ITA cor racrospore isthe fist cell of male gametophyte, reer enol ale aretophytes precocious, i,t begins inside the mir: sporangia se deelopene ox pen 1 as nin is unitteate in the beginning but atthe time of liberation it becomes ae voall generative cell and a large tube or vegetative cell see eign, the pollen grain absorbs water and nutrients from the stigmatic secretion ‘ sigma. ; through its germ pores. N «Benue cl gives rice toa pollen tube. The generative cell also descends into the pollen tabe and divides into two male gametes, L ( EXPERIMENT 1 ADM: To prepare temporary mount to observe pollen germination on aslide. REQUIREMENTS ~~ Fresh veazonal flowers, slide, coverslip, microscope, sucrose, boric acid, magnesium sulphate, ‘Poaschum nitrate, beakers etc, PROCEDURE YO "pare a nutrient solution by dissolving 10 g sucrose, ay 7 "ohae and 20 mg potassium nitrate in 100 ml of water. Jaf drops ofthis solution ona clean lie, and dus afew pollen rains fom the tamen a ‘Mature flower on it. Observe the slide hour, BSERVATION VA nate ‘out ofthe Fe Oath) nuts the pollen grain germinates. The tube cll enlarges and comes 4a pte one ofthe perm pores to form a pollen tube. The tube nucleus descends tothe tip Ne ptinge tUPe. The generat “ets Lenticular to {n the microscope after 5 minutes and then observe it regulatly for about half ative cell also passes into it. It soon divides into two male gametes. Each ‘spherical in outline, aePRECAUTIONS 7 1 Flowers should be freshly plucked, 2 Use clean slide to observe the Pollen grains, Qi Ans, Q2. Ans, Qs, Ans, Qa Ans, Qs, An: Qe. An:INTRODUCTION (9 Population is defined as a nearly permanent aggregation of indiiduals of the same Kind which inhibit a particular space or geographical area at a particular time. Iti toa species as a unit of cooperative aggregation of individuals, (i Thenumber of individuals ina population never remain constant. It may increase or decrease due to many factors like birth rate, death rate, migration etc. (ii) The number of individuals of a species present per unit area or space ofa given time‘ called population density. (ie) Population density is calculated by counting all the individuals precent at a given time ina given space or area divided by the number of units of area or space. $ Here, D = population density, N = number of individuals and S = units of space. species canbe determined by laying quadrats/ land the number of individuals ofeach species occurring () Thepopulation density of different plant: segments of suitable size and recording t in the quadrat. ( AIM: To stiddy population density of different plant species of agiven ares. REQUIREMENTS Metre scale, string or cord, nails, paper, pencil etc. PROCEDURE = 7 4 epare a L shaped structure in the field of 1 m (@) Determination of the size of Quadeat: A PITT eacure 10 cm on one side of using another piece of string. x 1m by using 3 nails and tying a string wi id en the arm of L and then the other. Prepare 10 x 10 sq.m s Count the number of species occurring inthis area. Increase this area to 20x 20: cx em. es similarly record additional species occurring in this area. Repeat the same procedure 11 sq, m area covered. Record the observations 35 follows:Comprehensive Laboratory Manual in 8 1. |30%106q-em 2. |20%206q.em 3. | 30%300q.cm upto 1 | 100 10009. ¢m Using the above recorded data, prepare a Braph, Ney size of the quadrats on X ax. At one polnt of park curve geet Increase. This point denotes minimum area of the quadrant gine consideration, lat oultabigCore Experiment Ps 25 50 75 Vey Fig. 2.2. Species area curve to determine the size of the quadrat, Le Que AS Determination of Population density. Take a quadfat of suitable size, lay it randomly, at number of places. Count the siumiber of each plant species present in the quadrat. Ifthe number of plants in the quadrat is large, the quadrat can be divided into smaller sub-units and the sum total of all the sub-units will give the number of individuals pf a species in the quadrat. Calculate the popuiatio densggusing the following formula. / AR ‘Total No. of individuals in all the quadrats studied (w) ‘ion Density = roan Day Total No, of quadrats studied ER wmrubg > Record the data in the observation table. (2 (A ° 5 | 8 T 500m Fig. 2.3. A quadrat.Plants Gutside ‘quadrat Fi. 24. Occurrence of plant species in a quadrat. ¢ OBSERVATION AN > D RESULT ~~ y PRECAUTIONS 1 2, 3 ‘Mhe measurement of quadeatg should be accurate, ‘The string or cord used shoul Md not be very thick, One individual ofa species sh oul