Lesson Note on Mathematics JSS2

Third Term
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THIRD TERM

SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS

CLASS: JSS 2

SCHEME OF WORK

WEEK TOPIC

1. (a) Revision of Second term’s examination

(b) Re-presentation of real situation an graph and the reason(s).

 Angles and Polygon: (i) definition of angles (ii) Construction of move
angles (iii) Definition of polygon with examples (iv) sum of interior
angles of regular polygon: (n – 2) x 180o
Angles of Elevation and Depression
Bearing and Distances
Statistics: Data Presentation
Statistics (Continued)
Review of first half term’s work and periodic test
Probability
Pythagoras’ Theorem
Review of third term’s work and periodic test.
Revision and Examination
Examination

REFERENCE

WABP ESSENTIAL MATHEMATICS FOR JSS BK 2 BY A.J.S. OLUWASANMI

NEW GENERAL MATHEMATICS BY J.B. CHANNON & ETAL

WEEK ONE

TOPIC: LINEAR GRAPH IN TWO VARIABLES, USING GRAPH TO SOLVE

REAL LIFE SITUATION

CONTENT

Distance – Time graph

Velocity Time graph

Re-representation of real-life situation of graphs

Choosing scales.

Distance – Time Graph

Graphs are used to show the relationship between two quantities. A
continuous graph is in the form of a continuous line and shows the
relationship between the two quantities.

A distance-time graph shows the distance travelled against the time taken
and is used to calculate speeds.

A distance-time graph is also called a

Travel graph. In travel graph, the time is usually plotted x – axis and the
distance on y-axis.

Example

The graph below shows a man’s journey from home to another town. Use
the graph to find:

The time taken to travel 75km

The distance travelled in 3 hours
The time taken to cover a distance of 175km
The man’s speed in km/h

Solution with explanation

The horizontal (or x-axis) shows the time in hours.

2 units on the x-axis = 1 hour

So 1 unit =

hr or 30 mins

The vertical axis (or y-axis) shows the distance in km.

2 units on the y-axis = 50km,

We can use a travel graph to find a distance and time at any point on the
graph.

For example:

Read Also

Music Lesson Literature in

Note JSS1 Second English Lesson
Term note SS1 First
Term

The time taken to travel 75km is 1 h 30 mins (see the arrow)

The distance travelled in 3 hours is 150km (see the arrow)
It took the man 3 hours 30 mins to cover a distance of 175 km.
In 3

hrs the man travelled 175km

In 1 hr the man travelled

= 50km/hr

EVALUATION
 1. A girl walks along a road at a speed of 100m per minute
2. Copy and complete the table

Time(s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Distance(m) 0 100 200

Using a scale of 2cm to 1min on the horizontal axis and 2cm to 100m
on the vertical axis draw the graph of the information
Use the graph to find
How far the girl has walked after 4.6mins
How long it takes her to walk 380m

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics Chapter 16, pgs 184-187 AJS Oluwasanmi

Exercise 16.6 Nos 1 & 3 page 201

GRAPH OF REAL LIFE SITUATION

Choosing Scale.

In choosing a scale, choose a big scale while drawing graphs. Refer to the
given data to find the upper and lower limit of the scale. Always show the
origin if possible on 2cm graph paper use scale of 2cm to 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50,
100

GENERAL EVALUATION:

1. The labour charges preparing a television set consists of a standing

charge of N500 on all bills and an hourly rate of N200 per hour.
2. Make a table showing the total labour charges for jobs which take
1/ h, 1h, 2h, 3h, 4h,
2

3. Choose a suitable scale and draw a graph of the information

4. Find the total labour charge for a job which takes
i. 21/2hrs ii. 24min

Time(hr) 1/ 1 2 3 4
2

Standing 600 700 900 1100 1300

READING ASSIGNMENT

New general mathematics, UBE Edition, chapter 122. Pages 105 – 107

Essential mathematics by A J S Oluwasanmi, chapter 18, pgs 187 – 191

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following statements in not true about the equation of

the form y = mx + c? A. x and y are called the variables. B. only c is
the constant term C. the graph of this equation is always a straight
line D. the intercept of the graph on the y axis is c.

The graph below shows the cost of cloth (in naira) and length of cloth (in
metre). Use the graph to answer questions 2 to 5

Find the cost of 12 metres of cloth. A. N2000 B. N2200 C.

N2400 D. N2800
Find the cost of 38 metres of cloth A. N7600 B. N7200 C.
N7400 D. N7800
How many metres of cloth can be bought for N4400? A. 20m B.
25m C. 24m D. 21m
How many metres of cloth can be bought for N7800? A. 35m B.
37m C. 38m D. 39m

THEORY
 1. Essential mathematics bk. 2 exercise 16.6 number 1 page 201
2. The table below shows the speed of a train at various times

Time (h) 0 2 4 6 8 10 14

Speed (km/h) 0 15 15 35 35 40 0

1. Draw a velocity – time graph for the journey

2. Find the acceleration during each stage of journey
3. Find the distance covered by the train in the first 4 hours.

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WEEK TWO

TOPIC: ANGLES IN POLYGON

CONTENT: (i) Sum of interior angles of a polygon

(ii) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon

DEFINITION OF A POLYGON

A polygon is any close plane figure with straight side. A regular polygon has
all sides and angles equal.

Polygon are named according to the number of sides they have. Examples
are:

Triangle a 3- sided polygon

Quadrilateral a 4- sided polygon

Pentagon a 5- sided polygon

Hexagon a 6- sided polygon

Heptagon a 7- sided polygon

Octagon a 8- sided polygon

Nonagon a 9- sided polygon

Decagon a 10- sided polygon

The diagrams below represent some common polygons.

Triangle Quadrilateral
Pentagon Hexagon
(3 sided) (4- sided) (5-
sided) (6- sided)

Reference

NGM Book 2

Essential Mathematics for junior secondary school Book 2, chapter 9,

pages 87 – 88

Sum of Interior Angles of a Polygon

The angles inside a polygon are called its interior angles as shown in the
figure below:

e = exterior angle

i = interior angle

The number of triangles depends on the number of sides of the polygon.

