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The document discusses the book 'Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies for the 2020s,' edited by Rico Merkert and Kai Hoberg, which focuses on the evolving landscape of global logistics and supply chain management. It highlights the importance of adapting to disruptions, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and emphasizes the need for new skills and strategies for future leaders in the field. The book aims to provide insights from leading scholars and industry experts to prepare graduates and professionals for the challenges and opportunities in logistics and supply chain management.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views80 pages

Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies For The 2020s Vital Skills For The Next Generation Rico Merkert Instant Download

The document discusses the book 'Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies for the 2020s,' edited by Rico Merkert and Kai Hoberg, which focuses on the evolving landscape of global logistics and supply chain management. It highlights the importance of adapting to disruptions, such as those caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and emphasizes the need for new skills and strategies for future leaders in the field. The book aims to provide insights from leading scholars and industry experts to prepare graduates and professionals for the challenges and opportunities in logistics and supply chain management.

Uploaded by

bleretvellia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rico Merkert · Kai Hoberg Editors

Global Logistics
and Supply Chain
Strategies
for the 2020s
Vital Skills for the Next Generation
Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies
for the 2020s
Rico Merkert • Kai Hoberg
Editors

Global Logistics
and Supply Chain
Strategies for the 2020s
Vital Skills for the Next Generation
Editors
Rico Merkert Kai Hoberg
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies Supply Chain and Operations Strategy
The University of Sydney Business School Kühne Logistics University
Sydney, NSW, Australia Hamburg, Germany

ISBN 978-3-030-95763-6 ISBN 978-3-030-95764-3 (eBook)


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95764-3

# The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland
AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
We dedicate this book to
Prof. Dr. h.c. Klaus-Michael Kühne,
in celebration of his 85th birthday and in
recognition of his lifetime contribution to the
global logistics industry. With over 60 years
as a champion of his field, he is a role model
as an exceptional benefactor who has
furthered the cause of academia to enrich
practice in supply chain management and
logistics.
—Prof Rico Merkert and Prof Kai Hoberg
Foreword

Business schools around the world have long known the value of teaching global
logistics and supply chain management (GL&SCM). This is both a sector and a field
of study with an exciting and challenging international management dimension.
While it is true that freight moves the world, it is also the case that the GL&SCM
sector has evolved dramatically in recent decades. It has experienced both disruption
and groundbreaking innovation—the latter often arising from the sector’s partner-
ship with universities like ours. Logistics and supply chain management has tradi-
tionally focused primarily on transportation and warehousing, but today
encompasses many different activities that enable the seamless orchestration of
material, financial, and information flows. Companies combine their own resources
with those of partners and third parties and leverage complex networks to produce,
ship, and distribute their goods across the globe in ways unimaginable just twenty
years ago.
The past decade has seen continuous progress and dramatic improvements in
global supply chains and logistics that have benefited all stakeholders. End
customers can take advantage of new innovative products that are offered at high
service levels and low lead times. Companies can draw from a huge portfolio of
suppliers across the globe to leverage their specific skills and benefit from low costs.
Suppliers can better align their manufacturing schedules with the actual needs of
their direct customers based on just-in-time and just-in-sequence principles. Logis-
tics service providers can use their end-to-end visibility in shipping schedules and
capacities to select the most appropriate carriers.
Efforts to optimize supply chain processes continued to bear fruit until the early
2020. The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, however, changed all our lives:
personally and professionally. The pandemic had dramatic consequences for global
supply chains. It also underlined the fact that global supply chains are the backbone
of many industries and economies. Suddenly, supply chains were in turmoil. We saw
unprecedented stockouts and delays everywhere—in Sydney, in Hamburg, and
across the globe. Consumers had to confront the reality of empty toilet paper or
pasta shelves in supermarkets. Automotive plants were shut down due to a lack of
parts. Ports were congested and overwhelmed due to the backlog of containers
arriving at the same time.

vii
viii Foreword

What is now evident is that there is still much work to be done by companies to
optimize their logistics and supply chain activities. It is also clear that this will not
occur without the right logistics and supply chain skills. But that only begs the
question: what are the “right” skills? From a business school perspective, this
question can be reframed in these terms: in a world of increasing automation, rising
concern about sustainability, and rapidly changing ecosystems, what are the skills
and qualities that business schools should seek to instill in their graduates wanting to
pursue careers in global logistics and supply management?
One of the many contributions of this book is that it helps to address this question.
In addition, for those who are seeking to become the next generation of leaders in
global logistics and supply chain management, this book draws on the accumulated
wisdom of the most renowned scholars in the field to provide insights into the sorts
of strategies that future talent might employ.
This book, then, is timely. It is a must-read for anyone interested in a career in this
sector. We are very proud that Professors Rico Merkert and Kai Hoberg brought
together such a large and impressive international team of globally recognized
academics and leading senior managers to contribute to this book. What could be
better for graduates and young professionals than hearing from the horse’s mouth or,
in other words, experts in all the different disciplines that today are considered global
logistics and supply chain management?
Of course, it is not just the academics who have contributed to this book but also
the ecosystems that business schools, such as KLU and the University of Sydney
Business School, provide. We train talent to unlearn old habits, to think strategically,
and to turn challenges on the horizon into opportunities that will result in value for
businesses and wider communities and, of course, a successful career for those who
are brave enough to set out on one of the most exciting industries of this and future
decades. The first step into that successful future is to read this important book.

Dean, The University of Sydney Business School Professor Greg Whitwell


Sydney, Australia
President, Kühne Logistics University Professor Thomas Strothotte
Hamburg, Germany
Preface

Global logistics and supply chain management have evolved in the past few decades
from an unpopular and often neglected area to a field that is widely seen as a key
enabler of business success. Especially, during the COVID-19 pandemic but also
due to disruptions and rising costs in many supply chains, global logistics and supply
chain management have not only been rediscovered as a vital sector for many
industries and entire economies but also as an industry that is fun and financially
worthwhile to start a career in.
In the next decade, it will become even more critical to design the right logistics
and supply chain strategies given potential challenging and disruptive economic,
technological (i.e. automation), and sustainability developments. Economic
developments such as the further growth of Asian markets increased political friction
across the globe leading to a reversal of globalization (on- and sure-shoring) and
strong interest in omnichannel retailing will all require managers to re-shape,
refocus, and potentially re-invent their entire supply chains. New technologies
such as the Internet of Things, digital manufacturing, or blockchain are emerging
quickly and could provide competitive advantage to those companies that leverage
the technologies smartly while managers that do not adopt and embrace change
could be left behind. Last but perhaps most important for mankind, sustainability
aspects such as low-carbon transportation, closed-loop supply chains, or socially
responsible supply chain set-ups will become essential to operate successful in the
future.
All these aspects will affect global logistics and supply chains as a whole and also
in different functional areas, such as air cargo, maritime logistics, or sourcing/
procurement. This book aims to dive into several of these functional topics to
highlight the key developments in the next decade predicted by leading global
experts in the field. Supply chains will be managed by a new generation of leaders
that will need to be equipped with different skills and an innovative mindset that not
only embraces but also works hand in hand with technology and algorithms. To
prepare this next generation of supply chain leaders in a business school/university
environment (produce future proof graduates) as well as in the context of continuing
professional development (enhance skill sets of current leaders), this book features
contributions and key insights of globally leading scholars and senior industry

ix
x Preface

experts. Their forward-looking perspectives on the anticipated trends are aimed at


informing the reader about how global logistics and supply chain management will
evolve in the next decade and which graduate qualities and skills will be required to
succeed in the “new normal” environment that will be characterized by volatile and
increasingly disrupted business ecosystems.
For practitioners and managers, this book aims to offer key insights in terms of
what may be the next big thing in this fast-changing industry. For graduates, this
book provides tips on what to study and what skills are likely to be needed to start a
successful career in logistics and supply chain management. Future scenarios are
envisaged to provide both practitioners and students with insights that will help them
to adapt and succeed in a fast-changing world.

Sydney, NSW, Australia Rico Merkert


Hamburg, Germany Kai Hoberg
Acknowledgments

We would like to acknowledge the contribution of the 33 globally recognized


academics and 24 senior managers (including their legal departments), as without
their support this book project would have not been possible. We are further thankful
to the Springer team, in particular Barbara Bethke who has helped us to make this
innovative publication format happen at Springer.

xi
Contents

The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing


Skill Sets and Smart Career Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Rico Merkert and Kai Hoberg
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Global Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Implications for Supply Chain Talents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Synthesis of This Book and Future Skill Requirements in the Various
L&SCM Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Management Perspective on What Does It Take to Succeed in
Tomorrow’s Supply Chain and Logistics Industry? (by Sabine Mueller,
DHL Consulting, Bonn, Germany) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Management Perspective on the Vital Skills for SCM in the Future
from a Headhunter Perspective (by Radu Palamariu, Supply Chain
and Logistics, Alcott Global, Singapore, Singapore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
The Impact on Supply Chain Networks of Shifting Demand and Supply
Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
John Gattorna and Deborah Ellis
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2 Supply-Side Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3 Demand-Side Shifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 Impact on Supply Chain Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5 Implications for the Skillsets Supply Chain Management Will Need
in the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Management Perspective on the Shifting Demand and Supply Dynamics
Impacting Supply Chain Networks (by Scott Phillips, ECCO Shoes,
Toa Payoh, Singapore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
AI in Logistics and Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Robert N. Boute and Maxi Udenio
1 Introduction: Digital Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2 Smart Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3 Sustainable Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
xiii
xiv Contents

4 Toward Autonomous Supply Chains? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58


5 The Human Aspect (Going Forward) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Management Perspective on Data, Data, Data (by Hans Thibau, Atlas Copco
Airpower, Antwerpen, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
How to Design Human–Machine Interaction in Next-Generation Supply
Chain Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Kai Hoberg and Christina Imdahl
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2 Next-Generation Supply Chain Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3 Challenges and Enablers in Human–Machine Interaction . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4 Implications for Supply Chain Talents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Management Perspective on the Future Role of Supply Chain Planners
(by Manfred Heijligers, Stef Kicken, Philips N.V. Eindhoven,
The Netherlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
The Circular Economy and Green Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Joseph Sarkis
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2 The Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3 Green Supply Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4 Opportunities and Challenges for Circular Economy and Green Supply
Chain Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5 Logistics and Supply Chain Manager Skills for GSCM and CE . . . . . . . 93
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Management Perspective on Green Supply Chains, Circular Economy,
and the Need of Technology (by Hans Ehm, Infineon Technologies AG,
Munich, Germany) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Preparing Logistics for the Low-Carbon Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Alan C. McKinnon
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2 Measuring Logistics Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3 Setting Emission Reduction Targets for Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
4 Reviewing Logistics Decarbonisation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
5 Upskilling Management for the Decarbonisation of Logistics . . . . . . . . . 112
Management Perspective on Preparing Logistics for the Low-Carbon
Economy: A Practitioner’s Perspective (by Sophie Punte, Hilversum,
Netherlands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Contents xv

The Future of 3PLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119


Carl Marcus Wallenburg and A. Michael Knemeyer
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
2 What Is a 3PL? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3 The Current Competitive Landscape of 3PLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4 Impact of Technological Advancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5 Impact of the VUCA Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6 Leadership and Management Skills for a Successful Future . . . . . . . . . . 127
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Management Perspective on Contributing to the Companies
That Move the World (by Thomas Knudsen, Toll Group, Clementi,
Singapore) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Air Cargo Logistics: The Dawning of a Golden Decade? . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Rico Merkert
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
2 The Post-COVID-19 Air Cargo Business “New Normal”: Booming
e-Commerce and Disruptions Galore? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3 New Players and New Business Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4 Literature on the Future of Air Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5 Air Cargo Trends and What They Mean for Capabilities and Required Skill
Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Management Perspective on Air Cargo Capabilities for the
2020: Enabling Connected, Efficient, Smart Solutions (by Kelsey Holman,
Qantas Freight, Sydney, NSW, Australia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Maritime Logistics for the Next Decade: Challenges, Opportunities
and Required Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Khaled Hussein and Dong-Wook Song
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
2 Maritime Logistics in Global Logistics and Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . 152
3 Challenges in Global Logistics and Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
4 Challenges and Opportunities in Maritime Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5 Skills for the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6 Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Management Perspective on the Transitional Decade for Maritime Logistics
(by Peter Creeden, MPC International Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia) . . . 169
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Future Directions in City Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Michael G. H. Bell
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
2 Urban Form and Liveability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
3 Omnichannel Retail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
xvi Contents

4 Electric Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180


5 Circular Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
6 Digital Supply Chain Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
7 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Management Perspective on the Future of City Logistics: A Professional
Perspective (by Joost Bekker, AtoB Consultancy, Sydney, NSW, Australia) . . . 186
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Recent Advances of Service Supply Chain Management: Roles of
Logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Tsan-Ming Choi
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
2 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
3 Roles of Logistics and Industrial Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
4 Future Research Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Management Perspective on Skills for Tomorrow’s
Cruising Industry (by Adam Radwanski, Asia Pacific Silversea Cruises,
South Yarra, VIC, Australia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Competence Development, Learning and Change in Supply Chain
Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Britta Gammelgaard
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
2 Elements of SCM Competence Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
3 Understanding the Breadth and Depth of Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4 Competence Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Management Perspective on Competence Development in Procurement Has
Become Vital in Maersk and Ørsted (by Corrie Adams Gent,
A.P. Moller–Maersk, Copenhagen, Denmark and Nikolaj Josiassen Ørsted,
Gentofte, Denmark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Startups in the Logistics Sector: Value Propositions and Potential
Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Stephan M. Wagner and Stefan Kurpjuweit
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
3 Categorizing Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4 Logistics Startups’ Potential Impact on LSPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
5 Summary and Concluding Thoughts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Management Perspective on Decoding the Logistics Startup Skill Set
(by Eytan Buchman, The Freightos Group, Tzur Hadassah, Israel) . . . . . . . . 238
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Contents xvii

