Chapter-6 y

SINGLE PHASE AND SPECIAL

PURPOSE MOTORS
__......--------; Chapter Outline ; . - - - - - - - - -

I~TROD UCTION
G.0
TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS
6. 1
G.l SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR

6
TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
6.-!
6,:)- SPLIT PHASE MOTOR OR RESISTANCE SPLIT PHASE MOTOR

6.6 CAPACITOR START MOTOR

6.7 CAPACITOR MOTOR (OR) PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTOR

6.8 CAPACITOR START CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR

6.9 SHADED POLE MOTOR

6. 10 CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

6.1 1 COMPARISON WITH 3 ~ INDUCTION MOTORS

6.12 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR

6.13 COMMUTATOR MOTOR

6.14 SINGLE PHASE A.C. SERIES MOTOR

6. 15 UN IVERSAL MOTOR
6.)6 STEPPER MOTOR

f:i 17
APPLICATIONS OF STEPPER MOTORS
6.18
SEJWO MO'I Ol{S
G. 19
APPLI CA'I IO NS OF SF.HYO MOTOH
8 20
1 · PERMANENT MA GNE'I I)(' MOTOH (PMIH ' r\lOTOH)

BRUSHLESS DC MO ..I OH (BLDC MUTOH) j

 AC MOTOR~
6.2 I '-'

• 6.0 INTRODUCTION1__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
•dely used for many types of equipment in houses, offic
Single phase motors are very w, es
. Th are used only in small sizes, less than 2 Hp and mostly in the
shops and factones. ey . . .
ir ale phase motors are relatively simple m construction
fractional horse power range. S i.., •
However, they are not always easy to analyse. Single phase mot0rs operate at low power
factors and are relatively inefficient as compared to three phase motors.
In this section we will also discuss special purpose motors namely st epper motors and
servo motors Stepper motors are used in numerical control of machine tools, robotics,
floppy disc drives, X-Y plotters etc., and servo motors are used in servo systems like
position control system, process controllers, tracking systems etc.,

6.1 TYPES OF SINGLE PHASE MOTORS

Single phase motors are classified as :
1. Single Phase Induction Motors : The majority of fractional horse power motors are of
the induction type. They are classified according to the methods used to start them.
Some common types are :
(a) Split phase type
(b) Capacitor split phase type and
(c) Shaded pole type.
Single phase induction motors are widely used for fans, washing machines, refrigerators,
blowers, centrifugal pumps etc. They are used in very small sizes in toys, hair dryers etc.
2. Single Phase Synchronous Motors : These are used in applications such as clocks,
recording instruments, teleprinters etc. Where a constant speed is required. Two types
of 1 <I> synchronous motors are in common use.
(a) Reluctance type and
(b) Hysteresis type.
3. Single Phase Commutator Motors :
(a) Repulsion type motors
(b) AC series motors
(c} Universal motors.
Motors of the series type can be used with either a d.c supply or a single phase a.c.
supply. These motors provide high starting torque and can operate at high speed. They
are widely used in kitchen equipment portable tools and vacuum cleaners.
1

WARIIIG : XEROX f PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL

r _. s,NG~~PHEFAN07ifcl7Al PURPOSE MOTf!RS
16
.
3
1a
pur Pose Motors :
5 (b) Servomotors.
4· PeC
( ) Step per motors
a [..ioear induction motors (d) Permanent tnagnet DC motors (PMDC motors)
(c) Brus hie--
~~
DC Motors {BLOC motors)
(e)

~ 6.2 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

~
rfJJ CONSTRUCT/ON_ . . .
~oostrUctior. of a smgle phase induction motor 1s very similar to that of a 3 o induction
rno tor· The rotor is mostly of squirrel cage type. while stator cor.sists of sinole
~

phase winding rather than three phase winding. The stator is slotted and single phase
stator winding is mostly double layer. distributed type.

The schematic representation of a 2 pole single phase induction motor is sb:r..vn in Fig. 6.1.
In addition. the stator a:so carries an auxiliary winding for providing the starting torque.
I I
~ Single phase
stator
winding

Squirrel
Smgle phase A.C suppl), re--;- cage rntor

7
Shaft

c::
C: .,
I
FIG 6.1 : Single Phase Induction Motor

lfl4 NOT SELF STARTING MOTOR

Wh en smg
· le p hase a.c. supp1y 1s
· g·iven to the 1 o· stator winding,
_ a sinusoidally
. pulsating
.
· field
magnetic • . h time
varying wit • · pr oduced · The field polanty reverses twice m each
is
cycle but the field does not rotate.
. d tator field acts along the horizontal axis.
The pulsating (alternating} field ts ca 11 e s d transformer action. The resultant
This field will induce an e. m.f in the rotor bars tuhe tostator field (as per the lenz 's law).
. h. h pposes e
rotor currents produce a held w ic O rrents with stator field. As seen in
tion of rotor cu
The torque is produced due to reac bars in top half are in d ownward
Fig. 6. 2 the two sets of forces (forces on th e r_otor t m half are 111 upward direction)
, h t bars m bot o I h
direction, where as the forces on t e ro or . torque Therefore, singe P ase
will cancel each other and the rotor will expenence no
induction motors are not self starting.
BOOK IS ILLEGAL
WA. . .I : XEROX PHOTOCDPYlll6 Of THIS
 6.4 I 1Ji4•ii·liq

Rotor

- AC Suppl y -

FIG 6.2 : Singl e Phas e Induc tion Moto r (At Start ing)

6.3 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOT

OR
Whe n singe! phas e a.c. supp ly is given to the 1 phas
e stato r wind ing, a sinusoidally
pulsa ting magn etic field vary ing with time is prod uced .
Such an alter natin g (pulsating)
field actin g on stati onar y squir rel cage rotor can not prod
uce rotat ion. Ther efore due to
abse nce of rotat ing magn etic field, the singl e phas e indu
ction moto rs are not self starting.
But it is obse rved that if rotor is given an exter nal
initial rotat ion in any particular
direc tion, the singl e phas e moto r prod uces torqu e and
rotor picks up spee d in the
direc tion of initia l rotat ion given to it.
The beha vior of singl e phas e indu ction moto r can be
expl ained in 2 ways .
(a) By doub le revo lving field theo ry and (b) By cross field theo ry
1. Dou ble Revo lving Field Theo ry : An alter natin g
field prod uced by the stato r winding
can be repre sente d by sum of two revo lving fields of equa
l mag nitud e and are rotating
in oppo site direc tions at sync hron ous spee ds. The mag
nitud e of each field is equa l to
one half of the maxi mum value of the alter natin g field i.e.
<l>;m wher e <l>1m is the maximum
valu e of alter natin g field.

Let antic lockw ise rotat ing field be <1>1 say forw ard field
while the clock wise rotating
field be <l>b say back ward field. The resul tant of these two
fields at any insta nt gives the
insta ntan eous valu e of the main alter natin g field at that
insta nt.
Con sider the diffe rent insta nces as show n belo w
:
(i) The two fields are show n oppo site to each othe
r at start in the Fig. 6.3 (a}.
The resul tant magn etic field , <l>R " 0 .
(ii) The Fig. 6.3 (b) show s that after 90°, the two fields are
rotat ed in such a way that
both of them are now poin ting in the same direc tion .

WARNING : XEROX / PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGA

L
 HASE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS
---- - ~-J 6. s l
~ stNGLE p :. 4>,~ - -- - 4>,m ~-'~-'-- Altcrnting
orig inal field

fr
~~ - 2
~ /
,
}~--' -r~--- '
:I -, \
,--4,... I

,' I \

/ (I __ _ . ) ) ' :
(a) Time
(b)
--• - ¢1-: \ /
'' ,
' ,,

(b) (c)
(a)
FIG 6.3 : Stator Field and its Two Components

th = th + '+'b
th = <l>1m + <l>1m = th
The resultant magnetic field, '+'lm 't' R '+' J
2 2
This instant gives maximum magnitu de of original alternating field.
So the continuous rotation of these two fields (components) gives the original stator
magnetic field which is shown in Fig. 6.3 (c) . This is purely alternating in nature.
Now each seperate compon ent is rotating and hence get cut by the rotor conductors.
Due to cutting of flux emf gets induced in rotor conductors which circulates the rotor
current. The rotor current produces rotor flux.
The rotor flux interacts with one compon ent <!>1 produces a torque in anti clockwise
direction and the rotor flux interacts with second compon ent <j>b produce s a torque in
clockwise direction.
If anticlockwise torque is assumed positive then clockwise torque produce d by another
is negative. The resultant of the two torques at start is zero. This is shown in Fig. 6. 4.

Torque + ve

I
,,
__r -' \
Torque due to
forward field (Tr)

I \
I \
, '
.,.,' \

,____ ___,,.____ Resultant

Torque (T)

Speed Backward Speed forward .. vc

N = 0I _______ ------NS == NS
0
S=
--
,
,
'' ,,
\ I
' ,
_)---_/
Torque due lo backward field (Tb) Ve:
Torque:

nents and Resultant

C
FIG 6.4 : Torque - Speed Curve for both the ompo
s .s I -- - Wbi•ii-1;q
. . t oints about the resulta nt magne tic field
Follou:i ng are import.a n p
•
!. : ~ L- 2 ...i~ ~0 • ~
_ • .,.,,.,.uo--= are eauc.l m magnitu de b Lit opposit e in directio n. Each t
......... • •. • orquc-
-
rn:e.E to :ro;..G.:::: u
ro-o.,,. in r15 o'lJ.Jii c.rrecno n. Hence net torque experien ced b
.,_ • - n
-
• • ~ cc
Y thc::-
....,.,.,..,. ,.:: -=-ro T,-erefo re i: 15 said that 1 o inductio n motors are not self Stanino
ro ..u. i...; --- •
-
~ ·

1 .1.~ ___ --=- ,,.015 :::,dv.2:-. a~ inii::icJ

-0 r rotai:ion in any directio n, Llie resu·tar .t av
t. w-.. t::::,.i; ~~ - • - • •• • _ • • • ·, erage
to:-que increas 25 in fr12 same G~recno n and motor starts givmg the performc:nce
5 _;--i:ar to i:.e 3 o ~nciucti on moior.