For a polygon with ‘n’ sides there will be (n-2) triangles. The sum of angles
of a triangle is 1800.

Alternatively, since 1800 = (n-2) x 2 x 90

= 2(n-2) 90
= (2n-4) 90

Thus, the sum of the angles of an n-sided polygon can be represented as

(n-2) 1800 or (2n-4) 900

The table below shows the sum of interior angles of a regular polygon of a
3 sided polygon up to a sided polygon.

No. of No. of Triangles Sum of interior Angles

Polygon
Sides (n-2) (n-2) 1800

Triangle 3 3–2=1 1 x 1800 = 180

Quadrilateral 4 4–2=2 2 x 1800 = 3600

Pentagon 5 5–2=3 3 x 1800 = 5400

Hexagon 6 6–2=4 4 x 1800 = 7200

Heptagon 7 7–2=5 5 x 1800 = 9000

Octagon 8 8–2=6 6 x 1800 = 10800

Nonagon 9 9–2=7 7 x 1800 = 12600

Decagon 10 10 – 2 = 8 8 x 1800 = 14400

Worked Examples:

1. Calculate the size of exterior angle of a regular nonagon (9 sides)

2. Calculate the size of exterior angle of a regular hexagon (6 sides)

Answer to the evaluation questions

1. Sum of exterior of a polygon = 3600. Number of sides of a nonagon =

9

Size of each exterior angle = sum of exterior angles/number of sides.

=
 = 40o

Sum of exterior angles = 360o

Hexagon has 6 sides.

=60o

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. The interior angles of a triangle add up to …………………………

2. The interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to ………………………
3. The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 1080o. How
many sides has the polygon?

REVISION QUESTION

1. Calculate the number of sides of each of a regular polygon whose

interior angle is 162o
2. The sum of the 3 angles of a hexagon is 345o. If the other angles are
equal. Find the sizes of each of the angle.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics for junior secondary school Book 2, Chapter 19,

page 252 – 255

Exercise 19.5 No 1 page 255

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 1. The sum of interior for angle of a regular pentagon is A. 240o B.
720o C. 540o D. 640o
2. Calculate the size of each of exterior angle of a regular hexagon. A.
60o B. 30o C. 45o D. 125o
3. The size of each angle of a regular octagon will be ____ A. 95o B.
75o C. 105o D. 135o
4. How many sides has a polygon if the sum of interior angles of that
polygon gives 3240o? A. 18o B. 15o C. 17o D. 20o
5. Calculate the size of each exterior angles of a pentagon A. 30o B,
72o C. 60o D. 90o

THEORY

1. Calculate A. The total internal angels of an octagon B. The size of each

angle of a regular octagon
2. Calculate the
3. Exterior angle
4. The number of sides of a regular polygon with an interior angle of 72o

Enote on Mathematics – Edudelight.com

WEEK TWO

TOPIC: GRAPHS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

CONTENT: (i) Equations and table of values

(ii) Plotting points from the table of values

(iii) General form of linear equations

Equations and Table of Values

y = 2x – 5 is an equation of x and y. the equation connects the two

variables x and y so that for any value of, there is a corresponding value of
y. For example if x = 3, then y = 1 and if x = -2, y = -9. Table below is a table
of values that shows corresponding values of the variables x and y for the
equation y = 2x – 5. We say that y is the dependent variable since the value
of y depends on the value of x. c is the independent variable.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

2x

-5

y = 2x – 5

Evaluation:Copy and complete the table above.

Plotting Points Fromthe Table of Values:

Table above contains the following set of ordered pairs of corresponding

values of x and y. (-2, -9), (-1, -7), … These ordered pairs are equivalent to a
set of coordinates of points that can be plotted on the Cartesian plane. y =
2x – 5 is a linear equation in x and the variables in a linear equation are
always separate and have a power of 1 (i.e. there are no terms such as xy,
x2, y3 etc.). The graph of a linear equation is always a straight line. In
general, a straight line has an equation in the form y = mx + c, where x and
y are variables and m and c are constants.

Evaluation:Draw the graph of y = 4x – 7 for values of x from -3 to +3. From

your graph find:

The value of y when x = 2.5

The value of x when y = -1.3
The coordinates of the points where the line cuts the axes.

General Form of Linear Equations:

The general form for the equation of a straight line is y = mx + c. Where m

and c are constants.mis the coefficient of x and it is often called the
gradient of the line. c is called the intercept on the y-axis. When a linear
equation is given in this form, the values of m and c can easily be obtained.
As shown below.

If y = -5x – 4, then m = -5 and c = -4

ax + by + c = 0 is another form of equation of a line. Notice that the terms

are in alphabetical order. Where a, b and c are constants.

For example: 3x – 2y – 10 = 0 is in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a = 3, b =

-2, and c = -10

To obtain m and c in the above equation, there is need to convert it to the

form y = mx + c

Example: Find the values of m and c in the equation 2x – y + 7 = 0

Solution:

Given: 2x – y + 7 = 0, add y to both sides

2x + 7 = y

i.e. y = 2x + 7 (in the form y = mx + c)

Thus, m = 2 and c = 7

Evaluation:

1. The equations of six straight lines are:

y = x + 3; y = 2x – 3; y = x – 3; y = 2x + 8; y = 2x – 7; y = x – 5

Which of these lines are parallel?

Write down the values of m and c, where m is the gradient and c is
the intercept on the y-axis.

GENERAL EVALUATION
 1. Draw the graph of y = 3x – 4 for values of x from -2 to 2
2. Write down the coordinates of the points where the graph cuts the y-
axis

REVISION QUESTION

1. Draw the graph of y = -5 – 3x for -4

3
2. Find the coordinates of the points where the line cuts the axes.

