1

Real-Time Digital Simulation of Microgrid Control

Strategies
Chanaka Keerthisinghe∗ , Member, IEEE, Daniel S. Kirschen∗ , Fellow, IEEE, and Scott Gibson†
∗ Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
† Snohomish County Public Utility District, Everett, Washington 98201, USA

Email: [email protected], [email protected] and [email protected]

Ts_Power=50 us
Ts_Control=100 us
Abstract—This paper evaluates microgrid control strategies aA a A aA aA

prior to actual implementation using a real-time digital simulator. bB b B bB ??? bB

The microgrid model includes photovoltaic generation, a battery,

"rtio_opalrt_common"
cC c
D1 Yg
C cC cC

an emergency generator, loads and a vehicle-to-grid enabled

not found

PV System 2 MVA Point of common Electrical Grid

C
480 V / 12 kV coupling (PCC)

Yg
electric vehicle charging station. Three operational scenarios are
OpCtrl
500 kVA
12 kV / 480 V

Yg
studied: grid-connected operation; seamless transition to islanded

b
a

c
aA

mode with the battery inverter operating in grid-forming mode;

2
Battery cha / dis
BatteryControl
bB
a A aA

and islanded operation using the emergency generator when the cC

b B bB

battery is discharged. Battery Storage System

c
D1 Yg C cC

Bb
Cc

Aa
1 IslandGrid 200 kVA Vehicle-Grid Integration
PCC mode
480 V / 240 V

Index Terms—microgrid, real-time digital simulation, OPAL-

"rtlab"

RT R , Simulink R
3 LoadVar
not found
Load variations
aA

Loads - Arlington Office and

4 SolarIns bB
Clean Energy Technology Center
Solar irradiance

OpComm2

cC

5 Temp
Temperature
Emergency Generator

I. I NTRODUCTION
6
Generator
DieselGenCon

Fig. 1. Components of the Arlington Microgrid.

R EAL-TIME digital simulations can be used to evaluate

prior to actual deployment in the field [1]–[8].

BatteryVals

and design microgrid control strategies without any risk

Pload
1

Bat

Pload
TABLE I
S PECIFICATIONS OF THE REC T WIN P EAK 2S M ONO 72 S ERIES 375 W
PV MODULE
This paper describes a model of the microgrid that the Grid 3

Grid
Parameters Values
Snohomish County Public Utility District (Snohomish PUD) Maximum power 375 W
is building in Arlington, Washington State. This microgrid is
PVdata 5

PV
Open circuit voltage (Voc) VabcDG 48 V
-K-

(1/1000)V

Rated Voltage (Vr) IabcDG

40.1 V
-K-

(1/1000)I

currently in the design stage and is expected to be completed Gen 6

Short circuit current (Isc)
Vabc

Iabc
P

Q
-K-

9.96 A
(1/1000)P
-K-
4

Total DG

EG

by the end of 2020 [9]. It consists of PV generation, a Rated current (Ir) abc
Freq

