MODULE-SPHS 011

CHAPER 3: Thermal Physics

Temperature, Heat and thermal equilibrium,
Thermometer and temperature scale,
Calorimetry and Phase changes, Thermal
Expansion, Quantity of heat, Heat transfer
Phase Change diagram
 Thermal Expansion
➢Almost all matter (solid, liquid, and gas)
expands when heated, contracts when
cooled.
And must be accounted for in construction of
buildings, bridges, roads, etc.
➢Different materials expand at different
rates
 Thermal Expansion
And must be accounted for in construction of
buildings, bridges, roads, etc.
 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

When objects are heated up they typically expand. This is due

to the increased motion of molecules at elevated temperatures.

Change in Length:

L =   Li  T
 … coefficient of linear expansion
Li … initial length
L … change in length
T …change in temperature (in centigrade or Kelvin)
 Thermal Expansion

Most substances expand when heated; the

change in length or volume is typically
proportional to the change in temperature.
The proportionality constant is called the
coefficient of linear expansion.
 Thermal Expansion
Some typical coefficients of thermal expansion:
 Thermal Expansion
The expansion of an area of a flat substance is
derived from the linear expansion in both
directions:

Holes expand as well:

 Thermal expansion of solids and liquids

When objects are heated up they typically expand. This is due

to the increased motion of molecules at elevated temperatures.

Change in Volume:

V =  Vi  T
 … coefficient of volume expansion
Vi … initial volume
V … change in volume,
T …change in temperature (in centigrade or Kelvin)
 Thermal Expansion
The change in volume of a solid is also derived
from the linear expansion:

For liquids and gases, only the coefficient of

volume expansion is defined:
 Thermal Expansion
Some typical coefficients of volume expansion:
Thermal Expansion
 Thermal Expansion

➢ Bimetallic strip: two metal strips joined

together -- bends when heated due to
different expansion rates -- used in
thermostats, thermometers

➢ Liquids usually expand more than solids,

gases more than liquids
 Thermal Expansion
A bimetallic strip consists of two metals of
different coefficients of thermal expansion, A
and B in the figure. It will bend when heated or
cooled.
Application: Bimetallic strip
 Expansion of Water

➢Solid form (ice) less dense than liquid, so

water expands when it freezes

➢As water cools below 4 oC, open structure of

ice starts to form, causing expansion

➢Very important in nature -- keeps lakes from

freezing from the bottom upward and killing
all aquatic life.
 What do you mean by anomalous behaviour
of water?
➢ Substance expand when heated, and their density
decreases.

➢ Water does not expand between 0 oC and 4 oC –instead

it contracts.

➢ It expands above 4 oC.

➢ This means water has maximum density at 4 oC.

➢ Water has smallest volume and greatest density at 4 oC.

 The Unusual behavior of water.
Or: What is the temperature at the bottom of a deep lake?
Or: Why does a lake freeze from the top and not the bottom?
16-3 Thermal Expansion

Water also expands when it is

heated, except when it is close
to freezing; it actually expands
when cooling from 4° C to 0° C.
This is why ice floats and
frozen bottles burst.
Thermal Energy
Temperature & Heat
Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy
of the individual particles in a substance.
Thermal Energy – the total of all the kinetic and
potential energy of all the particles in a
substance.
Thermal energy relationships
a. Depends on temperature, mass, and type of
substance
b. As temperature increases, so does thermal
energy (because the kinetic energy of the
particles increased).
c. Even if the temperature doesn’t change, the
thermal energy in a more massive substance is
higher (because it is a total measure of
energy).
 Thermal Energy
• Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
 Thermal Energy
• Which beaker of water has more
thermal energy?
– B - same temperature, more mass

80ºC 80ºC

A B
400 mL

200 mL
Heat Transfer Methods
Conduction is heat transfer through stationary
matter by physical contact.
(The matter is stationary on a macroscopic scale—we know that
thermal motion of the atoms and molecules occurs at any
temperature above absolute zero.)
Heat transferred from the burner of a stove
through the bottom of a pan to food in the pan is
transferred by conduction.
Conduction
When you heat a metal strip at one end, the heat
travels to the other end.

As you heat the metal, the particles vibrate, these

vibrations make the adjacent particles vibrate, and so on
and so on, the vibrations are passed along the metal and
so is the heat. We call this? Conduction
Metals are different

The outer e______

lectrons of metal atoms
drift, and are free to move.