be counted only ence iy Ue aadeg ra,INTRODUCTION \ (9 The percentage frequency of different plant species in ® Population canbe laying quadrats/segments of su . and recordin the number of in species ocurringin th quadrat. (i) The percentage frequency is calcul latedas follows Percentage frequency Total number of quadrats/segments it yshich Species occurred : pts studied *100) Total number of quadvats/sey (ean 3:1-) Creo ey study percentage frequency of diferent REQUIREMENTS a —Sameasin Experiment 2.1 ‘ PROCEDURE Simeacin Experiment q— OBSERVATION AND RESULT K Table 34. Diferent plant species ‘and their AIM: Plant species of a given area, Percentage frequency occurring in a getcoe Experiments 29 Calelate the percentage frequency of each species usin fllowing formula. Total No. of quadrats in which species occurred x 100 Percentage Frequency = Total No. of quadrats studied I, > PRECAUTIONS Same as in Experiment 2.1. VIVA VOCE Q.1. What is percent frequency of a plant species in @ given area? how much a particular species frequent in different quadrats/ Ans. Q2 Ans. Q3. Ans, Q4 Ans, Qs. Ans, Itisa relative term indicating, segments, with respect of their 5 What does a high frequency of a species ina He iodicain the Atsinow of the apocian (Er PT” particular area. At what level of ecological organisation natural 6 species take place? Natural selection for a particular trait occurs at a populatio What is the basic unit of evolution? Population is the basic unit of evolution. What does the population size of species i The size of population of 4 species tells about its status in a Pa pecies. cular area indicate? parti jan term) in that ductive fitness in Mendeli lection for a particular trait of @ nn level. icate? in an area indi ticular habitat.Yr ore experiments To stages O REQUIRE! methyl alcool, acetic acid, bydr coverslips, blotting paper etc. slides, PROCEDURE ah; 4 EXPERIMENT 4.1 » prepare temporary acetocarmine stained mount of oni : fmitosis. f onion root tip to study various MENTS u Onion bulbs, conical lasks/glass bottles, corked vial tube, petrdishes, scissors, foreps, needles, ‘ochloric acid, acetocarmine, distilled water, spirit lamp, microscope, Takea medium sifed bulb of onion and trim off the old roots from its base by means of a sharp blade. Place the onion on a conical flask/glass bottle full of water, with its Keep it for a week to grow the roots. Cut 5 mm off the tips of roots and put and methanol. Keep for one hour. This process i done in the morning between 7.00 a.m. to 8.00 a.m. during the summe 11.30 a.m. during the winter). Remove 2 or 3 root tips and hyd base touching the water. them into a val containing a mixture of 1:3 aceticacid called fixation. (Cutting of root tips should be rer and between 9.30 a.m. to lyse them by warming to 60°C in 1N hydrochloric acid for | Onion ES or ‘Onion root 15 minutes. Onion bulb Roots Bottle Beaker Water 1 of growing onion root tPs. Fig. 4.1. Metho« and wash them thoroughly 39 Wale 1, Putone hydrolysed 7008 SP ina drop and place a coverslip Remove the root tips Place. drop of acetocarmine on slid on the root. Gently squash the root by the cells separate and sprea ‘Make sure that there até n° Gently warm the slide over a Observe first under the low power °° different stages of mitosis under the high po coverslip with the blunt end of 3 pencil or needle until ery thin layer. he coverslip. tapping the c d out into av air bubbles under # fame for a few seconds. the microscope to locate wer of the microscope. the dividing cells. Examine the3 SL Comprobensive | Laboratoy, OBSERVATIONS Under low powerofthe microscope rectangular ells with pinkie igh power ofthe microscope following stages become distinct Bge 42 nd Fig. 4.2. Different stages of mitosis in the onion root tip. 1, ‘Interphase ~~ (0 Itisanon-dividing phase of the cell cycle between two successive cll (@_ Chromatin fibres appear in the form of a network within the nucleus, Gi), Nuclear env nd nucleolus are distinct. 2. Prophase © Chromatin material shortensand condenses into thread like structures aed (Gi) Bach chromosome consists of two chromatids, jointed at a point called ii) Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disintegration and disappear at theendé 3. Metaphase “~ © A bipolar spindle develops in the cell. Chromosomes become thick and oO each chromosome become clear. Gi Chromosomes become arranged at the equator of the spindle. Bach chromosome get attached to the spindle fibres at its centromer®. 