wt
Active & ReactivePower
(DG total)
(1/1000)Q

9.36 A
battery, an emergency generator, loads and a vehicle-to-grid
EVdata 7

EV
Temperature coefficient of Voc fPCC
-0.28 %/C PowerDG

Temperature coefficient of Isc 0.04 %/C

(V2G) enabled electric vehicle (EV) charging station. When Number of cells per module 144
the microgrid is synchronized to the main grid, the battery
will be used for solar smoothing, peak-shaving and energy
arbitrage. The battery and PV inverters will then operate in II. M ICROGRID M ODEL
grid-following mode. On the other hand, when the micro-
Figure 1 shows the connections between the various com-
grid is islanded, the battery inverter will operate in grid-
ponents of the microgrid. The following subsections describe
forming mode while the PV inverter will operate in grid-
in detail how each of these components is modeled.
following mode. The emergency generator will only be used
when the battery is discharged and there is insufficient PV
generation. The batteries of the EVs are capable of supporting A. PV System
the microgrid and the electrical grid. The simulation models The PV system consists of the PV array, maximum power
developed in MathWorks R Simulink R using the Simscape point tracker (MPPT) and an inverter. The PV array [11]
Power SystemsTM (formerly SimPowerSystemsTM ) toolbox are consists of multiple PV modules connected in series and
available to the public and could be adapted to model other parallel to achieve the desired voltage and current. Table I
microgrids [10]. provides the specifications of the PV modules. The PV array
The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section II consists of 1640 modules divided into four sub-arrays, each
presents the Simulink R models of the microgrid. Section III of which contains 410 modules organized in 41 strings of 10
describes the setup used for the real-time digital simulation. series-connected modules, and is rated at 615 kWdc.
Section IV presents simulation results for different operating Fig. 2 shows the current-voltage and power-voltage charac-
scenarios. Section V draws conclusions and outlines future teristics of each sub-array for different solar irradiances and
work. temperatures. Each array is equipped with an MPPT to keep
 2

400 400
VSC Main Controller
1 kW/m 2 25 o C
(a) (c)
300 300 wt wt

Current (A)
Current (A)

1 Vabc_prim Uref
0.5 kW/m 2 Vabc_prim Uabc_ref 1
200 200 VdVq_prim VdVq_mes
VdVq_conv
2 Iabc_prim IdIq_prim IdIq_mes VdVq_conv
100 100 45 C
o Iabc_prim
0.1 kW/m 2 PLL & Measurements Uabc_ref Generation
IdIq_ref max (m) = 1
0 0
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500 Iq_ref Current Regulator
Voltage (V) Voltage (V) 3 Vdc_mes
150 (b) 150 (d) 25 o C Vdc_mes
2 Id_ref
1 kW/m
Vdc_ref Vdc_ref
Power (kW)

Power (kW)
100 100 45 o C
VDC Regulator
0.5 kW/m 2
50 50

0.1 kW/m 2
Fig. 3. Control of the PV inverter for grid-following operation.
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Voltage (V) Voltage (V)
TABLE II
Fig. 2. PV sub-array current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics for S PECIFICATIONS OF THE BATTERY
different solar irradiances (a, b) and temperatures (c, d). The temperature
value for diagrams a and b is 25 0 C while the solar irradiance for diagrams c Parameters Values
and d is 1000 W/m2 . Nominal voltage 800 V
Rated capacity 1250 Ah
Fully charged voltage 931.2 V
Maximum capacity 1320 Ah
the voltage at the the maximum power point (MPP) as the Capacity @nominal voltage 1250 Ah
solar irradiance and the temperature of the panel change. This Nominal discharge current 1250 A
tracking is achieved using a DC-DC converter that implements Exponential zone voltage 860 V
a perturb and observe algorithm. Note that the voltages on the Exponential zone capacity 60 Ah
Internal resistance 0.0064
PV array and the dc link can therefore be different. Another
option would be to connect the PV array directly to the dc
link of the inverter and to incorporate the MPPT algorithm in 1
Vd_ref (pu)
Vd
PI Controller
the controller of this inverter [12]. 2 abc PI(z)
Vd inverter
Vq inverter
The PV inverter is a two-level three-bridge voltage source Vabc (pu)
wt
dq0 dq0
abc 1
PI(z) 0 wt Vabc_inv
converter (VSC) that operates in grid-following mode. Fig. Vq
V0
0 PI Controller
3 summarizes the inverter control algorithm. The reference Vq_ref (pu)

