Theme 2: The Human Body - Maintaining Life 4 Nutrton in Humans Section B Answer the following questions. 1, (@)_ The diagram shows part of the human body, Name the parts shown, 2] (b) Enzymes are used in different parts ofthe alimentary canal to break down substrates. Scientists study the effect of pH on the rate of substrate breakdown by enzymes. rate of substrate breakdown protease 10 20 30 40 60 60 70 80 90 100 pH of solution (i) The rate of substrate breakdown for a protease found in the stomach is shown in the graph, This protease has an optimum pH of 2.0, Another enzyme, amylase, has an optimum pH of 6.8, Amylase has no enzyme activity below pH 4.0 and above pH 9.5, Use this information to sketch a graph for amylase, el 0 ‘© Educational Publishing House Pte LidTheme 2: The Human Body - Maintaining Life 4: Nutrition in Humans 2 (ii) Amylase begins the digestion of starch in the mouth. Protease enzymes begin the digestion of protein in the stomach, When amylase enters the stomach it stops breaking down starch, Suggest why. 2) (2018/P6/B5a, bi, bii) A student sets up the apparatus as shown in the diagram. The apparatus represents a part of the human digestive system, beaker. 5 water partially _| permeable membrane glucose solution The water in the beaker represents the blood in the blood vessels around the digestive system. The glucose solution represents the digested food passing through the digestive system. Which part ofthe digestive system, where absorption takes place, i represented by the partially permeable membrane? w (2019/P6/B5a) The concentration of glucose and the concentration of amino acids in the blood are measured. These concentrations are measured as blood passes through the hepatic portal vein. (@) Between which two organs does the hepatic portal vein transport blood? 21 from the... 10 the verre (b) A meal containing starch and protein is eaten. io] Starch is digested to maltose and protein is digested to polypeptides. State the enzymes used to digest starch and protein in these reactions, starch protein (©) The table shows the concentration of glucose and the concentration of amino acids in blood in the hepatic portal vein after the meal is eaten. time after concentration of concentration of amino meal is eaten glucose/mg per acids /mg per 100 em? /hours 100 cm? of blood of blood 70 08 08 © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd aNutrition in Humans Theme 2: The Humen Body ~ Maintaining Life (i) Use the results for the concentration of glucose in the blood to plot a line graph, marking each point with a cross (X). Choose a suitable scale for the concentration of glucose. concentration of glucose/mg per 100cm° of blood 0 1 2 3. 4 5 6 7 8 time after meal is eaten /hours B] (ii) Predict the time after eating for the concentration of glucose in the hepatic portal vein to return to 70 mg per 100 cm of blood. 0) (iii) Which substance, glucose or amino acids, is absorbed fastest after eating? Explain your answer using information from the table. io] (2021/P6/B6)heme 1: Cells and the Chemisty of Life 31 Biological Molecules, 2. The diagram shows the structure of the human digestive system, Amylase is made in the cells of organ Y and secreted into the duodenum to digest starch. (a) Name the organ labelled Y on the diagram. a (b) Use the “lock and key” hypothesis to describe how sugar molecules are made when starch is digested by amylase. BI © A student investigates the function of amylase by adding a starch solution and an amylase solution into a tube of partially permeable membrane which has been tied at one end. The section of partially permeable membrane contai amylase solutions is then submerged in water in a beaker. mixture of starch and amylase |—— beaker —— water partially permeable membrane The student takes two small samples of water from the beaker at the start of the experiment and another two small samples after 50 minutes. The results of the Benedict’s test and the iodine test on these samples are shown. below.Theme 1: Cells and the Chemistry of Life logical Molecules test with Benedict's solution test with iodine solution sample taken attime 0 50 0 50 Imin colour blue brick red brown brown The Benedict’s test shows that the sample taken at the start of the experiment and the sample taken at 50 minutes are different. Explain why they are different. ‘The iodine test shows no difference between the sample taken at the start of the experiment and the sample taken at 50 minutes. Explain why there is no difference, a) (2017/P6/BS) 3. Starch is the substrate for amylase. Explain why amylase can only break down starch. 2 (2018/P6/BSbiii)Movement of Substances Theme 1: Cells and the Cherm 2. A student investigates osmosis. (a) Define osmosis. 0) (b) The student puts pieces of potato of the same shape and mass into different beakers. One of the beakers contains water. The other five beakers contain solutions of different sugar concentrations. Three potato pieces are put into each beaker. LW ler O2mol/dm? —O.4mol/dm? —0.8mol/dm® —O.B8mol/dm® —_1.0mol/dm? sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar After 30 minutes she removes the potato pieces, dries them and measures their masses. Describe how to determine the change in mass of a potato piece. 21 (©) The results of the change in mass of the potato pieces are shown in the table. potato pieces beaker containing change in mass/g ea piece 1 piece 2 piece 3 water +04 +0.6 40.5 +0.5 0.2 mol/dm’ sugar 40.2 +0.2 +02 40.2 0.4 mol/dm’ sugar 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 mol/dm’ sugar | 0.2 -0.4 03 0.3 0.8 mol/dm’ sugar -0.6 -04 0.5 [71.0 moVém? sugar -0.4 -0.5 0.5 In some beakers the average mass has increased. In other beakers the average mass has decreased. (i) In which beakers has the average mass of the potato pieces increased? ri) (ii) Explain why the masses of the potato pieces changed in this investigation. [2] (4) The student repeats the investigation with a different concentration of sugar solution. The average change in mass of the potato pieces is 0.0 g. Suggest the concentration of the sugar solution used and explain why there is no average change in the mass. concentration of sugar solution explanation 2] (2020/P6/B7) 6 © Educational Publishing House Pte LtdTheme 1: Cells and the Chemistry of Life 1A: Cell Structure and Organisation | 6. Complete the table to compare typical animal and plant cells. Use a tick (V) to indicate that the structure is present and a cross (X) to indicate that the structure is absent. chloroplast | cell membrane cell wall mitochondrion in animal cells in plant cells (2022/P6/A2) 7. A plant cell is taken from the root of a plant. One of the organelles found in many other plant cells is not found in root cells. ‘Name this organelle and explain why it is not found in root cells. w organelle explanation (2023/P6/A3a) © Educational Publishing House Pte Ltd 7