Warehousing 2030 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243


René de Koster
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
2 Warehouse Centralization and Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
3 Warehousing Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
4 Impact of Recent Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5 Human Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Management Perspective on the Warehouses of the Future Will Be Automated
and Sustainable (by Lars Brzoska, Jungheinrich AG, Hamburg, Germany) . . . 256
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Future of Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
Christoph Bode, Davide Burkhart, Ruth Schültken, and Marcell Vollmer
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
2 Status Quo and Future of Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
3 Discussion and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Management Perspective on the Future of Procurement (by Marcell Vollmer,
CEO, Prospitalia Group, Ulm, Germany) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Agility in Supply Chain Planning and Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Santiago Kraiselburd
1 Introduction and Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
2 Agility in Supply Chain Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
3 Core Elements of Agile Supply Chain Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
4 Agility in the Times of COVID-19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
5 The Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Management Perspective on Supply Chain Agility Needs in the Next Decade
(by Roshan Kumar, McKinsey & Company, Boston, MA, USA) . . . . . . . . . 285
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Risk-Driven Supply Chain Design: Options and Trade-Offs in Complex
Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Marcus Thiell and Gordon Wilmsmeier
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
2 A Changing Context and Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
3 Complexity and Risk in Supply Chain Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
4 Conceptual and Methodological Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Management Perspective on Risk-Driven Supply Chain Design: Options
and Trade-Offs in Complex Environments (by Philip Evan, The European
Freight and Logistics Leaders Forum, Brussels, Belgium) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
xviii Contents

Supply Chain Transparency Using Blockchain: Benefits, Challenges,


and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Yao Cui and Vishal Gaur
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
2 Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
3 Benefits and Challenges in Supply Chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
4 Examples of Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Management Perspective on Blockchain Powered “Sustainable Marketplace”
(by U. R. Unnithan, DIBIZ Pte Ltd, Johor Bahru, Malaysia) . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
PI Meets Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Alfred Taudes and Gerald Reiner
1 Introduction to the PI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
2 Blockchain Architecture for PI Based on Ant Colony Optimization . . . . 329
3 Technical Aspects of Blockchains for PI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Management Perspective on PI Meets Blockchain: Insights from the Top
Management (by Roland Strauss, Berger Beteiligungs GmbH,
Wörgl, Austria) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Collaboration in Humanitarian Operations in the Context of the
COVID-19 Pandemic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Milad Keshvari Fard and Felix Papier
1 Humanitarian Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
2 Collaboration in Humanitarian Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
3 Learnings from the COVID-19 Pandemic About Collaboration in HOs . . . 350
Management Perspective on Collaboration in Humanitarian Logistics
(by Linda Romano, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada) . . . . . . . . . 354
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Logistics Challenges and Opportunities in Africa in the 2020s . . . . . . . . 357
Rose Luke and Jackie Walters
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
2 Issues Affecting Trade in and with Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
3 Logistics Developments in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
4 Future Logistics Skills Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Management Perspective on Challenges and Opportunities for Logistics
in Africa in the 2020s (by Johan du Plessis, Logistics International
SA. (PTY) LTD, Johannesburg, South Africa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372
Editors and Contributors

About the Editors

Rico Merkert is Professor in Transport and Supply


Chain Management and Deputy Director of the Institute
of Transport and Logistics Studies at the University of
Sydney Business School. He has taught and researched
at several high-profile institutions such as Cranfield
University or Haas Business School (UC Berkeley)
and is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Air Transport
Management. Rico has been a strategic advisor to
boards and C-level management providing deep insights
and research related to performance measurement, stra-
tegic management, innovation, and supply chain analy-
sis, economic impact, and demand analysis for a range
of major logistics, freight forwarding, airline, and air-
port companies, both in the global and regional context.

Kai Hoberg is Professor in Supply Chain and


Operations Strategy and Head of the Operations and
Technology Department at Kühne Logistics University,
Hamburg. He was a visiting researcher at leading
universities such as Cornell University, NUS Business
School, Saïd Business School, and the University of
Sydney. Before returning to academia, he worked as a
strategy consultant and project manager in the
operations team of Booz & Company (Strategy &).
His current research focuses on supply chain analytics,
the role of technology in supply chain management, and
inventory management. In his research, he is working
with renowned partners like McKinsey & Company,
Zalando, Procter & Gamble, or the World Bank.

xix
xx Editors and Contributors

Contributors

Michael G. H. Bell is the Professor of Ports and Mari-


time Logistics in the Institute of Transport and Logis-
tics, at the University of Sydney Business School. Prior
to this, he was for 10 years the Professor of Transport
Operations at Imperial College London and for the last
5 years the Founding Director of the Port Operations
Research and Technology Centre (PORTeC). His
research and teaching interests span city logistics, ports
and maritime logistics, transport network modelling,
traffic engineering, and intelligent transport systems.
Michael is the author of many papers and books (includ-
ing Transportation Network Analysis, 1997) and is/was
an Associate Editor of Transportation Research B, Mar-
itime Policy & Management, and Transportmetrica A.

Christoph Bode is a full professor at the Business


School of the University of Mannheim and holds the
Endowed Chair of Procurement. He obtained his PhD
from WHU—Otto Beisheim School of Management
(Germany) and his Habilitation from the ETH Zurich
(Switzerland). Prior to joining the faculty in Mannheim,
he served at the Department of Management and at the
Center for Economic Research (CentER) at Tilburg
University (The Netherlands) and at the Department of
Management, Technology, and Economics (D-MTEC)
at ETH Zurich. His teaching and research interests lie in
the areas of procurement, supply chain, logistics, and
operations management with a special focus on risk and
disruptions, interfirm relationships, innovation and
entrepreneurship, sustainability, and strategies and per-
formance. His research in these areas has been published
in multidisciplinary management journals, as well as in
leading operations management journals.

Robert N. Boute is a professor of operations manage-


ment at the Faculty of Economics and Business at KU
Leuven and Vlerick Business School. His research
focuses on inventory control and supply chain manage-
ment. Recent works include digital operations, smart
logistics, and predictive analytics for service mainte-
nance applications. He was named one of the 40 best
professors under 40 by Poets & Quants in 2016, and was
laureate of the 2017 Franz Edelman Award for Achieve-
ment in Operations Research and Management
Sciences.
Editors and Contributors xxi

Davide Burkhart is a doctoral student at the Endowed


Chair of Procurement at the University of Mannheim.
He holds a master’s degree in Industrial Engineering
(MSc) from the Technical University of Darmstadt,
where he also graduated with a bachelor’s degree
(B.Sc.). During his studies, he gained international
experience in various internships in the automotive
industry. He also completed a research internship at
the University of St. Gallen where he investigated
distributed ledger technologies in supply chains. In his
research, he focuses on buyer–supplier relationships and
their implications for supply chain transparency and risk
management.

Tsan-Ming Choi (Jason) is Professor and Yushan Fel-


low in the Department and Graduate Institute of Busi-
ness Administration, National Taiwan University
(NTU). He has published extensively in leading journals
in the fields of operations management, logistics, and
supply chain management. He also serves the profession
as the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Transportation Research
Part E, a Department Editor of IEEE Transactions on
Engineering Management, a Senior Editor of Produc-
tion and Operations Management, and an Associate
Editor of Decision Sciences. Before joining NTU in
the fall of 2021, he was a “tenured” professor at The
Hong Kong Polytechnic University, where he received
the prestigious President’s Award for Excellent
Performance.

Yao Cui is an assistant professor of operations, tech-


nology, and information management at the Samuel
Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management at
Cornell University. At Johnson, he teaches operations
and supply chain management in the Executive MBA
and MBA programs. His research interests focus on
operations strategies in new business models. Particu-
larly, he studies technology innovation in supply chains,
labor management in the gig economy, and revenue
management in hospitality industries. Professor Cui’s
research has been published in leading academic
journals. In his research, he works with companies
from a variety of industries, such as airlines,
car-sharing, logistics, agri-food, and blockchain start-
ups.
xxii Editors and Contributors

René de Koster is chair in Logistics and Operations


Management and Head of the Technology and
Operations Management Department at Rotterdam
School of Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam.
He holds a PhD from Eindhoven University of Technol-
ogy. He is the 2018 honorary Francqui Professor at
Hasselt University, Belgium. His research interests are
warehousing, material handling, terminal operations,
and behavioral operations. He is the founder of the
Material Handling Forum and is author/editor of
8 books and over 250 papers in books and academic
journals. He is on the editorial board of several journals
with associate editorships of Transportation Science,
Service Science, and Operations Research.

Deborah Ellis has consulted with leading companies


for over 25 years on supply chain strategy and network
design. Her focus has been on market-focused
approaches and developing techniques to directly link
the operation to the customer value it generates. Debo-
rah has led global projects for multinationals in the
consumer goods, industrial, pharmaceutical, and fashion
sectors and industry-level projects in agriculture and
mining. She has co-authored, with John Gattorna,
Transforming Supply Chains in 2020, and contributed
chapters on a range of topics including humanitarian
logistics and network design. Deborah and her colleague
Dr. Gattorna have presented the Global Supply Chain
Retreat Series in Australia, Europe, Asia, and
South Africa since 2017.

Milad Keshvari Fard is an associate professor at the


University of Bath School of Management. His main
research interest lies in humanitarian operations, trying
to answer the question of how to optimize the use of
scarce resources in humanitarian organizations in order
to achieve highest welfare for beneficiaries. His research
consists of both analytical and empirical aspects. His
works in humanitarian operations have been presented
in international conferences, and published in leading
academic journals such as Manufacturing & Service
Operations Management (MSOM) and Productions
and Operations Management (POM). He is also active
in other fields of research such as revenue management
and location problems.
Editors and Contributors xxiii

Britta Gammelgaard is Full Professor of Supply


Chain Management at Copenhagen Business School.
Her research has been published in Danish and interna-
tional scientific journals. She is Editor-in-Chief of the
International Journal of Logistics Management (IJLM).
Before that, she was associate editor for other supply
chain management journals and has guest-edited numer-
ous special issues. She has received several awards for
her research and research management activities includ-
ing the prestigious Danish Hedorfs Fond’s Transport
Research Award. Professor Gammelgaard is vice-chair
of the Danish professional association Effektivitet.dk
where she is working to get hers and colleagues’
research communicated to practice through its
magazine.

John Gattorna is one of the most influential voices in


the development of contemporary supply chains. The
concepts and frameworks he developed over four
decades are now used by many leading multinational
corporations. John’s primary aim has been to put more
science behind what was previously regarded as a very
operational field. John views supply chains as socio-
technical systems, which to be fully effective must
align with their target customer base. In 2018, John’s
contribution to the field was recognized by the CSCMP
with the Distinguished Service Award, and induction
into the Hall of Fame. He is a prolific author, and
holds adjunct professorship at universities around the
world.

Vishal Gaur is Emerson Professor of Manufacturing


Management and professor of operations, technology,
and information management at the Samuel Curtis John-
son Graduate School of Management at Cornell Univer-
sity. He also serves as the program director for the MS in
Business Analytics degree program at Cornell and is a
fellow of the Cornell Institute for Food Systems and the
Crypto and Blockchain Economics Research Forum.
His research deals with data-driven modeling of differ-
ent types of problems faced by supply chains, retailing,
digital, and e-commerce companies.
xxiv Editors and Contributors

Khaled Hussein is Assistant Professor at the College


of International Transport and Logistics, Arab Academy
for Science Technology and Maritime Transport, Cairo.
He has taught logistics and supply chain management
modules while having contributed to various academic
activities at the College. Khaled has recently obtained
his PhD degree at the World Maritime University with
the title of “Development of Sustainable Port Supply
Chain Integration in Egypt”. During his PhD research,
Khaled presented a paper at the International Associa-
tion of Maritime Economists (IAME) conference at
Mombasa, Kenya, in 2018. Additionally, he has co-
authored a paper in the International Journal of Logistics
Research and Applications in 2021. He has hold a keen
research interest in such topics as sustainable supply
chain management and maritime logistics, in particular,
(sea)port sustainability.

Christina Imdahl is Assistant Professor of Machine


Learning in Operations Management at the Eindhoven
University of Technology. Prior to this affiliation, she
has written her PhD thesis on “Data-driven tools and
human-decision making in operations management” at
the Kuehne Logistics University in Hamburg. She has a
keen interest in topics such as inventory management
and behavioral operations management. More specifi-
cally, she studies the design of human and machine
interaction and how to design algorithms that actively
consider the human’s interaction.