voltage and current signals for phase-locked-loop (PLL) are abc

Freq

wt
measured from the inverter output. The PLL and measurements 3ph PLL
60Hz
block calculate the angle synchronized on the rising zero-
crossing of the fundamental of the reference signal, and Fig. 4. Battery inverter operation as a voltage regulator during islanded
transform both voltages and currents from the abc to the dq0 operation.
reference frames.
When the input power from the solar array changes due
to variation in irradiance or temperature, the DC link voltage mode [16]. The battery inverter control for grid-connected
also changes because the power obtained from the array does mode, which is similar to the PV inverter controller [12]. In
not match the power delivered to the grid. The function of the islanded mode, this inverter controller operates as a voltage
voltage regulator is thus to change the active power reference regulator as shown in Fig. 4.
current (Id ) of the current regulator so that power obtained
from the solar array matches the power delivered to the grid C. Emergency Generator
[13].
The current regulator uses the current references Id and Iq The emergency diesel generator consists of a synchronous
(reactive current) to calculate the required reference voltages generator, diesel engine governor and an excitation system,
for the inverter. The reactive current reference is taken as 0 as shown in Fig. 5. The model of the synchronous machine
in this model, as the system only supplies active power to the takes into account the dynamics of the stator, field, and
grid. More details about this controller can be found in [14]. In damper windings and is represented using a sixth-order model
this model, the harmonics produced by the inverter are filtered [17]. Table III. provides the specifications of this emergency
using a single inductor (L). However, other filtering options generator.
are possible [13]. In order to synchronise the emergency generator it’s fre-
quency, voltage magnitude and phase angle must be matched
with those of the microgrid. The frequency of the emergency
B. Battery Energy Storage
generator, fg is given by:
The battery energy storage system consists of a Li-ion
battery, a dc-dc converter and an inverter with both grid- 120fg
ns =
(1)
forming and grid-following capabilities. Table II provides the P
specifications for the battery model [15]. A bi-directional DC- where ns is the synchronous speed of the generator in revo-
DC converter is inserted between the inverter and the battery to lutions per minute and P is the number of poles. The desired
control the battery charge and discharge rates in grid-following frequency is obtained by changing the speed reference of the
 3

RT-LAB Target PC (Linux Power Amplifier Hardware (PV Emulator,

Diesel Engine
SpeedRot
Governor
MechPow
based Redhat OS) Battery, Inverter, etc)
wref (pu)
1 wref (pu) m

Pmec (pu) Pm
Pm
w (pu) A aA 1
<Rotor speed wm (pu)>
a
<Output active power Peo (pu)>
SM B bB 2
b
Vf1
C cC 3
c
Synchronous Motor
350 kVA
Vtref (pu)
1 Vref Excit

A
B
C
Vd
<Stator voltage vd (pu)>

a
b
c
Vf

Vq
<Stator voltage vq (pu)>

Vstab
OPAL-RT
Not implemented

Excitation System
Real-Time Digital Simulator

Fg TCP/IP
Fig. 5. Emergency generator model including synchronous machine, excita- P_B9

tion system and diesel engine governor. abc

Freq
wt
Frequency1
P (kW)1
P (kW)
Pg
P_B8
P_B1 - RT-LAB
TABLE III - Microgrid model in MATLAB/Simulink
Oscilloscope
S PECIFICATIONS OF THE EMERGENCY GENERATOR Va (pu)2
- User Interface

Parameters Values Active & ReactivePower

Fig. 6. Setup for power hardware-in-the-loop and software-in-the loop testing.

VabcG Vabc P -K- Pg

Power rating 350 kW IabcG Iabc Q

(1/1000)1
-K- Qg

(1/1000)
Voltage rating 480 V
Frequency 60 Hz Va (pu)3

Stator resistance 0.0036 Ω VabcG

was therefore ported to an OPAL-RT R eMEGAsim real-
-T-
Inertia coefficient 20 IabcG
time digital simulator [22]. The simulator hardware consists
Pole pairs 4 Pg
of an OP5600 chassis equipped with up to 12 parallel 3.3- Vm EG

|u|
-K- abc
Qg
GHz processor cores, a flexible high-speed front-end processor
(1/1000)V1
∠u

V Positive Sequence1 Va_EG

Vm_EG

Fg

Gen and a signal conditioning stage. The solver used is called

diesel engine governor, such that 1 pu corresponds to fg =60 VrmsGen
ARTEMiS (advanced real-time electromagnetic simulation).
(1/1000)V2
-K-

Hz, P =4, ns =1800 rpm [18]. EGcurrent

Fig. 6 illustrates this real-time digital simulation testbed.