2 . Cross Field Theory :

J\1otor at Standst ill : Consid er standsti ll conditio ns with the stator winding connecte d
m a i o -~"c s :Jpply. P ·"te s:ai.or current establis hes a field acts along the horizont al axis
is shrn.vn in fl;. 6.5. T ne stator field is alternat ing in polarity and varJing sinusoidally
\Vlth dme. T~ e alternat ing field wHi induce an emf in the rotor winding by transform
er
acdon. This emf v.rill cause a current to flow in the rotor winding .

The ci.irections of curren:: s in the rotor conduc tors is shown in Fig. 6.5. The rotor currents
establis h poles on ::-:e :oior suriace and these are in direct line (along the horizontal
axis ) wiih rhe stator po.es. Tne axis oi me stator and rotor fields are aligned. The forces
on ihe rotor conduc tors in top half are in downw ard directio n: wherea s the forces on the
rotor condue tors in bonom ha~: are in ui:r.•,:ard directio n. The two sets of forces will
car.ce. and the rotor will experie nce no torque.
Stawr

3
_ _ ,g
------ -0 ,r
F
AC N' ;
,_-
-
'F •
s
Rotor
'
~ r:--.:./
~
- - -- Ft
- - --,;-,
2,: ~

FIG 6.5 : Action of a 1¢ Motor at Starting

Motor Runnin g : V.... hen howe\.·e r. the rotor 1s

.
ma d e to ro t a t e say in the clockwis
. e
directio n by some externa l means. the rotor con d uctors cut acros s the stator field, . d
. .
causing an emf to be genera ted in them. The d 1rect1on
.
f th emfs as determi ne
e .
· d O f the vertical axis an
d °
by fleming 's right hand rule. will be outwar d m one si e as
. . . . . d. t d by the dots and crosses
inward in the other side of the vertical axis as m tea e
. h se with the stator curren t and
shown in Fig. 6.6. The generat ed rotor emfs vary m P a
900 0 wing to low 'R' and
flux. The rotor current due to these emfs lags b Y n early t tor current and flux, the
high ·x• of the rotor winding . The p h ase re Ia t·10 ns of the. s a
7
rotor emf and the rotor current and flux are shown in Fig. 6 · ·
 stNGLE PHA:;t AIVU ~rCfJll'U.
I
runruormt:r7TJ"TT~,- - - - - - - - - -- . - - -- - -
6.7

•
A (.

•- -

.
FIG 6.6 : Action of a 1¢ Motor at Running

Rnlor curre nt 11ncl flux

FIG 6.7:

The held ptoduc d by the rotor currents is at right angles to the field by the stator
cuncnts hence ,t 1s knov.J n as cross fie ld. Thus the stator field, <Ps and rotor field ' "''t'r
at'- m space and t1me quadrature. These two fields will produce a resultant revolving
ft\;ld ,..: h,ch ,a.. 1\1 rotate m the direction in w hich the rotor was given an initial rotation.
Hence torque 1s exerted on the rotor and the motor continuous to rotate.

From the above discussion it m ay be concluded that :

\1) At stand still there can be no cross field only the pulsating stator field and therefore
1 ~ induced motor is zero.
the inherent starting torque o f a 'I'
. .) . d t un by some external means, then it will continue
(l 1 If. howe,,er. the rotor 1s ma e or
. tion of rotation.
to develop torque in t h e d 1rec

. 6.4 TYPES Of SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

. due to absence of rotating magnetic
,. . ot self starting .
~mgle phase induction motors are n . to the rotor, manually. Som practice
field. lt is not practicable t o p rovt e 1
·a
'nitial rotatiOO k
tic field at start, to ma e the motors
. de rotating rnagne
some provision is mad e to p rovt
self starting. 900K 15 HJ,E&Al
PKOTQCOPYII& Of nus
 AC MOTORS
6. s I
Single ph<lSC motPlS c1H~ rl(,ssifi,•d ac( mdl11g to the n"•thods of st::trting used fr>r thern .
1. .Split p!M~l' lllflf()I .
2. Capdcik")i staI t m(1!<1t·.
3 Cap.1c1tor motpr or pcr111,11H1nt split c:r1pc1citor motor
4 Capnritcw start rc1p11cito1 run motor (Two value capacitor motor}.
5 ~haded pok· motor
SPLIT PHASE MOTOR OR RESISTANCE SPLIT PHASE MOTOR

ln t ·11s motor. in addition to normal stator winding called as Main Winding. stator
can 1~s one more winding called as auxiliary or starting winding. The two windings
are displaced in space by 90° electrical with each other. Mostly the rotor is of Squirrel
cage type. The arrangement is shown in Fig. 6.8 (a). The cut away view of a split
phase motor is shown in Fig. 6.8 (c).
Highly rc~1sl1vc C cntnfugal
:-tarting w1nd1ng switch
1

Main
/winding
\'

I
Squirrel cage rotor

(a) Schematic Representation (b) Phasor Diagram

(c) Cut away Viow of n Split Phn:.,e Motm

FIG 6.8 : Split Phase Motor

,
r
-
stNGLE PHA
Sf ANO SPECfALf'URPOSE Mf!__TORS
- -
~ -- - - ] 6 ~ 9--
nt between the two currents is obtained by designing the auxiliary
e d1splacerne . . . . . .
The tirn . hi resistive m nature. The rnam wmdmg 1s reactive hence carries current
. d. ,gas h1g y l h"I ·1· . . ,
\rin 11 ply voltage by large ang e w I e aux11ary wmdmg carries a current I
1
·ch lags sup
1 . ' st
//11 \.1. h • phase with supply voltage. Hence there exists a phase difference between
, ich almost in . . .
\~h tVJO a1tell·-iating currents as shown m Fig. 6.8 (b). The motor 15 equivalent to an
the d two-phase motor.
unbalance
. currents produce the two fluxes which also have a phase difference of ' a · as
. tv.o
fhe
shown t•n the phasor diagram. Due to these two fluxes having considerable phase
difference in between them, a rotating magnetic field is produced and the motor deveiops
a starting torque.

Because of the high resistance character of auxiliary winding. this motor is also known
as Resistance start motor. The auxiliary winding is not designed for continuous operation
to prevent the motor from drawing excessive currents from the line and also to protect
the winding from damage due to overheating. Hence the auxiliary winding is
automatically disconnected by the centrifugal switch. when the motor picks up the
speed (75 to 80 % of synchronous speed).

As auxiliary winding is in the circuit only at start, hence it is also called as starting
winding. As currents Im and 1st are splitted from each other by angle 'a ' at start, the
motor is called as split phase motor. The starting torque is proportional sin a . This
motor has moderate starting torque and generally it is 100 to 200 % of the F.L. Torque.
The torque-speed characteristics are shown in Fig. 6. 9.

300

Main and
v 200
~ \
O' ,'I \
0 I I '

~
1

100 Main __ ,,,_,,-'' , \\,

~ Winding only 1

•.,
C
•sw,tchin~
I \
, , Spi:eJ ,
' I Ns

FIG 6.9 : Torque Speed Curve of Split Phase Motor

Advantages :
(i) Moderate starting torque.
(ii) Moderate cost.
l 6 _. 10 I 14i&Mi-itkj
.. -
.
Reversal of Rotation •
. The direction of rotation of this type of motor can be reversed b
Y
. . I f either main winding or auxiliary winding. This changes the directto
reversing the termma so n
. magne t·ic field which in turn changes the direction of rotation of motor.
of rotating
. t·on
A pp I1ca 1
.• These motors are used in fans, blowers, washing machines, oil burners ,
small machine tools, office equipment, refrigerators etc.
1.. Necessity of Auxiliary Winding : 1 <1> induction motors are not self starting. To make
a motor self starting, we should some how produce a rotating magnetic field. This
may be achieve by converting a 1 <1> motor into 2 <1> motor by using one more winding
called auxiliary winding or starting winding on the stator in addition to the main
winding as shown in Fig. 6.10. This arrangement produces a revolving flux and hence
makes the motor self starting.
.--- --- I - phase ,
A .C .
Supply

8 ---+-- Starting
winding

(ii~:'}--..,L.__ Main winding

FIG 6.1 O : 1 0 Induction Motor

2. Function of Centrifugal Switch : A switch is fitted on the shaft of rotor which is

known as centrifugal switch. It is connected in series with the auxiliary or starting
winding. The function of the centrifugal switch is to disconnect the auxiliary winding
when the motor reaches 75 to 80 °/o of the rated speed to allow the motor run on the
main winding only.

