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Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 WILD RED CHERRY
Prunus pennsylvanica, L. f.
Form.—Height 20-35 feet, diameter 8-12 inches; trunk straight,
short, tapering, with upright branches forming a narrow crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, 3-5 inches long, oblong-lanceolate,
pointed, finely and sharply serrate, glabrous, thin, bright green
above, paler beneath.
Flowers.—May, with the leaves; perfect; about ½ inch wide, white
on slender pedicels in 4-5-flowered umbels.
Fruit.—Ripens in July and persists until autumn; a globular drupe,
about ¼ inch in diameter, bright red, thick-skinned, sour.
Bark.—Smooth, or somewhat roughened by loose, papery plates,
reddish brown.
Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown with thin yellowish
sapwood.
Range.—Labrador to British Columbia and southward to North
Carolina and Colorado.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in West Virginia along
the mountains, especially in areas from which other timber has been
destroyed by fire.
Habitat.—Sandy soils of burned-over mountain-sides and flats, and
along streams at lower elevations.
Notes.—Fire Cherry and Bird Cherry are two common names of this
tree, the first denoting its habitat and the second the attractiveness
of its fruit to birds. This species performs its principal service in
covering otherwise bare, fire-burned areas to which the seeds have
been carried and dropped by birds.
 WILD PLUM
Prunus americana, Marsh.
Form.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk short
supporting a wide-spreading crown of horizontal and drooping
branches.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple 2-4 inches long, narrowly obovate, long
taper-pointed at apex, sharply and doubly serrate, firm, dark green
and rough above, paler and hairy below.
Flowers.—May, with the leaves; perfect; 1 inch wide, white,
arranged in 2-5-flowered umbels.
Fruit.—Ripens in early autumn; a globose, red drupe about 1 inch in
diameter, the flesh sweet and edible; stone flattened.
Bark.—Grayish-brown and rough on old trunks with thin, flat plates.
Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, close-grained, red-brown, with thin
light sapwood.
Range.—New York to Florida, west to Texas and Montana.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Scattered throughout the State
but nowhere common except in small areas.
Habitat.—Grows principally on swamp borders and along streams.
Notes.—The Wild Plum is found growing in dense thickets in some
of our upland swamps where it produces large crops of fruit. The
tree is of little importance commercially but is sometimes used as a
stock upon which domestic plums are grafted.
 HONEY LOCUST
Gleditsia triacanthos, L.
Form.—Height 40-50 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk usually short
and armed with branched thorns; crown broad, round-topped.
Leaves.—Alternate, singly or doubly compound, 7-8 inches long, the
single compound leaves having 18-28 leaflets; the double compound
leaves 8-14 divisions each, with 18-20 leaflets; leaflets lanceolate-
oblong, somewhat serrate.
Flowers.—May-June; polygamous; small, greenish.
Fruit.—A flattened and twisted pod, 10-18 inches long, containing
oval brownish seeds.
Bark.—Sometimes smooth but often roughened on old trunks, by
shallow fissures and thick ridges with projecting edges, and by
branched thorns.
Wood.—Hard, heavy, strong, durable in contact with the soil, bright
reddish brown heartwood, whitish sapwood.
Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Kansas and Texas.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Not common in any part of West
Virginia, but found in scattered stands throughout the State, except
at high elevations. Rare in Upshur and other high hilly counties west
of the Alleghanies, and also in the Eastern Panhandle.
Habitat.—Thrives best in fertile soil of river bottoms, but grows well
in other situations.
Notes.—The wood of Honey Locust is used principally for fencing,
wheel hubs, and general construction; but the tree is too rare and
not of sufficient size to give it any commercial importance.
 RED BUD
Cercis canadensis, L.
Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 6-10 inches; trunk usually
inclined and short; crown broad, open and shallow.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, rounded, 3-5 inches long, with heart-
shaped base, and blunt apex; smooth, entire, bright pale green
above, paler beneath.
Flowers.—April, before the leaves; perfect; in form like the sweet
pea, red-purple, arranged in umbel-like clusters along the branches
of the last or preceding years.
