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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introducing LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3
Understanding the EV3 Set: It Begins When You Open the Box
Comparing EV3 and NXT
Summary
Chapter 2: Building the Auto-Driver: A Starter Vehicle
Getting Started with the Auto-Driver
Understanding the EV3 Brick Interface
Summary
Chapter 3: Getting Started with Programming
What Is Programming?
Launching the EV3 Software
Downloading Programs to a Robot
Summary
Chapter 4: Exploring Action Blocks Part 1: Programming Motors
Understanding the Basics of Block Programming
Getting to Know the Input Values for the Motors
Controlling Motors with the Large Motor Block and the Medium Motor
Block
Controlling Two Motors with the Move Steering Block
Using the Move Tank Block to Control the Power Level of a Motor
Summary
Chapter 5: Exploring Action Blocks Part 2: Using Display, Sound and Brick
Status Light Blocks
The Display Block
The Sound Block
The Brick Status Light Block
Summary
Chapter 6: Exploring Flow Blocks
 The Start Block
The Wait Block
The Loop Block
The Loop Interrupt Block
The Switch Block
Summary
Chapter 7: Building the Spy Rabbit: A Robot That Can React to Its
Surroundings
Understanding the Spy Rabbit
Testing the Moving Parts of the Spy Rabbit
Summary
Chapter 8: Sensing the Environments: Using the Infrared, Touch, and Color
Sensors
Understanding Sensors
Intro to the EV3 Sensors
Using the Infrared Sensor and Remote Infrared Beacon
Using the Touch Sensor
Using the Color Sensor
Summary
Chapter 9: Using the Timer and the Rotation Sensor
Understanding the Timer
Understanding the Motor Rotation Sensor
Summary
Chapter 10: Building Mr. Turto: A Sea Turtle Robot
Understanding Mr. Turto
Testing Mr. Turto's Movements
Summary
Chapter 11: Programming with Data Wires and Using My Blocks
What Is a Data Wire?
How Do Data Wires Work?
Sensor Blocks and Data Wires
 Introducing My Blocks
Summary
Chapter 12: Using Data Operations Blocks
The Variable Block
The Constant Block
The Array Operations Block
The Logic Operations Block
The Math and Round Blocks
The Compare, Range, and Random Blocks
The Text Block
Summary
Chapter 13: Building the Big Belly Bot: A Robot That Eats and Poops
Understanding the Big Belly Bot
Programming the Big Belly Bot
Summary
Chapter 14: Design Your Own Robot: How Did Guapo, the Robotic Puppy,
Come to Be?
Build Guapo, the Robotic Puppy
Set a Goal: What Do You Want to Build?
Decide on Moving Parts and Sensors
Build and Modify: From Core Sections to Decorative Sections
Time to Program
Summary
Appendix: Using Bluetooth and WiFi with the EV3 Brick
Using Bluetooth with the EV3 Brick
Using WiFi to Download a Program to the EV3 Brick
Using Apple iOS Devices with the EV3 Brick
Foreword
Introduction
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 1.7
Figure 1.8
Figure 1.9
Figure 1.10
Figure 1.11
Figure 1.12
Figure 1.13
Figure 1.14
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2
Figure 2.3
Figure 2.4
Figure 2.5
Figure 2.26
Figure 2.27
Figure 2.28
Figure 2.29
Figure 2.30
Figure 2.31
Figure 2.32
Figure 2.33
Figure 2.34
Figure 2.35
Figure 2.36
Figure 2.37
Figure 2.38
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.2
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
Figure 3.5
Figure 3.6
Figure 3.7
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Figure 3.10
Figure 3.16
Figure 3.17
Figure 3.18
Figure 3.19
Figure 3.20
Figure 3.21
Figure 3.22
Figure 3.23
Figure 3.24
Figure 3.25
Figure 3.26
Figure 3.27
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
Figure 4.11
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
Figure 4.15
Figure 4.16
Figure 4.17
Figure 4.18
Figure 4.19
Figure 4.20
Figure 4.21
Figure 4.22
Figure 4.23
Figure 4.24
Figure 4.25
Figure 4.26
Figure 4.27
Figure 4.28
Figure 4.29
Figure 4.30
Figure 4.31
Figure 4.32
Figure 4.33
Figure 4.34
Figure 4.35
Figure 4.36
Figure 4.37
Figure 4.38
Figure 4.39
Figure 5.1
Figure 5.2
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
Figure 5.8
Figure 5.9
Figure 5.10
Figure 5.11
Figure 5.12
Figure 5.13
Figure 5.14
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16
Figure 5.17
Figure 5.18
Figure 5.19
Figure 5.20
Figure 5.21
Figure 5.22
Figure 5.23
Figure 5.24
Figure 5.25
Figure 5.26
Figure 5.27
Figure 5.28
Figure 5.29
Figure 5.30
Figure 5.31
Figure 5.32
Figure 5.33
Figure 5.34
Figure 5.35
Figure 5.36
Figure 5.37
Figure 5.38
Figure 5.39
Figure 5.40
Figure 5.41
Figure 5.42
Figure 5.43
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
Figure 6.3
Figure 6.4
Figure 6.5
Figure 6.6
Figure 6.7
Figure 6.8
Figure 6.9
Figure 6.10
Figure 6.11
Figure 6.12
Figure 6.13
Figure 6.14
Figure 6.15
Figure 6.16
Figure 6.17
Figure 6.18
Figure 6.19
Figure 6.20
Figure 6.21
Figure 6.22
Figure 6.23
Figure 6.24
Figure 6.25
Figure 6.26
Figure 6.27
Figure 6.28
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
Figure 7.3
Figure 7.40
Figure 8.1
Figure 8.2
Figure 8.3
Figure 8.4
Figure 8.5
Figure 8.6
Figure 8.7
Figure 8.8
Figure 8.9
Figure 8.10
Figure 8.11
Figure 8.12
Figure 8.15
Figure 8.13
Figure 8.14
Figure 8.16
Figure 8.17
Figure 8.18
Figure 8.19
Figure 8.20
Figure 8.21
Figure 8.22
Figure 8.23
Figure 8.28
Figure 8.29
Figure 8.30
Figure 8.31
Figure 8.32
Figure 8.33
Figure 8.34
Figure 8.35
Figure 8.41
Figure 8.42
Figure 8.43
Figure 9.1
Figure 9.2
Figure 9.3
Figure 9.4
Figure 9.5
Figure 9.6
Figure 9.7
Figure 9.8
Figure 9.9
Figure 9.10
Figure 9.11
Figure 9.12
Figure 9.13
Figure 9.14
Figure 9.15
Figure 9.16
Figure 9.17
Figure 9.18
Figure 10.1
Figure 10.2
Figure 10.3
Figure 10.4
Figure 10.40
Figure 10.41
Figure 11.1
Figure 11.2
Figure 11.3
Figure 11.4
Figure 11.5
Figure 11.6
Figure 11.7
Figure 11.8
Figure 11.9
Figure 11.10
Figure 11.11
Figure 11.12
Figure 11.13
Figure 11.14
Figure 11.15
Figure 11.16
Figure 11.17
Figure 11.18
Figure 11.19
Figure 11.20
Figure 11.21
Figure 11.22
Figure 11.23
Figure 11.24
Figure 11.25
Figure 11.26
Figure 12.1
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
Figure 12.4
Figure 12.5
Figure 12.6
Figure 12.7
Figure 12.8
Figure 12.9
Figure 12.10
Figure 12.11
Figure 12.12
Figure 12.13
Figure 12.14
Figure 12.15
Figure 12.16
Figure 12.17
Figure 12.18
Figure 12.19
Figure 12.20
Figure 12.21
Figure 12.22
Figure 12.23
Figure 12.24
Figure 12.25
Figure 12.26
Figure 12.27
Figure 12.28
Figure 13.1
Figure 13.2
Figure 13.3
Figure 13.4
Figure 13.5
Figure 13.35
Figure 13.36
Figure 13.37
Figure 13.38
Figure 14.1
Figure 14.2
Figure 14.3
Figure 14.44
Figure 14.45
Figure 14.46
Figure 14.47
Figure A.1
Figure A.2
Figure A.3
Chapter 1
Introducing LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3
Did you get a box that looks like the one shown in Figure 1.1?