6.6 CAPACITOR START MOTOR

In this motor also , the main and auxiliary windings are space displaced by 90°
electrical. The time displacement between the currents in the main and auxiliary
wi nd ings is achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with auxiliary winding as
shown in Fig . 6.11 (a). The feature of the capacitive circuit is to draw the leading
current. The fractional-horse power capacitor motor is shown in Fig. 6.11 (c).
 S Hill PHASE AJ\0 :iPEC/Al PlJ
RPOSE Ml11'0RS I 6 . Il
( :r:m tu, I ~" 11- h

•
'' ''"
"''
, ,~
' l
•
\ tr.
, -..:
"~ -(~ ---, ___ _

--
,...'
,,,
..:,
\\ ~

~ ,0
..__, '-, l..__l
'"' \ \
· · ~ - - - - ,·
• • \.,. ~I
,
.,
.......

~~'
#
1.,

r
(c) Fractional - Horse Powe
{b) Phaser Diagram
Capacitor Motor

rt Motor
FIG 6.11 : Capacitor Sta
dr aw n
nd in g lag s vo lta ge by an gl e ¢m \vhile cu rre nt
in wi
Tne cu rre nt dra\\'11 b~, th e ma ist s a lar ge
g lea ds vo lta ge by an gl e C\1 • He nc e th er e ex
nd in
b~· the ca pa cit i\· e sta rt wi (b} Th us
Isc wh ich is alm os t 90 ° as sh ow n in Fig. 6. 11
n Im an d
p~ase dif fer en ce be tw ee
hig h sta rti ng to rq ue .
the mo tor de \·e lo ps \'e ~, l
g ar e au to ma tic all y di sc on ne cte d by ce ntr ifu ga
rti ng wi nd in
Both the ca pa cit or an d sta on ou s sp ee d. Be ca us e th e ca
pa cit or
s re ac he d 75 °0 of sy nc hr
switch. \'-'hen th e m ot or ha ctr oly tic typ e.
on ly du rin g th e sta rti ng pe rio d it ca n be an ele
is in the circuit e
as pe r th e re qu ire me nt of sta rti ng to rq ue . th
be se lec ted
The ca pa cit or va lu e ca n 0 of F.L . to rq ue . Th e To rq ue -sp ee
d
as hig h as 35 0 to 40 0°
starting to rq ue ca n be
in Fig. 6. 12 .
craracteristics is sh ow n

Jing,
M:iin .md Au ,ilt ar~ \\ 111

..
~ 200

11111
N,.

II

To rqu e Sp ee d Cu rve
FI G6 .12 :
THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL
6.12 7
l+ld❖ i••••i;Q
Ad,,an tages :
(i) High startinH torque
(ii) Better stintin g po\vcr factor.
Rl~\'l~rsal of Rotati on : The directi on of rotatio n can be chang ed by interch anging
the
c'-"'nncctions of either the main windin g or auxilia ry windin g termin als.
Appli cation s : These motor s are used where high startin g torqu e is
requir ed
such as in comp ressor s, pump s, air condi tioner s, conve yors etc.
Rever sal of Rotat ion : The directi on of rotatio n can be chang ed by interch anging
the
conne ctions of either the main windin g or auxilia ry windin g termin als.
Appli cation s : These motor s are used where high startin g torqu e is
requir ed
such as in comp ressor s, pump s, air condi tioner s, conve yors etc.

6.7 CAPACITOR MOTOR (OR) PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTOR

In this motor, there is no centrif ugal switch and capaci tor remai n in the circuit
during
startin g as well as runnin g condit ions. This impro ves the power factor. The schema
tic
repres entatio n is shown in Fig. 6.13 (a). The phaso r diagra m remain s same as
shown
in Fig. 6.13 (b).
Auxiliar y windmg

Capacito r
t
,__ 200
1:-
,.__,
Main <I)

V Winding ::I
2' 100
0
1:-
._j
.,,.;
Squirrel ~
0
Cage Rotor 0
Spee d-

(a) Schematic Represe ntation {b) Torque Speed Characteristics

FIG 6.13 : Perma nent Split Capac itor Motor

The perfor mance a1 startin g and runnin g condit ions depen ds on the capaci tor ·c'
hence
its value is to be design ed so as to compr omise bt twcen best startin g and
1
the best
runnin g condit ions. Hence the starlin g torque of the motor is about 50 to 100%
of f.L.
torque . The torque -speed charac teristic s is shown in Fig. 6. 13 (b). The capaci tor
operates
contin uously , it is an oil type.
 tNGLE PHASE ANO SPECIAL P1JRPns1 Mo1 nus
I li , l:S
•• S
. advantages of the lenv i ng t lw cnpn cli or In
llw <h < 1I 11 ,tr( , ,,
·
111<1111
fill'
, Highl?r power factor.

, Higher cf hciencv.
, Increased over load capacity of the motor and
• I ow noise in the mot or while running.
Speed Reversal (or) Rev ersa l of Rota tion : The direction
of rotation can be changed by
auxiliary winding terminals.
interchanging the connections of either the main winding or
iring low starting torque
Applications : These motors are used for applications requ
such as fans, blowers, oil burn ers etc.

6.8 CAPACITOR START CAPACITOR RUN MOTOR

(Two Value Cap acito r Mot or) : To increase the start
ing torque, two capacitors are
used in the auxiliary winding. Theoretically, optimum start
ing and running performance
and the other for running as
can be achieved by having two capacitors, one for starting
shown in Fig. 6.14 (a).
T
Centri fugal Cs & CR in Circui t
Auxi liary C ~ switch 11)
::,
wind ing ,_
0-
I, I 0

CR
f-
,,
J 300 ,,
...: I
I
I
Im 0'::!?. I

,,

~
,,
200
V l\\ ,' 'II
\fain \\"\: , ,'
. \\ C \

winding C 1l-' ,,,,'

I
I
I
100 I
I
Switch ing 'I
I

Squirr el cage rotor speed I

I

(b) Torque - Speed Characteristics

.
(a) Schematic Representation
·tor Start Capa citor Run Moto r
FIG 6.14 : capa CI
up
·n the circu it durin g s torting. After th e mnto r picks
C and CH are I •
. auxil la1y
Both the capa citor s ~ . h Jlsco nncc ts lhl· s lc11 ting cnpd ritnt, C ,Ii Tht.•
1 sw1tc c •
the spee d, the centr ifuga C n., 111 nt11 l11 th e t hcuil d11ri118 u11111l11g cond ition also..
. .
. . a I)ac1tor, H ,,te, nlylt, typl\ p c1 1mb IH~h stc\rtm g toniu e .
winding and runn ing c . 1 value an d Is of ti •
11 I li e ln1qu P Splleci chcltal~tt.,ristics is
The capa citor Cs is large r in V" 1ue and Is of oil type.
lier 11 s1 111 " 11 ft ,~a pacitm ti lnrt moto r howe ver
The capa citor CR is smaThis rnc'>tor Is 111 nrc expe .v,• .
ce The startl nn ti,,qu c ,~ uptn 300Wi of th e F.L.
torqu e.
show n in Fig. 6 .14 (b).
t erfor man
it prov ides the bes p I ,ttotocoPVING OF THIS 800k IS ILLEGAL
6. 14 I - iiiidM;.liq
Advantages :
(i) High starting torque.
(ii) Better efficiency and high power factor.
Reversal of Rotation : The direction of rotation can be changed by interchanging the
connections of either the mainwinding or auxiliary winding terminals.
Applications : These are used in compressors, conveyors, pumps and other high
torque loads.

6.9 SHADED POLE MOTOR

This type of motor consists of a squirrel cage rotor and stator consists of salient poles
i.e., projected poles. The poles are shaded i.e ., each pole carries a short circuited
copper coil known as shading coil or band. Portion of pole carries a shading band is
called as shaded part of pole and the remaining portion is called as unshaded part of
pole. Fig. 6.15 (a) shows 2-pole shaded pole construction while Fig. 6.15 (b) shows a
single pole consists of shading band or ring.

,--- Shaded Pole

..,, ingding

I<)> AC
Supply
Copper Shading
Squirrel Coil -----
cage rotor
,- - - ,,
Unshaded
part of pole ' - - - - - ir.t---rl11u.i..-
Shading ,
coil Shaded part of pole ______ _,

(a) 2-pole shaded pole construction (b) Salient pole with Shading coil

FIG 6.15 : Shaded Pole Motor

When 1 <t> a. c. supply as given to the stator winding due to shading provided to the
poles, a rotating magnetic field is generated. The production of rotating magnetic field
can be explained as follows.

The current carried by the winding is alternating and produces alternating flux. The
wave form of the flux is shown in Fig. 6.16 (a). Consider the three instants say t1, tz
and t 3 during positive half cycle of the flux as shown.
1111111"' - ' ANO SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS I Ii . Ir,
SINGLE PHASE
· the coil and the flux is i11cn.! ,,sinu. SltH ,, lliern 11 r,1k qf 1
the curren t m
. tant t::: tJ, . d ed in the shading band. ·1 ht'> clrr11lr11,,,,, 11rH.mt thrc,lJ'?h
At in 5 mf will be m uc
1. change of flux, e
. band as I 1
·t .s short circuited pro ducmg. 1·ts own fl ux f\(/1.
c<,r, 1·IT 'H I, , I,,r 1/ ·, I,1f "f
theshad1n9 ·11 oppose the cause which is increase in fluY. <><, ii <,J,J1'1"/' r, the
. flux w1 now
hading nn 9 . d' g of flux in unshaded part while W(~,1h ri1r1 1! ,,ff, 1 / ' I 1

s . . Hence there is crow m , ,

n1a1n flux t· xis will be at the center of the unsht1d,~d rJ' 1,. ,l', ,r .1' 1
1 11
t Hence magne 1c a
shaded par .
.tO F·g
I .
6.16 (b).
N

Flux
T t t~ •
Alternating Flux
~m !
Main flux

--
~m

~s = Shading ring fl u:r.

