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Data_Communication_Lecture_6

The document covers the concepts of Analog to Digital Conversion and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) in data communication. It explains the advantages of digital signals over analog, the PCM process including sampling, quantization, and encoding, as well as the importance of bandwidth in digital signals. Additionally, it provides examples and problems related to quantization levels and bit rates for digitizing signals.

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sheikharfin18
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2 views

Data_Communication_Lecture_6

The document covers the concepts of Analog to Digital Conversion and Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) in data communication. It explains the advantages of digital signals over analog, the PCM process including sampling, quantization, and encoding, as well as the importance of bandwidth in digital signals. Additionally, it provides examples and problems related to quantization levels and bit rates for digitizing signals.

Uploaded by

sheikharfin18
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Data & Signals (Part 2)

Course Code: COE 3201 Course Title: Data Communication

Dept. of Computer Engineering


Faculty of Engineering

Lecture No: 6 Week No: 6 Semester:


Lecturer:
Lecture Outline

1. Analog to Digital Conversion


2. Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Analog to Digital Conversion
Sometimes we may want to change an analog signal in our hand to a
digital signal (analog to digital conversion) before transmission due to
digital signal’s superiority over analog signal. Some of the reasons why
digital signal is preferable over analog signal are as follows:

❖ Digital is more robust than analog to noise and interference


❖ Digital is more viable to using regenerative repeaters
❖ Digital hardware more flexible by using microprocessors and VLSI
❖ Can be coded to yield extremely low error rates with error correction
❖ Easier to multiplex several digital signals than analog signals
❖ Digital is more efficient in trading off SNR for bandwidth
Pulse Code Modulation
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

A PCM encoder has three processes:

1. The analog signal is sampled.


2. The sampled signal is quantized.
3. The quantized values are encoded as streams of bits.

Sampling:

The first step in PCM is sampling. The analog signal is sampled


every Ts s, where Ts is the sample interval or period.

The inverse of the sampling interval is called the sampling rate or


sampling frequency and denoted by fs, where fs = 1/Ts.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

There are three sampling methods—ideal, natural, and flat-top—


as shown in the figure below
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

❖ In ideal sampling, pulses from the analog signal are sampled.


This is an ideal sampling method and cannot be easily
implemented.
❖ In natural sampling, a high-speed switch is turned on for only a
small period when the sampling occurs. The result is a sequence
of samples that retains the shape of the analog signal.
❖ The most common sampling method, called sample and hold,
however, creates flat-top samples by using a circuit.
❖ The sampling process is sometimes referred to as pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM).
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

According to the Nyquist theorem, the sampling rate must be


at least 2 times the highest frequency contained in the signal.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

The following figure shows the sampling and the subsequent


recovery of a sinusoidal signal.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Quantization:

The result of sampling is a series of pulses with amplitude


values between the maximum and minimum amplitudes of the
signal. The set of amplitudes can be infinite with non-integral
values between the two limits. These values cannot be used in
the encoding process.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Quantization:
The following are the steps in quantization:
1. We assume that the original analog signal has instantaneous amplitudes
between Vmin and Vmax.
2. We divide the range into L zones, each of height Δ (delta).
𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛
Δ=
𝐿
3. We assign quantized values of 0 to L − 1 to the midpoint of each zone.
4. We approximate the value of the sample amplitude to the quantized
values. As a simple example, assume that we have a sampled signal and
the sample amplitudes are between −20 and +20 V. We decide to have
eight levels (L = 8). This means that Δ = 5 V.
Quantization Levels:
The choice of L, the number of levels, depends on the range of the
amplitudes of the analog signal and how accurately we need to recover the
signal.
Quantization Example
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Quantization Error:
The contribution of the quantization error to the SNRdB of the signal
depends on the number of quantization levels L, or the bits per sample nb,
as shown in the following formula:
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 = 6.02𝑛𝑏 + 1.76 dB
Problem:
A telephone subscriber line must have an SNRdB above 40. What is the
minimum number of bits per sample?

Solution:
We can calculate the number of bits as,
𝑆𝑁𝑅𝑑𝐵 − 1.76 40 − 1.76
𝑛𝑏 = = = 6.35 ≈ 7
6.02 6.02
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Encoding:
The last step in PCM is encoding. After each sample is quantized and the
number of bits per sample is decided, each sample can be changed to an nb-bit
code word. Note that the number of bits for each sample is determined from
the number of quantization levels. If the number of quantization levels is L,
the number of bits is 𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝑳. Required bit rate for the encoding scheme
can be determined as, 𝑩𝑹 = 𝒇𝒔 𝒙 𝒏𝒃 .

Problem:
We want to digitize the human voice. What is the bit rate, assuming 8 bits per
sample?
Solution:
The human voice normally contains frequencies from 0 to 4000 Hz. So the
sampling rate and bit rate are calculated as follows:
Sampling rate = 4000 x 2 = 8000 samples/s
Bit rate = 8000 x 8 = 64,000 bps 5 64 kbps
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Original Signal Recovery:

• The recovery of the original signal requires the PCM decoder. The decoder
first uses circuitry to convert the code words into a pulse that holds the
amplitude until the next pulse.
• After the staircase signal is completed, it is passed through a low-pass filter
to smooth the staircase signal into an analog signal.
• The filter has the same cutoff frequency as the original signal at the sender.
If the signal has been sampled at (or greater than) the Nyquist sampling rate
and if there are enough quantization levels, the original signal will be
recreated.
• Note that the maximum and minimum values of the original signal can be
achieved by using amplification.
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

Components of a PCM Decoder:


Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Bandwidth:
1
Minimum bandwidth of a line-encoded signal is 𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 . We
𝑟
substitute the value of N in this formula:
1 1
𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑥 𝑓𝑠 𝑥 𝑛𝑏 𝑥
𝑟 𝑟
1
= 𝑐 𝑥 𝑛𝑏 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥
𝑟
1 1
When = 1 (for an NRZ or bipolar signal) and 𝑐 = (the average situation),
𝑟 2
The minimum bandwidth is
𝐵𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛𝑏 𝑥 𝐵𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑔

This means the minimum bandwidth of the digital signal is nb times greater
than the bandwidth of the analog signal. This is the price we pay for
digitization
Books

1. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).


References

1. Prakash C. Gupta, “Data communications”, Prentice Hall India Pvt.


2. William Stallings, "Data and Computer Communications”, Pearson
3. Forouzan, B. A. "Data Communication and Networking. Tata McGraw." (2005).

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