Figure 1.1 The LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 set, item number 31313
If you did, you are ready to use this book. Several versions of the LEGO
MINDSTORMS set are available, but throughout this book we use the LEGO
MINDSTORMS EV3 set, which has a LEGO item number of 31313. This
chapter provides a brief overview of the equipment in the set and what it does.

Understanding the EV3 Set: It Begins When You

Open the Box
The EV3 set consists of various components. You may have seen some of the
components in other LEGO sets, but even those familiar with the previous
version of LEGO MINDSTORMS will find some parts that they have never
seen. Before you use your new set, it is important to know what you have. The
key components include the following:
The electronic components that come with the EV3 set
EV3 software
TECHNIC building parts
Building instructions
A test board
By understanding the various components, you will be able to design your robot
more efficiently. Let's take a look at these components in more detail.

EV3 Electronic Parts

One of the most important characteristics defining a robot is that it processes
commands and generates movements. The electronic components that come with
your EV3 set will enable you to build robots that process the commands that you
write and generate movements that are defined in those commands.

The EV3 Brick

The EV3 brick, shown in Figure 1.2, acts like the robot's brain. Like the way that
our brain tells our body what to do, the EV3 brick instructs a robot how to
behave. The difference between our brain and the EV3 brick is that our brain
behaves on its own, whereas the EV3 brick only interprets the programs that you
write. Note that you will need six AA 1.5V batteries to run the EV3 brick.
Figure 1.2 The EV3 brick

Motors
You will program the EV3 motors, shown in Figure 1.3, to create the movements
of your robot. Saying that the EV3 brick is the brain of a robot, the motors are
like muscles. As our muscles generate all of our body movements, the motors
will power all the actions of your robot such as driving, walking, lifting,
spinning, and so on.

Figure 1.3 The EV3 Motors: The large motors and the medium motor
As you can see in Figure 1.3, the large and medium motors have quite different
appearances. The large motor is bigger than the medium motor, and the body
size represents the strength of the motor. Also, the two motors move in different
directions: The large motor's movement is parallel with the body of the motor
whereas the medium motor's movement is perpendicular with the body of the
motor, which allows you to effectively design a robot that can achieve your goal.

Sensors
Within the EV3 set, you will find a touch sensor, a color sensor, and an infrared
sensor (see Figure 1.4). As you build the projects from this book, you will learn
to use these sensors to make your robots interactive. In other words, your robot
will be able to decide its action based on the inputs from its surroundings. For
example, let's say you have a vehicle type robot. With an infrared sensor, it can
detect how far an object is in front of it. Based on the data from the sensor, the
robot can play a louder sound when it gets closer to the object.