0 Time

Magnetic Axis

(a) Waveform of Stator Flux (b) At t = t 1

N N

Magnetic Axis Magnetic Axis

(c) At t = t2 (d) At t = t3

FIG 6.16 Production of Rotating Magnetic Field

2
At instant t = t2, the current and hence the flux is reached to its maximum value. So rate
of change of flux is minimum. The induced emf in shading coil is very small hence
opposition of shading ring flux will be negligible. The main flux distribution is therefore
Uniform and the magnetic axis is at the centre of the pole as shown in Fig. 6.16 (c).
3
· At in stant t = t3, the current and the flux is decreasing. Since there is rate of change of
flux, emf will be induced in the shading ring. The flux produced by current in the
shading ring will now oppose the cause which is decrease in flux. So its direction is
6. ]ti I AC MOTORs

s,,mc· <lS that ot mf\in fil1,. ~h ~'ngUwnin~l it. Sc, lhN<' is Cl'()wding nf flux in the sh1'clcrj
part as c-omµt11t.'d 11., un$lhhkd p,,1 t nth.' t<) thi~ the nM~lth.'ltr ,1xb shit ts to the ccntte of
th<:' $hn1.h-d pole. rtns 1s shown in ri~1 t1 lt, (d)
Th1$ SL'quen1.·c K\.'l'PS ()n \\'µeating for th.'g,,ti\''-' lMlf cvcl(1 nlso.

C1.,ns\.'qU('nth,1 this producL'S an effect c1f rot,1tint1 m,,~1llL'tic Hcld moving in the dirt rtion
1

trom the unshadL'd to the shadl'd pent 0t tlw poll'. Ottl' tn this motor producps the
startin~~ torque c1nd stdrts rotating .

..i 100

0-----------N:;
Spt'l'U-

FIG 6.17 : Torque - Speed Characteristics

The starting torque is very lmv \vhich is about 40 to 50°0 of the FL. torque. The torque-speed
characteristics is shown in Fig. 6.17.

The size and power rating of these motors is very small. These motors are usually
1 1
available in a range of to hp.
300 20
Advantages :

• Simple in Construction.
• Cheap.
• Extremely Rugged and
• No Centrifugal Switch is required.
Disadvantages :
• Starting torque is poor.
• Efficiency is very low due to copper losses in the shading ring and
• Very limited over load capacity.

Speed Reversal (or) Reversal of Rotation : The speed reversal is very difficult. To
reverse the direction of rotation. two sets of shading rings are to be provided on bo th
portions of the poles. By opening one of the ring and closing the other ring particular
direction of rotation can be achieved. But the method is complicated and expensive.

-W.&AlllllC~ YJ:.Dn.v....L
~ SINGLE PHASE ANO SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS I 6 . 17 1

1. ·ations: These arc

~, used in small fans, toys, hair dryers film proJ·ect d ..
l\pP t • ors, a verttsmg
~ etc. . where sta11ing torque required is vet y low.
1

1
diWl\V!'

,, 6.10 CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATIONS OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION

MOTORS
~ c . :1.1 shows the characteristics and applications of the single phase induction motors.
Hp R1rnge Cost f Effie h~IH') P. •,.
-,-=
----
~toror T~ pr Starting Typical Applications
Appr ox. Approx Torque
-- ~ ,-
I -~
-hl- Moda.111: 0. 5 0.6
,.,1 pha,c 20 4 Medium Fans, blowers, office
tgcncr,,1 purpti,d appliances, low inertia
loads, continuous
operation loads
I 3
+ - - -- -
-10- -;; :ghtly higher
i- 4 0. 6 0.7 Very high Compressors, pumps,
thnn :-plit phase airconditioners,
type conveyors
l 3
Pamant·nt -to- Expen~i, e 0.6 0.9 Low
20 4 Direct connected fans,
Spill caparnN blowers, loads requiring
(kl\\ IM(llll') low starting torque
I 3
Cap.1cih1r -to- ExpensiYe 0 .6 0.9 High
S 4 Compressors, pumps,
~tart capac1tl1r nm conveyors, high torque
loads
I 1
Shad~d pole to Cheap 0. 35 0.45 Very low Fans, toys, hair dryers
300 20
and loads requiring
low starting torque
~

6.11 COMPARISON WITH 3 ~ INDUCTION MOTORS

The disadvantages of single phase induction motors when compared to three phase
induction motors are :
1. The efficiency and power factor are poor.
2· The starting torque is zero and therefore it needs auxiliary winding for starting
purposes, this increases the size.
3
· Its over load capacity is low.
4
· The direction of rotation of a 1 $ induction motor cannot be changed by
interchanging the supply terminals.
WARIIIG: XEROX/ PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL
 AC MOTORS
6 . .1s I
1? LINEAR INDUCTION MOTO~
- 6. .. - -- .
~ IM) is <' special. type o f induction motor used to achieve
.
A Linc<"r lnducti0n Motm (or L . . n as in the case of conventional motors.
ther than rotational motto
12ctiline~1 motion ta . . d ction motor is similar to a three
The basic design and construe t"ion of a linear m u
I . duction motor.
a flat surface, it forms the
P ,ase ,n
Of
.
hase induction
I mo t or and lay on
If we cut the stator a po YP S"milarly after cutting the rotor of the
I" · duction motor system. i '
primary of the mear m t th secondary of the system. The block
. d making it flat, we ge e
induction motor an . d r ear induction motor are shown in Fig.
diagram of conventional induction motor an m
6.18and6.19.

FIG 6.18 : Block Diagram of Conventional Induction Motor

Primary

Primary

FIG 6.19 : Block Diagram of Linear Induction Motor

l,Jt4I WORKING PRINCIPLE OF LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR

When the primary of a LIM gets excited by a balanced three-phase power supply, a
flux starts traveling along the entire length of the primary. This linearly traveling magnetic
field is equivalent to the rotating magnetic field in the stator of a three phase induction
motor or a synchronous motor Electric current gets induced in the conductors of the
d d
secon ary ue to the relative motion between the traveling flux and t h e con ductors.
Th en th e ·in d uced current interacts
• with the traveling flux wave to produce 1·me ar force
or thrust.
~ $1111ll MAIi A• #ICMi l'NHn IIOrO,,I
I• II
~ m A I Y 11 Rx.cl and th• NCOndary 11 fnte to mow the
, th~ dtn'ctton of th• force and wlll re1ul1 In the required ,ect111M
~ "\~ gtve !IUpply to the 1yatem the developed held wtll, h
(I thl' ~loclty of which 11 given by the equatton
v 2 t~ m sec
\' t-R' t, ,s the supply frequency In Hz, V, Is the veloclty of the llnear travelna
, t, r per second. and t Is the linear pole pitch I e pole 10 pole linear dllltanc•
fc.',r tht1 same reason as In the case of an Induction motor, the wondety or NnMr
'""nnot catch the speed of the magnetic fleld.
H~nl"'~ thl~re will be a sllp For a slip of s. the speed of the llnnr lnducflon mo101 wtll be
V (1 s)V 5

_ , Al'l'LICA T/OMS OF LINEAi 1••11cno• ••,,.

Automatic sliding doors in electric trains
z Mechanical handling equipment. such as propulllon of • train of NM alona • ,ert ; 1
route
3 Metallic conveyor belts.
4 Pumping of liquid metal, material handling in crana
5 It can be used in traction for high speed trains (above 300lanlhr)
6 It can be used in industries as high speed ground tra..aporlldlOII . . . . dca s,11 ■ 1.
carton pullers etc.

6.13 COMMUTATOR MOTOR

The commutator is a feature of D. C. motors. But LC. tnolon hlMnl wound 1alDI _ .
brushes and commutator arrangements are caDed as COIDIINI.,. ...,.. whkh walk•
1 • a c supply. The commutator arrangement Is slmllar ID the • • • el• Ac.. ■ 1? •
Commutator motors consist of two classes·
I Th01e moton that operate on th• ntpUllloft pnncillll,, to .. IP •*al
2 Those motors that operate on the principle of th• I 1tn1 I rht

• 6.14 IIIILE PHASE A.C. IEIIIEI MOTIi

,,,.e,,,, wo,11••
01
An ordinary d c NMI motor wlll run In th• ....
the supply The direction of the-----••• -
flux and armature curNnt. If the 11M tertnlftlll lie
6. 20 I AC MOTORS

current arc r12vcr~ed. tht• direction of torque remains unchanged. Therefore , the motor
continuou~ to rotate in the same direction.

So when normal d.c. series motor is connected to an a .c. supply. both field and armature
currents reverse simultaneously and unidirectional torque is produced in the motor.

Consider the case of a two pole motor and let the alternating current be in its positive
half, then the polarity of the field poles and the currents flowing through the armature
conductors be as indicated in Fig. 6.20 (c). The armature conductors carry inward
currents EB under N-pole and outward currents 0 under S-pole. By applying flemings
left hand rule it will be seen that the torque developed in the armature will try to rotate
in anti-clock wise direction.

+ ve

Supply AC DC -----i - ve

(a) Schematic Representation (b) Wave Form of Alternating Current

~ -O R
+:
l <j>A.C.
1 <I> A.C.
supply
supply
..