READING ASSIGNMENT

WABP Essential Mathematics.AJS Oluwasanmi. Chapter 16 pg. 182 – 185

Exercise 16.3 No 5&7 page 191

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENTS

1. Given that y = 3x – 5, find m A. -5 B. -3 C. 3 D. 5

2. If y = -2x + 7, find c A. -2 B. 7 C. 2 D. -7
3. Given an equation of a straight line: 2y + 6x – 10 = 0, find the
gradient A. 6 B. 3 C. -6 D. -3
4. In question (3) above, find the intercept on the y-axis A. 2 B. 6 C.
-10 D. 5
5. Given the equations (i) y = 2x – 3, (ii) y = x + 3 and (iii) y = 2x + 8. Which
of these are parallel? A. i and iii B. i and iii C. ii and iii D. i, ii
and iii

THEORY
 1. Draw the graphs of the functions y + 3x – 4 and x – y = 5 on the same
axes. Write down the coordinates of the point where both lines
intersect.
2. Find the x and y intercepts of the following lines a. 3x – 9 = 2y b. 2y
–x+3=0

WEEK 3
DATE………………

TOPIC: ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

CONTENT: (i) Horizontal and vertical lines

(ii) Angles of elevation

(iii) Measuring angles of elevation and depression

Horizontal and Vertical Lines

Horizontal lines are lines that are parallel to the earth. For example, the
surface of a liquid in a container, floor of a classroom, etc. Seethe diagram
below:

Horizontal line
Vertical lines are lines that are perpendicular to the horizontal surface, e.g.
Wall of a classroom, a swing pendulum, etc.

Tex
t Box:
Vertic
al
Line

Text Box:
Horizontal Line

Evaluation:

1. Say whether the following are horizontal or vertical or neither.

a) A table top b) A door c) A table leg d) Top edge of a well

Reading Assignment

NGM BK 2 Chapter 17, pg 173

Essential Mathematics for JSS BK 2, Chapter 17, pg 173

Angles of Elevation

The angle of elevation of an object from a given point is the angle formed
when an observer looks up to see an object his head. See the diagram
below.

angle of

elevation

Horizontal plane
V = view point, T = top where the object is, F = foot of the vertical plane, e =
angle of elevation

Reading Assignment

NGM BK 2 Chapter 20, page 165

Essential Mathematics for JSS BK 2, Chapter 17, pg 173

Angle of Depression

Text Box: Angle of

depression
The angle of depression of an object from a given point T is the angle
formed when an observer looks down to see an object below his head.

Te
xt
Box:
T
Horizontal

Thus the angle of elevation is equal in size to the angle of depression.

(Alternate angles are equal i.e. d = e)

NGM BK 2 Chapter 20, pgs 166 – 167

Measuring Angles of Elevation and Depression

When constructing angles of elevation and depression, the use of scale

drawing is necessary in order to have effective construction of angle.
Consider the diagram below; find the height of the flagpole to the nearest
metre using suitable scale.

Solution

By construction, choose a scale of 1cm represent 2m.

The height of the flagpole PT = 3cm, converted to m, will give 2 x 3 = 6

Example 2: The angle of elevation of the top of a tower 42m away from a
point on the level ground is 36o, find the height of the tower.

Solution

By construction, using a suitable scale of 1cm represented by 6cm, then PR

=

= 7cm
The length TR = 5.0cm converting back to metre, we have;

Length TR = 5 x 6 = 30m

Example 3: From the top of a building 20m high, the angle of depression
of a car is 45o, find the distance of the car from the foot of the building.

Solution

Rough sketch:

T = top of the building, C = car, F = foot of the building

CF is the distance of the car from the foot of the building

Since angle of depression equal angle of elevation;

By construction, using a suitable scale of 1cm represents 5m

For 20m, we have

= 4cm

Length CF 4cm

By conversion, length CF = 4 x 5 = 20m

EVALUATION

1. A tower PQ is 10m high, if the distance from point R to P is 50m on

the ground, find the angle of elevation of Q from R
 From the top of a cliff of 200m high, Martins observes that the angle
of depression of a boat at sea is 35o, find the distance between the
boat and the foot of the cliff.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. A boat is 180m from the foot of a vertical cliff of height 80m. find by
scale drawing the angle of depression of the boat measured from the
top of the cliff.
2. A boy is flying a kite. The string is 25m long and is at an angle of 42o
with the horizontal. Using a scale diagram, find the high the kite is
above the boy’s head?

REVISION QUESTION

1. The angle of elevation of point P from point Q is 40o. PQ = 45km. How

high is point P above the level of point Q.
2. A girl with eyes-level height of 1.65m observes that the angle of
elevation of the top of the tower 20m away is 40o. Calculate the height
of the tower.

READING ASSIGNMENT

NGM BK 2 chapter 20, page 166 – 169

Essential mathematics for JSS BK 2, chapter 23, pg 295 – 297

Exercise 23.1 No 1, 2 & 3 page 296

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 1. Calculate the size of the fourth angle if three angles of quadrilateral
are 65o, 115o and 125o respectively A. 35o B. 55o C. 45o D. 75o
2. Calculate the number of side of a regular polygon whose total angles
is 1080o A. 4 B. 6 C. 8 D. 10
3. PRQS is a rectangle with the side 3cm and 4cm, if its diagonal cross at
O, calculate the length of PO. A. 3.5cm B. 5.0cm C. 2.5cm D.
4.0cm
4. If the angle of a quadrilateral could be x, 2x, 4x and 5x respectively,
what would be value of x? A. 60o B. 90o C. 15o D. 30o
5. If the angle of elevation of a building from a point on the ground is
43o. What is the angle of depression? A. 47o C. 53o C. 43o D.
32o

THEORY

1. From the top of a building 50m high, the angle of depression of a car
is 55o, find the distance of the car from the foot of the building.
2. Find the height of the flagpole in the diagram below to the nearest
metre.

flagpole

WEEK FOUR

TOPIC: BEARINGS

CONTENT: i. Compass bearing

 ii. Three figure bearing

iii. Finding the bearing of a point from another

COMPASS BEARING

A bearing gives the direction between two points in terms of an angle in

degrees. The two types of bearing are compass bearing and three- figure
bearings.

