SARDAR DOON PUBLIC SCHOOL JODHPUR

ACADEMIC SESSION: 2023-24

SUBJECT: SCIENCE
CLASS – X
Ch-10 LIGHT

1. Define refraction of light.

Ans:
The phenomenon of the change in the path of the light as it
passes from one transparent medium to another is called
refraction of light.
The path along which the light travels in the first medium
is called incident ray and that in the second medium is
called refracted ray. The angles which the incident ray and
the refracted ray make with the normal at the surface of
separation are called angle of incidence (i) and angle of
refraction (r) respectively.
It is observed that:
(i) When a ray of light passes from an optically rarer
medium (air) to a denser medium (glass) it bends
towards the normal (∠ r < ∠ i)as shown in figure (A).
 (ii) When a ray of light passes from an optically denser
(glass) to a rarer medium (air), it bends away from the
normal ( ∠ r > ∠ i )as shown in figure (B).

(iii) A ray of light travelling along the normal passes

undeflected, here ∠ r = ∠ i = 0o

15.
(i) State laws of refraction with diagram. Explain the term
absolute refractive index of a medium and write its
expression.
Ans:
Laws of Refraction: There are two laws of refraction-
(i) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal at the
point of incidence lie in the same plane.
(ii)According to second law of refraction of light, the ratio of
sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is
constant for a given pair of media. (Snell’s law)
That is called refractive index and it is denoted by ‘µ’
Sin i µ2
=
Sin r µ1
Refractive Index and Speed of Light-
Let the speed of light in medium 1 be v1 and that in medium
2 be v2. Now, the refractive index of medium 2 with respect
to medium 1 is equal to the ratio of speed of light in medium
1 to the speed of light in medium 2. This can be written as:
speed of light in medium2
Refractive index of Medium 1 to medium 2 =
speed of light in medium 1
µ =v 2

2 1 V 1

µ
µ =µ 1

2 1 2

speed of light in medium1

Refractive index of Medium 2 to medium 1 =
speed of light in medium 2
µ =v 1

1 2 V 2

µ =µ 2

1 2 µ 1

Speed of light in air (or vacuum)

Absolute RI =
Speed of light in other medium
µ= vc
m

(ii) If the speed of light in vacuum is 3x108 m/s, find the

absolute refractive index of the medium in which light
travels with a speed of 1.4x108m/s.
Ans:

velocity of light in vacuum

n=
velocity of light in medium
8
n = 3×10 = 2.14
1.4×108
(iii) The refractive index of water and glass are 4/3 and 3/2
respectively. Write the relation and find the value of
 refractive of water with respect to glass and glass with
respect to water.

Ans:
4 3
nw = and ng=
3 2
n 4×2 8
n = w=
g w ng 3×3 = 9
n = n1 = 9
g w 8
w g

2. What is meant by lateral displacement of light? Illustrate

with the help of diagram. List the factors on which lateral
displacement of a substance depend.
Ans:
Lateral displacement is the perpendicular distance between
the incident ray produced and emergent ray.

It depends on
(i) thickness of the slab
(ii) incident angle and
(iii) refractive index of the material.
3. Name two spherical lenses.
Ans:
Lens:- A lens is a piece of transparent glass bounded by two
spherical surfaces. It is of two main types viz.
a. Convex Lens:- A lens having both of its surfaces bulged
outwards is called as a convex lens. It is thicker at the
middle and thin at the edges. It is also called as converging
lens, as it converges a parallel beam of light rays.

B. Concave Lens:- A lens having both of its surfaces curved

inwards is called as a concave lens. It is thin in the middle
and thicker at the edges. It is also called as a diverging lens
as it diverges a parallel beam of light rays’ incident on it.
4. Define principal focus of concave and convex lens with
diagram.
Ans:
(a) Principal focus of a convex lens: It is a point on its
principal axis to which light rays originally parallel to the
principal axis converge after passing through it and meet at
a point. A convex lens has a real focus represented by letter
F.
(b)Focal length (f): The distance between focus of convex
lens and optical centre is focal length. Its value is positive.
 (c) Principal focus of Concave Lens: It is a point on its
principal axis from which light rays, originally parallel to
the axis, appears to diverge after passing through the lens
and appears to meet at a point, it is represented by letter F

(d) Focal length (f): The distance between focus of concave

lens and optical centre is focal length. Its value is negative.

5. Define the following terms related to spherical lens.

Ans:
(i) Optical centre: The centre point of a lens (concave or
convex) is called as its optical centre. It is represented
by letter “O” and has the property that it allows light
ray to pass through it without any deviation.
(ii) Aperture: It is the diameter of the circular boundary of
the lens.

RULES for the formation of ray diagram

6. Draw ray diagrams using convex lens showing nature
position and size of the image formed by it.
Ans:
(i) Object at infinity
Nature- real and inverted
Position-at F
Size-highly diminished (point size)

(ii) Object beyond 2F

Nature-real and inverted
Position-between F and 2F
Size-diminished.
(iii) Object at 2F
Nature-real and inverted
Position-at 2F
Size-equal size

(iv) Object between 2F and F

Nature-real and inverted
Position-beyond 2F
Size-enlarged
(v) Object at F
Nature-real and inverted
Position- at infinity
Size-highly enlarged.

(vi) Object between F and O

Nature-virtual and erect
Position-on the same side of object
Size-enlarged
7. Draw ray diagrams using concave lens showing nature,
position and size of the image formed by it.
(i) Object at infinity
Nature-virtual and erect
Position-at F
Size-highly diminished

(ii) Object between infinity and O

Nature-virtual and erect
Position-between F and O
Size-diminished
8. Write the lens formula and its magnification.
Ans:
Lens Formula: The formula which gives a relationship
between the image distance, object distance and the focal
length of a lens is referred to as Lens formula. If “u” be the
object distance and “v” as the image distance and “f” as focal
length of a lens, then the lens formula can be given as under
1 1 1
= -
f v u
Linear Magnification of a Lens: It is defined as the ratio
between the height of image to the height of object.
If “h2”be the height of object and if “h1” be the height of
image, then the magnification “m” of a lens can be given as
Height of image hi
Magnification = =
Height of object ho
However, the ratios of image distance to object distance is
also known as magnification.
If “u” be distance of object and “v” as distance of image from
a lens, then
Image distance
Magnification =
Object distance
v
m=
u
 Where
v = Image distance
u = object distance
However, if m has a positive sign, then the image formed is
virtual and erect and if it has a negative sign, then the
image formed will be real and inverted.

9. What is meant by power of a lens? Define its SI unit.

Ans:
The power of lens is a measure of the degree of convergence
or divergence of light rays falling on it. It is defined as the
reciprocal of its focal length in meters. The unit of power is
Dioptre (D) (f should always be in meters).
1
Power (P)=
focal length(f)
Power of a convex lens is +ve (As it has a real focus and its
focal length measured is +ve.)
Power of a concave lens is -ve (As it has a virtual focus and
its focal length measured is -ve.)
NOTE:
Power of a combination of lens: If a number of lenses are
placed in close contact, then the power of combination of
lenses is equal to the algebraic sum of the powers of
individual lenses. If two lenses are placed in contact, the
combination has a power equal to the algebraic sum of the
powers of two lenses, P = P1 + P2
1
Power (P)=
focal length(f)

Here, f1 and f2 are the focal length of lenses and f is focal

length of combination of lenses.