IP NETWORK , IP Address & SUBNET

MASK

Trainer : RAMU CH
CCIE –DC # 57015
• LAYER 3 : IP layer

• Layer 3 : IP Protocol

• LAYER 3 : IP Addressing / Subnet Mask

• Subnetting
 Protocol :
IP

Functions :
• IP Routing
• Ip data forwarding
• Best path determination
• Logical connection setup

Addressing :
IP addressing

LAYER 3 Data Type :

Packet

Topologies:
WAN
Internet / different Network

Hardware :
Routers , Firewalls,L3 Switches
 Protocol :
IP

Functions :
• IP Routing
• Ip data forwarding
• Best path determination
• Logical connection
IPv4setup
IPv6
Addressing :
IP addressing

LAYER 3 Data Type :

Packet

Topologies:
WAN
Internet / different Network

Hardware :
Routers , Firewalls,L3 Switches
 Protocol :
IP

Functions :
• IP Routing
• Ip data forwarding
• Best path determination
• Logical connection setup

Addressing :
IP addressing

LAYER 3 Data Type :

Packet

Topologies:
WAN
Internet / different Network

Hardware :
Routers , Firewalls,L3 Switches
L3 Protocol : IP
• Provides standards for Internetwork communication

• TCP segments encapsulates into IP Packets with IP-Header

Information

• Enables to devices to reach each other

 FROM ADDRESS
FLAT NO 10 TO ADDRESS
FLAT NO 110

I BLOCK
G BLOCK

MANJEERATOWERS
APARNA SAROVER
HYDERABAD

HYDERABAD

FLAT NO 120

G BLOCK

APARNA SAROVER

HYDERABAD
IP : Media Independence
IP header :
• 32 bit Length
• The encapsulated data is referred
to as IP Payload
Why IP NEED TO A HOST
• No need of IP address to communicate in A LAN .Wins with Netbios using LMHost file for Local resource
sharing
• we can communicate with help of NETBIOS and WINS.

• MAC address is for Identifying a NODE,LAN Card

• IP address is for identifying Network

• IP address is Logical & It’s for communicating UPPER Layer protocols

• MAC , Cant remember

• IP Address is at the "Software or Logical level, and helps to establish communication between 2 or more
Networks at the OSI (Network Level), whereas the MAC Address is at the OSI (Data Link Layer), which has the
Physical Address of the actual node (machine)

• IP address needed for WAN & intervlan Routing

IP ADDRESSING
• IP address is a Logical address

• 32 bit binary number

• An IP address can be split into

• network address, which specifies a specific network
• host number, which specifies a particular machine in that network
IP Address
• IP addresses are written in dotted decimal format.
• Four sections are separated by dots.
• Each section contains a number between 0 and 255.

Dots separate the sections

10.1.1.1

Why ??
Each section
contains a number
between 0 and 255
IP Address
• Why is each section a number between 0 and 255?
Or
• why an IP address never has a number in it greater than 255?

 Computers operate in binary, humans operate in decimal.

• Computers treat IP addresses as a single large 32 digit binary number, but this is hard for
people to do.

• That’s the maximum value for 8 bits of data: you can only represent 0 to 255 with 8
bits.

• So, we split them up into four smaller sections so we can remember and work with them
better!
IP Address
• 32/4 == 8.
• 28 = 256.
• But, computers number starting at 0, so to make a space of 256
numbers, we number from 0 to 255
 Each device on a network is assigned an IP address.
 Each IP address has two fundamental parts:

• The network portion, which describes the physical wire the device is attached
to.
• The host portion, which identifies the host on that wire.
What is My IP Address

• To launch the command prompt from a Windows-based computer

click: Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.

• Type ipconfig for basic information and press the Enter key.
• Type ipconfig /all for detailed information and press the Enter key
Binary and Decimal Conversion
What is Network , what is host
 SUBNET MASK :

• How can we tell the

difference between the 10.1.1.1
two sections?

00001010 00000001 00000001 00000001

Network

Host
 Answer for this is Subnet mask or Network mask
Decimal Equivalents of 8-Bit Patterns
IP Address & Subnet mask
• The network mask shows us where to
10.1.1.1
split the network and host sections.