The four major compass directions are North (N) South (S) East (E) and
West (W)
In compass bearing, the angles are measured from north to south
depending on which one is nearer

Apart from the four main points or directions, there are also four main
secondary direction i.e. NE (north east), SE (south east), SW (south west),
NW (north west). The angles between each point is 45o

Worked examples

Draw a sketch to show each of these bearings marketing the angles clearly.

a) N35oW B. N70oE C. S58oW

Solution
 1. N35oW means from N, measures 35o toward the W or 35oW of N

b) N700E means 70o toward E.

c) S58oW means from S measures 58o toward W.

 State the compass direction of the following diagrams:

a) b)

Solution

In a), the direction start from a wrong point (W) instead of N, therefore,

90 – 18 = 72o

i.e. N72oW

In b), the direction starts from a wrong point (E) instead of S therefore:

90 – 55 = 35o i.e. S35oE

Evaluation: Class Work

Find the compass direction of point A from point O in these diagrams.

T
ext
Box
:A
T
ext
Box
:A
a) b)

c)

Reading Assignment

NGM BK CHAPTER 23, page 185 – 187

Essential Mathematics for JSS BK 2, CHAPTER 24, pg 246-247

THREE-FIGURE BEARINGS

Three-figure bearings are given as the number of degrees from north,

measured in a clockwise direction. Any direction can be given as a three
figure bearing. Three digit are always given but angles less than 100o need
extra zero to be written in front of the digits e.g. 008o, 060o, 070o up to
099o

Worked Examples
Find the three figure bearings of A, B, C, and D from X.

Solution

1. The arrow N shows the direction N, NXA = 63o. the bearing of A from
X is 063o
2. NXB = 180 – 35 = 145o. The bearing of B from X is 145o
3. NXC clockwise = 180 + 75 = 255o. The bearing of C from X is 255o
4. NXD clockwise = 360 – 52 = 308o. The bearing of D from X is 308o.

Evaluation:

In the figure below, find the bearings of A, B, C and D from X.

Reference

NGM Bk. 2 Chapter 23, page 180 – 190.

To find the bearing of B from A

By constructing line N2A

<N2BA is 57o, similarly, N1AB = 57o (alternate angles are equal). From point
A, starting from the North,

180 + 57 = 237o
 1. The bearing of B from A is 237o
2. The bearing of A from B is 057o
3. The bearing of X from Y is 3190. Calculate the bearing of Y from X.
4. In each diagram, calculate i) the bearing of B from A and ii) the
bearing of A from B.

GENERAL EVALUATION

From a point P the bearing of a house is 060o. From a point Q 100m due
east of P, the bearing is 330o.

Draw a labeled sketch to show the positions of P, Q and the house.

REVISION QUESTION
 1. A girl is facing East. If she turns clockwise through 2 right angles, then
the direction she would be facing is ……………………..
2. A student is facing South East. If he turns anticlockwise through 1800,
then the direction he would be facing is …………………..

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The bearing of X from Y is 196o. The bearing of Y from X is A.

016o B. 074o C. 106o D. 196o
2. A boat sails on a bearing of 225o. Using compass bearing, in what
direction is the boat sailing? A. South East B. North East C.
South West D. North West
3. The bearing of point A from B is 058o. Find the bearing of point B from
point A. 058o B. 122o C. 3020 D. 238o
4. Which of the following statements is not true when we specify a
direction with bearing? A. Measure the angle from North B.
Measure anticlockwise C. Measure clockwise D. Always use three
digits
5. In the diagram below, which of the following angles is the bearing of P
from Q? A. 065o B. 2450 C. 295o D. 115o

Enote on Mathematics – Edudelight.com

WEEK FIVE

TOPIC: DATA STATISTICS REPRESENTATION

CONTENT: 1. Definition

2. Method of collecting data

3. Classification of data

DEFINITION
 1. Statistics: is the branch of study of data. It involves (a) Gathering (i.e.
collecting) data (b) sorting and tabulating data (c) presenting data
visually by means of diagrams.
2. Data: (SINGULAR DATUM) means information which are usually given
in the form of meaningful. Data may be categorized into quantitative
and qualitative
3. Quantitative data: a numerical data, which is usually given in the
form of a number or measurement is called quantitative data e.g.
number of cars, height, number of towns etc. quantitative dateis
either discrete or continuous.
4. Discrete data: are data which can be obtained by counting (not by
measurement). Discrete data can only exact values such as whole
numbers. E.g. 2 boys, 3 houses etc. hence discrete data have definite
or exact values
5. Continuous Data: are data that can be obtained by measurement
(not by counting). Continuous data can take any values within a given
range. E.g. height 1.6cm, height 40.56cm etc.
6. Qualitative Date:this is a non-numerical value which is concerned
with qualities such as names, places, color, taste, opinions, brightness
etc.

Evaluation

Explain briefly with an example (i) Discrete data (ii) Continuous data

METHOD OF COLLECTING DATA

There are two discrete ways of collecting data. These are (a) by carrying out
experiment (b) by survey
 1. By Carrying out Experiments: Data can be obtained from
experimental work carried out in the laboratories by students or
scientist for example, various measurements, such as temperature,
pressure, weight and height of an object can be obtained by setting
up an experiments.
2. By Survey: This collection of information or data on a subject. A
survey may be carried out by using the existing published data,
making observation and asking questions.
3. Using existing published data: Existing data may be obtained from
libraries, schools, newspaper, and government’s publications such as
annual abstract of statistics, stake statistics, employment gazettes,
books journals and other publications.
4. Making Observation:This method involves collecting data by
observation e.g. you can do a round traffic survey by counting and
recording the various types of vehicles that ply a particular road.
5. Asking questions: You can ask other people questions to obtain their
views or vital information in two ways: i. by interviewing them ii. By
giving those questionnaires to fill in their response.
6. By Interviewing: This involves asking other people questions in order
to obtain vital information or strict pattern or information, in which
the questions asked only general formal but the order or the way the
questions are presented can vary. It must be noted that the
interviewers must avoid bias, misleading ambiguous and offensive
questions.
7. Questionnaires: This is the most popular method of collecting data.
Questionnaires are list of questions designed to obtain or discover
particular information in a survey. In questionnaires, everyone is
asked the same questions. The questionnaires may be given directly
to an individual or sent to them by post to fill in their response. The
main advantage of postal questionnaires is that it can be sent to
many people in another towns or cities.