The generator voltage is adjusted by controlling the refer- MechPow

The Simulink R model of the microgrid is first to run as an

ence voltage of the excitation system. Note that a reference Excit

effective platform for developing and testing the real-time mi-

abc
|u|

∠u

of 1 V (pu) corresponds to the rated voltage of the generator. SpeedRot V Positive Sequence2

crogrid. The Simulink R microgrid model has to be separated -T-

I EG

The emergency generator is connected to the microgrid when into different subsystems (master, slave, and console) in order Ia EG1

the phase angle difference is close to zero [18]. to execute the model on several cores, before being compiled
using RT-LAB. Each master and slave subsystem in RT-LAB is
D. Vehicle-grid integration assigned to a separate core to perform their parallel processes
in a fast and efficient way.
The vehicle-grid integration system is modeled using an EV
Power system models are typically decoupled at large
battery and an inverter that controls the charge and discharge
transmission lines because these lines introduce a delay in
"rtlab"

rates. The EV battery has the specifications given in Table not found

signal propagation. Because there are obviously no such lines

IV. An average model has been used for the DC-AC inverter, OpWriteFile1

in a microgrid, we decoupled the system at dc busses. Another

which is based on the work described in [19]–[21].
DataSave
option is to use OPAL-RT’s ARTEMiS state-space nodal
"rtlab"

(SSN) solver, which results in the same solution.

not found

III. R EAL -T IME S IMULATION 2 OpTrigger

Simulating this microgrid at 50 µs fixed time-steps in IV. S IMULATION R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
Simulink R over a long period of time requires an excessive This section discusses the simulation of three operating
amount of computing time. We also wanted to have the ability scenarios.
to perform hardware-in-the-loop simulations to test some of
the components and their controllers. The Simulink R model A. Scenario A: Grid-connected operation
The microgrid is operated in grid-connected mode, with the
PV system injecting a variable amount of power into the grid
TABLE IV
S PECIFICATIONS OF THE EV BATTERY as solar irradiance changes. From t = 1 second to t = 60
seconds, the battery is used for solar smoothing. From t = 60
Parameters Values second to t = 100 seconds, the battery charges and discharges
Nominal voltage 200 V
Rated capacity 500 Ah at a constant rate. From t = 50 second to t = 90 seconds, the
Fully charged voltage 232.8 V active load varies. The EV is discharged at 50 kW from t = 0
Maximum capacity 500 Ah second to t = 40 seconds and charges from t = 40 seconds to t
Capacity @nominal voltage 452.2 Ah
Nominal discharge current 217.4 A
= 80 seconds at the same rate. Fig. 7 shows the corresponding
Exponential zone voltage 216.1 V simulation results.
Exponential zone capacity 24.6 Ah The output current of the PV array (b.2) decreases when the
Internal resistance 0.004 solar irradiance (a.1) decreases, however, the voltage (b.1) is
 4

26 500 500

maintained around the same value. This is because the voltage

PV panel temperature (C°)

1 (a.2) (b.1) (b.2)

Solar irradiance (kW)

(a.1)

PV DC voltage (V)
400 400

PV DC current (A)
0.8 25.5

300 300

corresponding to the MPP does not change significantly with 0.6

0.4
25
200
PV sub-array 1
200
PV sub-array 1
24.5 PV sub-array 2 PV sub-array 2

changing solar irradiance as shown in Fig. 2. Note that the 0.2

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
24
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PV sub-array 3
PV sub-array 4

70 80 90 100
100

0
10 20 30 40 50 60
PV sub-array 3
PV sub-array 4

70 80 90 100

voltage and current corresponding to the MPP at 25 0 C and

Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
800 800 200 1000

PV reactive power (kVAR)

(a.3) (a.4) (b.3) (b.4)

PV DC link voltage (V)

PV active power (kW)

PV DC power (kW)
800
600 600

1000 W/m2 are 401 V and 383.8 A, respectively. The dc link

150

600
400 400 100
400

voltage of the PV inverter is not affected by the changing solar 200 200 50
PV sub-array 1
PV sub-array 2
PV sub-array 3
PV sub-array 4
200

0 0 0 0

irradiance, in fact it is regulated at a constant value to supply 10 20 30 40 50 60

Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

Battery reactive power (kVAR)

50.3 1000 600 600

the required output voltage.