When the metal is

heated, this ‘sea of
inetic
electrons’ gain k_____
energy and transfer it
throughout the metal.
Metals are different

Insulators, such as w___

ood and p____,
lastic do not
have this ‘sea of electrons’ which is why they
do not conduct heat as well as metals.
 Conduction, Convection, and Radiation

Some typical thermal

conductivities:

Substances with high

thermal conductivities
are good conductors of
heat; those with low
thermal conductivities
are good insulators.
 Thot Tcold
The Heat conducted during a time (t) through a bar of length (L)
and cross –sectional area (A) is
kAT
Q= t
L
k = thermal conductivity [J/(s.m.0C)

The thermal conductivity k of a material: is a measure of its ability to conduct heat.

The rate of energy transfer by conduction (heat flow rate) is

Q kAT kA(Thot − Tcold )

=H =P= =
t L L
Convection is the heat transfer by the macroscopic
movement of a fluid. This type of transfer takes place
in a forced-air furnace and in weather systems.
Fluid movement

Cooler, more d____,

ense fluids
sink through w_____,
armer less
dense fluids.

In effect, warmer liquids and

gases r___
ise up.

Cooler liquids and gases s___.

ink
Water movement

Cools at the
surface

Cooler Hot water

water sinks rises
Cold air sinks

Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment
put in a fridge?
It is warmer
at the
It is put at the bottom, so
top, because this warmer
cool air sinks, air rises and
so it cools the a convection
food on the current is
way down. set up.
The third method of heat transfer

How does heat energy get

from the Sun to the Earth? There are no particles
between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.

RADIATION
?
  L
Also T = P  = PR
 A 
where R is the thermal resistance.
SUPER-CONDUCTOR??

These trains are also more

efficient because
there less energy loss to
friction between the train
and the track
Rail
A high-temperature
superconductor Maglev trains use superconductors to
levitating above a levitate the train above magnetic rails.
magnet This enables them to operate without
friction, and therefore achieve
unheard of speeds.
 Example 1
A polystyrene foam icebox has a total area of 0.950m2 and walls with
an average length of 2.50 cm. The box contains ice, water, and canned
beverages at 0°C. The inside of the box is kept cold by melting ice.
How much ice melts in one day if the icebox is kept in the trunk of a car
at 35.0ºC?
k =0.010W/m·°C for polystyrene foam; A=0.950m2; d =2.50cm=0.0250m;
T(cold) =0°C; T(hot) =35.0°C; t =1day =24hours-84,400s.

kAT kA(Thot − Tcold )

P= =
L L

Q=Pt =(13.3W)(86.400s)=1.15×106 J.
We set this equal to the heat transferred to melt the ice, Q=mLf,
and solve for the mass (m):
 Heat Transfer
⚫ How much heat is required to warm 230 g
of ice at -9°C to 70°C of water?
GIVEN: WORK:
m = 230 g = 0.23 kg Q = m·T·Cp
Ti = -9°C m = 230 g = 0.23 kg
Tf = 70°C T = 70°C - 0°C = 70°C
Q total= ? Q = (0.23kg)(70°C)(4190 J/kg·K)
Cwater= 4190 J/kg·K Q = 67 459 J
Cice= 2100 J/kg·K T = 0°C – (-9°C) = 9°C
Lf=3.34 x 105 J/kg Q=(0.23kg)(3.34x105J/kg)
Q=76 820 J
Q=(0.23 kg)(9°C)(2100 J/kg·K)
Q=4347 J
Q total= 67459 J + 76820 J + 4347 J
= 148626 J
Example
solution
 Example 2
A metal rod with a diameter of 2.30 cm and a length of 1.10 m has
one end immersed in ice at 0 C and the other end in boiling water
at 100 C. If the ice melts at a rate of 1.32 grams every 175 s, what
is the thermal conductivity of the metal?(Lf = 333 x 103 J/kg)
Assume no heat loss to the surrounding air.
Heat is conducted to the ice at a rate of

T Qc
H = P = A = .
L t
Qc is the heat necessary to melt the ice

The heat conducted to the ice in a time period t is

T
Qc = A t.
L
The heat needed to melt a given mass of ice is

Q = mice Lf .
Since all the heat conducted by the rod is absorbed by the ice:

T
A t = mice Lf
L

mice Lf (0.00132 kg )(1.10 m )(333.7 103 J/kg )

= =
T  (1.15 10 m ) (100 K )(175 s )
−2 2
A t
L
= 66.6 W/m K.
Example:

The average person produces heat at the rate of about 120

W when at rest. At what rate must water evaporate from
the body to get rid of all this energy?
(For simplicity, we assume this evaporation occurs when a person is sitting in the
shade and surrounding temperatures are the same as skin temperature, eliminating
heat transfer by other methods.)
 End
Good luck with Exam!!!