Evaluation

Mention two major ways that data can be collected.

Reading Assignment

Essential mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmi pages 180 – 182

CLASSIFICATION OF DATA

Data can be obtained either by direct collection from respondents or form

a data bank of a data collection agency. Data collected directly from
information’s are called

1. Primary Data: are those from data banks are called secondary data.
2. Secondary Data: these are obtained from data collection agencies,
engaged in routine data collection for research and planning some of
these agencies include:
3. Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) Principal agency
4. Central Bank of Nigeria
5. Statistics units of Ministries/Parastatals
6. Commercial Companies/ Industries.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. Name two broad ways of classification of data

2. Mention two agencies we can collect secondary data

REVISION QUESTION

Michael obtained the following scores in a Basic Technology examination:

65, 72, 58, 82, 74, 64, 78, 70, 80, 75, 68

Arrange these scores:

1. In ascending order
2. In descending order

READING ASSIGNMENT
Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmichapter 23 pages 298–
302.

Exercise 23.2 No 2&3 page 300

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which one of the following is a discrete data A. 1.25 B.

C.

D. 5
2. Data that is written in radius order is called A. qualitative data B.
raw data C. quantitative data D. discrete data E. continuous
data
3. Which of the following most a questionnaires be? A. simple B.
misleading C. ambiguous D. irreverent E. offensive
4. We can represent data by _____________ A. line B. dist C. number
D. picture E. double lines
5. Statistics deals majorly on ___________ A. building B. dancing C.
data D. fish E. animals

THEORY

1. Mention 3 things you must avoid when designing a questionnaires

2. In carrying out a survey, mention two ways, you can obtain
information from people.

WEEK SIX

TOPIC: PRESENTATION OF DATA: IN LIST, TABLE AND LINE GRAPH

CONTENT: i. Rank order list

ii. Frequency table

iii. The line graph

RANK ORDER LIST

Raw data: Data which is in random order (i.e.) arranged in any kind of
order is called raw data. One way to present or organize the data in a more
meaningful way is to arrange it in rank order or sorting it into categories.
Rank order means in order from highest to lowest. Note:Data should be
presented clearly. Good presentation makes statistical data easy to read
and understand.

Example: B,C,A,B,A,D,E,C,A,B,B,E,B. this 15 grade are given rank order

below:

A,A,AB,B,B,B,C,C,C,D,E,E,F.

Reading Assignment

1. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by JB Channon and other page 125
2. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 183

FREQUENCY TABLE

Raw can also be arranged in a table called the frequency table as shown in
the diagram below. The number of times each particular value occurs is
called its frequency. The frequency table is usually made up of three
columns.

The first column contains each item (or each of the events) given in
the raw data and they are usually arranged in order of magnitude
starting with the smallest.
The second column contains the tally charts which represent the
number of times a particular item or events takes place.
The third column is called the frequency column. To find the
frequency of each items, simply add or count the tally marks in each
row. To find the total frequency must be equal to the following raw
data shows the number of vehicle owned by 25 business men in
Lagos.
Example: 2, 5, 4, 6,3, 4, 7, 5, 7, 7, 8, 9, 5, 3,4, 4, 8, 2, 2, 2, 5

Vehicles Tally Frequency

2 III 3

3 III 3

4 IIII 5

5 IIII 4

6 I 1

7 IIII 4

8 II 2

9 I 1

TOTAL 25

Evaluation

The following figures show the number of children performing in a sample

of 40 households.

1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5,
4, 3

Use a tally mark to prepare a frequency table for this data.

What is the highest frequency to numbers of children per family?

Reading Assignment

Essential mathematics by AJS Oluwasanmipage 184 – 185

THE LINE GRAPH

A line Graph is a bar-chart with bar replaced by straight lines which
represent the frequency of each item.

Example: The scores of 30 students in mathematics test are shown below

8, 6, 2, 0, 0, 2, 4, 1, 0, 6

4, 2, 8, 8, 1, 0, 0, 2, 4, 2

2, 8, 6, 4, 1, 0, 0, 6, 2, 4

Use the frequency table to construct a line-graph solution

Vehicles Tally Frequency

0 IIII II 7

1 III 3

2 IIII II 7

4 IIII 5

6 IIII 4

6 IIII 4
Line-Graph for students mathematics test scores.

10

Text
Box:
Scores
 0 2 4 6
8 10

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

Twenty four pupils went out to pick some pears. The number of pears
picked by each pupil was recorded as follows:

6, 4, 3, 2, 3, 4, 1, 3, 5, 1, 6, 2,

2, 3, 2, 2, 3, 5, 2, 4, 3, 3, 1, 6

Prepare a tally sheet and frequency table for the data

Construct a line-graph for the distribution
Which is the least number of pears picked?

REVISION QUESTION

The shoe sizes of 20 boys are as follows:

8, 10, 9, 10, 11, 9, 8, 9, 12, 9

10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 9, 10, 19, 9, 11

Prepare a tally sheet and frequency table for the data

Which shoe size is the most common among the boys?
How many boys wear size 10 and above?

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 chapter 23,pages 295 – 298

Exercise 23.2 No 7 pages 301

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. What number is represented by the tally marks shown below?