Figure 1.4 The EV3 sensors

Remote Infrared Beacon

The remote infrared beacon, or the IR beacon, is one of the cool new features of
EV3 (see Figure 1.5). You can use it as a remote control for your robot, and you
can program various commands for each button or combinations of buttons. In
addition, you can set your robot to detect where the IR beacon is. Note that you
should not use this device with the infrared sensor.
Figure 1.5 The remote infrared beacon

Cables
This set contains two types of cables (see Figure 1.6): connector cables and a
USB 2.0 cable. Connector cables are for plugging the motors and sensors into
the EV3 brick. The USB cable is used to download a program to the EV3 brick
from your computer.
Figure 1.6 The connector cables and the USB 2.0 cable

EV3 Software
To give your EV3 robot instructions, you must use the EV3 software specifically
designed for this set. If you are looking in the box for an installation disc, you
will be looking for a while. LEGO offers its free EV3 software only as a
download from www.LEGO.com/mindstorms. From the main page, click the
Downloads link to display the page shown in Figure 1.7. Then click the
Download button.
Figure 1.7 Downloading the EV3 software
Don't worry if you don't have the EV3 software available when you want to test
out your robot. There is an app that comes with the brick that allows you to
program your robot. The program that you can create with this app will be
simpler than with the EV3 software, but it is still very useful! You will see where
you can find this app on the brick when we go over the EV3 brick interface in
“Building the Auto-Driver: A Starter Vehicle.”

Which Version Do I Download?

The EV3 software is compatible with both PC and Mac. If you use a
Windows operating system, it should be one of the following versions:
Windows XP (32-bit); Vista (32-/64-bit), excluding Starter Edition;
Windows 7 (32-/64-bit); and Windows 8 desktop mode, excluding Starter
Edition. If you use a Mac operation system, it should be one of the following
versions: Mac OS X 10.6, 10.7, or 10.8 (Intel only).

The download page contains options for choosing the operating system (Mac OS
X and Win32) and language. If you download the installation file for PC, you
will see a file with a .exe extension; for Mac, it will be a .dmg file. After the file
downloads to your computer, just double-click the file icon and follow the
instructions that pop up on your screen.

TECHNIC Building Parts

Other than the electronic parts, the box contains various parts for building
robots. Before jumping into building robots, let's overview some of the main
building parts that you will use often and their important features.

Studless TECHNIC Beams

When building EV3 robots, you will use studless TECHNIC beams (see Figure
1.8). The official name is quite a mouthful, so from here on out we will just refer
to the part as a beam. These parts are crucial for building complex, moving
robots that would not be possible using standard LEGO bricks.
Figure 1.8 Various studless TECHNIC beams

Connector Pegs
The set contains many small parts, but the majority of the pieces look like the
connector pegs shown in Figure 1.9. Note that they are also called connecter
pins.

Figure 1.9 Different types of connector pegs

These components are called connector pegs because they allow multiple parts
to snap together. Connector pegs come in different sizes with different features,
but one of the important things that you need to know is how to distinguish the
following: The connector peg and the connector peg with “friction.” If you look
at the regular connector peg, its surface is smooth or “frictionless” (see Figure
1.10), whereas the connector peg with friction has little bumps on the surface.

Figure 1.10 Connector peg with friction versus a frictionless connector peg
If you put a connector peg on a beam, you will notice that the beam can be
turned easily. However, if instead you use a connector peg with friction, it will
be more difficult to turn the beam because the little bumps on the peg create
more resistance.

Mechanical Pieces
When you design your robot's movements, the mechanical pieces allow for a
more efficient construction (see Figure 1.11). These pieces provide, but are not
limited to, mechanical advantages such as switching the direction of gear
movement, building a drive train, changing the speed of gear movements, and so
on.

Making an EV3 Organizer

The EV3 set comes with many different pieces. Based on my experience, I
prefer to have all the parts organized separately as I design a robot. I can
thus see what parts I have left at a glance and not lose my thought process by
spending time searching for a piece. You can probably use plastic cups or
small containers, but I highly recommend that you take as your EV3
organizer an organizer that is normally used for spare parts (see Figure 1.12).
This way, you can keep parts organized by size or type and store everything
all together. You can find these organizers at any well-stocked hardware
store or on the Internet.

Figure 1.11 The EV3 mechanical pieces: spur gears, double bevel gears,
worm gear, cam, and so on
 Figure 1.12 Organize your EV3 set.

The Building Instructions and the Test Board

In addition to parts, the EV3 box also contains a booklet with building
instructions for one robot and simple directions for using the EV3 brick (see
Figure 1.13). To augment the basic instructions in that booklet, this book
provides in-depth coverage of the EV3 brick. Inside of the first layer of the
package, you'll find a test board (see Figure 1.13). You use this board to test out
your robot later on in this book.
Figure 1.13 The building instructions booklet and the test board

Comparing EV3 and NXT

NXT is the previous version of the LEGO MINDSTORMS set. If you use an
NXT and also have an EV3, you may wonder how these two versions are
comparable. In general, the EV3 equipment performs better than the NXT
equipment. In terms of the brick's ability to process data, the accuracy of the
included sensors, and the improved design of the electronic parts, EV3 makes for
a better robot. NXT and EV3 motors are cross-compatible and work fine for
either set. EV3 sensors, however, are not compatible with NXT, although EV3
can use sensors from the NXT set. Just note that using the NXT light sensor with
EV3 can be quite unstable. EV3's free software is very powerful control software
available for MINDSTORMS and will work with NXT (see Figure 1.14).
Figure 1.14 Compatibility chart for EV3 and NXT elements