Battery active power (kW)

(c.1) (c.2) (d.2)
400 (d.1) 400

Battery voltage (V)

50.2 800

Battery SoC (%)

200 200
50.1 600

During the first 60 seconds of Scenario A, since the battery 50 400

-200
0

-200
0

49.9 200

is used for solar smoothing, the power output at the point-of- 49.8
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-400

-600
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-400

-600
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

common-coupling (PCC) is regulated at the chosen 600 kW

Battery inverter frequency (Hz)

1 600 600 61

Battery inverter voltage (V)

(c.3) (d.3) (d.4)

Battery DC power (kW)

400 (c.4) 500

Battery current (kA)

0.5 60.5

(f.1) regardless of the changing solar irradiance. From 60 to 0

200

0
400

300 60

-200 200

80 seconds the battery is charged at 500 kW and from 80 to -0.5

-1
-400

-600
100

0
59.5

59
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

100 seconds, the battery is discharged at 500 kW. Note that the 1500
Time (seconds)

500
Time (seconds)

1500
Time (seconds)

500
Time (seconds)

DGs reactive power (kVAR)

Grid reactive power (kVAR)
frequency at the PCC is fixed at 60 Hz because the microgrid (e.1) (e.2) (f.1) (f.2)

DGs active power (kW)

Grid power (kW)
1000
1000

is in grid-connected mode. Small spikes in frequency (e.4 and 500

0
0

500
0

f.4) are due to minor simulation glitches. -500

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-500
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
15 61 15 61
(e.3) (e.4) (f.3) (f.4)

Voltage at PCC (kV)

PCC frequency (Hz)

Grid frequency (Hz)
Grid voltage (kV)
60.5 60.5
10 10

B. Scenario B: Battery operating in grid-forming mode 5

60

5
60

59.5 59.5

Initially (from t = 0 to t = 10 seconds), the microgrid is 0

10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
59
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
59
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

grid-connected and the PV system injects power into the grid, 50.5 300 100 100

EV reactive power (kVAR)

(g.1) (g.2) (h.1) (h.2)

EV active power (kW)

250
50 50

EV voltage (V)
assuming a constant irradiance. The battery neither charges EV SoC (%)
50 200

150 0 0

49.5 100

nor discharges. When the microgrid is suddenly islanded at t 50

-50 -50

49 0 -100 -100

= 10 seconds, the battery controller switches to islanded mode 300

10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

(g.3) 1
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

200
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

(h.3)
200
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

(h.4)

Reactive load (kVAR)

200 (g.4)

to maintain the microgrid’s desired voltage and frequency. The

Active load (kW)

150 100
EV current (A)

EV availability
100

0 100 0

load varies between t = 50 and t = 90 seconds while the EV -100

-200 Available = 1
50 -100

Not available = 0

charges from t = 0 to to = 30 seconds and discharge from -300

10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100
-200
10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (seconds)
70 80 90 100

