VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Jnana Sangama”, Belgaum-590014, Karnataka

INTERNSHIP SEMINAR REPORT

ON

“CONSTRUCTION AND INTERIOR PROJECTS”

Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BATCHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted by

PAVANKUMAR
1BI21CV440
Under the guidance of

Mr. KRISHNE GOWDA P.H

Assistant professor

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
K. R. ROAD, VV PURAM, BANGALORE-560004
 BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
K R Road, V.V Puram, Bengaluru-560004

CERTIFICATE

This is certified that the Internship Seminar on “RESIDENTIAL BUILDING

CONSTRUCTION” is carried out by PAVANKUMAR (1BI21CV440) a Bonafide
student of BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, in partial fulfillment
for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in CIVIL ENGINEERING of
Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi for the academic year 2023-2024. It
is certified that all the corrections/suggestions indicated for internal assessment have
been in corporate in the report deposited in the department library. The Technical
seminar report has been approved as it satisfies the academicrequirements in respect of
technical report work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering.

Mr. KRISHNE GOWDA P.H Dr. B. S. PUTTEGOWDA

Assistant Professor Professor and HOD

Dept. of Civil Dept. of Civil
Engineering BIT, Bangalore Engineering BIT, Bangalore
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I consider it is my privilege to express my heartier gratitude to all, who have extended their
valuable support and have been immensely helpful during the course.

I would like to express gratitude to Dr. M. U. ASWATH, Principal, Bangalore Institute

of Technology, Bengaluru, for his support and encouragement and for encouragement and
for providing all the faculties.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. B. S. PUTTEGOWDA, HOD, Department of

Civil Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, who helped in all the
aspects to excel in all possible ways.

I sincerely thank my technical seminar guide Mr. KRISHNE GOWDA P.H, Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru,
for providing encouragement and advice through the work.

I thank sincerely all the faculty members for providing encouragement and advice
throughout the work. I would like to thank one and all, who supported directly or indirectly
to complete this technical seminar work.

PAVANKUMAR

(1BI21CV440)
 DECLARATION

I, PAVANKUMAR being USN 1BI21CV440, a student of 8th semester Civil

Engineering at Bangalore Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the
Internship seminar report entitled “RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION”
embodies the investigation carried out by me and submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Civil Engineering of the
Visveswaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the academic year of 2023-
2024.

Place: BENGALURU PAVANKUMAR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

CONTENT
SL.NO. & PARTICULARS PAGE
CONTENTS NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. SAFETY 4
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE 4
EQUIPMENTS(PPE)
PREVENTATION ON 5
CONSTRUCTION SITES
3. SLABS 10
TYPES OF SLABS 10
CHAIRS 10
COVERS 11
RAMP 11
4. FOUNDATION 13
ISOLATED FOOTING 13
COMBINED FOOTING 14
ELEMENTS OF FOOTING 14
5. BEAMS 16
BEAM CATEGORIES 16
OBSERVATION ON SITES 17
BEAM REINFORCEMENTS 18
SIMPLY SUPPORTED 19
FIXED BEAMS 19
CONCRETING OF BEAMS AND 19
SLABS
CURING AND STRIPPING OF 20
FORMWORK
6. COLUMS 21
COLUMNS REINFORCEMENTS 22
FRAME WORK FOR COLUMNS 23
PLUMB CHECK 23
CONCRETING AND STRIPPING OF 24
FORMWORKS
BEAM-COLUMN JUNCTION 24
7. PROBLEMS ON 25
FIELD
HONEYCOMB FORMATION 25
OFFSET PROBLEM 26
SLUMP PROTECTION 26
SHRINKAGE CRAKS IN SLAB 27
8. PHOTOGRAPHY

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About the company

M/S VG CONSTRUCTION was founded in 2008 by Mr. DAYANANDATHMA
V Since inception, they have completed 33 real estate projects and 82 contractual
projects covering about 15 million square feet of area. The Company currently
has ongoing residential projects aggregating to 10.81 million square feet of
developable area and 26.59 million square feet of saleable area, and ongoing
contractual projects aggregating to 9.31 million square feet under various stages
of construction. The Company has a real estate presence in nine cities, viz.
Bengaluru and Mysore.
The company is now powered by a dynamic and enthusiastic team, capitalizing
on the real estate boom, we have successfully completed works exceeding
customer expectations and in turn developing immense trust in the relationship
with their patrons.
The company has evolved from its humble beginnings to now create world class
living options in the industry. The new range of products continue the legacy of
creating Finest Apartments, Commercial Building, Honest Practices' crafting
landmarks and setting new standards of efficient and effective benefit for
customers. Products in the luxury and super luxury category with international
associations and pioneering formats, best designed for Indian needs are on the
anvil.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION
Area - 1acer (approx.)
Number of towers - 2
Total number of 1BHK Flats - 27
Total number of 2BHK Flats - 36
Total number of Flats - 63
Initial Survey – Ravi C
Survey number - 102/2
Architect –C. J. Designs
Structural consultant - Design ventures
Services - Leeds
Contractor –VG Construction PVT LTD.
Rmc plant - RDC concrete products PVT LTD.
Concrete grade used - M5 TO M45
Steel grade used - FE500
Reinforcement given - 8mm Ø to 25mm Ø
Towers/ A B
Specification
Number of 4 4
units(per
floor)
Appartment 2BHK 1BHK
Type