Summary
In this chapter, you learned about the following:
The electronic components of EV3
The EV3 software download and installation process
Characteristics of the principal building parts
Compatibility between NXT and EV3 components
Chapter 2
Building the Auto-Driver: A Starter Vehicle
Now that you learned what kind of parts you have in the set, it is time to put
them together to make a robot. In this chapter, starting with some of these parts,
you build your first robot: Auto-Driver. In addition, you will get an introduction
to working with the EV3 brick interface and use the apps in the EV3 brick to
make the robot move.

Getting Started with the Auto-Driver

The Auto-Driver is a three-wheeled vehicle that can drive around (see Figure
2.1). This is one of the basic types of robot that you can have with two large
motors. While building the Auto-Driver, you will learn how to follow the
building instructions in this book and get a better sense of how the building
system works.
Figure 2.1 The Auto-Driver

What You Can Do with the Auto-Driver

The Auto-Driver will have a few of the same features that you will find in an
automobile: It will be able to move forward and backward, turn right and left,
and accelerate or decelerate. In Chapter 3, “Getting Started with Programming,”
you'll use the Auto-Driver to test out some motor-centric programs that focus on
making the robot move around.

Identifying the Parts on the Building

Instructions
The EV3 set comes with a lot of parts that vary in size and function. It also
has a built-in measuring system that allows you to distinguish between
different-sized pieces. Accurate sizing is crucial when you follow building
instructions or create your own blueprints for others to follow.
To follow the instructions in this book, you need to understand how to
measure the length of the beams and axles. As you can see in Figure 2.2, you
can count the number of holes to differentiate between the various beam
lengths. To measure the size of the axles, put the axle next to a beam, and
then count the number of holes that the axle covers (see Figure 2.3).

Figure 2.2 Counting the number of holes on the beam to find its length

Figure 2.3 Measuring the size of an axle

I use the same template shown in Figure 2.4 for all the building instructions
in this book. At the top-right corner, you will see what step you are on, and
the box at the top-left corner shows you the parts you need for that step. The
number next to the beam represents its specific length, and the number next
to the axle starting with # refers to its relative length. Those numbers that
end with x next to each piece mean how many of that specific part you'll
need for that particular step.
 Figure 2.4 Template for building instructions

Assembling the Auto-Driver

Now that you know how to select the right parts when you read the building
instructions, you are ready to assemble the Auto-Driver. Before you begin
building, find all the parts that you will need (see Figure 2.5).
Figure 2.5 Parts list for building the Auto-Driver
After you collect all the parts presented in Figure 2.5, follow the step-by-step
building instructions in Figures 2-6 to 2-25 to build the Auto-Driver.
Figure 2.6 Step 1: Starting the base of the Auto-Driver

Figure 2.7 Step 2: Adding the second large motor to the base
Figure 2.8 Step 3: Attaching the supporter to the base

Figure 2.9 Step 4: Adding the wheels on the large motors

Figure 2.10 Step 5: Adding the side bars to the base
Figure 2.11 Step 6: Finishing up the base
Figure 2.12 Step 7: Finishing up the base
Figure 2.13 Step 8: Finishing up the base
Figure 2.14 Step 9: Building the front part of the Auto-Driver
Figure 2.15 Step 10: Attaching the EV3 brick to the front part
Figure 2.16 Step 11: Combining the part from step 10 and the base
Figure 2.17 Step 12: Finishing up the body of the Auto-Driver

Figure 2.18 Step 13: Finishing up the body of the Auto-Driver

Figure 2.19 Step 14:. Finishing up the body of the Auto-Driver

Figure 2.20 Step 15: Building the frame for the third wheel
Figure 2.21 Step 16: Building the frame for the third wheel

Figure 2.22 Step 17: Adding the third wheel to the frame
Figure 2.23 Step 18: Attaching the third wheel to the body of the Auto-Driver
Figure 2.24 Done
Figure 2.25 Connecting connector cables
Now that you have finished assembling your Auto-Driver, it is time to wake it
up.

Understanding the EV3 Brick Interface

As discussed in Chapter 1, “Introducing LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3,” the EV3
brick executes your commands to control the robot by working as its brain. The
EV3 brick also works like its heart, pumping electricity into the robot to move
all its electronic parts (Did you remember to fill that brick/heart with six AA
batteries?) In this section, you learn how to operate the EV3 brick and get to
know its built-in functions.

Using the Brick Buttons

As Figure 2.26 shows, the EV3 brick has six buttons. The center button (1 in
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CENTURY

ILLUSTRATED MONTHLY MAGAZINE (JUNE 1913) ***
 Transcriber’s Notes
This e-text is based on ‘The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine,’ from June 1913. The
table of contents has been added by the transcriber.
Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation have been retained, but punctuation and
typographical errors have been corrected. Passages in English dialect and in languages
other than English have not been altered.
 TEMPLE OF ZEUS AT OLYMPIA
PAINTED FOR THE CENTURY BY JULES GUÉRIN
❏
LARGER IMAGE
 Copyright, 1913, by THE CENTURY CO. All rights reserved.