IIII IIII IIII III

A. 18 B. 23 C. 13 D. 43

The table below shows the marks obtained by students in a physics test.

Mark 5 6 7 8 9 10

Tally II II IIII I IIII III III IIII

How many students did the test? A. 35 B. 34 C. 30 D. 25

What mark did most students get? A. 5 B. 9 C. 8 D. 7
If 8 is the pass mark, what fraction of the students failed the test? A.

B.

C.

D.

The most frequency used value occurring in a set of data is known as

A. median B. mean C. average D. mode

THEORY
 1. The scores of some students in mathematics test were as follows: 1,
0, 7, 7, 8, 6, 1, 0, 8, 8, 9, 6, 5, 9, 9, 8, 8, 5, 5, 1, 0, 9, 9, 8, 9, 7, 5, 9, 7, 1, 0,
8, 6, 7, 7, 8, 1, 0
2. Form a frequency table distribution
3. How many students wrote the test?
4. How many students scored less than seven?
5. Which score occurred most often
6. The following are the number of goals during inter-house football
competition in a certain school.

5042513

2400302

1233405

Draw line graph for the data.

WEEK SEVEN

TOPIC: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF DATA USING PICTOGRAM, PIE

CHARTS AND BAR CHARTS

CONTENT: i) The Pictogram

ii) The bar charts

iii) The pie charts

INTRODUCTION

A frequency table is a numerical presentation of data in an organized

summary from. Diagrams, symbols and pictures sometimes catch the eye
more quickly than the number. They also tell stories more easily than
numbers. It is also observed that it is easier to understand frequency table
than the raw data, another method of presenting data, which most
graphical find easier than table, is observe method. Graphs help us to
observe any patterns easily. Examples of these graphs are pictogram, bar
chart, line graph and pie chart.

THE PICTOGRAM

This uses pictures to represent statistics information or data. The

pictogram is also called an ideograph. A pictogram uses pictures or
drawings to give a quick and easy meaning to statistical data. A pictogram
is a simple way of representing data in which a number of indentical
drawings or pictures and used to show the data. It is useful to use pictures
which can easily be divided into halves, quarters and do on. A pictogram
must have a key to show that each picture stands for. Also you need to
give the diagram a title

Example: The following table shows the favorite sports of 75 students

Represent the data in the form of a pictogram.

Favouritesports Frequency

Football 25

Wrestling 10

Boxing 5

TableTennis 15

Swimming 20

Evaluation Question
The following table shows the number of students in JSS 1 in different
houses at a certain school.

Represent the data in the form of a pictogram

House Blue Yellow Green Purple

Students 16 14 11 21

Reading Assignment

1. Essential mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 187

2. New general mathematics for JSS 1 by AJS Channon other. Page 125
3. MAN mathematics for JSS 1 page 211

THE BAR CHARTS

Barchart is very like a pictogram. The bars have the same width and usually
have equal spaces between them. Instead of using pictures as in case of
the pictogram, we must use a bar to represent the frequency of each of
the item. In drawing a bar chart, we must take the following features into
consideration.

1. The charts consists of bars

2. The bars must be of equal width
3. The lengths of the bars are in proportion of the frequencies being
represented. The bars may be vertical or horizontal

Example

The following figures show the number of children per family in a sample
of 40 households

1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 3, 8, 3, 2, 2, 3, 2, 5, 6,

5, 4, 2, 1, 3, 2, 4, 5, 3, 8, 7, 6, 5,
4, 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 3, 5, 7, 5, 4, 3

Prepare a frequency table for this data

Draw a bar chart to illustrate the above data

Solution

Frequency table

No of children per family 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

frequency 2 5 9 7 7 4 3 3

(b)

Evaluation Question

The table below shows different colours of cars found in a company’s car
park. Draw a bar chart for this data.

Colour of cars White Blue Red Grey black

Frequency 20 17 10 8 15

Reading Assignment

Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 by AJS Oluwasanmi page 188

THE PIE CHART

A pie chart is a circle, which is divided into slices (i.e sectors) whose angles
are used to display data.

The size of an angle of each sector gives the frequency of each value. The
major advantage of a pie chart is that it enables us to see clearly how the
size of parts are compared in relation to one another and to the overall
total. It is important to label each sector according to the given items and
also give pie chart a little.

Example: A student was given N600.00 in June as a pocket money. He

spent the money as follows:

Food = N200.00

Transport = N100.00

Books = N120.00

Rent = N150.00

Miscellaneous = N30.00

Draw a pie chart to illustrate the data.

Solution

There are 360o in a full circle and the total amount spent was N600.00 this
means N600.00 is represented by 360o; N1 is represented by

= 0.6

= 200 x 0.6
 = 120o

Items Amount Spent in Naira (N) Angle

Food 200 200 x 0.6 = 120o

Transport 100 100 x 0.6 = 60o

Books 120 120 x 0.6 = 72o

Rent 150 150 x 0.6 = 90o

Miscellaneous 30 30 x 0.6 = 18o

TOTAL 600 360o

120o + 60o + 72o + 90o + 18o = 360o

GENERAL EVALUATION QUESTION

400 students were asked whether they liked yam, cornflakes, bread, rice or
some other type of food for breakfast, the following data was recorded.

Type of Food Yam Cornflakes Bread Rice Other Total

Frequency 65 110 80 120 25 400

Draw a bar and a pie chart to represent this information

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics Bk. 2 pages 303 – 307. Exercise 24.2 No 1 and page
304

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. Which of the following is not a pictorial form of presenting data?

A. Bar chart B. Pie chart C. Frequency distribution D. Line graph

The pie chart below shows the course which a group of students are doing.
Use the pie chart to answer questions 2 to 5

What is the value of angle xo? A. 20o B. 30o C. 40o D. 35o

Which course most students doing? A. Engineering B.
Accounting C. Law D. Medicine
Which course has the least number of students? A. Engineering B.
Accounting C. Law D. Medicine
What fraction of the students are doing Engineering? A.