(c} Current Directions First Half Cycle (d) Current Directions Other Half Cycle

FIG 6.20 : Series or Universal Motor Operation

During the next instant, the alternating current goes through the negative half cycl~.
10
Now the current through the field winding and armature will also change as shown
·11 t d t o rotate in the same
Fig. 6 .20 (d). It will be again seen that t h e armature w1 en
direction because of uniform torque produce the two halves of the cycle.
a series motor has the ability to run on both the d.c. supply and a.c. supply.
rformance of D.C. Series Motor Works on A.C. Supply is not Satisfactory due

allowing Reasons
F THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL
 ....... . u:,... . . IHriv .......,_ • ··•]
r
....-;--;. t lml&,ilL... llililltha •cJ. .
ArffiMUN and IIW 'IL-C.tdlna . . "W-
•t•-••--►
Nldi
........._t■R-t'-.
pow• fector " _ , PQal. llCI IQ -.c. . . fo ..... Ofll ....
~ ....... .t..._ ... __
tan••=•- .....
The·-;- ........ by
.................. .......
In the eol 111111-... Illa ........
further In. . . . . COINrMata1lon ..... _

- •• 1un1 ••-•u1111r•na~,.,_
- Some rnodltlalllana an: '9qllnd lo haw 1hr DI I tby P•bn.w.c. of d.c. •Ill
rnotUI on a,. -.,ly ...,_ l II «.lld. • -.c. ••• •11.& The...,. ..._.,.

1 l reauu the addy ~ ha-. ,-and,-_ lhould be tuai, ....._.,

Th power lactaf QII be~~~ Wid. 111C1 ....... Nl8dllnca.

1u
r to reduce Wd ,we;...._
s L-pole lwr.
the ftald Wlnclaa I- 1 "s.-1 4 las .,...._ ol
._......_the ........ In .............. cal.
I

Th• motor should be P.o.tdld. .rlllh •

~ pole "9 - - o f ..... -.cl, •'Pllls,lna las lwr.
4 R~ llonlnllUlllbaof..._enthelald lfg~J1 . . . ..,. ....
kttpthetorqu.-vr1,111nc:s 11r.1•1oa ■---raz 11;1 .... ll-iliiM-tt 2llJ.
.._lo
Th1S mcr.ues the.- 1tw v dkn .-..I w,...
JS rt 81&.

5 Compena. . . . . . .P.. ......... I u:\.;ad ~·· LS . . . . . las,1 eQ; - - - -

P0SS1ble Cor-9'cn1 l a JIIO Das LYUJO t2 I a.

The UXPIOd!IClz:111,n■Jas a c I a, ..
a n d ~ . . . tu . . . ztnrr cl•
,,:a Alt...•11•L:Wby_,tu,

6 Thum1•bft Qlls . . I I . . ._., HI,

Cltnlitffialethlfttwoca11 • • - .
7 The air gap ls I . . JWfJ 3 tl•lf
8. The freq,,, ~ el t J\ •lliN-•lf·-
~ lllld t ■ K ■11•sllilll•llll!llll
--~ ..
. ,_____
n-- .....
Sa ..
 l ·- I ys an em f induced in the short
6 . 22 051·t·10 n may be. there i:s a wa - h - are in normal position
h brush P Th - hen the brus e~
What ever t e ature winding. u:s w d f .• in the short circuited
I ent of the arm f mer induce em i:s
circuited e em h main field axis , trans or . . lly induced emf is in it.
dicular tot e f Id axis dynam1ca
i.e. perpen the brushes are along te . . tor So the elimination
element and when . than an ordinary de senes mo .
Hence motor g1v
. es more sparking
h ost difficult problem~ m . . th,,
c
evolution of the motor.
. h been one of t e m .
of sparking as t ... d by providing compensating
. nd oor power factor are preven e
Both excessive sparking a P , t and neutralize the armature flux.
.
winding, which carries. the armature curren

M thods of Compensation :
Various e h:, .· AB and arrnnture flux is produced
l ( ) the field flux is produced along t e axis )
1. In Fig 6.2 a ' ~ . . d. must produce a flux along Cl and
. . CD Thus the compensatmg wm mg
along t h e axis . . t nt
.
ma d.1rec t·10n opposite to that of the armature flux at every ms a .

I H115 ·
· ase the compensating winding · curren t equ al to armature current. but
carries
n
oppositec in direction due to conductive
. e ff ects, so 1·t 1s
· known as conduct1vely
compensated series motor. 01)

[J
§ 01)

~
C
=
"'O

i(
(J C
Comhrned field Q. -

C11mpl'n:.at mg E ~
lb \C
"1ndrng I OAC 0 - - - - - - - - - - , u0
upp!\ l'd:1111 fil'ld
suppl~ I ¢>

r--\ii
\\111dlllg , AC

~ -'Tm'
supply Main field
winding

(a) Conductivet~ Compensated

(b) Combination of Two Fields {b) Inductively Compensated
FIG 6.21 : Series Motor
2 Since two fields at right angles. one along AB and other along CD produce a single
resultant field, it is possible to combine the main field and compensating windings in to a
single winding producing its flux in the direction of this resultant as shown in Fig. 6.21 (b).

The compensating winding. instead of being connected in series with the main field
winding. can be short circuited as shown in Fig. 6.2l(c), the motor is said to be
inductively compensated.
th
In is compensating winding acts as a short circuited secondary of the transformer
and armature as its primary. The method gives good compensation because the
fluxes produced by the primary and secondary of a transformer almost neutralize
one another.
 S
INGLE PHASE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS I
6. 23 l
• Generally, all a.c. series motors are provide d with comm uta t·mg po 1es or
1ter po IeS . . . .
Ir for improv mg commu tation (as m case of d.c. motors). But int er po 1es a1one
. ,r po 1e5
1n 1t: · f tory commu ta t·ion, un Iess some thing is done to neut 1. th
t l·oduce sahs ac . . . ra 12e e
do no P
·f ·mer emf. Inter poles increas e the eff1c1en cy of the machines. Output o f th e
trail!, o1 . . . .
·h· 1e \.dth a given size of armatu re core 1s also increas ed by employing inter pol es
11,aL 11 o - -- - - - - - - - ,

Inter Pole Non

Winding Inductive
Resistor
I $A.C.
Supply
Compensating
Winding
Main Field
Winding

FIG 6.22 : Series Motor with lnterpoles

The method used for reducing the sparking due to transformer induced emf consists of
shunting the interpole winding with a non-inductive resistor as shown in Fig. 6.22 . By
proper adjustment of this resistor, the rotational emf produc ed by commutating pole flux
in the short circuited coil neutralizes the voltage induced by transformer action.

liflfl SPEED CONTROL

Speed regulation is easily obtaine d through a change of supply voltage to the a. c.
series motor by means of tapped transformer.

ffi.JI REVERSAL OF ROTATION

The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the series field with respect to
the armature through suitable switching.
I I CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristics of a.c. series motor are similar to
\ ' ,·11,·, \ hlhir
that of d.c. series motor. The torque varies as square of ]
th e armature current and speed varies inversely as the J t-,llltll,I( I)
S,•n,•, 1\hit,11
l'

armature current. The speed of such motor can be

dangerously high on no load conditio n and hence it is
~!ways started with some load. Starting torque produn~cl
15
high which is 3 to 4 times the FL. torque. The speed 'for'-!ll l'-
t
Orque characteristics is shown in Fig. 6.23. FIG _ : Speed-Torque Characte ristics
6 23
 6. 24 I d . --Ztric traction, hoists, locomotives etc.
A T/DNS -- -~ - use
:t_J APPL
-/C- -- ·ti s in
f•-t_
- :- -: - ·,( high stMtin9
wr qu e
1

Bt' C'~ lJ~ (' (

1
6.15 UNIVERSAL MOTOR a
b ut -2 kW wh ic h ca n
o
be
ot or s up to
- - II ca pa cit v- se rie s m ila r ch ar ac
t en.st·ics .
t"'r- ore ~mo It e with sim
Univt'rsa nw u ~ '. .+. c su pp lv of sa m e vo ag
I
1 a. · ·
op er ate d on d. c 01 'I'
.
ES
f f iD CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATUR t is sim ila r to th at of a.
c. se rie s m ot or as
. or tu rn s,
t f1on of um ve rs a m o ·t ·s co ns tru ct re d wi th fe w se rie s field
1
I H
The genera cons rue . 13.2). ow ev er , I I co m m ut at or
discussed in las t article. (6
· ·t lo w re lu ct an ce m ag ne tic pa th an d
. Id circu1 s,
f,e
laminated ar m at ur e an d
segments.

f,fl#'4 PRINCIPLE OF WORKING di sc us se d

l m ot or is sa m e as th at of a. c. se rie s m ot or
iv er sa
The working principle of un
in last article.

I f il l TYPES
s :
iv er sa l m ot or s ar e m an uf ac tu re d in tw o ty pe
Generally, un
g.
ty pe (c on ce nt ra te d field), lo w po w er ra tin
1. Non co m pe ns at ed
ty pe (d ist rib ut ed fie ld) , high po w er ra tin g.
2. Co m pe ns at ed rm at ur e
, ha vi ng en tir e m ag ne tic pa th as la m in at ed . A
ha s 2 po les
No n- co m pe ns ate d ty pe ch no n- co m pe ns at ed co ns tru
ct io n is
d. c. m ot or . Su
th e no rm al
is wo un d type similar to
shown in the Fig. 6. 24 .