• Each place there is a 1 in the network

mask, that binary digit belongs to the
network portion of the address. Network Host

• Each place there is a 0 in the network 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

mask, that binary digit belongs to the
host portion of the address.
255.255.255.0
NETWORK PORTION FIXED

HOST PORTION CHANGES

IP Address Classes
• The network address is the IP
address with all 0’s in the host
10 1 1 0/24
bits. 00001010 000000011 00000001 00000000

prefix host
• The broadcast address is the IP
address with all 1’s in the host these bits are 0, so this is the network address
bits.
10 1 1 255/24
00001010 000000011 00000001 11111111
• Packets sent to either address
will be delivered to all the hosts prefix host
connected to the wire.
these bits are 1, so this is the broadcast address
TYPES of IP ADDRESS

 PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

 PUBLIC IP ADDRESS
Private vs Public

PRIVATE PUBLIC
LAN INTERNET
NETWORK ADMINISTRATOR IANA

LAN REGISTERED IANA registered

Locally Specific Across globe
Free Paid to Service Provider
 •ARIN (Canada, United States, some Caribbean nations)
•RIPE NCC (Europe, Russia, Middle East, Central Asia)
•APNIC (Asia-Pacific region)
•LACNIC (Latin America, some Caribbean nations)
•AFRINIC (Africa)

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a

department of ICANN, a nonprofit private American
corporation that oversees global IP address allocation,
autonomous system number allocation, root zone
management in the Domain Name System (DNS), media
types, and other Internet Protocol-related symbols
IP Address Classes
Private Addresses & Subnet Mask
IP Address Classes
Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses

Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts

Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts
Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts
* Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address
IP Address

• Network ID
• Broadcast address
• Hosts for classes of IP addresses
Hosts for Classes of IP Addresses

Class A (24 bits for hosts) 224 - 2* = 16,777,214 maximum hosts

Class B (16 bits for hosts) 216 - 2* = 65,534 maximum hosts
Class C (8 bits for hosts) 28 - 2* = 254 maximum hosts
* Subtracting the network and broadcast reserved address
Sample
NETWORK ADDRESS

0
1
192 . 168 . 10 .

254
255 BOADCAST ADDRESS

INVALID
256
Sample
NETWORK ADDRESS

0
1
192 . 168 . 11 .

254
255 BOADCAST ADDRESS

INVALID
256
By default

 Same Network devices can be communicated

 L2 device Enough/required for connectivity

Different Network devices cannot be communicated

L3 devices required for communication
• ASSESSMENT
IP Address Class Valid / Invalid Private / Public

192.168.150.10/
255.255.255.0
10.254.254.100
/255.255.255.0
172.44.100.100
/255.255.0.0
172.16.272.10
/255.255.0.0
194.168.10.259
/255.255.255.0
12.200.200.10
/255.0.0.0
 SOURCE DESTINATION IP CLASS SAME N/W or DIFF HARDWARE (L2/L3)
IP/Subnetmask N/W
192.168.100.10/ 192.168.100.200/
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0
172.16.200.100 172.25.100.240
/255.255.0.0 /255.255.0.0

192.168.100.10/ 194.168.200.10/
255.255.255.0 255.255.255.0

172.16.175.13/ 172.16.254.13/
255.255.0.0 255.255.0.0

10.10.100.100/ 10.100.200.245
255.0.0.0 /255.0.0.0
Boolean Operations:
AND, OR, and NOT
• AND is like multiplication.
• OR is like addition.
• NOT changes 1 to 0, and 0 to 1.
Network Address calculation
Write down the IP 11000000 10101000 01100100 01010000
address. 192 168 100 80

If you have a prefix 11111111 11111111 11111111 11000000

length, just wrote 8 +8 +8 +2 == 26
down the number of
1’s. If you have a
network mask,
computer the binary
as with the IP
address.
AND these two. 11000000 10101000 01100100 01000000
Convert back to 192 168 100 64
dotted decimal.
This is the network
address.
BroadCast Address
• A broadcast address is a Internet Protocol (IP) address used to
transmit messages and data packets to network systems.

• Ex: 255.255.255.255
 SUBNETTING-Overview

• What is a subnetting ?
• Advantages & Disadvantages
• Where is it used?
• Sample Example : SubNetting your network
• CIDR Notation
SUBNETTING

• Subnetting is the division of a computer network into groups of

computers that have a common, designated IP address routing prefix.

• Subnetting enables the network administrator to further divide the

host part of the address into two or more subnets

• Subnetwork, or subnet, is a logically visible, distinctly addressed part

of a single Internet Protocol network.
172.24.0.0 / 255.255.0.0.
 172.24.0.0 / 255.255.0.0.

172.24.4.0 /
255.255.255.0.

172.24.5.0 /
255.255.255.0.
Advantages
• Allows a single shared network address to split it up into many
smaller networks.