B.

C.

D.

THEORY

1. 40 youths who were admitted into a mental hospital due to drug

abuse were asked to name the types of drugs they often take. The
table shows how they replied.

Indian hemp 35%

Morphine 20%

Heroine 15%

Cocaine 30%

1. Represent this information in a pie chart

2. Find the number of youths in each category

WEEK EIGHT
TOPIC: EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

CONTENT: i. Experimental Probability

ii. Probability as a fraction

EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY

When experimental data are used to predict further events, the prediction
is called Experimental Probability. The following examples explain it
further:

Example 1: A girl writes down the number of males and female children of
her mother and father. She also writes down the number of male and
female children of her parents’ brothers and sisters. Her results are shown
below:

Number of Children

Male Female

Mother and father 2 5

Mother’s brothers 6 8

Mother’s sister 4 8

Father’s brothers 5 8

Father’s sisters 7 7

Totals 24 36

1. Find the experimental probability that hen the girl has children of her
own; her first born will be a girl.
2. If the girl eventually has 5 children, how many are likely to be male?

Solution
 1. In the girl’s family, there are a total of 60 children. 36 of these are
female. If the girl’s own children follow the pattern of her family, then
the experimental probability that her first born will be a girl is

Following the family pattern

of the girl’s children will be female and

will be male. Number of male children that the girl is likely to have =

of 5 = 2

Evaluation

1. A die has its six faces numbered 1 to 6

2. Roll the die 50 times
3. How many times did you roll a 6?
4. What is the experimental probability of obtaining a 6 on the die?
5. Write down the numbers of male and female children in your family.
Follow the example above; find the experimental probability that your
first born child will be a boy.

PROBABILITY AS A FRACTION

Probability is a measure of the likelihood of a required outcome

happening. It is usually given as a fraction.

Probability =

if an outcome is certain to happen, its probability is 1. If an outcome is

certain not to happen, its probability is 0 (zero). If the probability of an
event happening is P, the probability of the event not happening is 1-p.

Example1: it is known that out of every 1000 new cars, 50 develop a

mechanical fault in the first 3 months. What is the probability of buying a
car that will develop a mechanical fault within 3 months?

Solution

Number of cars developing faults = 50

Number of cars altogether = 1000

Probability of buying a faulty car =

Example2: A market trader has 100 oranges for sale. Four of them are
bad. What is the probability that an orange chosen at random is good? ‘At
random’ means ‘without carefully chosen’.

Solution

Either:

Four out of 100 oranges are bad, thus 96 out of 100 oranges are good.

Probability of getting a good orange =

Or:

Probability of getting a bad orange =

=

Thus,

Probability of getting a good orange = 1 –

Example3: City school enters candidates for the WASSCE. The results for
the years 1996 to 2000 are given below:

Year 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000

Number of candidate 86 93 102 117 116

Number Getting WASSCE Passes 51 56 57 65 70

1. Find the school’s success rate as a percentage.

2. What is the approximate probability of a student at City School getting
a WASSCE pass?

Solution

1. Total number of passes = 51 + 56 + 57 + 65 + 70 = 299

Total number of candidates = 86 + 93 + 102 + 117 + 116 = 514

Success rate as a fraction =

= 0.58 to 2 s.f.

Success rate as a percentage = 0.58 x 100% = 58%

 The probability of a student getting a WASSCE pass = 0.58.

EVALUATION

1. a) The probability of passing an exam is 0.8. What is the probability of

falling the examination?

b) The probability that a girl win a race 0.6. What is the probability that she
loses?

c) The probability that a pen does not write is 0.05. What is the probability
that it writes?

READING ASSIGNMENT

NGMFJSS2. Chapter 121

GENERAL EVALUATION

A bag contains 30 blue pens (B), 10 red pens (R) and 60 white pens (W). If a
ball is chosen at random, what is the probability of choosing

(a) a blue pen? (b) a red pen? (c) a white pen? (d)a black
pen?

REVISION QUESTION

1. In a class of 36 students, 20 are boys. What is the probability of

choosing at random as the prefect of the class?
2. A ludo die is thrown once. Find the probability of obtaining a PRIME
number.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics Bk. 2 pages 257 – 260

Exercise 20.2 No 1a – f page 259

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. A fair die is thrown 900 times. Find the number of times you would
expect to get a 6? A. 200 B. 150 C. 250 D. 100
2. The probability that it will be cloudy tomorrow is 0.45. What is the
probability that it will not be cloudy tomorrow? A. 0.45 B. 0.35
C. 1.25 D. 0.55
3. Find the probability of getting an odd number in a single toss of a fair
die? A.

B.

C.

D. 1
4. A bag contains 5 white, 4 black and 1 blue. One ball is chosen at
random. What is the probability that it is black? A.

B.

C.

D.

5. What is the probability that an integer chosen at random between 1

and 10 inclusive is even? A.

B.

C.

D.

THEORY
 1. Out of 10 students, the favourite drink of seven is coke and the
favourite drink of the rest is Fanta. One of the students is chosen at
random. What is the probability that the favourite drink of the student
is
2. Coke
3. Fanta
4. Neither Coke nor Fanta
5. Either Coke or Fanta?
6. A trader has 100 mangoes for sale. Twenty of them are unripe.
Another five of them are bad. If a mango is picked at random, find the
probability that it is
7. Unripe
8. Bad
9. Neither unripe nor bad

WEEK NINE

TOPIC: PYTHAGORAS THEOREM (SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE)

CONTENT: i. Pythagoras triple

ii. Pythagoras theorem

iii. Using Pythagoras theorem to solve other related

problems.

PYTHAGORAS TRIPLE

The sides of a right-angled triangle can be related to the proof of

Pythagoras Triple. A Pythagoras triple is a set of three whole numbers
which numbers which gives lengths of the sides of right-angled triangle.

Examples of some common Pythagoras triple are (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10). (5, 12,
13), etc.