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2.0 SAFETY
2.1 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT’S (PPE)
Helmet
Construction worker or not, if you are even walking through a site while the work
is in progress – you have to wear a hard hat. This is the most important and
fundamental requirement for any
Construction site. At construction sites, there is always a risk of objects falling
from heights, and causing serious injury to your head. The hard hat is a vital gear
that shields workers or visitors from falling object and/or direct contact with any
harmful material. These hats are also useful for a protection from rain, direct sun
rays, and electric shock.
Protective footwear's
Unfortunate but true! Many of the death hazards at construction sites take place
because of tripping, slipping, and falling accidents. These accidents usually occur
due to unsafe ladders or scaffolds. Unsafe footwear’s are also one of the major
reasons behind such events. Therefore, it is critical for construction workers to
wear shoes that have slip proof and puncture resistant soles.
Eye and Face Safety Equipment
The eyes and face are most sensitive parts of the body and hence they need utmost
precaution at construction sites. Majority of eye injuries take place due to foreign
particles, gasses or objects that get into the eyes while welding, cutting, grinding,
nailing, working with concrete etc. Working at sites with extreme winds, sparks,
smoke, or dangerous chemicals also requires high precautions and safety
equipment.
Hand and arm protection
Potential hazards to hands and arms include skin absorption of harmful
substances, chemical or thermal burns, electrical dangers, bruises, abrasions, cuts,
punctures, fractures or amputations. Protective equipment includes gloves, finger
guards and arm coverings.

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Ear Protection
When an employee’s noise exposure cannot be reduced to safe levels, then
hearingprotection must be worn. There are several options for hearing protection
available that include ear plugs, ear muffs, and hearing bands, which are also
known as canal caps. Each should be carefully considered for the noise reduction
they will provide, as well as for comfort and fit. EHS assists departments with
hearing protection selection to ensure that these variables are properly addressed.
See the Noise and Hearing Conservation page for more information about our
Hearing Conservation Program.
Industrial Safety Belt and Safety Net
Fall from height is a primitive hazard when a worker working at height. The
provision of a suitable working platform, safe access and egress, as well as proper
fencing to a dangerous place are the primary safety measures that the local safety
regulations have asked for. The use of safety nets and safety belts are only the last
resort when it is impracticable to provide such platforms, access and egress and
safe place of work.
Rope
Plaited rope is made by braiding twisted strands, and is also called square braid
this type of rope (often specified as cable to make the difference between a
braided or twined construction) has the advantage of having no construction
stretch as is the case with constructions.

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2.2 Fire Prevention on Construction Sites

There is a number of work activities on building sites that have the potential to
set off fires. That is why it is necessary for the appropriate firefighting equipment
and fire protection to be available on the site.
The first step in ensuring that workers on site are prepared for fires is to identify
and assess the hazards that may cause a fire. If these hazards cannot be eliminated,
they must be controlled to avoid a fire. Even if there are appropriate control
measures in place, the appropriate firefighting facilities should still be provided
as a last line of defence. These facilities will be determined by the hazards.
According to legislation, those in charge of the worksite must ensure that there
are portable fire extinguishers provided and installed at all workplaces.
One of the concerns that some employers often face is, which fire protection and
equipment to choose and where it should be located on the site and in proximity
of the hazard. The type of fire extinguishers selected will depend on the hazards
identified. For example, if there is a risk of an electrical fire breaking out, it is
necessary for a carbon dioxide (C02) extinguisher to be provided on the site to
put out the fire.
Water Fire Extinguisher:
If a hazard has been identified which poses the risk of wood, paper, textile or
rubbish fire breaking out, then a water extinguisher is the way to go.
Carbon Dioxide Fire Extinguisher:
This extinguisher is suitable for when fires occurs involving live electrical
appliances such as switchboards, electric motors and electronic equipment. These
extinguishers can also be used on smaller flammable liquid fires induced by
petrol, paint or solvents commonly found on a construction site.
Foam Fire Extinguishers:
A foam fire extinguisher is designed to be used on flammable liquids such as
petrol, paint and solvents. These aren’t suitable for use on electrical fires.

