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Water is essential for all life on Earth, covering 71% of the planet's surface and existing in solid, liquid, and gas states. The document discusses the importance of hydrology, water consumption, pollution, and the various sources of water, including potable, fresh, salt, brackish, hard, soft, distilled, wastewater, black water, grey water, and raw water. It highlights that industrial processes contribute to water pollution, which poses risks to human health and the environment.

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Document-2

Water is essential for all life on Earth, covering 71% of the planet's surface and existing in solid, liquid, and gas states. The document discusses the importance of hydrology, water consumption, pollution, and the various sources of water, including potable, fresh, salt, brackish, hard, soft, distilled, wastewater, black water, grey water, and raw water. It highlights that industrial processes contribute to water pollution, which poses risks to human health and the environment.

Uploaded by

ajaypandey9ap9
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION
WATER
Water is one of the basic needs and is required by all life on
earth. It dominates most of the space on our planet, covering
about 71% of the total surface area of Earth.
Hydrology is the study of the distribution, availability,
consumption, and movement of ground water. Water exists in
all three of its states, namely, solid (ice), liquid, and gas
(stream)—
explaining the importance of understanding the science and
structure of water. It is a transparent colorless chemical
substance with one oxygen atom covalently bonded to
two hydrogen atoms.

Water is cycled continuously on Earth through


Evaporation, Transpiration, Condensation, Precipitation, and
other means.
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Water consumption is defined as the water that is drawn


continuously from surface or ground and that is utilized in
such a way that it is no longer available for further use.
or
is defined as the total volume of water taken from a source, like
a river or well, and then used in ways that don't return it to the natural
water cycle, such as evaporation, transpiration, or incorporation into a
product according to ScienceDirect.com.

Many industrial processes, such as power generation,


irrigation, mining, bleaching, paper and pulp production,
textile manufacturing, and food processing, require water as
one of the main constituents of the process.
The term water pollution refers to water that has been
contaminated by anthropogenic substances and not fit for
human consumption.
Industries also contribute to this pollution and, as a result,
many treatment plants that have primary, secondary,
and tertiary treatment processes have been set up for treating
the contaminated water. Pathogens in this polluted water can
cause waterborne diseases in living beings.
Population growth and technological improvement are the
main factors for water pollution. Life will be impossible on
Earth if the present situation continues as a great demand for
water, and a scarcity of it, may occur.
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Different Sources of Water


There are Different Sources of Water based on their chemical,
physical and biological characteristics. The main types of water
are:

1. Potable water:
Potable water or drinking water is water fit for human
consumption, which has undergone appropriate treatment and
can be consumed without any risks. It is clean, transparent, has
no unpleasant odour or taste and is free of any contaminants.

2. Fresh water:
Fresh water is found naturally on the Earth’s surface as ice, as
water in wetlands, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and as
groundwater in aquifers. It usually has a low concentration of
dissolved salts and solids.

3. Salt water:
It is also called seawater, found in the Earth’s oceans and seas.
It has a concentration of dissolved salts of about 3.5%.
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4. Brackish water:
The salinity of brackish water is somewhere between that of
fresh water and seawater. The salinity of brackish water is not
accurately defined; it can range between 0.5 to 30 grams of salt
per litre.

5. Hard water:
Hard water has a high mineral content, particularly
magnesium and calcium salts. It is also known as calcareous
water.

6. Soft water
Soft water contains very small amounts of dissolved salts. It
may be defined as water with less than 50 mg per liter of
calcium carbonate.

7. Distilled water:
Distilled water is composed of H2O molecules, having been
purified or cleaned through distillation.
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8. Wastewater:
Wastewater is any type of water whose quality has been
negatively affected by human activity. According to the FAO,
the water has no immediate value for the purpose it was used
or produced because of its quality, quantity, or the moment at
which it is available.

9. Black water:
Within the different kinds of used water, black waters are those
that have been polluted with faecalis or urine.

10. Grey water:


Grey water is domestic wastewater. It has less nitrogen and
phosphorous than black water, and contains organic and
inorganic material, and microorganisms. Grey water owes its
name to its murky appearance and because it is somewhere
between potable freshwater and wastewater.

11. Raw water:


Raw water is water that has not undergone any treatment. It Is
found in natural sources and reserves, in surface and
groundwater bodies.

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