Worked Example
Which of the following is a Pythagoras triple?

a) (15, 30, 35) b) (33, 56, 65)

Solution

152 + 302 = 225 + 900

= 1125

But 352 = 1225

(15, 30, 35) is not a Pythagoras triple

b) 332 + 562 = 1089 + 3136 = 4225

652 = 4225

Thus, 332 + 562 = 652

(33, 56, 65) is a Pythagoras triple.

Evaluation: Class Work

Find out which of the following are Pythagoras triples.

a) (12, 16, 20) b) (27, 36, 45) c) (14, 24, 28)

Answer to the evaluation question

1. (12, 16, 20)

122 + 162 = 144 + 256 = 400

202 = 400

Thus, 122 + 162 = 20

(12, 16, 29) is a Pythagoras triple.

(27, 36, 45)

272 + 362 = 729 + 1296 = 2025

452 = 2025

Thus, 272 + 362 = 452

(27, 36, 45) is a Pythagoras triple

(14, 24, 28)

142 + 242 = 196 + 576 = 772

282 772

Thus, 14, 24, 28 is not a Pythagoras triple.

Reference: New General Mathematics Book 2, Chapter 7, Pages 150 – 151

Essential Mathematics for JSS Book 2, Chapter, 21, pages 218 and 219

PYTHAGORAS THEOREM

The Pythagoras’ Theorem states that in any right-angled triangle, the

square of the hypotenuse side is equal to the sum of the squares of the
two sides.
/AB/ = hypotenuse, /BC/ and /AC/ are the other two sides, i.e.

/AB/2 = /BC/2 + /AC/2

Since /AB/ = c, /AC/ = b, /BC/ = a

Then, c2 = a2 + b2

Worked Examples

Calculate the length of the two sides of each of the triangle below

a) b)

Solution

1. Using Pythagoras rule

C2 = a2 + b2

a = 3, b = 4

c2 = 32 + 42 = 9 + 16

c2 = 25

c = 5m, the length of the third side is 5m.

Using Pythagoras rule

c 2 = a 2 + b2
C = 13, a = a b = 5

132 = a2 + 52

a2 = 169 – 25 = 144

a=

a = 12cm

find the length of the third side of the triangle below:

a) b) c)

Answer to the evaluations.

1. /AC/2 = /AB/2 + /BC/2

AC = ?, AB = 8cm, BC = 6cm

AC2 = 82 + 62

AC =

= 10cm

/AC/2 = /AB/2– /BC/2

= 100m,

= 80m, BC =?

1002 = 802 + /BC/2

1000 = 6400 + /BC/2

/BC/2 = 1000 – 6400

/BC/ =

= 60M

/AC/2 = /AB/2 + 72

AC = 25, /AB/ = 72

252 = /AB/2 + 49

/AB/2 = 625 – 49 = 576

/AB/ =

= 24cm

Reference
NGM BK 2, chapter 17, pages 147 – 148

Essential mathematics for JSS BK 2, chapter 21, pages 215 – 218

USING PYTHAGORAS THEOREM TO SOLVE OTHER RELATED PROBLEM

INVOLVING TRIANGLES

In some cases, we may have more than one right – angled triangle.

Worked examples

1. Calculate the length of the unknown in the following triangle:

Solution
 1. PRS is right angled triangle, PQR is also a right angled triangle

Let PR beycm

In triangle PQR; y2 = 32 + 22

= 9 + 4 = 13

y2 = 13

Let PS be xcm

In triangle PRS, x2 = y2 + 62

Substitute 13 for y2 in the formula

x2 = 13 + 62

x2 = 13 + 36

x 2=
=7

PS = 7cm

AD is the right angled ABD. Let AB be ycm.

In triangle ABC, x2 = y2 + (8 + 12)2

Substitute 225 for y2 in the formula

X2 = 225 + 202

= 225 + 400 = 625

X=

= 25cm

Therefore, AD = 25cm

When solving triangle relating to decimal fraction and whole numbers, it is

advisable to find the squares and square root from tables or multiplying
the decimal by itself.

Evaluation

1. A ladder is 7.3m long and the foot of the ladder is 1.8m from the wall.
How far up the wall is the ladder?
2. The distances between the opposite corner of a rectangular lawn is
30m, of the lawn is 24m. Calculate the breadth of the lawn.

GENERAL EVALUATION

1. The distance between the opposite corners of a rectangular plot is

30m. The length of the plot is 24m. Calculate the breadth of the plot.
2. A student cycles from home to school, first eastwards to a road
junction 12km from home, then southwards to school. If the school is
19km from home, how far is it from the road junction?
REVISION QUESTION:

1. A square top lid of a container has a diagonal 150cm. Find the length
of one side of the lid.
2. ABCD is a rectangle. AB = xcm, BC = 9cm and the diagonal AC = 19cm.
Calculate the value of x.

READING ASSIGNMENT

Essential Mathematics for JSS 2 Chapter 21 pages 268 – 271

Exercise 21.1 1a – b, 2a – d, 3a – b, page 270

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

1. The longest side of a right-angled triangle is called A. hypotenuse C.

hypostasis C. base D. adjacent
2. Calculate the length of the diagonal of a room 15m by 12m. A. 9m
B. 81m C. 19m D. 12m
3. Which of the following are Pythagorean triples? A. 6, 8. 10 B. 12,
28, 32 C. 9, 12, 20 D. 13, 15, 17
4. Calculate the value of x in the diagram below.

A. 25m B. 15m C. 5m D. 11m

 In the diagram below, which of the following gives the value of side
x 2?

A. x2 = z2 + y2 B. x2 = z2 – y2 C. x2 = y2 – z2 D. x = z2 – y2

THEORY

1. A flagpole 5m tall is supported by a wire that is fixed at point 3m from

the base of the pole. Calculate to 1 d.p the length of the wire.
2. A square top lid of a container has a diagonal of 150cm. Find the
length of one side of the lid.