Scribd
Upload
2 views

Project Group IV

Water is essential for all life on Earth and exists in various forms, including potable, fresh, salt, brackish, hard, soft, distilled, wastewater, black water, grey water, and raw water. Water pollution, primarily caused by industrial processes and population growth, poses significant risks to human health and the environment. Qualitative analysis of water helps identify contaminants such as heavy metals, microorganisms, and organic matter, ensuring safe water consumption.

Uploaded by

ajaypandey9ap9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Project Group IV

Water is essential for all life on Earth and exists in various forms, including potable, fresh, salt, brackish, hard, soft, distilled, wastewater, black water, grey water, and raw water. Water pollution, primarily caused by industrial processes and population growth, poses significant risks to human health and the environment. Qualitative analysis of water helps identify contaminants such as heavy metals, microorganisms, and organic matter, ensuring safe water consumption.

Uploaded by

ajaypandey9ap9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

1 of 5

INTRODUCTION
WATER
Water is one of the basic needs and is required by all life on earth.
It dominates about 71% of the total surface area of Earth.
Hydrology is the study of the distribution, availability,
consumption, and movement of ground water. Water exists in all
three of its states, namely, solid (ice), liquid, and gas (stream)—
explaining the importance of understanding the science and
structure of water. It is a transparent colorless chemical
substance with one oxygen atom covalently bonded to
two hydrogen atoms.

Water is cycled continuously on Earth through


Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and
other means.

Water consumption is defined as the water that is drawn


continuously from surface or ground and that is utilized in such a
way that it is no longer available for further use.
or
is defined as the total volume of water taken from a source,
like a river or well, and then used in ways that don't return it to the
natural water cycle, such as evaporation, transpiration, or incorporation
into a product according to ScienceDirect.com.
2 of 5

Many industrial processes, such as power generation, irrigation,


mining, bleaching, paper and pulp production, textile
manufacturing, and food processing, require water as one of the
main constituents of the process.
The term water pollution refers to water that has been
contaminated by anthropogenic substances and not fit for human
consumption.
Industries also contribute to this pollution and, as a result, many
treatment plants that have primary, secondary, and
tertiary treatment processes have been set up for treating the
contaminated water. Pathogens in this polluted water can cause
waterborne diseases in living beings.

Population growth and technological improvement are the main


factors for water pollution. Life will be impossible on Earth if the
present situation continues as a great demand for water, and a
scarcity of it, may occur.
3 of 5

Different Sources of Water


There are Different Sources of Water based on their chemical,
physical and biological characteristics. The main sources:

1. Potable water:
Potable water or drinking water is fit for human consumption,
which has undergone appropriate treatment and can be
consumed without any risks. It is clean, transparent, has no
unpleasant odour or taste and is free of any contaminants.

2. Fresh water:
Fresh water is found naturally on the Earth’s surface as ice, as
water in wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and as
groundwater in aquifers. It usually has a low concentration of
dissolved salts and solids.

3. Salt water:
It is also called seawater, found in the Earth’s oceans and seas. It
has a concentration of dissolved salts of about 3.5%.

4. Brackish water:
The salinity of brackish water is somewhere between that of fresh
water and seawater. The salinity of brackish water is not
accurately defined; it ranges between 0.5 - 30 gram salt per litre.

5. Hard water:
Hard water has a high mineral content, particularly magnesium
and calcium salts. It is also known as calcareous water.
4 of 5

6. Soft water
Soft water contains very small amounts of dissolved salts. It may
be defined as water with less than 50 mg per liter of calcium
carbonate.

7. Distilled water:
Distilled water is composed of H2O molecules, having been
purified or cleaned through distillation.

8. Wastewater:
Wastewater is any type of water whose quality has been
negatively affected by human activity. According to the FAQ, the
water has no immediate value for the purpose it is produced
because of its quality, quantity in which it I present .

9. Black water:
Within the different kinds of used water, black waters are those
that have been polluted with faecalis or urine.

10. Grey water:


Grey water is domestic wastewater. It has less nitrogen and
phosphorous than black water, and contains organic and
inorganic material, and microorganisms. Grey water owes its
name to its murky appearance and because it is somewhere
between potable freshwater and wastewater.

11. Raw water:


Raw water is water that has not undergone any treatment. It Is
found in natural sources and reserves, in surface and
groundwater bodies.
5 of 5

QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF WATER

Qualitative analysis is a type of chemical analysis that


focuses on identifying the types of chemical substances
present in a sample, rather than measuring how much of
each substance is present (which is quantitative analysis).
In the context of water, qualitative analysis helps us detect
the presence of contaminants such as:

• Heavy metals such as lead , mercury, arsenic


• Non metals like fluoride, chloride,nitrate
• Organic matter from industrial waste or decayed
matter
• Microorganisms (like bacteria, viruses, protozoa)
• Suspended particles (like mud, sand, etc.)

Qualitative analysis does not involve complex machinery


and
can often be done using simple chemical tests,
color changes, or observations based on solubility,
precipitation, odor, or other physical characteristics.

You might also like