A. Michael Knemeyer is Distinguished Professor of


Logistics at Fisher College of Business. He holds a PhD
in logistics from the University of Maryland, College
Park. His research focuses on the areas of logistics
outsourcing, supply chain resilience, and supply chain
collaboration. Michael’s work has been accepted for
publication in leading journals, including Harvard Busi-
ness Review, California Management Review, Supply
Chain Management Review, Journal of Business Logis-
tics, and Journal of Supply Chain Management.
Findings from his research have also been cited in the
New York Times, World Trade Magazine, and the Wall
Street Journal. He is co-author of two books: Contem-
porary Logistics and Building High Performance Busi-
ness Relationships.
Editors and Contributors xxv

Santiago Kraiselburd is Full Professor at INCAE


Business School in Costa Rica. He is also an Adjunct
Professor at Universidad Torcuato Di Tella in Argentina
and the Zaragoza Logistics Center in Spain. Besides
academia, he has more than 20 years of work experience
as a freelancer, employee, and founder of various
companies, for example, Vaxinz (CEO and
Co-founder), a US-based biotech startup focusing on
vaccine development for Africa, the Caribbean, and
LatAm, McKinsey & Co (Senior Operations Practice
Expert/Associate Partner, Supply Chain Management),
Citibank (Regional Vice-President responsible for
e-commerce in 11 countries), and KPMG (Regional
Director responsible for the Practice of Supply Chain
and Procurement in 3 countries).

Stefan Kurpjuweit works as a Strategy and Business


Development Manager at ABB Turbocharging. He
holds a PhD in Management from ETH Zurich. His
research focuses on how established firms can select,
integrate, and leverage start-ups as their suppliers. In
addition, he published work on the impact of innovative
technologies such as additive manufacturing and
blockchain on supply chains.

Rose Luke is Associate Professor and deputy head of


department for research of the Department of Transport
and Supply Chain Management at the University of
Johannesburg, as well as a researcher at the Institute of
Transport and Logistics Studies (Africa). Rose is a fre-
quent advisor and public speaker on transport-related
issues in the southern African context. Prior to joining
academia, she worked in various principal management
and sustainability consultancy roles. Her current
research aims at developing an African focus on social
equity and sustainability in the fields of transport, logis-
tics, and supply chain matters.
xxvi Editors and Contributors

Alan C. McKinnon is Professor of Logistics in Kühne


Logistics University, Hamburg, and Professor Emeritus
at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh. A graduate of the
universities of Aberdeen, British Columbia, and
London, he has been researching and teaching in freight
transport/logistics for over 40 years and has published
widely in journals and books on many different aspects
of the subject. Much of his research has focused on the
links between logistics and climate change. He has been
an adviser to several governments, parliamentary
committees, and international organisations, including
the International Transport Forum/OECD, World Bank,
European Commission, World Economic Forum, and
the IPCC. His book on Decarbonizing Logistics was
published in 2018.

Felix Papier is professor of operations and supply


chain management at ESSEC Business School. His
research and teaching focuses on supply chain and
operations strategy, information sharing in supply
chains, and humanitarian and sustainable operations.
He is currently the Dean of Pre-Experience Programs
at ESSEC. He has published in several academic and
professional journals such as Operations Research
(OR), Manufacturing & Service Operations Manage-
ment (MSOM), and Production and Operations Man-
agement (POM), and regularly presents his research at
international conferences in Europe, Asia, and the USA.
Before joining ESSEC, he worked for several years as a
strategy and operations management consultant for
McKinsey & Company.

Gerald Reiner is Professor in Operations Manage-


ment, Head of the Institute for Production Management
and Academic Director of the MSc SCM at Vienna
University of Economics and Business. Between 2007
and 2014, he was full professor at the University of
Neuchatel (Switzerland). Between 2014 and 2018, he
was full professor and head of the department of
Operations, Energy, and Environmental Management
at Universitaet Klagenfurt. His current research focuses
on production management, supply chain management,
circular supply chains, and physical Internet. He carried
out projects with major global companies, such as
BMW, Bosch, Festo, Infineon, Magna, Rehau, Philips,
Schneider Electric, Siemens, Stock Vital / Red Bull, and
Vetrotech Saint-Gobain.
Editors and Contributors xxvii

Joseph Sarkis is a Professor within Worcester Poly-


technic Institute’s Business School. His PhD is from the
University of Buffalo. His research and teaching
interests include environmental sustainability, technol-
ogy, and supply chain management. He has authored
over 500 publications. He is currently Editor-in-Chief of
IEEE Engineering Management Review. Joe has been
recognized as a Highly Cited Researcher for each year
from 2015 to 2020 by Web of Science. He is an AT&T
Industrial Ecology Fellow and was a research scholar at
universities throughout the world. He coordinates the
Future Earth Systems of Sustainable Consumption and
Production Circular Economy Working Group. Joe is
co-editor for the Greening of Industry Networks book
series by Springer Nature Publishers.

Ruth Schültken is a doctoral student at the Endowed


Chair of Procurement at the University of Mannheim.
She holds a master’s degree in Business Administra-
tion—Supply Chain Management (MSc) from the Uni-
versity of Cologne, where she also graduated with a
bachelor’s degree in Business Administration (BSc).
She further studied at the Estonian Business School
(EBS) in Tallinn and the Dublin City University
(DCU) for one semester each. For both her master’s
and her bachelor’s degree, she received the Dean’s
Award for outstanding academic achievements. During
her studies, she gained experience in the chemical indus-
try, the service industry, and the retail industry. Her
research focuses on agile procurement and sustainable
procurement.

Dong-Wook Song is Professor of Maritime Economics


and Logistics and Korean Chair in Maritime Affairs at
the World Maritime University, Sweden. Prior to the
current post, Dong worked at universities in the UK and
Hong Kong. He holds a BA (Hons) with First Class in
Shipping Management from Korea Maritime Univer-
sity, an MSc in International Shipping and Logistics,
and a PhD in Maritime Economics and Logistics from
the University of Plymouth, UK. Dong is currently an
editor-in-chief of WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, a
former co-editor of the International Journal of Logis-
tics Research and Applications and associate editor of
xxviii Editors and Contributors

Maritime Policy & Management and sits on editorial


boards of highly regarded transport and logistics
journals.

Alfred Taudes is Professor in Operations Manage-


ment, Head of the Research Institute for
Cryptoeconomics, and Scientific Director of the
Austrian Blockchain Center. He held chair positions in
Essen, Münster, and Augsburg (Germany) and has been
visiting professor at Tsukuba and Kobe University
(Japan). His current research focuses on market-driven
supply chain management, cryptoeconomics, and phys-
ical Internet. He managed large-scale research projects
like SFB010 Adaptive Information Systems and
Modelling in Economics and Management Science and
WWTF Project Mathematical Modelling for Integrated
Demand and Supply Chain Management and carried out
many projects with partners from industry.

Marcus Thiell is Associate Professor at Universidad


de los Andes School of Management, Bogotá, and
co-founder of the first Master in Supply Chain Manage-
ment in Colombia. Marcus holds a doctoral degree from
Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg and
a Diplom-Kaufmann from Hamburg University. His
research interests focus on (service) supply chain man-
agement in emerging markets. Marcus has published in
international journals and co-authored several chapters
and cases about supply chain management practices and
challenges in Colombia. As consultant of the UniAndes
Strategy and Competitiveness Center, he worked on
projects related to supply chain management, e.g. in
the oil industry, food services, retail, and the public
sector.

Maxi Udenio is assistant professor of operations man-


agement at the Faculty of Economics and Business at
KU Leuven. His research focuses on inventory control
and sustainable supply chain management. His interests
include empirical modeling of inventory dynamics and
the evolution of supply networks in time. Moreover, he
is active in research concerning mid- to long-term
sustainability issues such as the impact of water-related
issues in supply chain management and the SC dynam-
ics behind the transition to energy-efficient vehicles.
Editors and Contributors xxix

Stephan M. Wagner is Professor of Supply Chain


Management, holds the Chair of Logistics Management,
and is the Founder and Director of the HumOSCM Lab
at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
(ETH Zurich). From 2008 to 2019, he was Director of
the Executive MBA in Supply Chain Management.
Prior to that he served on the faculty of WHU—Otto
Beisheim School of Management and worked for
10 years as head of supply chain management for a
Swiss-based technology group and as senior manager
for an international top management consulting firm. In
his research, he is interested in interfirm relationships,
risk, innovation, entrepreneurship, digitalization,
sustainability, and humanitarian operations.

Carl Marcus Wallenburg is chaired Professor of


Logistics and Services Management at WHU—Otto
Beisheim School of Management. His research focuses
on online and omnichannel retailing, logistics services
and 3PLs, different supply chain matters (e.g. risk man-
agement and logistics innovation), and how they are
influenced by vertical and horizontal relationships. He
is European Editor of the Journal of Business Logistics
and Associate Editor of the Journal of Supply Chain
Management. His work has been published in various
journals, including European Journal of Marketing,
International Journal of Operations and Production
Management, Journal of Business Logistics, Journal of
Purchasing and Supply Management, and Journal of
Supply Chain Management.

Jackie Walters is Professor and the previous Head of


the Department of Transport and Supply Chain manage-
ment at the University of Johannesburg, a position he
held for 17 years before retirement in 2018. He
specializes in public transport policy, transport econom-
ics, and aviation studies. He is also a specialist adviser to
the organized bus industry in South Africa.
xxx Editors and Contributors

Gordon Wilmsmeier received his PhD in Geography


from the University of Osnabrück and graduated as
geographer from the Technische Universität Dresden,
Germany. He holds the Kühne Professorial Chair in
Logistics at the School of Management, Universidad
de los Andes, Colombia, and is the Director of the
University’s Project Development Office of the Vice-
presidency for Research and Creation. Gordon is Pro-
fessor for Shipping and Global Logistics at the Kühne
Logistics University (KLU) in Hamburg. Gordon is
honorary professor for maritime geography at the Uni-
versity of Applied Sciences in Bremen, Germany. He is
leader of PPRN–https://pprn.network), Vice-President
of IAME, and associate member of PortEconomics. He
has published over 100 book chapters, journal papers,
institutional publications, and working papers.
Editors and Contributors xxxi

Management Perspective Authors

Sabine Mueller With over 20 years’ experience, she is


a leading voice in the logistics sector. She is passionate
about helping supply chain leaders navigate the changes
brought about by digital transformation, the impact of
new technologies, and the need to operate sustainably.
Her team of 120 consultants at DHL Consulting, the
management and strategic supply chain consultancy of
Deutsche Post DHL Group, guides Deutsche Post DHL
and its customers to stay ahead of the curve. Sabine is
also passionate about the advancement of women into
leadership positions and improving gender parity in the
workplace. She writes regularly about supply chain
topics and women in leadership on her blog, Sabinext.

Radu Palamariu is the Managing Director Asia


Pacific & Europe of Alcott Global and the Global
Head of Supply Chain and Logistics Practice. He has
been working on C-level and top management executive
search assignments with Top Fortune 500 companies
and local Asia conglomerates, particularly for
manufacturing, logistics, transportation, supply chain
management, and e-commerce. A frequent speaker at
industry conferences across the region, he is a contribu-
tor on latest technologies shaping supply chains, as well
as human resources trends and developments. He is the
host of the “Leaders in Supply Chain” Podcast, which is
consistently ranked among the top 10 global industry
podcasts. Radu has been featured in Bloomberg, Logis-
tics Insight Asia, Bangkok Post, as well as the MIT
Supply Chain Talent Magazine and has been named as
one of the top 3 Global Supply Chain Influencers on
LinkedIn.

Scott William Phillips is the Global Supply Chain &


Sourcing Director for ECCO Shoes. ECCO is a privately
owned Danish MNC operating an end-to-end, owner-
operated, vertically integrated value chain. Scott started
his career in Australia, and since 2005 has lived and
worked across S.E. Asia and beyond, in diverse
industries like steel, packaging, cables, and shoes,
gaining hands-on supply chain knowledge and skills.
Primary interests are in network optimisation,
xxxii Editors and Contributors

digitization, people development, and sustainability.


Scott holds an MBA with University of South Australia,
and is currently the Chair of the Supply & Distribution
Group, a sub-committee of the Logistics and Supply
Chain Management Society (Singapore).

Hans Thibau obtained his master’s degree in engineer-


ing at KU Leuven and an MBA degree at Flanders
Business School in Belgium. He started his career at
Atlas Copco in 1994 and had various roles in
manufacturing, engineering, sourcing, operations, logis-
tics, and general management in Belgium and Sweden.
He was formerly the Vice-President Operations of Atlas
Copco’s Industrial Technique division and currently
Vice-President Logistics in Compressor Technique,
Atlas Copco’s largest division. He is the program man-
ager of the “Atlas Copco lean booklet” and a frequently
asked lecturer in management education.

Manfred Heijligers is an experienced supply chain


leader orchestrating end-to-end supply networks to
deliver value, drive growth, and maximize service
levels. Seasoned in high-tech, capital-intense B2B
healthcare environment of low-volume, installable, and
configurable equipment where he has worked in several
leadership positions in product development, quality,
plant management, and global supply chain manage-
ment and later focusing on integrated business planning.
He is passionate about driving teams and processes to
operational excellence and achieving breakthrough
transformations in pragmatic way.