Fruit.—A flattened, many-seeded pod, the upper suture with a
winged margin.
Bark.—Thin, with shallow fissures and scaly reddish brown ridges.
Wood.—Heavy, hard, not strong, reddish brown with thick whitish
sapwood.
Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Minnesota and Kansas.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in most parts of the
State, forming thickets along borders of woods and streams. Rare in
the higher counties.
Habitat.—Rich moist soil of abandoned fields, open woods and
stream banks.
Notes.—This tree is chiefly ornamental. Its profuse purplish flowers
give it attractiveness early in the spring, when the Service and
Flowering Dogwood are in bloom.
 COMMON LOCUST
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia, L.
Form.—Height 50-75 feet, diameter 2-3 feet; trunk when grown in
the forest often tall and free from limbs; crown loose and more or
less irregular.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, 8-14 inches long;
leaflets 7-21, ovate or oblong, 1-2 inches long, entire, very thin,
smooth, dull green above, paler beneath; stipules thorny or spine-
like.
Flowers.—May, after the leaves; perfect, pea-shaped, white, very
fragrant, borne on slender pedicels in loose drooping racemes 4-5
inches long.
Fruit.—A flat pod 3-4 inches long, containing 4-8 small brown seeds.
Bark.—Deeply furrowed into firm, prominent ridges, reddish-brown.
Wood.—Heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in
contact with the soil, brownish with thin yellow sapwood.
Range.—Pennsylvania to Georgia west to Iowa and Kansas.
Naturalized over a large area in America and extensively cultivated in
Europe.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common throughout West
Virginia, but most abundant and healthiest in high limestone areas.
Habitat.—Prefers rich limestone soil, but adapts itself to other soils
and to almost all exposures and elevations.
Notes.—Black Locust, Yellow Locust, and False Acacia are other
names of this tree. According to Sargent’s “Manual of the Trees of
North America” locust trees are “most abundant and of largest size
on the western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia.” It is a
rapid grower, its wood is unsurpassed for many purposes and, as a
legume, it adds fertility to the soil wherever it grows.
 HOP TREE
Ptelea trifoliata, L.
Form.—A shrub occasionally attaining the size and form of a small
tree.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 3-foliate, the leaflets entire, ovate,
pointed, downy when young.
Flowers.—June; polygamous; small, greenish-white, arranged in
compound terminal cymes.
Fruit.—A 2-celled, 2-seeded, nearly circular samara, winged all
around, in drooping cymes; bitter, used as a substitute for hops.
Bark.—Smooth, light brownish-gray.
Range.—Long Island to Minnesota and southward.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Rare, collected in Summers and
Morgan counties.
Habitat.—Prefers sandy soils of river banks.
Notes.—This small, shrubby tree is useful only for ornamental
planting for which purpose it will be found very interesting and
attractive.
 STAGHORN SUMACH
Rhus typhina, L.
Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 15-20
feet and a diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk short, bearing a broad
crown of ascending branches.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 16-24 inches long, and with 11-31
leaflets; leaflets oblong, 2-5 inches long, nearly sessile, oblanceolate,
pointed, serrate, when mature dark green and smooth above, pale
beneath.
Flowers.—May-June; polygamous, arranged in compact oblong
yellowish-green panicles.
Fruit.—Matures in late summer and persists through the winter;
numerous dry drupes aggregate in a compact pyramidal panicle, 5-8
inches long; drupes thickly studded with red acid hairs, not
poisonous.
Bark.—On old trunks somewhat roughened by loose brown scales.
Twigs and leaf stalks are densely velvety-hairy.
Wood.—Soft, light, coarse-grained, orange-colored, showing plainly
the annual growths.
Range.—New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Georgia and
Alabama.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common throughout the State
and reaching higher altitudes than some of the other sumachs.
Habitat.—Fertile dry upland soil, preferring abandoned fields,
borders of woods and fence rows.
