)4 88)3 89)2 90)2 91)2
92)3 93)4 94)2 95)2 96)2 97)4 98)3
99)1 100)2 101)2 102)2 103)2 104)3 105)3
106)3 107)3 108)1 109)3 110)3 111)2 112)4
113)3 114)4 115)1 116)4 117)2 118)1 119)1
120)2 121)1 122)2 123)1 124)3 125)3 126)3
127)3 128)1 129)1 130)1 131)1 132)1 133)4
134)4 135)3 136)4 137)2 138)4 139)2 140)1
141)1 142)3 143)2 144)2 145)1 146)1 147)3
148)3 149)1 150)1 151)4 152)1 153)2 154)3
155)2 156)2 157)4 158)4 159)1 160)2