TRAVEL NUMBER

THE CENTURY MAGAZINE

VOL. LXXXVI JUNE, 1913 NO. 2
 CONTENTS
PAGE
THE GREAT ST. BERNARD. Ernst von
Hesse-Wartegg 161
Pictures by André Castaigne.
THE TRAINING OF A JAPANESE CHILD. Frances Little 170
Pictures from photographs.
BROTHER LEO. Phyllis Bottome 181
Pictures by W. T. Benda.
THE CENTURY’S AFTER-THE-WAR SERIES.
Another View of “The Hayes-Tilden George F.
Contest”. Edmunds 192
Portrait of Ex-Senator Edmunds.
THE GRAND CAÑON OF THE COLORADO. Joseph Pennell 202
Six lithographs drawn from nature for “The Century.”
IF RICHARD WAGNER CAME BACK. Henry T. Finck 208
Portrait of Wagner from photograph.
PORTRAIT OF DOROTHY MCK——. Wilhelm Funk 211
“BLACK BLOOD.” Edward Lyell Fox 213
Pictures by William H. Foster.
SKIRTING THE BALKAN PENINSULA Robert Hichens
IV. Delphi and Olympia. 224
Pictures by Jules Guérin and from photographs.
NOOSING WILD ELEPHANTS. Charles Moser 240
Pictures from photographs.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS IN RUSSIA. (Unpublished letters.)
Introduction and notes by Charles
Francis Adams. Portraits of John
Quincy Adams and Madame de Staël 250
THE CENTURY’S AMERICAN ARTISTS SERIES.
Frank W. Benson: My Daughter. 264
SIGIRIYA, “THE LION’S ROCK” OF CEYLON. Jennie Coker
Gay 265
Pictures by Duncan Gay.
NOTEWORTHY STORIES OF THE LAST GENERATION.
Belles Demoiselles Plantation. George W. Cable 273
With portrait of the author, and new pictures by W. M. Berger.
COLONEL WATTERSON’S REJOINDER TO EX-SENATOR Henry Watterson
EDMUNDS. 285
Comments on “Another View of ‘The
Hayes-Tilden Contest.’”
A PAPER OF PUNS Brander
Matthews 290
Head-piece by Reginald Birch.
T. TEMBAROM. Frances
Hodgson
Burnett
Drawings by Charles S. Chapman. 296
UNDER WHICH FLAG, LADIES, ORDER OR ANARCHY? Editorial 309
NEWSPAPER INVASION OF PRIVACY. Editorial 310
THE CHANGING VIEW OF GOVERNMENT. Editorial 311
THE TWO-BILLION-DOLLAR CONGRESS. Editorial 313
ON THE LADY AND HER BOOK. Helen Minturn
Seymour 315
ON THE USE OF HYPERBOLE IN ADVERTISING. Agnes Repplier 316
AFTER-DINNER STORIES.
An Anecdote of McKinley. Silas Harrison 319
 VERSE
OFF CAPRI. Sara Teasdale 223
AT THE CLOSED GATE OF JUSTICE. James D.
Corrothers 272
FINIS. William H.
Hayne 295
INVULNERABLE. William Rose
Benét 308
A CUBIST ROMANCE. Oliver Herford 318
Picture by Oliver Herford.
OLD DADDY DO-FUNNY’S WISDOM JINGLES. Ruth McEnery
Stuart 319
LIMERICKS:
Text and pictures by Oliver Herford.
XXIX. The Kind Armadillo. 320
 THE GREAT ST. BERNARD