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OSHA
The law requires that employers provide their employees with working
conditions that are free of known dangers. The Act created the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which sets and enforces protective
workplace safety and health standards. Request OSHA to inspect their
workplace.
OSAH standards are implemented on our site.

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Structural elements and grade used and cover maintained

Structural Grade of Cover
elements concrete used maintained In
mm
PCC M5
FOOTING M30 50
COLUMNS M45 40
BEAMS M25 30
SLABS M25 25

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3.0 SLAB
A concrete slab is a common structural element of modern buildings. Different
thickness of slabs observed on the site are 125mm.150mm, 175mm.

3.1 Types of Slab

1. One Way Slab.
2. Two Way Slab.

3.2 CHAIR
Chair is provided because,
1. They hold the reinforcement in position.
2. They maintain the distance between top reinforcement and bottom reinforcement.
3. They hold reinforcements such that concrete may surround the reinforcement
from all directions (from bottom also).
4. They keep the reinforcement in place in case of vibration and jerk due to machine
or when labourers walk on the tied reinforcements.
5. They maintain the tidiness of work and mess-up is hence avoided.

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3.3 Cover
Slab is provided with 25mm cover.

3.4 Ramp construction

Ramps are sloped pathways used both inside and outside buildings used to
provide access between vertical levels. The gradient, slope or steepness of a
ramp is the angular relationship between its rise (vertical height) and its
horizontal projection or length (run), often expressed as a ratio. Slope of ramp
was 1:9.5

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If the ramp work has to be stopped for any purpose it must be done at the point
of contra flexure. For a ramp point of contra flexure is at L/3.
Curtailment in slabs
This reduction of reinforcement bars wherever possible technically is called
curtailment of bars. Curtailment is a way of reducing the area of tensile
reinforcement at points/areas (either on a beam/slab) where bending moment is
minimum or zero for the purpose of achieving an economic design.
Reinforcements in slab
Reinforcement spacing are marked by chalk piece, based on design given.

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4.0 FOUNDATION
A foundation (or, more commonly, base) is the element of an architectural
structure which connects it to the ground, and transfers loads from the structure
to the ground. Foundations are generally considered either shallow or deep.
Foundation engineering is the application of soil mechanics and rock mechanics
(Geotechnical engineering) in the design of foundation elements of structures.
Grade of concrete used is M30.
Types of footing used on the field is
4.1 Isolated footing
It is circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is
stepped to spread the load over a larger area. When footing is provided to
support an individual column, it is called isolated footing.

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4.2 Combined Footings

Whenever two or more columns in a straight line are carried on a single spread
footing, it is called a combined footing. Isolated footings for each column are
generally the economical.
Combined footings are provided only when it is absolutely necessary, as
1. When two columns are close together, causing overlap of adjacent
isolated footings
2. Where soil bearing capacity is low, causing overlap of adjacent
isolated footings.
3. Proximity of building line or existing building or sewer, adjacent to a
building column.
4.3 Elements of footing
PCC
Plain cement concrete (M5 grade) is used in footing for having level surface
above the soil.

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Footing
Isolated footing is constructed by the required reinforcement given.
PEDESTAL
A concrete pedestal is a compression element provided to carry the loads from
supported elements like columns, statues etc. to footing below the ground. It is
generally provided below the metal columns. In general pedestal width is
greater than its height.

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5.0 BEAMS
Beams are the flexural members which carry transverse loads.
5.1 Beam Categories
1. Under reinforced beam sections: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which
the failure strain in concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is
reached, are called over-reinforced sections.
2. Balanced reinforced sections: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which
the tension steel also reaches yield strain simultaneously as the concrete reaches
the failure strain in bending are called balanced sections.
3. Over reinforced beam sections: Reinforced concrete beam sections in which
the failure strain in concrete is reached earlier than the yield strain of steel is
reached, are called over-reinforced sections.
5.2 Observations on beams on site
1. All exposed corners of beams shall have straight edges and chamfered
according to the structural drawings.

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Formwork or shuttering works holes are filled with GP2 chemical without
effecting the strength of the beam.
Form Work layout

The material used for form work is plywood which is of 12mm thick.
Form works are done according to the drawings given. They are checked by site
engineer.
Form work releasing oil is smeared on the form work and marks are made with
chalk piece for reinforcement as shown in the drawings.
According to the IS-456 tolerance on the c/s of beam and columns is +12mm
and - 6mm.
Form work is constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid while placing and
compacting of the concrete and so as to avoid the loss of the slurry.

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5.3 Beam reinforcement

Beam reinforcement are laid down as given by the design engineer.
Beams and slabs are casted monolithically.
Cover maintained for beam is 30mm with the help of PVC cover-blocks.
Lapping is done where it is required according to the IS-456, 2000.
M25 grade concrete is used for beams and slab for all 13 floors.
The development length maintained for M25 grade concrete is 49xФ (for
Fe500).

