Data_Communication_Lecture_6
Data_Communication_Lecture_6
Sampling:
Solution:
We can calculate the number of bits as,
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 − 1.76 40 − 1.76
𝑛𝑏 = = = 6.35 ≈ 7
6.02 6.02
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Encoding:
The last step in PCM is encoding. After each sample is quantized and the
number of bits per sample is decided, each sample can be changed to an nb-bit
code word. Note that the number of bits for each sample is determined from
the number of quantization levels. If the number of quantization levels is L,
the number of bits is 𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝑳. Required bit rate for the encoding scheme
can be determined as, 𝑩𝑹 = 𝒇𝒔 𝒙 𝒏𝒃 .
Problem:
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate, assuming 8 bits per
sample?
Solution:
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz. So the
sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as follows:
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s
Bit rate = 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps 5 64 kbps
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
• The recovery of the original signal requires the PCM decoder. The decoder
first uses circuitry to convert the code words into a pulse that holds the
amplitude until the next pulse.
• After the staircase signal is completed, it is passed through a low-pass filter
to smooth the staircase signal into an analog signal.
• The filter has the same cutoff frequency as the original signal at the sender.
If the signal has been sampled at (or greater than) the Nyquist sampling rate
and if there are enough quantization levels, the original signal will be
recreated.
• Note that the maximum and minimum values of the original signal can be
achieved by using amplification.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
This means the minimum bandwidth of the digital signal is nb times greater
than the bandwidth of the analog signal. This is the price we pay for
digitization
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