Ar ma tur e
/ Field Winding

---<"l
v - - - - A. C.
or D. C. Su pp ly

ensated Co ns tru cti on

FIG 6.24 : Non-Comp

G OF THIS BOOK IS lllEGAL

NING : XEROX/ PHOTOCOPYIN
~ s1N6LE Plf!SE ANO SPECIAL PURPOS
E MOTORY-s _ _ _ __ _ I 6. 2s l
Compcnsting
A.C or 0.C . Winding
Ac or D.C. Supply
surplY Main
Arm atur e Field

{b) Compensated Type

(a) Non-Compensated Type
for a Universal Motor
FIG 6.25 : Connection Diagrams "
of main
pen sat ed typ e, the mo tor has distributed field winding consisting
While in com
of split phase
and com pen sat ing win din g. Th is is som e what similar to the stator
field ature similar
struction. This also has a wound arm
single phase induction mo tor type con
tor. Fig . 6.2 5 sho ws the con nec tion diagrams for both the types
to the normal d.c. mo
Th e no n-c om pen sat ed mo tor is simple and less expensive than the
of universal mo tor.
se of the
d mo tor, bu t its ope rat ing cha racteristics are not as good as tho
compensate
compensated motor.

W fl CHARACTERISTICS
rac ter isti cs for bot h the typ e of universal motor are shown in
The speed-torque cha
Fig. 6.26.

'O
0
0
0.
C/l

---D.C.

0
To rqu e-
0
Tor que - {b) Compensated Type
(a) Non-Compensated Type
teristics
FIG 6 _26 : Speed Torque Charac
i.e., the
b etter spee d torque characteristics
C pensated type universal mo tor has
om .
ration of motor on a.c. or d.c. supply such high
characteristics are sam e for the ope . h l0 000 r.p. m Wh en
F II y be as hig as ' h ed No load
u load spe ed of uni ver sal mo tor ma d to reduce t e spe ·
27 ) are use ds
sp eeds are not required gear trains (Fig. 6.
' h. h than their FL spee d. brushes
sp ds of small universal motors may be much ig er commutator an
ee
U. d becaus e the y use a
niversal motors are easily recognize
(Fig. 6.28).
 tiiM•ii•hQ
6.:rn I l 1cld Coil
~p11ng
Cnrhon

Bru,h
Hl,td..-r

\lotor ,' Commu-

Sha ft Fan tator Carbon Brush

FIG 6.27 : Gear Trains for a Small Motor FIG 6.28 : Univeral Motor
Advantages : Universal motor can be operated on DC or 1 $ AC supply at approximately
the same speed and output. Universal motors being high speed motors are smaller in size
and lighter in \veight as compared to other motors of the same output.
f,'.1/,$1 REVERSAL OF ROTATION
The direction of rotation can be reversed by reversing the flow of current through
either the armature or field windings (but not through both}. The usual method is to
interch ange the leads on the brush holders.

1,11,f,j SPEED CONTROL

The following methods are used for speed control purposes.
1. Resistance Method

2. Tapped Field Method and

3. Governor Mechanism Method.

1. Resistance Method · Fig 6 29 ( ) h h ·
. . · • · a s ows t e connection diagram. By varying the
s
re i~tance ·R connected in series with the motor, the speed can be varied. It is used for
sewmg machines, the variation of resistance is affected by means of a foot-pedal.
L: Low L
M: \kd1um
Field
Winding H: High ~F1dJ
ll " P\,k

RI
~
Suppl)
Suppl)

(a) Resistance Method

(b) Tapped Field Method
WARNING : XEROX I PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL
~ SINGLE PHASE ANO SPECIAL PUR~\0-~E MO IOI:,~. ,. ,""'
~ / Mcclrn,11 11 111
.----- 1-if 0 - t- ~

R F1 clcl
Wi11d1111•

Su~---lY_ _ _ _ _ __ )_--11
(c) Governor Mechanism

FIG 6.29 : Speed Control Methods

z. Tapped field Method : By using a tappe d field, thereby reducing the flux
arid h~r1c.,~
raising the speed (Fig. 6.29 (b)). For this purpo se, either of the
following b1r)
arrangements may be used.

(i) The field pole is woun d in various sections with wires of different
sizes and taps
are taken out from each section.

(ii) Nichrome resistance wire is woun d over single field pole and taps
are broug ht
out from this wire.

3. Governer Mech anism (Centrifugal Mech anism ): Universal motors,

particularly those
used for home food and drink mixers have a numb er of speeds. Selec
tion of speed is
made by centrifugal device (governer) located inside the motor and conne
cted as shown
in Fig. 6.29 (c).

The switch is adjustable by mean s of an external lever. If the motor speed

rises above
that set by the lever, the centrifugal device opens two contacts and insert
s resistance
'R 'in the circuit to reduce the current and so reduce the speed. When
motor runs slow.
the two contacts close and short circuit the resistance so that the motor speed
increases.
This process is repea ted so rapidly that variations in speed are not notice
able.
Acapacitor 'C' is used to reduce the sparking produced due to the openi
ng and closing
th
of e governer contacts.

- -APPL/CATIONS
The more common applications of universal motors are the following :
Vac . . h
uum cleaners, electric shavers, portable dnlls, mixers, air• dryers · sewing machines.
srnan grinders, wood shapers, saws, routers, calculating machines etc.
 14:IM•ii•l;Q
6 . .,s
.,.\, I
- 6.16 STEPPER MOTOR
.
.
h"ch actuates a tram of step movement
chanical device w 1 s
A stepper motor is an electrome I The step movement may be angular or
. of input puses.
of shaft in response to train . an input pulse and step movement of
I t' onsh1p between
linear. There is one to one re a I t movement of the shaft.
the shaft. Each pulse input actuates one s ep .

Step Pulses

JU7J1J1
.:,
Drive
Control
Direction
.:,
Forward

Reverse

FIG 6.30 : Rotational Control of a Stepper Motor

The basic control of a stepper motor is illustrated in Fig. 6. 30. The control has two elements

1. No. of Step Pulses : Which determines the angle of rotation.

2. Direction Data : Which determines the order in which the Phases are excited.

When a given number of drive pulses are supplied to the motor, the shaft gets turned
through a known angle. The angle through which the motor turns or shaft moves for
each pulse is known as the step angle, expressed in degrees.

l,fl,fl TYPES OF STEPPER MOTORS

1. Permanent magnet stepper motors.

2. Variable reluctance stepper motors.

3. Hybrid stepper motors.

~l,~#~l/t~~~~V.~Jl~Rl~J1!!__:Bl~E~R~E~lU~C~T.~Al!!_N~CE~S!_}_Tff!_P1!_P'!__E~R~M~01_!_T~01!_R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ -
It is th e moS t basic type of stepper motor. The motor has a stator which is usually
-rng
. . for three ph ases. Th e stator has six salient poles with concentrated exci
wound 1

wmdmgs around e ac h one O f them. The rotor has 4 slots to produce the effects 0 f 4
poles as shown in Fig. 6. 31.

WARNING: XEROX I PHOTOCOPYING DE I YI£ ROOK u:: n I ccu

- - sJN6lE PHASE ANO SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS
I s. 29
A

Stato r Pc,;c '-- Stator V. mding

P.owr

FIG 6.31 : Schematic Arrangement of Variable Reluctance Motor

D.C. +
Supply-==-

SW 1}
SW Swtiches
2
SW 3

FIG 6.32 : Driving Circuit

The coils wound around diametrically opposite poles are connected in series and the
three phases are energized from a d.c. source with the help of switches. The basic
driving circuit is shown in Fig. 6.32.
Principle of Operation : The operation is based on various reluctance positions of
rotor with respect to stator. When any one phase of the stator is excited. it produces its
magnetic field whose axis lies along the poles, the phase around which is excited. Then
rotor moves in such a direction so as to achieve minimum reluctance position. Such a
th th
position means a position where axis of magnetic field of stator matches wi e axis
passing through any two poles of the rotor.
 - - -
6 · 30 } ~ - -- - - - -- B d C are energised in sequence one after
h hases A an
Let us see the operation w en p . SW and SW 3·
the other. with the help of switches SW1. 2

<;;t ator \fagnetic 8 = 30°

Axis

is

(a) 0 = 0° (b) 0 = 30° (c) e = 60°

FIG 6.33 : Steps in Variable Reluctance Motor

1. When the phase AA' is excited with the switch SW 1 closed then stator magnetic axis
exists along the poles formed due to AA' i.e., vertical. Then rotor adjusts itself in a
minimum reluctance position i.e., axis of rotor poles 1 and 3 aligned with the axis of
stator poles of AA ' is shown in Fig. 6.33 (a).

2. When the phase BB ' is excited and phase AA' de-energised, then stator magnetic axis
shifts along the poles formed due to BB', shown dotted in the Fig. 6.33 (b). Then rotor
tries to align in the minimum reluctance position.

The rotor poles 2-4 are nearest to the position of alignment and therefore the rotor
moves to align the axis of rotor poles 2-4 with the stator axis, This causes a rotation of
30° anti clockwise. The point ·p· shown on the rotor has rotated through 30° in anti
clockwise direction.

3. When the phase CC' is excited and the phases AA' and BB' are deenergised, then the stator
magnetic axis shown in the Fig. 6.33 {c). Then to achieve minimum reluctance position.
rotor turns through further 30° in anti clockwise direction. Hence point 'P' is now at 60°
from its starting position, in anti clockwise direction as shown in Fig. 6.33 (c}.

By successively exciting the three phases in the specific sequence, the motor takes 12
steps to complete one revolution.