Stef Kicken is working as a Sales and Operations


Leader for Philips. Before joining Philips, he worked
as a business consultant at Eyeon to improve planning
processes for companies in the high-tech and process
industry. He is an experienced supply chain professional
with a passion for planning and forecasting, driving
operational excellence and leading teams to drive
impact. Stef is specialized in demand planning, in
usage of planning systems, and in sales and operations
planning.
Editors and Contributors xxxiii

Hans Ehm received his Master of Science in Mechani-


cal Engineering from Oregon State University in 1985.
He had several management and consulting positions in
the semiconductor industry and in supply chains. Today
he is Lead Principal Supply Chain heading the supply
chain innovation department at Infineon Technologies
AG. He leads the working group supply chain manage-
ment of the ZVEI and is engaged in European and
German funded projects. His interest is on supply
chain innovation with a focus on semantic web, supply
chain planning, deep learning, artificial intelligence,
simulation, and application of quantum computing.

Sophie Punte is the founder of Smart Freight Centre, a


non-profit organization dedicated to set a global norm
for industry to reach zero emission freight by 2050,
together with the Global Logistics Emissions Council
(GLEC). She has 25 years of sustainability and climate
experience in both developed and developing countries.
Previously, she headed Clean Air Asia and worked with
the United Nations, KPMG, and an engineering firm.
Since early 2021, Sophie is Managing Director of Policy
for the We Mean Business Coalition, bridging the gap
between business climate action and ambitious govern-
ment policy, including through COP and other interna-
tional government fora.

Thomas Knudsen became Managing Director at Toll


Group on 1 January 2020, after serving for two years as
Toll’s President of Global Forwarding. At Toll, Thomas
is leading an ambitious strategy to transform Toll into
one of Asia Pacific’s leading transport and supply chain
companies. Thomas is a senior executive with a global
logistics career spanning more than 25 years. Thomas
has held executive leadership, commercial, trade, and
route management roles in the Middle East, North
America, Europe, and Asia. Prior to joining Toll,
Thomas was CEO, Asia Pacific at global logistics
leader, Damco. Based in Singapore, he was responsible
for the company’s day-to-day business operations for
the Asia region, with more than 5000 colleagues in a
region stretching from Japan to Myanmar. Prior to join-
ing Damco, Thomas spent two decades with A.P.
Moller—Maersk. In his most recent role there, Thomas
xxxiv Editors and Contributors

was the Asia Pacific Regional CEO for Maersk Line. In


this role, he led all commercial activities across the
region and was a member of Maersk’s global leadership
team. Thomas holds an Executive Master of Manage-
ment degree in Supply Chain from IE Business School,
Madrid, Spain. Thomas has completed a number of
executive programs at Harvard Business School,
INSEAD, and Cranfield.

Kelsey Holman is currently the Chief Operating Offi-


cer of Qantas Freight, which provides air, warehouse,
and road solutions. She has experience across multiple
supply chain elements across air, rail, road, and
shipping, and played an advisory role in the set-up of
the largest rail freight operator in Australia. Kelsey has a
particular interest in both digital enablement and future
capability planning. She was previously Head of Strate-
gic Resource Management for KPMG, Australia, and
understands the critical requirement for skills and
capabilities to evolve in line with future industry trends.
She sits on the Board of Advisory for the Institute of
Transport and Logistics Studies and is committed to
connectivity between enterprise and education.

Peter Creeden is a well-respected international supply


chain executive with over 25 years of global industry
experience. Peter’s experience includes 22 years with
Hamburg Sud in a variety of international roles leading
to senior management including Managing Director—
Finance & Operations for Australian and New Zealand/
Pacific. Peter Creeden has been an active supporter of
supply chain improvement initiatives. Peter was also a
founding member of the Future Logistics Living Lab.
The Living Lab was an industry innovation space that
fostered collaborative technology solutions for the logis-
tics industry. In 2019, Peter established MPC Interna-
tional Pty Ltd. MPC International is an advisory firm
providing support and insights to the supply chain
industry.
Editors and Contributors xxxv

Joost Bekker is a supply chain and last-mile optimiza-


tion strategist with extensive experience in understand-
ing and interpreting the demands of complex logistics
operations. His 25+ years of international experience
across a myriad of industries and verticals enables him
to provide expert guidance to clients and design imple-
mentation strategies that best serve the needs of an
operation. Simplicity, clarity, and logic are characteris-
tic of his approach to servicing his clients. Joost’s pas-
sion for operational excellence and his commitment to
enabling high performing operations provide a reliable
and trustworthy support framework for his clients. His
analytical strengths ensure the strategic guidance
provided to clients is contextually relevant and aligned
for achievement of results that serve organizational
performance.

Adam Radwanski has been SVP & Managing Direc-


tor Asia Pacific at Silversea Cruises since June 2020 and
oversees the strategic direction for the company in the
fast-growing APAC region. Adam is an accomplished
senior executive with over 13 years of experience in the
travel industry, offering a unique blend of strong leader-
ship skills, strategic capabilities, and knowledge. Prior
to joining Silversea Cruises, between 2008 and 2020,
Adam has worked in several high impact commercial
roles at Qatar Airways in Europe, the Middle East, and
Australasia. Before joining Qatar Airways, Adam
worked at Virgin Atlantic Airways, based in the UK,
in sales and distribution roles within Virgin’s interna-
tional sales division. He holds a Global Executive MBA
Asia Pacific from UCLA Anderson Business School and
National University of Singapore (awarded with C .H.
Wee Gold Medal for best graduate), an MA in Interna-
tional Relations from the University of Warsaw, Poland,
and an MSc in Air Transport Management from
Cranfield University, UK.
xxxvi Editors and Contributors

Corrie Gent is the Head of Procurement Development


at AP Moller—Maersk. In addition to supporting over
600 Procurement colleagues globally with learning and
development, she also works with the procurement lead-
ership team in Maersk to build and drive the strategic
agenda. Corrie is also the leader of the SEPA Consor-
tium Office. The SEPA organization works together
with corporations including Carlsberg, Danske Bank,
and Friesland Campina, among others, to drive value
through business synergies. She has worked with the
Maersk group for over 14 years in a variety of functions
including operations and human resources before
moving to Maersk Procurement in 2016. Recently, Cor-
rie has worked closely with Copenhagen Business
School to support the development of the Supply
Chain Management program.

Nikolaj Josiassen is Head of Capability Building in


Procurement at one of the world’s largest renewable
energy developers and the world’s most sustainable
energy company, Ørsted in Denmark. Here he has
worked to develop the most comprehensive capability
building set-up and training offering, ensuring a contin-
uous focus on procurement skills in the company. Train-
ing is offered from onboarding to mature career and on
all levels of competency within procurement at Ørsted.
Nikolaj is also External Lecturer at Copenhagen Busi-
ness School, where he over the last 7 years has taught
supply chain management and procurement. In this
capacity, he has overseen and supervised numerous
theses and student projects in this field.

Eytan Buchman is the Chief Marketing Officer at the


Freightos Groups, which includes freightos.com,
WebCargo, and Freightos Data. He also runs the
company’s logistics technology research and education
efforts. Since joining Freightos in 2013, he has played a
critical role in scaling the business across thousands of
logistics providers, tens of thousands of importers, and
collaboration with air and ocean carriers. He regularly
writes and speaks about logistics technology trends, and
hosts “The Future of Freight”, a webinar series that
showcases leaders in the logistics technology
ecosystem.
Editors and Contributors xxxvii

Lars Brzoska studied business at the University of


Münster and received his doctorate in economics from
that institution in 2003. That same year, he began at the
Gildemeister Group, eventually becoming the Manag-
ing Director of DMG Vertriebs und Service GmbH. In
2010, Dr Brzoska joined the Demag Cranes AG, later
Terex Material Handling & Port Solutions AG, and
worked there until 2014, lastly on the Board of Manage-
ment. In April 2014, Dr Brzoska was elected to the
Board of Management of the Jungheinrich AG. He
was responsible for the Marketing & Sales division
until 2018 and for Technics until 2019. He has been
Chairman of the Board of Management of Jungheinrich
AG since 2019. Dr Lars Brzoska is married and has two
children.

Marcell Vollmer is Partner & Director at BCG with


over 20 years of experience developing and
implementing procurement, supply chain, finance,
shared services, and digital transformation strategies
across industries globally. Prior to joining BCG, Marcell
was Chief Innovation Officer at Celonis, the world’s
leading process mining software company, where he
was supporting customers and partners in developing
and executing digital transformation initiatives. Marcell
brings more than 14 years of successful digital transfor-
mation and procurement optimization experience gained
at SAP in various roles as Chief Digital Officer, Chief
Operating Officer, as well as Chief Procurement Officer
and Senior Vice-President at SAP. He has also managed
various strategy and implementation projects at PA
Consulting Group as well as at DHL Express. Marcell
is a wanted speaker at conferences and an active social
media influencer with more than 75k followers on Twit-
ter and 40k followers on LinkedIn. Marcell earned his
PhD in Economics from the University of Hamburg in
Germany.

Roshan Kumar is a Senior Operations Practice Expert/


Associate Partner, Supply Chain Management, at
McKinsey & Co based in Boston, MA (USA). As a
leader in the operations practice, Roshan has advised
CPG, retail, and advanced industries clients on topics
related to supply chain. His areas of expertise include
large-scale supply chain transformations, E2E supply
chain strategy, supply chain planning, and inventory
optimization. Dr Kumar has prior teaching and research
xxxviii Editors and Contributors

experience at the University of Texas at Austin (USA),


University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (USA), and
the Indian Institute of Technology in Bombay (India).

Philip Evans is Secretary General of the European


Freight & Logistics Leaders’ Forum (F&L)—www.
europeanfreightleaders.eu. F&L is a network of senior
business leaders operating across global supply chains
with a particular focus on freight logistics. The organi-
zation brings together shippers, service companies,
academics, and other supply chain stakeholders, to dis-
cuss current issues and debate long-term strategic
solutions. He has been involved in international trade
for many years both as a commercial director of a global
exporter and as an entrepreneur setting up his own
European retail franchise. He started his career in
investment banking and was later a partner at Arthur
Andersen and head of its European retail practice.

U. R. Unnithan is the Co-Founder & CEO of DIBIZ


Pte Ltd, a Blockchain powered digital supply chain
platform and market place for sustainable products. He
has over 36 years of experience in the oils and fats
industry at the C-suite level, 30 years of which has
been in the palm oil industry. He is also the Founder
and CEO of SUMWIN Global Pte Ltd, a process tech-
nology company that develops innovative solutions in
the field of renewal energy, oleochemicals, animal feed,
and nutraceuticals. He is Fellow of the Institution of
Chemical Engineers, UK (FIChemE), and Malaysian
Institute of Management (FMIM).

Roland Strauss is managing director of Berger


Beteiligungs GmbH, a group of companies active in
logistics and transportation with full scope logistics
services, trailer construction and production, and truck
service. He is responsible for strategy, business devel-
opment, IT, and M&A. Besides that he is university
lecturer at Alpe-Adria University Klagenfurt, Depart-
ment for Operations Management and Logistics, and at
FH-Wien (University of Applied Sciences for Manage-
ment). Roland has been advisor up to director level in
the risk advisory team of KPMG and the corporate
finance team of TPA Group Vienna.
Editors and Contributors xxxix

Linda Romano has been a practitioner in the humani-


tarian sector since 2006, holding positions in philan-
thropy and grantmaking. Initially raising funds for a
community agency in Chicago serving people with
developmental disabilities, she went on to grantmaking
at Lions Clubs International, allocating funds to
healthcare initiatives across South Asia. She then took
on philanthropic roles at Development and Peace—
Caritas Canada, an organization focused on emergency
relief and social justice, and major donations at
Centraide United Way of Greater Montreal and the
University of Ottawa. Linda has a Bachelor of Arts
from McGill University and a Master of Science in
Public Service Management from DePaul University.