Whenever beam depth crosses 750mm then side face reinforcement is given to
avoid propagation of cracks and to avoid buckling of beams.
Side reinforcement in beam schedule for beams greater than 750mm,
Width of beam Side reinforcement
200 Y12-250
300 Y12-200
400 Y12-150
500 or greater than 500 Y12-200

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Beam width provided in the project are 200mm, 300mm.

Beam depth provided in the project are 400mm, 450mm, 500mm, 600mm,
750mm, 800mm.
There are simply supported beams and fixed beams

(Simply Supported Continues Beam) (Fixed Beam)

If we want to stop concreting in between then it has to be stopped as shown in
the figure or prescribed in the technical notes and further concreting is done
using “Nitto bond” chemical.
5.4 Concreting of beams and slabs
 Beams and slabs are casted monolithically.
 Concrete used for the beam and slab is M25.
 Slump maintained is 130±5mm according to the mix design.
 Vibrators are used for the removal of the air voids and well compaction. Needle
diameter used in the vibrato is 60mm and 40mm needle diameter is used in
some intricate areas.

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Cubes of 150x150x150 mm are prepared for the testing for 7 days, 28 days’
strength.
Thickness of the slab seen this project are 125mm, 150mm, 175mm.

5.5 Curing and stripping of form work

 Curing of beams and slabs are done by pounding only with minimum 7 days of
curing.
 Minimum period before striking formwork is 7 days, after removing the
formwork props are fixed immediately for 14day (for beams spanning up to 6m)
and 21days (for beams spanning more than 6m).

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6.0 Columns
Columns are the vertical compression members which carries vertical loads and
transferred to the footing.

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High grade of concrete is used in columns as compared to the beams and

columns.

Concrete Floor
M45 from footing top
to 3rd floor

M40 from 4th floor to

7th floor
M35 from 8th floor to
11th floor
M30 12th floor to 13th
floor roof slab

6.1 Column reinforcement

In site we can see the column size from 600mm to 1200mm and also some are
of share wall or core walls for lift and stair case.
Lap is done with 1:6 or 1:10 ratio such that alternative bars are staggered.
2 legged, 4 legged, and 6 legged stirrups are used in the
columns.

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6.2 Foam work for column

 In columns first reinforcement is done then framework is constructed.
 Columns position points are taken from grid marking drawings with help of
 Total station.
 Starters are laid for the columns which are of usually 10mm thick.
 Materials used for the columns form works are ply wood, runners, viler, tie rod,
wing net, and jack and ply wood is smeared with form work releasing oil.
 Form work is constructed so as to remain sufficiently rigid while placing and
compacting of the concrete and so as to avoid the loss of the slurry.

6.3 Jacks are provided at 45˚ angle.

Proper plumb is maintained

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6.4 Concreting and stripping of formwork

 Here 60mm needle is used for the vibration.
 Too much of vibration may cause the loosening of the formwork.
 Concrete is poured with the help tower crane.
 Checking of the plumb while pouring of the concreting is also done.
 As they are the vertical members, formwork can be removed after 16 to 24
hours of casting.
 Curing is done with the help of hessian cloths.
 Cubes are also moulded for the test.
 Columns are casted such a way that the height is equal to the bottom height of
the formwork.

6.5 Beam column junction

 Beam column junctions are the most critical junctions. They are to be designed
properly and concreting is done with more care.
 They are the most delicate junctions in the structures.
 If column and beams are to be casted with the different concrete then columns
are fill with required concrete, stopper are provided so that concrete has to stay
there only. Then beams are casted accordingly.
 Whenever it is difficult to use 60mm diameter needle for the vibration we used
40mm needle for the vibrations.

(BEAM-COLUMN JUNCTION)
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7.0 PROBLEMS ON FIELD

1. Problem - Honeycomb Formation

Solution: GP-2 is used for the patch work

2) Problem: Offset problem

Solutions: chipping off the concrete if it is more. If it is manageable then we

have to solve it in plastering time.
3) Problem: slump problem

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Solution:
 Keep mixing concrete according to the retention time of the concrete.
 Add cement and water maintaining same water to cement ratio.

4) Problem: shrinkage cracks in slabs

Solution: it is checked with binding wire. Some amount of M-sand is poured

and spray water on it after some time sand settles in the cracks

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5) Problem: if test cubes are failed,

Solution:
 rebound hammer test is conducted
 if cubes of slabs are failed then dial gauge is kept under the slab and deflection
is checked for the designed load, if it fails to sustain that load then jacketing is
done

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PHOTOGRAPHY

MARKING

EXCAVATION

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PCC

ERECTION OF COLUMN

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CONCRETIN FOR FOOTING

PLINTH BEAM

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