BY ERNST VON HESSE-WARTEGG

WITH PICTURES BY ANDRÉ CASTAIGNE

I N a popular guide-book to Switzerland, it is stated that of all

Alpine passes the Great St. Bernard is the least interesting. With
this view the traveling public does not seem to agree, for the St.
Bernard is crossed every year by more people than any other pass.
On an average, twenty thousand annually arrive at the hospice on
the summit, and nine tenths of them during the short summer
season, from the beginning of July to the end of August, which
means over three hundred daily.
Now, the whole district of the St. Bernard for many miles around
possesses not one of the vast caravansaries characteristic of the
picturesque mountain-tops in Switzerland,—indeed, not even a
modest inn,—where tourists may find shelter for a few days. Why,
then, should these armies of tourists invade the pass every summer,
if it really offers little of interest?
To me, who have seen almost all the passes from one end of the
Alps to the other, the trip over the Great St. Bernard was most
enjoyable. Though the scenery may not be so beautiful as that of
the St. Gotthard, for instance, it surpasses by far even that and most
of the others in wild grandeur; for nowhere else in the Alps can be
found mountains of bolder aspect and greater height. On the west,
near the French boundary, I need only mention Mont Blanc and Mont
Dolent; on the east, the glacier-covered peaks of Mont Velan, and
the towering masses of the Grand Combin.
 The valley of the river Dranse, which is followed by the traveler
from Martigny, in the Rhone valley, to very near the summit, more
than eight thousand feet above the sea, is full of romantic beauty
and wildness, closed in by snow-covered mountains of fantastic
shapes, their steep slopes partly covered with dark pine forests.
Nestling on the rocks or sleeping in the valleys there are a few
straggling settlements, with heavy-visaged natives, apparently of a
different race from the Swiss, and entirely untouched by modern life.
They live in tottering, wooden houses of the quaintest shapes, dark
brown with age, and with wooden barns on stilts attached to them.
Only a few villages, as Orsières, Liddes, and Bourg St. Pierre on the
Swiss side, and St. Rémy on the Italian side, have stone houses
along their narrow main thoroughfares.
During the summer months these roads are daily traversed by a
motley crowd of tourists from all parts of the world, traveling on
foot, or in private carriages or postal diligences, for the road is kept
in capital order. Many wayfarers stop at the modest inns to rest and
take a glass of kirsch, or even to seek shelter in the old houses
when storms spring up suddenly, blowing furiously down the valleys;
or they may repose on the rotten thresholds of the houses side by
side with old matrons working at their spinning-wheels or with
young girls knitting stockings, and converse with them in their
French patois. The men are frequently employed as guides, and all
are in constant intercourse with modern people from the great
capitals of both continents, yet they do not depart from their ancient
manners and ways.
The uncommon tenacity of these mountaineers is surprising, as
the St. Bernard traffic is by no means new. True, the new carriage-
road connecting central Europe, by way of Switzerland, with Italy
was opened only in the first days of August, 1905, when the King of
Italy himself was present, together with the authorities of the
neighboring countries. But the St. Bernard has been a highway for
thousands of years; it has seen many armies in war-time and many
caravans with merchandise in times of peace. More than two
hundred years before Christ, the great Hannibal passed over it with
his Carthaginian legions; over the winding road which Hannibal had
constructed Julius Cæsar led his Roman army down the valley of the
Dranse for the conquest of Gallia and Germania. Emperor Augustus
II improved and rebuilt the road, portions of which are still seen by
the side of the new carriage-road wherever the latter has not been
built on the foundation of the Roman highway.
At the beginning of the Christian era, the summit of the pass was
crowned with a temple in honor of Jupiter, with rest-houses for
travelers. Vestiges of this temple still exist, and in the large and well-
stocked library of the present Hospice of St. Bernard the prior of the
religious order in charge showed me a number of gold and silver
coins, ex-voto figures, tablets, vessels, statuettes, and other objects
found by the priests on the temple site. Indeed, owing to its
situation on the direct geographical line between Italy and the
North, the St. Bernard has been crossed in the course of time by
more people than has any other pass.
The traveler of to-day, arriving at the hospice in a comfortable
carriage within ten hours from the nearest railway-station, and
provided with all the luxuries of modern life, can hardly picture to
himself the terrible privations of the traveler in ancient times, when
settlements were scarce. Provisions had to be carried along for many
miles to these icy regions, most of the time covered with deep snow
which obliterated every trace of roads.
On the evening of my arrival, I went to the plateau where once
Jupiter was worshiped. The small lake beyond which it is situated
had still some ice-cakes floating on its placid surface. Resting there
on a stone, my fancy enlivened this scene of solitude and desolation
with the savage soldiers of heathen times. I imagined that I heard
the cracking and screaking of heavy cart-wheels, the clattering of
armor, the clanking of spears, as the legions toiled wearisomely
upward to the beating of drums and blowing of trumpets. My eyes
pictured strange, stalwart warriors, exhausted from the arduous pull
up those steep valleys, shivering with intense cold, fainting, sinking
into the deep snow. And then an avalanche, breaking loose from the
towering mountains above, came thundering down, dispersing this
glittering array, and burying many under the soft, white, yet deadly,
mass.
It was with the object of offering shelter to the weary and of
rescuing those who succumbed to the inclemencies of these
forbidding heights that in the year 962 a pious monk, Bernard,
Count of Menthon, whose home was in Savoy, near Annecy, resolved
to devote his life and fortune to the founding of a hospice on the
summit of the pass. He succeeded in persuading other monks to
share with him the dreary life, and thus founded a holy order, named
to-day “Les Chanoines reguliers de St. Augustin.” Bernard of
Menthon himself, afterward canonized by the pope, was elected first
prior, and lived forty years at the hospice. His tomb is still standing in
the Italian town of Novara. According to the keeper of the royal
archives at Turin, whom I consulted on the history of the hospice, it
is first mentioned in a document in the year 1108.
 Drawn by André Castaigne. Half-tone plate engraved by R. Varley
AN AVALANCHE ON THE ST. BERNARD PASS
❏
LARGER IMAGE