Johan du Plessis has been involved in the supply chain


industry for 50 years. He held senior positions in clear-
ing and forwarding and supply chain management. For
the past 29 years, Johan has managed his own company,
Logistics International, acting as a strategic supply chain
consultant and a 4PL operator. His specializations are in
domestic and global supply chains, from design to
implementation. He has also lectured for the University
of Johannesburg, Wits Business School, and UNISA.
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain
Management: Changing Skill Sets
and Smart Career Choices

Rico Merkert and Kai Hoberg

1 Introduction

When looking at the future of an industry trying to provide guidance on graduate


qualities, changing skill sets, and smart career choices, it is necessary to also look at
its past. “The line between disorder and order lies in logistics. . .” is a quote by
Chinese philosopher and general Sun Tzu which he used some 2500 years ago to
emphasize that logistics is a key factor in winning wars. Well, many believe that our
planet and global supply chains are currently or soon will be battling major issues not
too dissimilar to wars. For example, when Mann (2021) uses another famous quote
of Tzu saying, “If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the
result of a hundred battles.”, he does so the context of the war on climate change.
Knowing what is going to be out there in the next decade and preparing yourself
(practitioners and students) for what this future holds is something we aim to
contribute to with this chapter and book. And while we think the future is bright,
and climate change appears to be the elephant in the room, there will be many more
battles confronting the logistics and supply chain management (L&SCM) sector. In
the last two years alone, firms have been exposed to the COVID-19 pandemic
disrupting the industry in both negative and positive ways, online hackers have
breached IT security and paralyzed global companies, and with them, entire supply
chains. In addition, geopolitical tensions such as the Ukraine war or the rise of
China are now driving sureshoring of supply chain elements that are of national
interest and deemed essential. Supply for commodities and energy that has been

R. Merkert (*)
Institute of Transport and Logistics Studies, The University of Sydney Business School, Sydney,
NSW, Australia
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Hoberg
Supply Chain and Operations Strategy, Kühne Logistics University, Hamburg, Germany
e-mail: [email protected]

# The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1


R. Merkert, K. Hoberg (eds.), Global Logistics and Supply Chain Strategies
for the 2020s, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95764-3_1
2 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

believed to be secure is becoming unstable and prices are under severe pressure
given inflationary pressure unseen in decades. And then, there are innovations and
technological advancements that enable change but also require vision, agility, and
strategic investments (not just in tech but also in talent) to manage the resulting need
for digital transformation and adaptation to changing environments. All this means
that individuals seeking a career in this industry need to be aware of the opportunities
and challenges that the future of logistics and supply chain holds in order to be
prepared, to adapt and to make smart career choices.
That said, Tzu’s wise words on the importance of logistics were lost in many
businesses for a long period of time: Logistics was considered a necessary evil,
required to carry goods from origin to destination, typically at the lowest cost
possible. Accordingly, it was not considered as the function in businesses that was
attracting the best talents, and neither was it promising enhancements in individuals’
reputation or career opportunities within firms. Way too often, it was seen as not
visionary or strategic at all but rather as a lot of operational work geared toward
solving problems—yet often involving firefighting with heroic effort that enabled
top management to keep the business afloat.
However, across most industries, the term logistics has evolved over the last decade
as its focus has been typically extended to supply chain management (SCM).1 Today,
SCM with the aspiration to manage and orchestrate material, information, and financial
flows across transnational networks of suppliers and customers is typically seen as a
key success factor in many firms. Companies compete for the best supply chain setups
and get awarded for their innovative solutions. Increasingly, advanced supply chain
management capabilities as evidenced by firms such as Apple, Amazon, Cisco, or
Procter & Gamble have been shown to enable outperformance of peers through supply
chains that achieve cost advantages, better service or product quality and faster
innovation. It has been widely established that firms with superior supply chain
competencies can benefit in terms of both customer satisfaction and shareholder
value (Ellinger et al., 2012). Accordingly, firms’ rankings in business awards, such
as the annual Gartner top-25 supply chain list (Gartner, 2022), are carefully observed
and celebrated. In parallel, the presence of Chief Supply Chain Officers (CSCO) at
board and c-suite level has increased over time ensuring the required executive support
to better position and negotiate the complex topics around SCM in firms (Hoberg et al.,
2015). In addition, other top managers—including the CEO—have increasingly
gained SCM experience in former positions (Wagner & Kemmerling, 2014;
Bloomberg, 2021). As a consequence, logistics and SCM are today perceived as a
topic and business function with high strategic relevance.
At the same time, logistics and SCM have also come a long way in terms of
innovation and technological advancements. The advent of containers was the first
technological game changer in logistics in the twentieth century that enabled cheap
mass transportation across continents and paved the path toward globalization (see
Levinson, 2016, 2021 for the impact of “the box”), and many more innovations have

1
See four perspectives on logistics and supply chain management in Larson and
Halldorsson (2004).
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 3

transformed global supply chains since then. Today, logistics and supply chain
managers use the latest disruptive Supply Chain 4.0 technologies that leverage big
data, advanced robotics, or Internet of things (IoT) sensors to optimize the orches-
tration of the different physical, financial, and information flows. For example,
online retailer Zalando is using weather forecasts to anticipate customer orders and
schedule warehouse workers to avoid lengthy delays in order fulfillment (Steinker
et al., 2017). Amazon is leveraging Kiva robots in warehouses to minimize the
pickers’ walking distances and has long been experimenting with automated picking
solutions. IoT sensors offered by startups such as Tive or Trackster Global, allow
tracking locations of parcels or temperature-sensitive goods and record the unautho-
rized opening of containers by measuring the incidence of light. These innovative
digital technologies can help companies boost sales, cut transportation and
warehousing costs and allow for further significant inventory reductions. However,
in most companies mastering and implementing these technologies will still require
time, talent, and investment. Integrating data, technology, and advanced decision
making across many partners is certainly a challenge but also a welcome opportunity
for many years to come.
While we are super bullish about career opportunities in logistics and supply
chain management in the 2020s, this decade started with an unprecedented challenge
for many companies: The COVID-19 pandemic has not only disrupted economies all
over the world but also heavily affected many supply chains. The pandemic trig-
gered unprecedented demand and supply shocks and amplified volatility across
many industries. Initially, many industries were hit by lockdowns—first in China
and later across the globe—which forced many manufacturers to shut down their
operations. Soon after, end consumers started panic buying and emptying shelves in
supermarkets for goods like toilet paper, canned food, pasta, or painkillers (Alicke &
Hoberg, 2020). In 2021, many companies observed the consequences of the mas-
sively increased volatility, as car manufacturers were not able to source sufficient
semiconductors and had to idle assembly plants (Ewing, 2021) or long lines of
container ships were queuing outside major ports triggering huge delays for domes-
tic customers (Financial Times, 2021) or retailers running low on pallets due to
lumber shortages and price hikes. Consequently, logistics and SCM have triggered
global public interest never observed before. Importantly, firms that prepared their
supply chains well with advanced strategies, superior processes, and enhanced
visibility were those that outperformed their peers while maneuvering through the
storm.
As a result, it is not only our latest research findings and employment data coming
out of the industry but also the compounding expert evidence presented in the
chapters of this book that let us confidently predict logistics and supply chain
management to be a smart career choice for the next generation. As Bloomberg
(2021) has put it nicely, “the twenty-first century should be about supply chains.” To
feel the pulse of this generation, over the period of two years, we engaged with the
students in our programs—both at Kuehne Logistics University (KLU) in Germany
and at the University of Sydney Business School in Australia to reveal what they
think about the future of the industry that they have devoted their studies to. In fact, a
key motivation for writing this chapter and for putting the effort into recruiting
4 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

27 globally recognized academics in their respective L&SCM fields as well as a


senior manager in each of those fields, was some of our students asking during our
lectures whether we think that this industry has a future at all? Clearly, those students
were concerned about the return on investment of their tuition fees and time in
studying a L&SCM degree. Perhaps more importantly, it became apparent that they
also wanted to get confirmation or at least more information around the value of
preparing themselves for a career in this industry. The following selection of key
question from students over last two years indicates that they see potential but also
risks associated with a career in supply chain management:

• As automation is revolutionizing supply chains across the globe—with places


such as warehouses now being fully automated, what skills do I need to acquire to
be able to compete and/or collaborate with the robots and/or drones?
• The advancement of 3D printing has the potential to disrupt many industries—
will there be less of a need for cargo shipments and hence less jobs in logistics if
goods can be produced locally?
• With shortening supply chains due to political tensions and environmental
concerns, will there be less career opportunities in global logistics?
• New machine learning and artificial intelligence approaches are rapidly increas-
ing the maturity of supply chain planning—is there any scope for further
improvement? What is the next big thing if planning becomes fully automated
and “lights-out,” and does this mean the “Death of SC Management” as indicated
by (Lyall et al., 2018)?
• Many supply chain jobs are offshored to service centers in other countries,
partially to enable tax-efficient supply chain setups—what is the impact on jobs
and roles in supply chain management and how does this affect collaboration and
leadership?
• With a strong focus on logistics or supply chain management, you can become an
specialist but might lose important general skills. Can you still make it into top
management?

It is clear that adaptation will have to happen and that skill sets will change.
However, the following selection of questions from our students points to a substan-
tial need for logistics and supply chain talent in the future:

• Supply chains need to become more resilient—will machines alone be able to


avoid stockouts of essential goods and to save human lives but also to avoid profit
disruption for those companies involved?
• Climate change must be addressed to save the planet—how can we contribute to
that with smart thinking and better SCM and logistics approaches, e.g., route
optimization, collaboration, or better planning?
• Supply chains need to overcome social challenges—currently many supply
chains exploit child labor or use commodities from rogue countries. Is there
anything that I can do to change those management practices?
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 5

• Supply chains need to prepare for the new realities of geopolitical conflicts,
constrained commodity supplies and rising prices. How can companies adopt
their supply chains to this new volatility and align their shoring decisions (e.g.
nearshoring, friendshoring, reshoring), partner relationships and contract types?
• Technology and data enable smarter choices and new business models, e.g., by
increasing visibility on supply chain partners, it allows businesses to directly
interact with end customers or customize services to the actual needs. Is that not a
huge opportunity for startups and a career in that industry more generally?
• Many repetitive and boring tasks can be automated based on smart technologies.
Does that not mean no more endless standard planning, routing, or customs
declaration activities, but rather creating new roles to advance processes and
make them more efficient, which could be quite career rewarding?
• There is still a significant skills shortage for logistics and supply chain talents
(McKinnon et al., 2017) which was amplified since the onset of the COVID-19
pandemic. Therefore, aren’t supply chain graduates and experts more sought after
and could the L&SCM manager be the new sexiest job of the decade?

While each of these questions is fascinating in their own right, in sum we see
many more pros than cons for a career choice in logistics and supply chain manage-
ment. This chapter aims to summarize the key points and also how this book looks at
all these aspects in greater detail.

2 Global Trends

All in all, we have been seeing highly efficient and well-orchestrated flows in many
supply chains that maximize the value for the parties involved. However, in addition
to opportunities, we also see current challenges such as disruption and rising costs in
supply chains and emerging challenges that need to be addressed in the next wave of
optimization. In line with other research (Utomo et al., 2020), in this section, we
focus on four key trends that will affect logistics and supply chain management in
the 2020 decade (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 Key trends affecting logistics and supply chain management in the 2020 decade
6 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

2.1 Technological Breakthroughs

With the immense increases in computing power, the availability of cheap sensor
technology, and the advancements in Internet communication, there are many
technological breakthroughs that affect our everyday lives: We are getting used to
new tools such as voice-enabled smart assistants like Amazon Alexa, Netflix
recommendations for new streaming shows, or driver support systems in cars such
as Tesla’s autopilot. While many of these technologies are aimed at the end con-
sumer, many more technologies do provide benefits in a logistics and supply chain
management context. We are seeing new warehouse technologies deployed that
fundamentally change the traditional man-to-goods design principles, truck routes
can be optimized in real time based on traffic conditions, and latest pick-up and
delivery requests and data on orders and invoices are exchanged contactless between
supply chain partners, thus avoiding new lengthy and error-prone data entry. Using
blockchain technology in those processes will add additional value to the process in
the form of authentication and verification. However, this is only the very tip of the
iceberg and is what is possible today rather than what we may see emerging in the
not-so-distant future.
Many new supply chain 4.0 technologies are currently piloted and tested and
those will enable a whole new level of optimization. Table 1 provides an overview of
ten technology clusters that will more fundamentally affect supply chains in this
decade. They promise to collectively substantially increase the efficiency, resilience,
agility, and customer orientation of many supply chain processes. Some of these
technologies are already relatively mature and have the potential for widespread
adoption in the near future (e.g., advanced robotics in warehousing, IoT/smart sensor
technology, or core SC analytics), while others need certainly more time for valida-
tion and testing (e.g., autonomous transport and delivery technologies or collabora-
tion and crowd platforms). While technology is not the silver bullet to all problems,
if many technologies come together, they can enable significant productivity boosts
and innovative disruptions, such as the idea of the physical Internet or the promise of
lights-out warehouses. While technology appears to be net-advantageous to future
supply chains, it is worth mentioning that Internet security and a potential loss of
human capabilities/experience could be potential risk factors in the transition process
to a more autonomous and smart logistics and supply chain future.