4. Anaphase (8 The two sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from the cent towards the opposite poles. (ii) The daughter chromosomes (separated chromatids) appear V, J, Land! upon the: Pestlgy centromere a 5. Telophase (The spindle disappears and the daughter chromosomes uncoil to form the two poles, Gi) Nuclear membrane and nudelus reappears and two daughter ne a poles. (i) Cytokinesis occurs by cell plate formation betveen the two daughter 2%a . 33 core Experiments Nucioar membrane Chromatin foxes Nucleolus (Col membrane at tela Nuclear es versa membrane S ae Disappearing Nucleus WHY: nucleolus Chromosomes | chromosomes LL conwat eo Late prophase _— A | Dawater AAS, 1 chromosomes | splat tes Metaphase stage —~__-paughtr eas {Cell wall | (ACK (Chromatids) =| con pate Nuclar Spindle fibres an enaphano Tolophaso stago Fig, 4.3. Various tages of mitosis in onion root ip cals Precautions 1. Thebase of the onion bulb shoul 2. Root tips should be fixed in the morning between 8 to10A.M. 3. The slide should be warmed gently much above the flame of the spirit lamp. 1 be in contact of water while growing the roots.asweainiiad isi Isolation of Dy from Plant Materig Mater INTRODUCTION Deoxylbgnucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are the two types of nudleicadisg in living systems, RNA acts as the genetic material in most ofthe organisms. RNA, though, ital asa genetic material some viruses, mostly functions as a messenger adapter, structural andiny cases as a catalytic molecule. All human knowledge, especially of natural sciences is directed to develop technologies comfort and well being of humah beings Biotechnology has emerged as an off shoot of modembi in the twentieth century, The current break throughs in the field of biotechnology are products genetically modified organisms (plants, animals and micro organisms) through recombinant (r DNA) technology. Recombinant DNA\technology (Genetic engineering, has allowed bree to introduce foreign DNA in other organismis, including bacteria, yeasts, animals and plants). § organisms are called Genetically Modified Organitms (GMOs). Thus, r DNA technology involvesisot of DNA from a variety of sources and formation of hew combination of DNA. EXPERIMENT ‘Bet ) AIM: To ig6late DNA from available plant material such as spinach leaves, green pea se papaya etc, REQUIREMENTS \/~~ Plant material (such as spinach leaves, green pea seeds or green papaya), mortar and Pe beakers, test tubes, liquid detergent, non-iodised sodium chloride, distilled water, meat end Papain solution/juice of papaya/pine apple juice, 95% ethanol, spool etc. / PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS a * Detergent salt solution is prepared by adding 10 mL liquid detergent and 10g: of non sodium chloride to 90 mL of distilled water. Meat tenderizer solution is prepared by adding Sg oftenderizer (enzyme) to95 mL ofS water (Juice of papaya/pine apple, filtered through muslin cloth can be used as 5 meat tenderizer), * 5% NaCl solution is distilled water. * Chilling of ethanol must be done night. | 1008 Prepared by dissolving 5 g of non-iodised sodium chloride in 300 | by keeping 95% ethanol in plastic bottle in the f° i 1 qCore experiments — 35 procEDURE + Take Sg of the plant tissue (spinach leaf/green pea seed/green papaya) and grind it in the mortar by adding 10 mL detergent, salt solution and filter it through muslin cloth. « Take10mL of the filtrate, add 3-4 mL tenderizer/papaya juice and swirl the test tube! by holding the tube between the two hands to mix the contents. + Pour 10 mL chilled ethanol carefully down the side of test tube to form a layer on the top of the content; let it stand undisturbed for about 3 minutes. + Using the glass rod stir gently through interface of the two layers to collect the precipitate of DNA and place it in a test tube with 5% NaCl or distilled water. + The quantity of DNA present in the given plant material can be estimated through spectrophotometer. Fig. 5.1. DNA that separates out can be removed by spooling (spool = reel for winding yarn). OBSERVATION ‘The addition of ethanol to the solution causes DNA to precipitation. The DNA fibres appears as ‘white precipitate of very fine threads on the glass spool. PRECAUTIONS 1. The plant material should be washed throughly with distilled water to remove any dust and Avied by blotting before weighing. 2. Allthe glasswares used must be thoroughly cleaned and dried. 3. The chemicals and enzymes used for the experiment must be of standard quality which should >be manufactured by standard pharmaceuticals,