In the Middle Ages the hospice, being of great importance in the

intercourse between the north and south of Europe, enjoyed the
powerful support and protection of the great rulers of that period,
notably the German emperors. In return for valuable services, the
order was richly endowed, and became in time exceedingly wealthy
and prosperous. At the beginning of the sixteenth century it
possessed no fewer than ninety-eight livings. The Reformation,
however, ended this prosperity, and since then various misfortunes
have carried away most of its once very large revenues. Its total
income is now about eight thousand dollars, and without the aid
received from the Italian and Swiss governments it would be
impossible to offer hospitality to the large number of tourists that
come every year. As many as five hundred have received free board
and lodging in a single day.
It is to be regretted that so few visitors take notice of the
collection-box in the pretty little church. Many well able to pay for
the hospitality they receive do not give even so much as they would
pay for their entertainment in a third-rate inn. The total amount
given by tourists is only a small fraction of the actual expense
incurred in entertaining them. The present King of England, who
visited the hospice when Prince of Wales, sent a piano, and I could
not help wondering how this bulky instrument was brought up the
steep mountains. Emperor Frederick of Germany, with his consort,
came in 1883, and the prior showed me one of their valuable gifts—
a volume of Thomas à Kempis, bearing their signatures.
One must bear in mind that provisions, wood, and all other
necessities of life have to be brought up eight thousand feet from
the valleys below. For miles about the hospice there is not a tree,
not a bush or a single blade of grass, and the view from my window
offered nothing but barren rocks, bleak mountains, glaciers, and
snow-fields. The mean annual temperature is below the freezing-
point, being about the same as Spitzbergen, within the Arctic Ocean!
One cannot help admiring the little group of monks, about twelve in
number, who, with an equal number of lay brothers and servants,
live here, in this highest human habitation of Europe, summer and
winter, year after year, till they die. They do not wear the monk’s
capouch, but the ordinary black sacerdotal robe, with a white cord
falling from the neck as a special distinction.
Their sufferings are sometimes intense. The climate is so severe,
and their duties are so arduous, that their constitutions would soon
be broken down if they were not allowed to recuperate temporarily
at their house in Martigny, their places being taken by other
members of this brave and devoted brotherhood.
On the St. Bernard summit the seasons are unknown. Winter is,
so to speak, perpetual, without spring or autumn or summer, the
only indication of our warm seasons being the melting of the snow,
which sometimes drifts about the three tall stone buildings to a
height of forty feet. The cold is often twenty degrees below zero
Fahrenheit and has been in one instance twenty-nine degrees. When
I stayed at the hospice early in August, the lake behind it was frozen
over during the night, and the monks told me that there have been
years when the ice on its surface did not melt.
Under these conditions, I was not surprised to find among the
occupants of the hospice mostly young men, only one of them being
over fifty, and he had spent twenty consecutive years on the St.
Bernard. The hardest labors of these pious men are during the
winter months, notably in November and February, when numerous
poor laborers from Italy venture to cross in search of work.
Unfamiliar with the hardships and dangers they have to face, they
ascend from Aosta over St. Rémy, plodding wearily through the deep
snow, which obliterates all traces of the road, sometimes covering
even the telegraph-poles. At last their strength gives out, or they are
buried under an avalanche, or they lose their way and cannot
proceed from sheer exhaustion. Those who do not perish owe their
lives to the zeal of the monks and the alertness of the famous dogs
of St. Bernard.
Day after day all the monks are out on their beat through the
“Valley of Death” on the north side opening immediately below the
hospice, and the steep snow-fields to the south, each accompanied
by a servant and a dog. They search the surroundings, where every
dell, every rock is familiar to them, with powerful field-glasses.
Breaks or dark spots are detected at once on the white surface, but
the surest and never-failing discoverers of unfortunate victims are
the dogs. Their extraordinary fine scent indicates to them the exact
direction in which it is necessary to search, and the men follow on
snow-shoes. Arrived at the supposed spot, the dogs begin to bark
and to scratch in the snow, the men take to their shovels, and soon
the poor wayfarer is discovered. If life has fled from him, the body is
carried up to the hospice and placed in the little low, desolate stone
hut standing at a short distance from the buildings, the abode of the
dead. In this “morgue” rest the victims of the Alps till their bodies
crumble to ashes. There is no other way of disposing of the dead,
since for miles about the hospice not enough soil can be found to
furnish a grave.
 Drawn by André Castaigne.
INTERIOR OF THE CHAPEL IN THE HOSPICE

At the time of my visit, only one body of the preceding winter

was lying among the remains of the victims of former years. The
others who had been found had been restored to life.
Many thousands have been rescued from certain death,
principally owing to the cleverness of the dogs, carefully trained to
their work. According to the register kept at the hospice, these dogs,
originally a cross between Newfoundland and Pyrenean, were
employed first in the fifteenth century, and the present breed is
undoubtedly descended from them. To preserve it pure, several dogs
are also kept at the two other settlements of the brotherhood, the
Simplon hospice and Martigny. The expediency of this is shown by
the accident of 1825, when nearly all the dogs at the St. Bernard
hospice, together with three lay brothers, perished in a terrible
avalanche on the Swiss slope near the present “Cantine de Proz,” the
highest inn on the way to the hospice, kept by the Swiss
Government as a postal station. Only two or three dogs survived,
and they perpetuated the race.
Now there are about fifteen dogs at the hospice. They are
objects of much petting on the part of travelers, especially ladies, to
which they indulgently submit. In appearance they differ
considerably from what we picture them to be. They are much
smaller than the St. Bernard dog of other countries, but heavier-set
and stronger. The hair is white, coarse, and tight to the skin, with
large yellow or reddish-brown spots, the chest and the lower part of
the body being always white. The long tail is heavy and shaggy, the
neck short-set and uncommonly strong, carrying a large head, with
the muzzle short and broad. The front teeth are mostly visible, and
the dogs would look rather ferocious without the intelligent and
withal docile expression of their large, bright eyes. Many of them
have been reproduced on postal cards, for sale in the large
reception-room, one of the few rooms furnished with a stove. The
prior, who is also Swiss postmaster, told me that on the average one
thousand postal cards, mostly with pictures of the dogs, are daily
sent “with hearty greetings” to all parts of the world. But in the
“season,” as many as fifteen hundred have been mailed in a single
afternoon, especially when snow-storms or rain keep the tourists
indoors with nothing to do.
 Drawn by André Castaigne.
A ST. BERNARD DOG