The torque developed by the motor, which acts on the rotor is proportional to th e
square of th e phase current (T ex ;2 ). The direction of rotation is decided from th e
sequence in which the phases are excited.
~ S/N/:11 /'IIASI ANII SN l'IAI /'l//f/ /Jtf M/J I ll/f/, 1

~ r tr1nt Ol,~wrv,1li11,u~ I re ,rr1 flw ; 1,,, ,,, ,J- .,

fl I,, o ' • .r< II ~ 1 ,1 f (
'
t
f( J J r-/J ,, I
r,
111 tH..Ie,
'
be
Wl1 r 11 tl1 l' phr1 ~l'G Mc ,,x<.1 1,•cl lri lh e ,,•qw,,H ,, Ii /~ (,, /1
clnclnvi ~,1 dire< ti, ,1 i .
2 When tlw pli,i c;,• ~ rirc ,.x,•if,,rl ir, lhc '·~'f tu•w~,, r_ I: I t

clocl<wise d1rC'c;lion. ,

3. The sll.'P "nule, u.~. is qi•;,,r, h 1; ,

Where n = N<, of Slrdor ph,i,,,~~ rn,d

p No. of r<>t<,r p<,l<-' /rr,t<,r t,~,~th

So for three phrt',(Hj ;-rnd '1 r<,t<,r pol,~<i, th,~ st~f, 11W?le is
'>6()''
as -- ,> -- ,,'>On
' 3 y I}

If the number of phases are increased t0 four ?,JnrJ the:: nurnhe: cA r</'C>r po,;,., r,, ..
then the step angle becomes
1
360'
as = 4Y 6 = 150

Micro Stepping : In the above discussion we have assumed that the wmd :r z..,,e
excited one at a time. If the two phases are excited. Simultaneously 1.e , v.eep·ng A4
excited, the BB' is also excited with switch SW1 and SW2 closed, then the stator m a ~
axis to a mid position rather than along BB' . Hence rotor get~ aligned a ong ~
moves through a half step i.e., 15°. Normally the step angle is reduced by factm o
1 1 1 1 1 . .
2 , ,
5,or
10 16 32
. This technique is called as micro stepping.

Advantages :

The variable reluctance stepper motor has following advantages

1. High torque to inertia ratio.

2. High ratc,s of ,Kreleration.

3. Fast dynamic response.

4. Simple and low cost machine.
ence of brushes.
5. Rotor construction is robust d uc to a bs
 - 6.
6 . :i2 I
17 APPLICATIO
·t, ron,pc1t1b1 hty
1
Plll' h> ~
..
NS Of STEPPER MOTORS_~ =~ - ___
. .
with diftit<1l cquip mcnl s, Its mrHl<el 1., qrnr1tly incre nsed
. i ,Jy used in
' Tl •SC 31'l' WI( l
- in rE:!cent
----

tilllO , ll,
2. flopp y disc drive s .
.I. I tt , 1·s·,lrnd recor ders.
\'\p ()t:

" Nu111c1 tea 1 contr ol of mach ine tools .

.· 4. Proc ess contr ol syste ms .
~) ,

s. Robotics. 6. Print ers.

'"/." Tape drives. 8. Spac e craft s and

9. Digital watch es.

6.18 SERVO MOTORS

The moto rs used in servo syste ms or servo mech anism s
are calle d as servo moto rs.
Servo syste ms are feed- back contr ol syste ms in whic h outp
ut is some mech anica l
function such as contr olling the posit ion of the shaft , contr
ollin g angu lar spee d of the
shaft etc.,

Servo moto rs have a high spee d respo nse due to low

rotor inert ia and are desig ned
with very small diam eter and long rotor lengt h. Thes e
are low powe r ratin g moto rs.
Types of Serv o Moto rs :
Servom otors

t
AC Servom otors
l
DC Servom otors

t
Armat ure contro lled
Field contro lled

A.C. Serv omo tor : AC servo moto r is basic ally two- phas e induc
tion moto r. The outpu t
powe r <A ac servo moto r varie s from fracti on of watts
to few hund red of wntts . The
opera ting frequ ency is 50 Hz to 400 Hz.

Cons truct ion : If rr,n<;ist"' of 4,tator dnd rotor.

Stato r: The stato r carriec; two u1ilfonnlv dbtrib ull•cl windh,fJS

and ttrc• 90° mvi\y from each
other as show n in Fig 6. ~14 ()f1C wi11diny is called as mil
in ot rcft't ence wind ing and it is
excite d by a fixed volta ge ac supp ly The nthet wind ing is
ci\llcd as control wind ing and it
is excite d by varia ble contr ol volta ge, which is obtai ned from
a se1vo amplifier:
WARNING : XEROX / PHOTOCOPYING OF THIS BOOK IS ILLEGAL
p~ . •- .'i/.WGlE PHASE AND SPECIAi PURPOSf MO TORS
I 6.3a
~ tot =
rtl p rotOl i:., invc1iiably a sq ui11 cl cugr, to1ot havi11ri hint
. .., :1 , res,stAnce This has
R,l • cte1 and large ll'ngth mo1dc1 to rPduce tl w inertia Tl. bl
111 all d1n111 . . 11s cna es the rotor to
:- te piicldv. 1\lsfl tilt> h,Hh rotor l C!i lSlrrn c:e inipMts st,,billty .J
.. -c1c1ll l
8'' • . <Hlu Q<Joc1 clamping
. c,._cntittl fo1 th~ dfed1ve f u11 ctio 11ing of th e motor
\\ h1rh a1c ~ .
, , ~ - J\ C. suppl ;

90° Reference "inding

(!)
C,,ntrnl , ol 1agc 0 I 0 Rotor
I
from sen o ·- -0- · ·7·- -
ampltfter
0

ontrol
winding

FIG. 6.34 : A.C. Servomotor

Operating Principle : The operating principle of two phase a.c. servomotor is same as
rnat of normal three phase induction motor. The control voltage applied to the control
winding and the voltage applied to the reference winding are 90° out of phase. Hence
the flux produces by current through control winding is also 90° out of phase with
respect to the flux produced by the current through the reference winding. The resultant
flux m the air gap is hence rotating in nature called as rotating magnetic field. The
rotor is stationary at start. But as the rotating flux sweeps over the rotor, the e.m.f. gets
induced in the rotor. This e.m.f. circulates the current through the rotor. The rotor
current produces its own flux called as rotor flux. This flux interacts with the rotating
magnetic field, producing a torque on the rotor and rotor starts rotating.
In the two phase a . c. servo meter, the polarity of the control voltage determines the
Girection of rotation. A change in the sign of the control voltage reverse the direction of
rotation of the motor. Since the reference voltage is constant, the torque and the angular
speed are the functions of the control voltage.
Features of AC Servomotor :
(i) Rugged in construction
(ii) Highly reliable
(ii't) Light in weight
(iv) Smooth and noise free operation
{v) No brushes or slip rings are required. Hence maintenance frec-
(vi) Large resistance to reactance ratio.
WARl111 : XEROX t PHOTOCOPYtNO OF THIS IOOK II llLE&Al
 AC MOTORS
6. 3. I
6.19 APPLICATIONS OF SERVO MOTOR
(1) Robotics (ii) Process controllers
(iii) Machine tools (iv) Position control system
(v) Computers (vi) Tracking systems
(vii) Radar systems etc.

- 6.20 PERMANENT MAGNET DC MOTOR (PMDC MOTOR)

A Permanent Magnet DC Motor (PMDC motor) : Is a type of DC motor that uses a
permanent magnet to create the magnetic field required for the operation of a DC motor.
Rotor Coil:-;

CNllllHl13tOt

Stator
Magnets
~h.1 ft
Brushes

FIG 6.35 : PMDC Motor

l,f'.1111 CONSTRUCTION

As it is indicated in name of permanent magnet DC motor the field poles of this motor
are essentially made of permanent magnet.

A PMDC motor mainly consists of two parts. A stator and an armature. Here the stator
which is a steel cylinder. The magnets are mounted in the inner periphery of this cylinder.

Permanent Magnets

Armature Winding

Winding
Commutator

FIG 6.36 : PMDC Motor

OTnnc
 S,. GlE PHASE AND SPECIAL PURPOSE MOTORS
· I 6 . 35
anent magnets are mounted in such a way that th N
T p rrn e -po 1e and Spole of each
tare a ternat1\. ely faced to~ard s armature as shown in th F·
~ n e ig 6·36 . That means
of one magnet 1s faced towards armature then S-pol f
~ Po c e o very next magnet is'
rov.ards armatu re
face d
]I add It
on to ho dmg the magnet on its mner penphery the steel . d .
cy 1m nca 1stator also
sel'\/ es as .o~ relucta nce retu n P th for the mdgnettc flux Although f·eld . .
I COi 1 IS not
r qu red in pcrman nt m rt DC motor st I it is sometimes found that they are used
1 t perm t
3 009 1

T nt m nets lose then strength. these lost magnetic strengths

d xut non through these field coils. Generally, rare earth
h.: u1;: d m these permanent magnets

T <- m, dr to other DC motors. The rotor or armature of a

t. cons,stc. of a core. windings.and commutator. Armature
i;;hc< m~ulatcd. slotted circular lamination of steel sheets.
B cts one by one. a cylmdrical shaped slotted armature
su at d laminated steel sheets are used to reduce eddy
an nt magnet DC motor.
u'\!of th armature core are used for housing armature
tur conductors are connected in a suitable manner
a.. nd ng
T d, re connected to the commutator segments placed
DC motors carbon or graphite brushes are placed with
!i.p p ,..,,. ...,,"""J tor egments to supply current to the armature.
l';;Jifj WORK/
As '- l ~ ,j c r u t eg p nc1ple of PMDC motor is just similar to the general
a.. 1
irorking pnncip le of DC motor. That 1s when a carrying conductor comes inside a
magnetic 1e d. a mechamca force v.,.
be experienced by the conductor and the direction
of this torce 1s govemt :d by Fleming s left hand rule.
As in a permanent magnet DC motor the armature is placed inside the magnetic field
of a permanent magnet: the armature rotates in the direction of the generated force.
Here each conductor of the armatu re expene nces the mechanical force f = 8.1.L Newton
v. ~ere Bis the magnetic field strengt h in Tesla (weber m2). l is the current in Ampere
ov.: ng through that conductor and L is the length of the conductor in meter comes
u der the magnetic field. Each conductor of the armature experiences a force and the
c mp abon of those forces produces a torque, which tends to rotate the armatur e.
WUIIIIII : XEIIOX PHOTDCOPYHl6 OF THIS I08I( IS N.lWl
 6. 36 j 14◄M•ii-hQ
!l~,*~f,l~t#~l~A~D~VA~N~TA~G~E:.::'.S~D:::f_:P:._:M::D::..:C::.. . :::M:.. ::O_:_T-=.O.:.:. R _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
The advantag es of a PMDC motor are :
1. Smaller in size
2. Low manufact uring costs
3. Ease of operation : PMDC motors do not require field winding to operate
4. High efficiency : PMDC motors effectivel y reduce eddy currents and field circuit
copper losses.
5. Flexibility
6. Cheaper and economic al for fractional KW rated applicatio ns.