2.2 Climate and Resource Security

In the past years, there has been a notable increase in public awareness about the
consequences of climate change and the scarcity of resources. Climate change has
been driven throughout the twentieth century due to industrialization and emissions,
in particular carbon dioxide that create a greenhouse effect. The twenty-fist century
saw a considerable acceleration of greenhouse gas emission. As a consequence,
nations across the globe collectively agreed to limit global warming to 1.5  C under
the 2015 Paris Agreement . This effort requires a significant reduction of carbon
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 7

Table 1 Overview of Supply Chain 4.0 technology clusters

Supply Chain 4.0 Description


cluster

1 Advanced robotics in Robotic systems that allow for improvements in warehouses by


warehousing increasing efficiency and reducing labor

2 Autonomous transport Solutions allowing semi- and fully autonomous transportation,


and delivery ranging from long-distance heavy cargo to short-distance delivery
of individual goods
3 Virtual and augmented Support of repetitive and systematic human tasks through virtual
reality applications reality applications
4 IoT/smart sensor Real-time control of machine and environmental
applications conditions due to analysis of sensor data

5 Core SC analytics Standard tool set of big data and machine learning techniques
technologies providing support for SC decision making
6 Analytics for Big data and machine learning techniques focusing on automated
end-to-end SC planning end-to-end supply chain planning in real time

7 Analytics for transport Big data and machine learning techniques focusing on
and warehousing optimization of transport and warehouse processes

8 Process Automation of labor-intensive SC processes driven by robotic


automation process automation and other advanced analytics collecting
required data via process mining
9 Collaboration and Connecting consumers of SC activities through the cloud in order
crowd platforms to optimize individual transportation and warehousing capacities
10 Blockchain Distributed databases that record transactions in an immutable
ledger to enable transparency and value-add services such as
smart contracts

Source: adopted from Alicke et al., 2018

emissions by 2030 and achieving near-zero emissions by 2050. While logistics and
transportation are directly only responsible for around one-fifth of global CO2
emissions, manufacturing and shipping all types of products fall clearly into the
scope of supply chain management. Companies and governments have recognized
that CO2 emissions can be reduced by superior supply chain management practices.
On a global level, the planetary boundaries are a limiting factor for economic
growth: For many commodities and raw materials, humankind is consuming
resources at a staggering speed that is exhausting the planet. On a firm level, it
becomes much more difficult to acquire the required raw materials at reasonable
prices and at steady rates, not to mention the race of China and other countries to
secure future rights for most of the key commodities they need for their growth. In
the past years, rare earth metals have been the most pressing case of such supply
constraints (Rauer & Kaufmann, 2015), but with the increase in demand for electric
vehicles, other metals such as lithium or cobalt are now on the radar of governments
and investors too. As such, it is likely that in the future ensuring access to raw
materials will become a much more widespread challenge.
8 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

The implications for SCM and logistics are becoming clearer every day:
Managers need to review their transportation and manufacturing networks much
more frequently to deal with higher energy costs, local environmental requirements,
and possibly the limited availability of important resources. Companies need to form
new alliances and find partners that help them collaboratively reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. This is particularly important as scope 3 emissions are increasingly
becoming the gold standard for measuring emissions and those also include all
indirect emissions that occur in a company’s value chain. New technologies need
to be reviewed and tested that can reduce a company’s footprint—technologies that
could become game changers or entirely fail despite huge investments. And ulti-
mately, trade-offs need to be reviewed and defined once it comes to agility and
responsiveness on the one hand and environmental responsibility on the one hand.
Accordingly, it will become a much more complex question if Apple should
continue to ship “empty iPad boxes halfway across the world and back” (Lovejoy,
2021) to avoid unhappy customers. While under the current economics, this might
be feasible the decision could change with a much stronger focus on greenhouse gas
emissions and different ethical guidance.

2.3 Changing Customer Requirements

Customer centricity, i.e., delivery products in line with customer expectation, has
always been the overarching objective of logistics and supply chain management
practices: getting the right product at the right time to the right location at the right
price. However, the complexity of all these activities has grown exponentially since
the days when Henry Ford declared to offer the Ford Model T in “any color so long
as it is black.” Today, customers of most product categories expect a myriad of
options or straight customization which increases the complexity in design, sourc-
ing, and manufacturing. And customers are now used to getting the ordered product
the next day, if not the same day and if possible within an hour time frame in the last
mile delivery context (Merkert et al., 2023). This challenge drives the complexity
and efforts in warehousing and transportation for many retailers and logistics service
providers alike. Due to this so-called Amazon effect, customers are accustomed to a
world where individual needs are met with one-click ordering, fast delivery, and
instant gratification (Forbes, 2020). This also affects B2B customers who are getting
used to these extraordinary customer services from their private lives (as the new
normal). In future, this may well lead to hyper-expectations everywhere and
companies in fierce competition are often not able to charge for the value add of
these costly expectations. As a result of supply chain operations and their models
becoming more complex, the (B2B) customers need to be segmented (Protopappa-
Sieke and Thonemann 2017) to avoid being overwhelmed by the many differing
operational requirements and demands. As observed during the COVID-19-related
lockdowns, markets can quickly shift with customers now engaging much more with
e-commerce platforms. Companies that can adjust their supply chains quickly in
periods like this increase their market shares, while others suffer. In addition, an
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 9

agile supply chain also supports entirely new business models that are very
customer-centric. For example, ultra-fast textile retailers such as Shein or Fashion
Nova launch up to 1000 new styles per week and benefit from regional supply chains
that can react to the latest Instagram trends. In this way, the time from design and
prototype to production and sales is reduced by up to three days. Accordingly, these
firms can offer an agility and resulting resilience many established retailers with
much longer planning cycles can only dream of.

2.4 Changing Ecosystems

With advancements in technology, changes to operational environments and


evolving consumer preferences, logistics, and supply chain management ecosystems
have not only become a more competitive landscape but have also transformed into
advanced industries. Central to this book, we argue with Boiarynova and
Kopishynska (2021) that young and creative people inject their non-standard
solutions into logistics and supply chain companies. New market entrants and new
business models are challenging the market leaders (e.g., Wagner and Kurpjuweit,
2023, Chapter “Startups in the Logistics Sector: Value Propositions and Potential
Impact” of this book), many of which have grown to become global companies in
their own right (in the Australian context; see, for example, WiseTech Global or in
the European context, Forto) with significant market and bargaining power.
In addition, increasing market concentration (which has continued to play out
during the COVID-19 pandemic), there have also been trends toward omni-channel
distribution, a boom in e-commerce, horizontal and vertical collaborations (e.g.,
joint ventures), as well as a shift from globalization to onshoring and sure shoring.
As such, we argue that it is not only companies but logistics ecosystems that have
been transformed by disruptive technology transition (e.g., Mikl et al., 2021) and an
increased focus on environmental sustainability, for example, through platforms that
create value through value co-creation, co-opetition, and dynamic configuration (Lin
et al., 2021) and that have also been shaped by political environments including
competitive regulation and tax regimes. While those ecosystems are increasingly
centered around automated warehouses and distribution centers, it is also the last
mile that continues to experience substantial change with delivery drones (Merkert
& Bushell, 2020) and automated, electric vehicles (Monios & Bergqvist, 2020)
taking over from traditional transportation assets. And, of course, those changes
extend into more traditional supply chain areas including procurement or risk
management in a circular economy. We argue that the COVID-19 pandemic has
accelerated some of those changes and has exposed the need for resilient and agile
global supply chains as well as empathy at the individual level. Many supply chains
were and are severely impacted since the onset of the pandemic but not everything
about that is problematic, as so often in the context of innovation and market forces.
While air cargo has been traditionally loss making (Merkert et al., 2017), the
COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent global supply chain disruptions have turned
air cargo logistics into profitable and commercially viable activities and on the dawn
10 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

of a golden decade for that industry (Merkert, 2023, Chapter “Air Cargo Logistics:
The Dawning of a Golden Decade?” of this book), which has started and will
continue to create career opportunities in this space. We would like to think that
those opportunities go far beyond air cargo extending to all parts of logistics and
supply chain management.

3 Implications for Supply Chain Talents

After the record year of 2021, which has proven how critical global logistics are to
the performance of almost any commercial industry and even entire economies, we
predict the logistics and supply chain sector to continue to grow significantly. As
such, it is unsurprising that globally both private and public sectors are currently
expecting skill shortages in logistics and supply chain management in the future. In
the Australian context that translates into predicted job growth in logistics of 7% in
2022 alone with 60% of logistics employers indicating that they will increase salaries
again for the 2021/22 financial year (Hays, 2021). It is, therefore, argued that there
has never been a better time to enter the logistics and supply chain management
industry and build knowledge and skills for a career in this sector.
However, the current generation of supply chain talents we see in our classrooms
at both KLU and the University of Sydney Business School is very different from
early logistics and supply chain managers that started their careers ten to twenty
years ago. In contrast to their predecessors who were often autodidacts or received
their first relevant training on the job, the new generation benefits from comprehen-
sive training programs and formal education. As such, much of the current talent
pool will hold bachelor and master degrees in relevant fields or have had access to
professional training courses and certificate programs. As a result, they are able to
understand and apply the latest tools and technologies and—perhaps even more
important—take a cross-functional end-to-end perspective on many supply chain-
related processes to address challenges across silos.
This siloed perspective has been a severe challenge for supply chain managers for
a long time: functions aimed to optimize themselves without considering the effects
on other functions and overall firm profitability (Hoberg et al., 2015). For example,
logistics departments have often minimized transportation costs by booking slow
and unreliable carriers, while sourcing/procurement departments have unisono
identified the cheapest suppliers possible by not considering any volume flexibility
and manufacturing minimized unit production cost by increasing production batch
sizes for fixed cost degression. Having instead a cross-functional perspective to
achieve the best possible outcome for the company is something where today’s and
future graduates can add value. To align all these perspectives has become an
important task for supply chain managers in the past few years and will remain a
key skill in the future.
What that tells us is that supply chain talents will be required in a large variety of
industries and not only in the logistics sector. Naturally, the manufacturing and retail
sectors offer very attractive entry and career opportunities for supply chain
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 11

professionals. Importantly, supply chain talents with the required analytical, cross-
functional, and communication skills are now also highly sought after in other
sectors such as consulting and banking. Nevertheless, the areas of logistics versus
supply chain management specialization do differ and will become more important
in the future as we outline in the next section.

3.1 Different Job Profiles

A very important aspect when identifying the graduate qualities and required skills
for logisticians and supply chain managers is the very heterogeneous landscape of
job profiles in this industry. As such, we usually advise our graduates to decide to
what extent they would like to become specialists or generalists. For example, do
they want to take an end-to-end perspective on supply chain process improvement or
do they prefer to focus on applying in-depth expertise and improving optimization
tasks like demand forecasting, production planning, or truck routing. Based on this
intended focus, the skills requirements differ markedly. While specialized knowl-
edge will become more important as complexity increases in the future, so will
generalized knowledge such as finance or consumer research.
Figure 2 illustrates how a future digital supply chain organization could look.
Many very specialized roles will be created—for example, a predictive demand
management unit that might evolve from the current demand planning teams. The
demand management unit of the future will have professionals with a very qualita-
tive skill set on the one hand and professionals requiring state-of-the-art data science
expertise on the other hand. As market experts align with the sales team, they need to
understand processes in both functions, must be able to communicate with the sales
team, and must judge the impact of promotions or the timing and effect of new
product introductions. Market experts need to have commercial expertise and are
highly skilled in applying market intelligence and understanding competitor

Fig. 2 Outlook at future digital supply chain organization. Source: adapted from Alicke et al. 2022
12 R. Merkert and K. Hoberg

dynamics (Alicke et al., 2022). On the other end of the spectrum, the demand
planning data scientists use all types of data inputs to build machine learning and
AI models that enable them to accurately forecast sales. Skills for data scientists in
demand planning build on training and expertise in statistics, machine learning, and
languages such as Python or SQL. Demand managers again have a different role as
they manage exceptions and provide human input if the systems do not perform
sufficiently or are disrupted (in crisis). Skills are most similar to the historical
demand planner role that mixes different commercial and supply chain knowledge
as well as problem-solving and communication skills. As illustrated in this
simplified example, there will be a role for every talent but the required skills will
ultimately be very different in the future. For some roles, a more cross-functional
career might be helpful, while for others a very focused approach seems to be more
effective. Likewise, education and training to get there will differ very much and
should remain open-minded and as flexible as possible.

3.2 For Students: Learn to Learn

In the midst of the pandemic, Forbes published a lead article entitled “Forget
Finance. Supply-Chain Management Is the Pandemic Era’s Must-Have MBA
Degree,” which highlights the notable shift in the public perception of university
degree programs: Studying logistics and SCM is now considered something very
valuable that prepares talents for a successful and financially attractive career. This
does apply not only to MBAs but also to master and bachelor students. Supply chain
talent is in high demand, and related expertise is seen as a potential success factor for
both gaining employment and making it to the top. In addition, in contrast to
20 years ago, students today have the advantage of having access to many
specialized degree programs that prepare them for a career in logistics and supply
chain. We can speak with authority about such programs being offered at the
University of Sydney Business School and Kühne Logistics University and are
aware of many other interesting degree opportunities around the globe that have
been started in the past years. However, while students need to be aware of the
choices they make at the beginning of their career, it does not stop there as key skills
now not only include empathy but also agility, which involves continuous learning
and adapting to constantly changing environments.
We argue that students need to unlearn some old habits and to learn how to
constantly adapt to change (resilience) and to strive further (performance). As such,
university education is only partly about teaching theoretical knowledge and
providing insights into the latest logistics and supply chain management issues
such as understanding the different incoterms, learning the latest EDI standards for
data exchange or getting familiar with standard ERP planning software packages.
Such knowledge is nice to have (and useful in a job interview) but not only is this
knowledge outdated relatively quickly with today’s accelerated technical change, it
is also easily accessible online and can often be learned on the job in practice. To us,
a successful logistics/supply chain program, therefore, blends different aspects of
The Future of Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Changing Skill. . . 13

Fig. 3 Curriculum comparison MSc in logistics and supply chain management (2022). Source:
Kühne Logistics University and the University of Sydney Business School

management education by teaching graduates critical problem-solving and analytical


skills as well as providing deep insights into relevant core concepts of logistics and
supply chain management.
Figure 3 compares exemplary the 2022 curriculum of the MScs in logistics and
supply chain management at KLU and the University of Sydney Business School.
Typical for such degrees, students get exposed to a number of core units and can
choose electives according to their interests. A focus lies on logistics and supply
chain specific aspects that are more about concepts and methodologies and provide
fundamental insights into the key drivers of logistics and supply chain management:
How can you use Little’s Law to estimate lead times and throughput? What are
elements affecting safety inventory needs in warehouses? What are the factors that
stimulate a supply chain partner to accept your contract? How to design and operate
sustainable supply chains? Based on these fundamental concepts, students are
expected to be able to adopt not just the learned knowledge but more importantly
taught skills in the future and learn how to resiliently deal with new challenges,
changing environments and new software tools.
In addition, great L&SCM programs should further help participants to unlearn
bad habits and to instead learn and practice the DNA and mechanics of tools that can
be applied in the future. If we take the inventory management context example, it is
common practice to define fixed targets for the inventory coverage—Let us define a
safety stock to ensure we cover 10 days of average demand for all products.
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tsaari Feodor oli myrkytetty, Naryschkinin suku vainosi Iivanan
henkeä, häntä oli jo pahoin pidelty ja yksi saman suvun jäsen pyrki
itse hallitusistuimelle. Sopimus tehtiin nyt, että joukko vastapuolueen
etevimmistä henkilöistä surmattaisiin.