t = 60 to t = 100 seconds. Fig. 8 shows the results of the

Fig. 7. Simulation results for Scenario A: PV system (a.1-b.4), battery (c.1-
simulation for this scenario. d.4), electrical grid (e.1-e.4), PCC (f.1-f.4), EV (g.1-h.2) and load (h.3-h.4).
While in grid-connected mode, the voltage at the PCC
(f.3) is slightly less than 1 p.u. because the microgrid does
not control the voltage at that point. When the microgrid is There are voltage and power spikes (Fig. 9 (d.1, d.3, g.1, g.3))
suddenly islanded at 10 seconds, the voltage regulator in Fig. and a sudden drop in load (Fig. 9 (f.3)) when the battery starts
4 increases the voltage at the PCC (f.3) to 1 p.u. The active charging at 10 seconds.
load also slightly increases because the load model is voltage
dependent. Since the microgrid is islanded when the power
C ONCLUSIONS
flow at the PCC is not zero, a power spike occurs (d.1, e.1,
f1). The battery then manages to maintain the voltage (d.3, f.3) This paper presented a real-time digital simulation on an
and the frequency (d.4, f.4) at a constant value even when the OPAL-RT real-time digital simulator of a microgrid being built
load varies (between t = 50 and t = 90 seconds) and the solar in by Snohomish PUD in Arlington, WA . This model supports
irradiance decreases (between t = 20 and t = 30 seconds). the study of different operating conditions before the microgrid
is deployed in the field at the end of 2021.
C. Scenario C: Emergency generator operation in islanded Once the microgrid is operational, we will compare our
mode simulation results with the actual measured data.
In this scenario, the microgrid operates in islanded mode
and the emergency generator maintains the desired voltage R EFERENCES
and frequency. The load varies between t = 50 and t = 90 [1] M. Farzinfar and M. Jazaeri and N. C. Nair and F. Razavi, “Stability eval-
seconds. The battery charges at 100 kW between t = 10 and t uation of microgrid using real-time simulation,” in 2014 Australasian
= 100 seconds. The EV charges at 50 kW between t = 0 and Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Sep. 2014, pp.
1–6.
t = 100 seconds. Fig 9 shows the simulation results. [2] X. Meng, C. Yang, K. Lin, F. Zhang, J. Wu, and J. Shen, “Research on
The variable load between t = 50 and t = 90 seconds as well photovoltaic power system of microgrid based on real-time simulation,”
as the decision to charge the battery at t = 10 seconds cause in 2017 IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System
Integration (EI2), Nov 2017, pp. 1–5.
frequency oscillations (b.4, d.4, h.4). However, the frequency [3] L. Ghomri, M. Khiat, and S. A. Khiat, “Modeling and real time simula-
always stays within ±5 Hz and extending the simulations over tion of microgrids in Algerian Sahara area,” in 2018 IEEE International
a longer duration shows that these oscillations die out. Their Energy Conference (ENERGYCON), June 2018, pp. 1–5.
[4] I. Leonard, T. Baldwin, and M. Sloderbeck, “Accelerating the customer-
amplitude can be reduced by increasing the inertia of the driven microgrid through real-time digital simulation,” in 2009 IEEE
generator, however this causes these oscillations to last longer. Power Energy Society General Meeting, July 2009, pp. 1–3.
 5

Battery reactive power (kVAR)

26 500 500 20.4 1000 100 100

PV panel temperature (C°)

Battery active power (kW)

1 (a.1) (a.2) (b.1) (b.2) (a.1) (a.2) (b.1) (b.2)
Solar irradiance (kW)

20.3 800 50

Battery voltage (V)

PV DC voltage (V)
400 400

PV DC current (A)

Battery SoC (%)

0.8 25.5 50
20.2 0
300 300 600
0.6
25 20.1 -50 0
200 200 400
0.4 PV sub-array 1 20 -100
PV sub-array 1
24.5 PV sub-array 2 PV sub-array 2 -50
0.2 100 100 19.9 200 -150
PV sub-array 3 PV sub-array 3
PV sub-array 4 PV sub-array 4
0 24 0 0 19.8 0 -200 -100
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Battery inverter frequency (Hz)

800 800 200 1000 0.5 100 600 65

Battery inverter voltage (V)

PV reactive power (kVAR)
(a.3) (a.4) (b.3) (b.4) (a.3) (a.4) (b.3) (b.4)

Battery DC power (kW)

PV DC link voltage (V)
PV active power (kW)

50 500

PV DC power (kW)
800

Battery current (kA)

600 600 150
0 400
600
400 400 100 0 -50 300 60
400
PV sub-array 1 -100 200
200 200 50 PV sub-array 2
200 -150 100
PV sub-array 3
PV sub-array 4
0 0 0 0 -0.5 -200 0 55
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