• Easier to manage and solve problems

• Better Security
• Separating departments with highly sensitive material
• Protects from Collisions & broadcasts

• Alleviates traffic
• Smaller routing tables
• Alleviates excessive packet collision and congestion
• Care full planning for implementation

• Extra Hardware resources need to purchase to make functional

 Flat No : 100
255 255 0 0

Aparna Sarover

Hyderabad

172 24 4 100

HYDERABAD FLAT NO

APARNA
SAROVER
 Flat No : 100
255 255 255 0
K Block

Aparna Sarover

Hyderabad

172 24 4 100

HYDERABAD FLAT NO
K Block
APARNA
SAROVER
SUBNETTING
CLASS Subnet Mask No of Network bits No of host bits

A 255.0.0.0 8 24
B 255.255.0.0 16 16
C 255.255.255.0 24 8
IP ADDRESS PLANNIG

• REQUIREMENT

Hosts / per network No of Networks

h
2 -2 >- No of host requirements 2n>- No of Networks required
Sub netting Condition
• To create a subnet address, a network administrator borrows bits
from the original host portion and designates them as the
subnet/network field.
 CLASS C : 192.168.10.0/255.255.255.0

• No of Hosts each dep : 35

Dev Team Servers
• Following departs

HR : 25 hosts
FINANACE : 25 hosts
IT : 25 hosts
DEVELOPMENT: 25 hosts
Servers : 25 hosts

HR Team IT Team
Finance Team
 FORMULA
No of Hosts / per Network = 25 hosts
h
H should be ? 2 -2 > No of host requirements

H should be 5

8 -5 = 3 (Need to convert host octate MSB as network

bits)
CLASS C
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK : 255.255.255.0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 1 11 00000

255 255 255 224

 Start: 192.168.10.0 Start: 192.168.10.32

Last Ip : 192.168.10.31 Last Ip : 192.168.10.63

Dev Team Servers
Subnet mask : 255.255.255.224 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.224

Start: 192.168.10.64

Last Ip : 192.168.10.95

Finance Team HR Team Subnet mask : 255.255.255.224

Start: 192.168.10.128

Last Ip : 192.168.10.159 IT Team

Start: 192.168.10.96
Subnet mask :
255.255.255.224 Last Ip : 192.168.10.127

Subnet mask : 255.255.255.224

 CLASS C : 172.24.0.0/255.255.0.0

• No of Hosts each dep : 250

Dev Team Servers
• Following departs

HR : 200 hosts
FINANACE : 200 hosts
IT : 200 hosts
DEVELOPMENT: 200 hosts
Servers : 200 hosts

HR Team IT Team
Finance Team
 FORMULA
No of Hosts / per Network = 200 hosts
h
H should be ? 2 -2 > No of host requirements

H should be 8

8 -5 = 3 (Need to convert host octate MSB as network

bits)
CLASS B
DEFAULT SUBNET MASK : 255.255.0.0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000

255 255 255 0

 Start: 172.24.0.0 Start: 172.24.1.0

Last Ip : 172.24.0.255 Last Ip : 172.24.1.255

Dev Team Servers
Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0

Start: 172.24.2.0

Last Ip : 172.24.2.255

Finance Team HR Team Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0

Start: 172.24.4.0
IT Team
Last Ip : 172.24.4.255 Start:172.24.3.0
Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 Last Ip : 172.24.3.255

Subnet mask : 255.255.255.0

 CIDR
• Given below is a list of all possible combination of Class A
subnets:
• Class B Subnets
Class C Subnets
CIDR Notation
• unique identifiers for networks and individual device
• notation system was developed to make the process more efficient
and standardized
CIDR

• CIDR or Classless Inter Domain Routing provides the flexibility of

borrowing bits of Host part of the IP address and using them as
Network in Network, called Subnet.

• By using subnetting, one single Class A IP address can be used to have

smaller sub-networks which provides better network management
capabilities.
VLSM
• Subnetting the Subnet

• By using VLSM, the administrator can subnet the IP subnet in

such a way that least number of IP addresses are wasted
Ex:
• 192.168.1.0/24 main subnet
• 192.168.1.0 / 26 -(255.255.255.192) - Marketing
• 192.168.1.192 /27 (255.255.255.224) – BD
• 192.168.1.224 /29 (255.255.255.248) - Management
Super Netting
• Reverse to subnet mask
• Here we borrow from Network Bits
Subnet vs Supernet
• In subnetting, a single big network is divided into multiple smaller
subnetworks.
• In Supernetting, multiple networks are combined into a bigger
network termed as a Supernetwork or Supernet.

• Supernetting is mainly used in Route Summarization, where routes to

multiple networks with similar network prefixes are combined into a
single routing entry, with the routing entry pointing to a Super
network, encompassing all the networks. This in turn significantly
reduces the size of routing tables and also the size of routing updates
exchanged by routing protocols.
Sample example
Questions
Thanks