Toukokuun 16 p:nä 1682 aamulla alkoi Moskoovassa suuri


verinäytelmä, joka kesti kolme päivää. Silloin Streltsit tulivat
palatsiin, ja vaativat Naryschkinia heille jätettäväksi, etenkin erästä
Iivana nimistä Pietarin setää, jonka sanottiin valtaistuimelle pyrkivän.
Streltsien ylin päällikkö, vanha ruhtinas Dolgorukij ilmaantuu silloin
heidän eteensä, käskee heidät ankarilla sanoilla menemään pois. He
eivät tottele, vaan käyvät häneen käsiksi ja viskaavat hänet palatsin
korkeilta rappusilta alhaalla seisovien keihäiden kärkiin. Samoin kävi
erään toisen ylhäisen miehen, joka koetti rauhoittaa heitä. Tsaarin
äiti pakeni piiloutumaan palatsin sisäisiin kammioihin. Yleinen pelko
vallitsi kaikkialla, ei kenenkään virkamiehen tai upsierin henki
saattanut olla turvassa; ei mitäkään voimaa ollut Streltsiä
hillitsemään. He tunkeutuivat palatsin huoneisiin, tarkastivat joka
sopen, ottavat vangiksi ja murhasivat useita korkeita virkamiehiä,
muun muassa kaksi Pietarin setää, joista varsinkin
kruununtavottelijana pidetty Iivana, joka vasta kolmantena päivänä
löydettiin, sai kauheita kidutuksia ensin kärsittyään heittää
henkensä. Kolmantena päivänä loppui murhanäytelmä.

Valta oli Streltsien käsissä. Muutaman päivän perästä tuli heidän


puolestaan hoviin lähetyskunta pyytämään, että Iivana, Pietarin
velipuoli, pääsisi Pietarin mukana yhdessä hallitsemaan; Iivanan
pitäisi olla ensimmäisen tsaarin ja Pietarin toisen. Ylhäiset
virkamiehet ja ylimykset neuvottelivat tästä keskenään kutsuttuaan
patriarkan johtamaan kokousta. Päätökseksi tuli Streltsien tahto;
kokous arveli näet, että Venäjällä saattaisi olla kaksi hallitsijaa
samaan aikaan, koska esim. Farao ja Josef Egyptissä, Arkadius ja
Honorius Roomassa ennen olivat yhdyshallitusta pitäneet. Kaikki
riensivät kirkkoon, jossa molemmat veljet julistettiin tsaareiksi.

Mutta kaksi päivää tämän jälkeen ilmaantuu taas Streltsien


lähetystö, joka esittelee, että tsarevna Sofian pitäisi ryhtyä
väliaikaisesti hallitukseen, koska molemmat tsaarit olivat liian nuoria.
Streltsien tahto oli kerran muuttunut laiksi ja nytkin pantiin hovista
heti lähetystö Sofian luo pyytämään, että hän ottaisi hallituksen
käsiinsä. Tavan mukaan hän ensin esteli, mutta suostui siihen
vihdoin. Kaikki oli luonnollisesti tapahtunut hänen vaikutuksestaan.
Hän oli nyt päässyt tahtonsa perille.

Sofian liittolaiset olivat vaativaisia. Kukin Streltseistä sai 10 ruplaa


palkkioksi sekä oikeuden ostaa polkuhinnasta murhattujen
omaisuuden. Mutta vielä vaativat he että tapausten muistoksi piti
pystytettämän muistopatsas, jossa kaikkea oikeutta ja totuutta
polkemalla kerrottiin Toukokuun murhista. Streltsien teko, niin
julistuksessa sanottiin, oli muka "Jumalan pyhän äidin huoneen
hyväksi ja tsaarien eduksi tapahtunut"; surmatuista kerrottiin
valheellisesti rikoksia. Tosin kaikki tämä piirrettiin vaan läkkitauluihin,
ja jo muutaman viikon kuluttua antoi itse Sofia hävittää ne, kun
hänen asemansa oli joutunut vakaantumaan.

VI. Sofian hallitus ja taistelu Pietarin kanssa.

Ainoastaan yhden kuukauden oli Pietari joutunut olemaan


Feodorin kuoltua hallituksessa, kun hänen täytyi suostua vallan
jakamiseen Iivanan ja Sofian kanssa. Venäjällä oli seitsemän vuoden
kuluessa tästä lähin kolme hallitsijaa yhtaikaa. Muualla sitä
kummasteltiin, sillä mitenkä kolmen eri henkilön tahto saattaa olla
sama; ja hallituksen toimissa se on kuitenkin välttämätön. Venäjällä
se kävi päinsä, mutta siellä olikin Sofian tahto kaikkien kolmen tahto;
sillä hän se oli, joka hallitsi. V. 1686 kutsuu hän itseänsä ensi kerran
veljensä rinnalla "itsevaltiattareksi" ja seuraavana vuonna hän näkyy
tuumineen kruunauttaa itsensä; mutta hän ei saanut tarpeeksi
kannatusta Streltseiltä, joilta hän asiasta tiedusteli, ja sen vuoksi
koko aije raukesi.

Vaikka Sofia johti hallitusta, esiintyivät veljet sentään julkisuudessa


vallan edustajina. Oli valmistettu kaksoisvaltaistuin, jossa Iivana
ensimmäisenä tsaarina ja Pietari toisena juhlatilaisuuksissa istuivat.
Vieraiden valtojen lähettiläät otettiin siten vastaan. Niistä muuan
kertoo, miltä tuo hallitsijapari näyttäytyi. Pietari oli reippaan
näköinen, vilkas, teräväkatseinen, erinomaisen kaunis muodoltaan,
Iivana taas oli heikko, ettei hän saattanut nousta istuimeltaan ilman
hovimiestensä apua; töin tuskin hän jaksoi seisoa ja puhua. Siinä oli
täydellinen vastakohta veljesten välillä sekä ruumiin että sielun
puolesta; jo heti alusta alkaen asiantuntijat arvelivat, ettei tuollainen
kolmipäinen hallitus saattanut kauan kestää. Pietarille kuului
tulevaisuus, sen he jo lausuivatkin.

Pietaria ei paljon tuo esiintyminen Moskoovassa huvittanutkaan.


Hallitus-asioista hän ei vielä huolehtinut, lapsi kun oli, mutta
toimintaa ja oppia hän halusi. Vielä nytkin oleskeli hän useimmiten
Preobrashenskin kylässä ja Semenovskissa, jatkaen sitä oppia ja niitä
huvituksia, joita hän jo Feodorin aikana oli alottanut. Täällä hän
harjoitteli ja komenteli rykmenttejä, joita hän ikäisistään oli
muodostanut. Leikkisotia ja manööverejä pidettiin tavantakaa. Siinä
oli lippuja, miekkoja, puisia kanuunia, rumpuja, keihäitä ja jousia;
siellä oli varustettuja paikkoja, joita piiritettiin toisten puolustaissa.
Tämä oli Pietarin päähuvituksia, ja muutamat ovat näihin
leikkijoukkoihin panneet sellaisen arvon, että koko Venäjän
sotalaitoksen uudestaan muodostuminen olisi niistä saanut alkunsa.

Vähitellen leikkijoukot kasvoivat suuremmiksi: Pietari rupeaa


vaatimaan miehiä, rumpuja y.m. tarpeita säännöllisistä joukoista;
ulkomaalaisia upseereja on hänellä mukana. Näihin leikkijoukkoihin
aljetaan jo huomiota kiinnittää ja etupäässä Pietarin sisarpuoli Sofia
niitä pitää silmällä.

Pian hetki tuli, jolloin oli ratkaistava Sofian ja Pietarin välillä,


kumpiko jäisi hallitsemaan. Sofia näyttäytyi yhä enemmän tahtovan
vahvistaa valtaansa ja vaikutustaan, Pietari taas varttui
varttumistaan, eikä hän enää kauemmin tahtonut ainoastaan nimeksi
hallitsijana olla. — Erimielisyyksiä ilmestyi toinen toisensa perästä,
Pietari kun ei enää tahtonut noudattaa sisarpuolensa tahtoa. V. 1689
esim. oli kysymys palkintojen antamisesta muutamille upseereille,
vaikka he huonosti olivat sodassa tehtävänsä suorittaneet; Pietari ei
antanut siihen suostumustaan. Sofian tahto pääsi kuitenkin voitolle
ja palkinnot jaettiin. Samana vuonna kun vietettiin suurta Kasanin
Jumalan äidin kirkkojuhlaa, kielsi Pietari sisarpuoltansa ottamasta
osaa juhlakulkuun: mutta Sofia otti pyhän kuvan käteensä ja liittyi
juhlakulkuun. Tästä Pietari suuttui ja vihapäissään lähti hän koko
juhlasta pois Preobrashenskiin.

Väli tuli yhä kireämmäksi. Vaikuttavat henkilöt jakaantuivat


kahteen puolueeseen, toiset liittyivät Sofiaan toiset Pietariin. Sofia
koetti taas kiihottaa Streltsiä Pietarin puoluelaisia, etenkin hänen
äitiänsä vastaan; pantiin taas valheellisia juttuja liikkeelle. Sofian
henki oli muka vaarassa, useita henkilöitä, muiden muassa
patriarkka, olisi hänen vihollisensa j.n.e.; rahoja ja paloviinaa
jaettiin. Pietarilla ei ollut käytettävissä muita voimia kuin
leikkisoturijoukkonsa, ja niiden kanssa ei saattanut täydellä todella
tappeluun ryhtyä. Hän pääsi kumminkin verta vuodattamatta
kokonaan voitolle. Kuusi viikkoa sen jälkeen kun ilmeinen riita oli
syntynyt, oli Pietari täydellisesti voitolla. Valta lipui vähitellen Sofian
käsistä.

Toukokuun 7 p:nä 1689 kokoontuivat Streltsit taas suurissa


joukoissa Kremlin linnaan. Oliko Sofialla tarkoitus viedä ne
Preobrashenskiin, jossa Pietari oleskeli, ei varmaan tiedetä. Mutta
seuraavana yönä saapui muutamia streltsejä, jotka olivat Pietarin
ystäviä, Presbrashenskiin, kertovat siellä, että Pietarin henki oli
vaarassa: suunnitelmia oli muka tekeillä häntä ja hänen sukulaisiaan
vastaan. Pietari herätetään kesken untaan ja hänelle kerrotaan
nämät uutiset. Tapahtumista kuultuaan hän ei suinkaan paljon
uljuutta ja miehuutta osottanut. Hän unohtaa kaikki sukulaisensa ja
ystävänsä sekä koettaa pelastaa oman henkensä. Hän lähtee näet
heti talliin, käskee satuloimaan hevosen ja ratsastaa läheiseen
metsään: vasta siellä pukee hän yllensä vaatteet, jotka sinne tuotiin.
Sen jälkeen kulkee hän Troitsan (Kolminaisuuden) luostariin, joka on
lähellä Moskoovaa. Tänne saavuttuaan, heittäytyy hän vuoteelle,
puhkeaa kyyneleihin, ja itku silmissä kertoo tapahtumat luostarin
abbotille, pyytäen häneltä suojaa ja turvaa. Samana päivänä saapui
sinne myös hänen henkivartiansa ynnä muut, jotka hänen hoviinsa
kuuluivat.

Nyt oli kaksi hallitusta; annettiin käskyjä ja määräyksiä sekä


Kremlistä että Troitsasta. Toisaalta ne kulkivat Sofian tahdosta
Iivanan nimessä, toisaalta taas Pietarin nimessä, mutta etupäässä
hänen neuvonantajansa ruhtinas Boris Galitsin asioita johti. Nyt
näkyi selvästi, mihin tuo kolmipäinen hallitus johtui. Kun ristiriitaisia
määräyksiä annettiin, oli tietysti vaikea tietää mitä oli tekeminen,
laillisilta hallitsijoilta kaikki tulivat. Pietari esim. kutsui 50 streltsiä
ynnä yhden heidän taitavimman upseerinsa Troitsaan; ensin tätä
estetään Moskoovassa, mutta he saavat kuitenkin lähteä. Pian
kuitenkin antaa Pietari taas käskyn, että kaikki streltsit ynnä muut
joukot kokoontuisivat Troitsaan; silloin ilmoittaa Sofia jyrkästi heille,
etteivät he saisi lähteä eikä sekaantua hänen ja Pietarin väliseen
riitaan; jokaista joka lähtee sinne, uhkaa hän kuolemalla.