300 300

Battery reactive power (kVAR)

51 1000 600 600 200 200

DGs reactive power (kVAR)

Grid reactive power (kVAR)
Battery active power (kW)
(c.2) (d.1) (d.2) (c.1) (c.2) (d.1) (d.2)

DGs active power (kW)

(c.1)
50.8 400 400 250 200
Battery voltage (V)

800

Grid power (kW)

Battery SoC (%)

100 100
50.6 200 200 200 100
600
50.4 0 0 0 0 150 0
400
50.2 -200 -200 100 -100
-100 -100
50 200 -400 -400 50 -200

49.8 0 -600 -600 -200 -200 0 -300

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Battery inverter frequency (Hz)

1 600 600 61 15 61 15 65
Battery inverter voltage (V)
(c.3) (c.4) (d.3) (d.4) (c.3) (c.4) (d.3) (d.4)
Battery DC power (kW)

Voltage at PCC (kV)

400 500

PCC frequency (Hz)

Grid frequency (Hz)
Battery current (kA)

0.5 60.5 60.5

Grid voltage (kV)

200 400 10 10

0 0 300 60 60 60

-200 200 5 5
-0.5 59.5 59.5
-400 100

-1 -600 0 59 0 59 0 55
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

1000 500 1000 500 55 300 100 100

DGs reactive power (kVAR)

Grid reactive power (kVAR)

EV reactive power (kVAR)

(e.1) (e.2) (f.1) (f.2) (e.1) (e.2) (f.1) (f.2)
DGs active power (kW)

EV active power (kW)

800 250
Grid power (kW)

50 50

EV voltage (V)
EV SoC (%)
500 200
600
0 0 50 150 0 0
400
0 100
-50 -50
200
50

-500 -500 0 -500 45 0 -100 -100

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
15 61 15 61 100 200 200
(e.3) (e.4) (f.3) (f.4) (e.3) 1 (f.3) (f.4)

Reactive load (kVAR)

Voltage at PCC (kV)

(e.4)
PCC frequency (Hz)
Grid frequency (Hz)

0
Grid voltage (kV)

Active load (kW)

60.5 60.5 150 100

EV availability
EV current (A)
10 10
-100
60 60 100 0
-200
5 5
59.5 59.5 50 -100
-300

0 59 0 59 -400 0 0 -200
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

100 100 1.2 1.2

Generator reactive power (kVAR)

400 200

Generator active power (kW)

50.5 300
EV reactive power (kVAR)

(h.1) (h.2) (g.1) (g.2) (h.1) (h.2)

Generator excitation (pu)

(g.1) (g.2)

Mechanical power (pu)

EV active power (kW)

250 300 1 1
50 50 100
EV voltage (V)
EV SoC (%)

200
200 0.8 0.8
50 150 0 0 0
100 0.6 0.6
100
-50 -50 -100
0 0.4 0.4
50

49.5 0 -100 -100 -100 -200 0.2 0.2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)
300 200 200 500 800 1.06 65

Generator frequency (Hz)

1 (h.3) (h.4) (g.3) (g.4) (h.3) (h.4)
Generator voltage (V)
Reactive load (kVAR)

Generator current (A)

200 (g.3) (g.4) 400 1.04

Rotor speed (pu)

Active load (kW)

150 100 600

EV current (A)

EV availability

100 1.02
300
0 100 0 400 1 60
200
-100 0.98
50 -100 200
-200 Available = 1 100 0.96
Not available =0
-300 0 0 -200 0 0 0.94 55
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds) Time (seconds)

Fig. 8. Simulation results for Scenario B: PV system (a.1-b.4), battery (c.1- Fig. 9. Simulation results for Scenario C: Battery (a.1-b.4), electrical grid
d.4), electrical grid (e.1-e.4), PCC (f.1-f.4), EV (g.1-h.2) and load (h.3-h.4). (c.1-c.4), PCC (d.1-d.4), EV(e.1-f.2), load (f.3-f.4) and generator (g.1-h.4).

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