1,#'JJEJ DISADVANTAGES OF PMDC MOTOR

1. Demagn etization : It is impossibl e to compens ate for the armature reaction of the
PMDC motor. Hence, the magnetic strength of the motor reduces with time as the
armature reaction demagne tizes.
2. Lack of Control : It is difficult to control the speed of the PMDC motor because the
field in the air-gap within the motor is fixed and it cannot be controlle d normally.

l,l!JJJil APPL/CATIONS
PMDC motor is extensive ly used where small DC motor are required anrl also very
effective speed control is not required.
1. Toys
2. Wipers
3. Washers
4. Hot blowers
5. Compute r disc drives
6. Portable electric tools such as drilling machines
7. Refrigera tors and aircondit ioners.

- 6.21 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR (BLOC MOTOR)

Brushless DC motors are motors motors do not having brushes in them.

BLOC motors are superior to brushed DC motors in many ways. such as a b'I"t
11
Y
to
operate at high speeds, high efficiency , and better heat dissipatio n.
r~ s1fl6LEl'HASE AND SPECIAL PUIIPOSE MOtD/11 I• a,
~,sr111cr10 •
...... C ,notors can be constructed In different phystcat «>tn~iur,••~
sLO windings. these can be configured as ltngle p M ,w,.,-p,....,.
h stator
t e However. three phase BLDC motor with perma t ITMIIDn.4n
11, 0 tors
('0••·
..-.rnonly used
of BLOC motor. the current carrying conductor Is stationary wr111e
In case
,,, moves.
3 gnet
A commutator-brushes arrangement helps an achieving unklh'ectional torque a 'YPIC.al
de motor. Obviously, commutator and brush arrangement as eliminated a ~ ._
111111
de motor. Here, an integrated inverter/switching circuit as used to achieve unidilreceona,
torque. That is why these motors are, sometimes, also referred as • • cba 1 ■,
commutated motors'.

....,_ _, I ■

FIG 6.37 : Stator and Rotor Arrangement of 11n, 1t • r 11 DC Maeu.

Permanent magnets are mounted on the rot« of a BLOC motwla., and lhe st r w la
wound for a specific number of poles Fig. (6 37) Also. a conll'ol c:IKull a coaw& luJ ID
the stator Winding. Mostofthetlm~ thelnval:idcontloldr cullarCOtarl Ilks c natl
into the stator assembly. This is the balic coalllrudlonal clflwm .,... 1 • & 1M IP I 1
motor and a typlcal de motor.
A typical controller provlda a duee-phw ,._.__, cw• T•• n 1;\1 ID . . 12 t
winding. The supply 1a controlled by logk:al conllol dn:11111 end ewrJ II If I P r ••
P<>les at a 1pec1flc point of time
The Speed of the BLOC motor can be eontn,lecl"' ·••==I .. m>a
stator, whlch can be achieved bs, COl'fllD■fll the
....
lftUMIII DC ..... u,t I
 6. ss I AC MO TOR S
li#J#-4 WORKING Pf!INCIPLE AND OPERATION OF BLO
C MOTOR
BL['IC mot or\\ orks on the prin cipl e simi lar
to that of a con ven tion al de mot or, i e.th e
Loi L'IHL forc e ;a\\' \\'hich stat es that whe nev
er curr ent carr ying con duc tor plac ed in a
mag neti c held it e:,...periences a forc e.

Bru shle ss DC elec tric mot ors can also be

call ed elec tron ical ly com mut ated mot ors.
\vhich are po\, •ere d by DC elec tric sou rce thro
ugh an inte grat ed inve rter or switching
pow er supp ly. \vhich prod uce s an AC elec tric
sign al to driv e the mot or.
Stat or v,.'indings of a BLO C mot or are con
nec ted to a con trol circ uit (an inte grat ed
swit chin g circ uit or inve rter circuit). The con
trol circ uit ene rgiz es pro per win ding at the
prop er time . in a patt ern whi ch rota tes arou
nd the stato r. Per man ent mag nets on the
roto r try to align with the ener gize d elec trom
agn ets of the stat or, and as soo n as it
aligns. the nex t elec trom agn ets are ener gize
d. Thu s. the roto r kee ps runn ing.
lif'.1#1 APPLICATIONS OF BLOC MOTOR
App lica tion s of Bru shle ss DC mot or or BLO
C mot or is a type that is mos t suit able for
app lica tion s that requ ire high reliability, high
effic ienc y, mor e torq ue per wei ght, etc.
1. It can be used in serv o actu atio n.

2. Pos itio ning and vari able s spee d.

3. It can be use d in aero spa ce.

4. Use d in air con diti one rs.

5. Use d in com put er peri phe ral equ ipm ent.

6. Use d in biom edic al inst rum enta tion .

7. Con sum er elec tron ics - com put er hard driv

es, sma ll coo ling fans , cd/d vd players,
etc. and also in mod ern app lian ces whe re
quie t ope rati on is des ired - such as
was hing mac hine s, air con diti one rs, etc.

8. Elec tric Veh icle s - man y elec tric veh icle s incl
udin g elec tric and hyb rid cars . electric
bike s use BLO C mot ors.

9. The y hav e a wid e rang e of app lica tion s

in man y oth er area s incl udin g robotics.
indu stria l, mot ion con trol syst ems , etc.
r S/Nl1Lrrtrr,_. .. _

li#13~t-f!l~ 1•111•1~(1t#i:li~
. , induction motor has a stotor c\nd rotor. The stator has .
.·1 It' p I "':,l a singe
1 phase ac
1\ ~ n~ nw r()ft)t 1s squn rd cngc.
\,•ind1t19· .
. . 111 nwtor does not hc1ve ,, stcHltng torque. To provide the sta t·
1 \'l llh1ur 1t( . . - • r mg torque, an
i f\
J tit th ,n,\ 1,H
,,ililHV windmg 1s provided on stator.
,hit

. ductwn moto1 can be analysed by using either double revolving field theo
, t\ 1 t'l 111 ry or by
.. ttt'ld theory.
·' ~-1(,:-:-

f)ouble Revolving Field Theory : As per this theory the pulsating field created by 1 ~ stator
4
· ,<1ndnig can be decomposed into two rotating fields. These two fields rotate in opposite
directions.

5 Cross field Theory : As per this theory the flux is resolved into two components, one
acting along stator winding axis and the other at right angles to it.

6 Single phase induction motors are classified as per the method used to provide starting
torque.

7. Split phase motor, capacitor start motor, capacitor motor, capacitor start capacitor run motor
and shaded pole are some commonly used 1 ~ induction motors.

8. In a shaded pole motor, the direction of rotation is always from unshaded to shaded part of
the pole.

9. Linear induction motor are used in metallic conveyor belts, material handling in cranes etc.
10. Single phase series motor is somewhat similar to de series motor. However it has a
compensating winding (in addition to field winding) connected in series with armature.

11. The purpose of compensating winding is to reduce the reactance of armature winding.
12. Single phase series motor has a high starting torque and it is very suited for electric traction.

13. Universal motor can be used for d. c as well as single phase ac. It is a series motor Very
small motors may be built without compensating winding.
14 · Applications of universal motor include vacuum c leaners, hair dryers. mixers. sewing
machines etc. It has the advantage of small size and weight.
15. A stepper motor is designed to rotates b Y a specific number of degrees in response to an
input pulse It has 3 or 4 phase stator winding.
16 - Step angle : It is defined as the displacemen t f the I otor in I t"Spons<• to cnch Input
°
pulse.

360°
Step angle,
np

,eoH IC-111 FBAL

 MODEL PAPERS

4 X 5 = 20
PART- C

Nofl': -tnswa all questions and each question carries Five marks.
13. (a) Explain the performance of synchronous motor on Load with phasor diagrams.

(or)
(b) Sketch the circuit diagram and explain the working of Rotor resistance starter.

14. (a) Derive the relation between full load torque, starting Torque and maximum torque.
(or)
(b) Explain the working of capacitor start motor.

15. (a) Explain the speed control of induction motor by change of frequency.
(or)
(b) Compare synchronous motors with induction motors.

16. (a) Explain the methods to eliminate sparking in single phase AC Series m o t or.
(or)
(b) Explain the working of PMDC motor.