The best type of a St. Bernard dog was famous Bary, who, after
saving thirty-nine lives, was unfortunately shot by an English traveler
he was trying to rescue, who mistook him for a wolf. His stuffed skin
is now in the museum at Bern. Since then there has always been a
“Bary” among the dogs. The present dog of that name has already
saved three lives, while Pallas and Diana have saved two each.
St. Bernard dogs, imported mostly from England in recent years,
have become decidedly popular in America. They are chiefly of the
long-haired kind, much larger and with rather flatter heads and
longer muzzles than the dogs at the St. Bernard hospice.
Nevertheless, they are genuine St. Bernards, and are descended
from those originally brought to England from Switzerland for Lord
Dashwood, about one hundred years ago.
In their home country this breed of dogs is by no means confined
to the St. Bernard mountain. Raised in most Alpine valleys, they
have become, so to speak, the national dog of Switzerland, and are
foremost in public favor. While the long-haired type prevails in the
lower cantons, nothing but the short-haired variety are employed at
the hospice, the former type being unfitted for the peculiar mountain
work. Enormous snowfalls in spring and autumn force them
sometimes to dig their way under the snow for two or three days; on
occasions they remain in the icy fields for a week or two, returning
to the hospice reduced to mere skeletons. The coat of the long-
haired dogs dries much slower, and the dripping from the fur
congeals, causing rheumatism and other ailments and making them
soon unfit for their work.
 Drawn by André Castaigne.
THE ST. BERNARD HOSPICE

The general belief that the original St. Bernard race died out long
ago is unfounded. There can be no doubt that the present dogs are
descended from those kept at the hospice in the Middle Ages,
crossed with Danish bulldogs and Pyrenean dogs about five
centuries ago, that they might inherit size and strength from the
former and intelligence and keen scent from the latter. St. Bernard,
the founder of the hospice, is represented in ancient pictures
accompanied by a large white dog. The insecurity of the much
frequented route between Italy and the North in early times caused
the monks to keep dogs for their own protection, till their usefulness
for life-saving purposes made them indispensable companions.

Drawn by André Castaigne. Half-tone plate engraved by H. C. Merrill

A BAND OF GIPSIES TRAVELING ALONG THE ST. BERNARD PASS
❏
LARGER IMAGE
 Unfortunately, most of the early documents in regard to the dogs
were destroyed by fire, but the existing traditions of the antiquity of
the race are confirmed by the escutcheon of an ancient Swiss family
which I discovered in the archives of the city of Zurich. Four families
of the fourteenth century have dogs as ornaments of the escutcheon
helmet. They are Stubenweg, Aichelberg, Hailigberg, and the counts
of Toggenburg, the latter famous in history and still flourishing in
Austria. The escutcheons are most carefully painted, and show four
distinct and clearly defined types of dogs. The type over the
escutcheon of the family of Hailigberg shows a striking resemblance
to the St. Bernard dog of to-day, with all the characteristic signs.
Mountains crowned by hospices used to be called sacred mountains
or Hailigberg (present style Heiligberg) during the Middle Ages, and
from this it may safely be deducted that the knights of Hailigberg,
took the picture of a hospice dog for their helmet ornament.
For ages the St. Bernard dogs have been trained for their service
in a peculiar manner: one old and one young dog are sent together
daily down the Valley of Death toward the nearest human habitation;
two others on the south side toward St. Rémy, their footprints in the
snow indicating to lost travelers with unfailing certainty the exact
line of the road buried under the snow. The younger dogs are taught
by the older ones to show to travelers the way to the hospice by
barking and jumping and running ahead of them toward the summit
of the pass. If they happen to find a poor half-frozen victim, they try
to restore animation by licking the hands and face. Then they hasten
back to the hospice and announce their discovery by barking.
Great credit is due to the Kynological Society of Switzerland for
the preservation, improvement, and popularization of the hospice
dogs in their pure type. In the latter part of the last century the
English type, as described above, threatened to become generally
established as the correct one. At an international Kynological
Congress convened by that society in Zurich in 1887, the
characteristic marks of the pure hospice type were laid down and
acknowledged by the delegates of all countries, England included. In
1885 the first pure St. Bernard dogs were introduced into Germany
by Prince Albrecht of Solms-Braunfels, and as they became very
popular in a short time, a St. Bernard Club was organized in Munich
in 1891 for the express purpose of improving the St. Bernard breed
by organizing an exposition with competent judges, and publishing
annually a book of genealogy.
The first Napoleon, who crossed the St. Bernard with his army,
cavalry, artillery, and all, between the fifteenth and twenty-first of
May, 1800, was very fond of these dogs and kept some in his room
while resting at the hospice. Near the entrance of the largest
building, erected in the seventeenth century, there is a big bell, rung
by travelers to announce their arrival. Opposite the bell a large
marble tablet commemorates the passage of Napoleon, dedicated by
the government of the then republic, now the Swiss canton of Valais.
His army was the last to cross the St. Bernard, and in the place of
armies of soldiers, those of tourists invade the historic pass every
year. They are most numerous in August, for the snow rarely melts
before July and begins to fall again early in September, to stay till
the following July. The poor priests are then left to themselves for
about ten months, when the next summer’s sun makes the carriage-
road again practicable.
The founder of the hospice, with its brotherhood, has at last
received a monument, which he well deserved. His statue was
unveiled during the summer of 1905, and stands on the spot which
the many thousands have had to pass who, after being rescued by
his successors, have resumed their journey to the valleys below and
to renewed life.
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