Notes.—The wood of this species is sometimes used for sugar spiles
and for the manufacture of napkin rings, cups, etc. The leaves are
rich in tannin; the wood has little commercial value. Its beautiful
foliage and red fruit spikes give it value for ornamental planting.
 DWARF SUMACH
Rhus copallina, L.
Form.—A shrub or small tree often attaining in West Virginia a
height of 15-20 feet and a diameter of 3-5 inches; trunk straight or
angular, supporting a loose irregular crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, 6-12 inches long, with petioles
wing-margined between the 9-21 oblong or ovate lanceolate, nearly
entire leaflets which are smooth and shining above and pubescent
beneath.
Flowers.—July; polygamous; in terminal compact panicles.
Fruit.—Matures in late summer; small dry drupes in compact erect
panicles, red, turning dark later in the year, the panicles finally
drooping; not poisonous.
Bark.—Roughened on old trunk by brown papery scales or elevated
brown projections.
Wood.—Soft, coarse-grained, light brown, richly striped with yellow
and black.
Range.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Nebraska.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in most sections of the
State except at high elevations.
Habitat.—Dry hillsides and ridges, frequenting abandoned fields.
Notes.—This sumach, like others of the genus, is chiefly valuable for
landscape work, being especially ornamental in its autumnal foliage.
The wood is sometimes used in the manufacture of small wooden
novelties.
 POISON SUMACH
Rhus vernix, L.
Form.—A shrub or small tree sometimes reaching a height of 10-15
feet; trunk usually branching near the ground and separating into a
loose irregular head.
Leaves.—Alternate, compound, leaflets 7-13, oblong-obovate,
entire, poisonous.
Flowers.—June-July; polygamous; small, yellowish-green, arranged
in long drooping panicles.
Fruit.—Small, nearly spherical, glossy, dull white drupes in long,
loose, drooping, axillary panicles; ripening in early autumn and
persisting into the winter.
Bark.—Thin, streaked, smooth, covered with numerous raised
lenticels.
Wood.—Soft, brittle, light yellow.
Range.—Ontario to Florida, west to Louisiana and Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Rare, found in swamps at Cowen,
Webster County and near Elkins, Randolph County.
Habitat.—Thrives best in swamps but may be found on moist
slopes.
Notes.—Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, and Poison Oak are other
names of this species. This is one of our most poisonous plants and
should be avoided except by those who are immune. It has no
commercial importance.
 AMERICAN HOLLY
Ilex opaca, Ait.
Form.—Height 15-30 feet, diameter 1-2 feet; trunk short; branches
slender, spreading and ascending, forming a conic crown.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, glabrous, oval,
margins wavy with scattered spiny teeth, dark green above, pale
green beneath.
Flowers.—May to June; dioecious, or polygamo-dioecious, the
staminate 2-9 on a common stalk, the pistillate usually solitary;
small, white.
Fruit.—Matures in late summer and persists through the following
fall and winter; a bright red berry-like drupe about the size of a pea,
smooth, shining, containing a 4-ribbed, brown nutlet.
Bark.—Smooth, or slightly rough with age, grayish or grayish-
brown.
Wood.—Hard, tough, close-grained, chalky-white in color.
Range.—Maine to Florida, west to Texas and Missouri.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Observed in the following
counties: Boone, Braxton, Fayette, Logan, Mingo, McDowell,
Nicholas, Randolph, Upshur, Webster and Wyoming. Rare east of the
mountains and sparsely scattered in other counties along the Ohio
River.
Habitat.—Prefers moist soil near rivers or rich loamy and rocky
ground.
Notes.—Holly wood is very valuable for inlaid work, cabinet making,
interior finish, and piano keys, but the trees in West Virginia are
usually small, and afford little timber. During the holidays the
evergreen foliage with bright red fruits are much sought after. The
tree is slow-growing but is otherwise very desirable for ornamental
planting.
 MOUNTAIN HOLLY
Ilex monticola, Gray.
Form.—Height 15-25 feet, diameter 2-8 inches; a shrub or small
tree with short trunk and slender ascending branches.
Leaves.—Alternate, simple, deciduous, 4-5 inches long, ovate or
lance-oblong, taper-pointed, thin-membranaceous, smooth, sharply
serrate.
Flowers.—May-June; polygamo-dioecious; staminate and pistillate
flowers on very short pedicels, white, clustered, about one-third of
an inch across.
Fruit.—Ripens in early autumn; globose, about two-fifths of an inch
in diameter, bright scarlet, containing 4-6 striate nutlets ridged on
the back.
Bark.—Thin, somewhat rough and warty on old trees, light
brownish-gray.
Wood.—Hard, close-grained, nearly white.
Range.—New York, southward along the Alleghanies.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Not common except locally. Found
principally at high altitudes. Common near Davis, Tucker County, and
in various parts of Randolph and Pocahontas counties.
Habitat.—Upland sandy flats, cool mountainsides, and swamp
borders.
Notes.—This small tree is not important except for ornamental use.
Its bright foliage and fruits recommend it for this purpose. The
species may easily be confused with Winterberry (Ilex verticillata,
(L.) Gray) which often grows with it. The nutlets of the latter,
however, are smooth and smaller, its flowers are shorter-stalked and
its leaves somewhat downy beneath.
 STRIPED MAPLE
Acer pennsylvanicum, L.
Form.—Height 10-25 feet, diameter 6-12 inches; trunk medium
short; crown irregular, usually broad.
Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 5-6 inches long, nearly as broad, 3-
lobed above the middle with short, pointed lobes, sharply and
doubly serrate, rounded or cordate at base, rather smooth above
and rusty pubescent beneath.
Flowers.—May-June; usually monoecious, yellow, bell-shaped, in
long, drooping, terminal racemes.
Fruit.—Matures in autumn; paired samaras in long racemose
drooping clusters, wing ¾ inch long, widely divergent, marked on
one side of each nutlet by a small cavity.
Bark.—Smooth, thin, greenish or reddish-brown, marked
longitudinally by pale stripes.
Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, pinkish brown, with thick
sapwood.
Range.—Novia Scotia south along the mountains to Georgia, west
to Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in shaded ravines and
rich slopes in the mountainous parts of the State, especially in
Webster, Randolph, Upshur, Pocahontas and Nicholas counties.
Habitat.—Thrives best in rich soil of rocky or sandy woods.
Notes.—This small maple is also called Moosewood and Goosefoot
Maple, the latter name referring to the goosefoot shape of the leaf.
It is not a commercially valuable species, but always attracts
attention whether growing in its shady mountain habitat or on the
lawn.
 MOUNTAIN MAPLE
Acer spicatum, Lam.
Form.—A small tree or shrub sometimes reaching a height of 20-25
feet and a diameter of 6-10 inches.
Leaves.—Opposite, simple, 4-5 inches long, 3-lobed, coarsely
serrate, the lobes taper-pointed, glabrous and dark green above,
somewhat downy beneath, petioles long and slender.
Flowers.—May-June; polygamo-monoecious; small, yellow-green,
arranged in upright, dense, somewhat compound racemes.
Fruit.—Early autumn; small, paired samaras, red, turning brown and
drooping when mature, in racemose clusters.
Bark.—Nearly smooth, light brown, thin; twigs reddish, slightly
hairy.
Wood.—Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood.
Range.—Newfoundland and Labrador, south to Georgia and west to
Minnesota.
Distribution in West Virginia.—Common in mountainous sections
and sometimes occurring at low elevations adjacent to the
mountains. Found growing from elevation 850 feet, in Monongalia
County, to elevation 4,800 feet, in Pendleton County.
Habitat.—Damp mountain forests, along streams and on rocky
slopes; thrives in the shade of other trees.
Notes.—The Mountain Maple is often seen fruiting when only 4 or 5
feet high, but it frequently reaches tree size in favorable locations.
The wood is not found on the market. This species is one of the
most ornamental of the maples and should be planted more
generally. The erect flower spikes, small red fruits, reddish twigs,
and coarse-toothed leaves are characters that distinguish it from
other maples.
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