Tällaisissa tilaisuuksissa, jolloin velvollisuuden tunne joutuu


ristiriitaan, ihmiset useinkin pitävät silmällä, mikä on heille itselle
edullisinta ja toimivat sen mukaan. Niinpä nytkin. Älykkäämmät
huomasivat jo heti alusta, että Pietari pääsisi voitolle, ja sen vuoksi
he riensivät hänen luoksensa. Patriarkka Joakim lähti Elokuun lopulla
sinne; useat streltseistä lähtivät niinikään, ja vihdoin ulkomaalaiset
upseerit, sanalla sanoen kaikki vaikuttavat henkilöt liittyivät Pietariin.
Sofia toimi vieläkin, hän osotti rohkeutta, älyä ja luottamusta vielä
sittekin, kun kaikki hänen ystävänsä ja puoltajansa jo olivat
epätoivoon joutuneet. Hän oli jo lähdössä itsekin Troitsaan,
voidakseen persoonallisesti sopia Pietarin kanssa; mutta matkalla
sinne tuli häntä vastaan sanansaattaja, joka kielsi häntä sinne
menemästä, jos tahtoi pahaa kohtelua välttää.

Sofia oli vähitellen yksin; hänen käskynsä olivat voimattomia;


hänen puheillaan ei ollut vaikutusta; valta ja mahti oli mennyt hänen
käsistään. Hänen uskollisimmat apumiehensä olivat tulleet Troitsaan,
toiset vapaaehtoisesti, toivoen armoihin pääsevänsä, toiset taas
väkivallalla pakoitettuina. Ja vihdoin oli Sofian luopuminen
hallituksesta. Pietari lähetti hänen luoksensa erään bojarin
vaatimaan, että hän lähtisi pääkaupungista ja asettuisi luostariin.
Ensin hän epäsi totella tätä käskyä. Mutta Syyskuun lopussa jättää
hän Kremlin ja vetäytyy luostariin. Siellä hän sai suuren huoneuston,
paljon palvelijoita y.m.; puutetta ei hänen tarvinnut kärsiä. Mutta
valta oli pois. Ainoastaan hänen naissukulaisensa saivat käydä hänen
luonaan juhlapäivinä; itse hän ei saanut olinpaikastaan lähteä.

Iivana taas, josta ei mitään vaaraa ollut, sai pysyä asemillaan. Jo


aikaisemmin oli Pietari hänelle lähettänyt kirjoituksen, jossa hän
mainitsee, että heille molemmille hallitus kuuluu; Sofian vallan
anastus on valtiolle paljon pahaa tuottanut; hänen täytyi siitä
luopua. Olisihan se häpeäkin, sanoo hän, heille täysi-ikäisille veljille,
jos Sofia saisi asioita johtaa. Lopussa sanoo hän hyvin
sydämellisesti: "Pietari tahtoo kaikki sovittaa veljensä kanssa, jota
hän rakastaa niinkuin isää." Tammikuussa 1696 kuoli Iivana, mutta
jo sitä ennen oli Pietari yksin hallinnut.

VII. Pietari oppii länsimaiden oloja.

Pietari oli siis hallitsija, mutta eipä hän itse nytkään vielä paljon
asioita johtanut. Hän oli vasta 17-vuotias, ja hallitustoimet eivät
häntä näkyneet tarpeeksi vielä huvittavan. Eikä hän saanut
tahtoansa määräämään sellaisissakaan asioissa, joissa hän olisi
hartaasti toivonut. Niinpä esim. v. 1690. jolloin vanha patriarkka
Joakim oli kuollut, tahtoi Pietari kohottaa Pihkoovan piispan
Marcelluksen patriarkaksi, koska hän oli sivistynyt ja vapaamielinen
mies, sekä oli matkustellut ulkomailla ja oppinut siellä monta kieltä.
Mutta Pietarin äiti Natalja sekä muut hengelliset pelkäsivät, että
tämä mies olisi liian suosiollinen katoolilaisille ja protestanteille;
häntä itseänsäkin syytettiin kerettiläisyydestä. He saivatkin aikaan
että Kasanin piispa Adrian tuli määrätyksi. Pietari oli tästä kyllä
pahoillaan ja vetäytyi maatilalleen vaalin jälkeen. Myöhemmin lausui
hän ivallisesti eräälle Kuurinmaan aatelismiehelle, että Venäläiset
eivät tahtoneet patriarkaksi Pihkoovan piispaa, koska hän puhui
barbaarisia kieliä (s.o. latinaa, italiaa ja ranskaa), koska hänen
partansa ei ollut kylliksi pitkä, koska hänen ajajansa ei istunut
hevosen selässä, niinkuin tapa vaati, vaan kuskinpenkillä.

Pietari käytti vielä ensimmäiset hallitusvuotensa jatkaakseen omia


taipumuksiaan ja mielitehtäviään ja valmistaakseen itsensä
hallitustehtäviin. Tuo suunta, jota hän alkoi kulkea, oli jo hänelle
selvä, jospa ei täysin varmistunut. Hänen toimensa, käytöksensä,
elämänsä erosi kokonaan alusta pitäin edellisten hallitsijoiden
elämästä. Niinkuin edellisessä olemme maininneet olivat tsaarit olleet
itämaalaisen katsantotavan mukaan jonkinlaisia puolijumalia, jotka
ainoastaan harvoin näyttäytyivät julkisuudessa; he pysyivät
palatsiensa muurien sisäpuolella ja ainoastaan harvat henkilöt
pääsivät heidän puheilleen. Toisin oli Pietari. Hän liikkui ja näyttäytyi
kaikkialla niinkuin muutkin ihmiset, seurusteli kaikkien kanssa ja oli
alati toimessa. Oppia saadakseen liittyi hän ulkomaalaisiin, joita
Moskoovassa oli, ja päivittäin hänet nähtiin "Saksalaisessa
Slobodassa", josta jo enemmin olemme maininneet. Kremlistä
Slobodaan oli Venäjän tsaari siirtynyt. Väli oli pitkä, ei matkan
vuoksi, vaan koko sen erilaisen elämän, hengen ja katsantotavan
vuoksi, joka näissä molemmissa paikoissa vallitsi. Saksalainen
esikaupunki oli Pietarilla ensimmäinen askel eurooppalaisuuteen; se
oli hänellä välittäjänä itämaalaisuuden ja lännen välillä. Kun Pietari
siellä oli oppinut näkemään ja tuntemaan vapaampia, edistyneempiä
oloja, lähti hän kauemmaksi länteen, perinpohjin oppiakseen itse
niiden alkuperäisissä kotimaissa. Saksalaisessa esikaupungissa hän
jo näki toimeliaisuutta, kätevyyttä, taitoa ja samassa varallisuutta, ja
kaikin puolin parempia oloja venäläisiin verrattuina. Siellä oli
saksalaisia, hollantilaisia, ranskalaisia, englantilaisia y.m. maalaisia
sovussa keskenään, siellä oli katoolisia ja protestantteja toistensa
naapureina. Suvaitsevaisuus oli sopusuhdetta ylläpitämässä.
Sanomalehtiä, kirjallisuutta, joita Länsi-Euroopasta sinne tuli,
viljeltiin. Se oli jonkinlainen pienois-maailma, jossa länsimaisuus
ilmeni Venäjän keskustassa. Paraat ystävänsä Pietari hankki
saksalaisesta slobodasta. Mistä on varsinkin kaksi paljon häneen
vaikuttanut, joita saattaa pitää hänen sekä ystävinään että
opettajinaan. Toinen oli eräs Skotlantilainen Patrick Gordon, toinen
Sveitsiläinen Frans Lefort.

Edellinen näistä, joka oli 1635 syntynyt, siis 37 vuotta Pietaria


vanhempi, kuului varakkaaseen ja arvossa pidettyyn skotlantilaiseen
sukuun. Jo nuorena jätti Gordon kotimaansa ja oli Ruotsin sekä
Puolan sotajoukossa palvelemassa kunnes hän vihdoin saapui
Venäjälle, jossa hän niinikään oli sotapalveluksessa. Matkoillaan oli
hän saanut paljon kokemusta ja oppia, jota hän vielä kirjallisuutta
viljelemällä kartutti. Hän pysyi aina yhteydessä Länsi-Euroopan
kanssa, tilasi uusia kirjoja, karttoja, fysikaalisia koneita ja aseita. Hän
seurasi niinikään tarkasti valtiollisia tapahtumia, ollen laajassa
kirjevaihdossakin kotimaassa olevien sukulaistensa kanssa.
Lähemmin oppi Pietari tuntemaan tätä miestä 1689, jolloin hän oli
Troitsan luostarissa. Gordon saapui myöskin sinne hänen puolellensa
ja tämä oli sangen tärkeä, hän kun oli arvokkaampia miehiä
muukalaisten joukossa. Tsaari kiintyi heti häneen. Tästä lähin
Gordon jäljesti ja johti Pietarin sotaharjoituksia, hän puuhasi yhdessä
tsaarin kanssa ilotulituksia, joista viime mainittu oli sangen suuresti
huvitettu; yhdessä he koettivat uusia kanoonia ja pommia; Gordon
lainasi hänelle tykkilaitosta koskevia kirjoja, näytteli hänelle
uudellaisia aseita. Pietarin purjehdusmatkoilla oli hän aina mukana.
Pietari kohteli tätä ulkomaalaista niinkuin isällistä ystävää, Gordon
taas puolestaan antoi apua, missä tarvittiin; häneen Pietari turvautui
usein, kun alakuloinen mieliala pääsi hänessä vallalle.

Vielä läheisempi, saattaisipa sanoa melkein hellä suhde oli Pietarin


ja Lefort'in välillä. Lefort oli Pietaria kyllä 19 vuotta vanhempi, mutta
mieleltään ja olennoltaan soveltui hän hyvästi hänen ystäväkseen.
Tässä olikin persoonallinen taipumus enemmän vaikuttamassa kuin
Gordonin suhteessa. Lefort'illa ei ollut sellaisia vakavia harrastuksia,
kuin Gordonilla, eikä sitä kokemusta, mutta hän oli iloinen
mieleltään, puoleensa vetävä, hieno käytökseltään ja itsekkyyttä
vailla; hän antautui kokonaan Pietarille; siinä oli todellista ystävyyttä;
se ilmaantuu niissä kirjeissä, joita he vaihtoivat keskenään erillään
toisistaan ollessaan. Samoissa kirjeissä, jotka ystävyyttä hehkuvat,
puhutaan myöskin kesteistä, viinilajeista, ja tällaisissa tilaisuuksissa,
joista Pietari sangen paljon piti, oli Lefort mielellään mukana, hän
kun jo länsimailla oli hämmästyttänyt muita juomisellaan.
Saksalainen filosoofi Leibnitz kirjoittaa hänestä, että hän juo kun
sankari, jottei kukaan saata hänelle vertoja vetää, mutta samassa on
hänellä suuri henki. Uskollisuus, jota hän aina osotti tsaari-
ystävälleen, vieno olento, mikä hänessä oli, sydämmellisyys, olivat
ominaisuudet jotka liittivät nämät miehet toisiinsa. Lefort'in haudalla
sanotaan Pietarin lausuneen: "Kehen voin minä nyt luottaa? Hän oli
ainoa, joka on minulle uskollinen ollut!"

Ulkomaalaisten avulla rupesi Pietari ensin järjestämään


sotajoukkojaan ja muodostamaan laivastoa.
Jo ennen olemme kertoneet, miten Pietari Preobrashenskissa oli
järjestänyt komppaniioja ja niitä harjoittanut. Samaa jatkoi hän
vieläkin, vaikka nuot harjoitukset saivat laajemman ja vakavamman
muodon. Sotaharjoitukset olivat myöhemmin sangen suuria ja
vaarallisiakin, koska tuliaseitakin niissä käytettiin. Niinpä vuonna
1690 eräässä harjoituksessa haavoittui itse tsaari tulikuulasta, joka
räjähti hänen läheisyydessään, Gordon, joka johti ja järjesti,
haavoittui niinikään. Eräästä toisesta leikkitaistelusta, jossa muuanta
"Pressburg" nimistä linnoitusta piiritettiin ja puolustettiin, sanoo eräs
aikalainen, että "se päivä oli viimeisen tuomion kaltainen". Pietari
itse ja hänen läheiset ystävänsä ottivat kiihkeästi osaa taisteluun.
Näiden harjoitusten kautta muuttui Venäjän sotalaitos vähitellen
paremmalle kannalle; samaan tapaan ne järjestettiin kuin Länsi-
Euroopan joukot, ja etupäässä se tapahtui ulkomaalaisten upseerien
kautta, joita tsaari mielellään otti armeijaan, vaikkapa ylipäällikkyys
ja korkeimmat paikat olivat kotimaan miesten hallussa;
kansallisylpeys sen vaati.

Mutta vielä suurempaa harrastusta osotti Pietari merielämään; se


muuttui hänessä melkein kiihkoksi. Tässä oli suurempia vaikeuksia
voitettavana, kuin armeijan järjestämisessä. Eihän Pietari ollut
milloinkaan merta nähnytkään, ennenkun hän siihen jo hurmaantui.
Hän kertoo itse, että hän erään vanhemman sukulaisensa
tavaravarastosta oli löytänyt englantilaisen veneen, johon hän heti
mielistyi. Sen jälkeen tutustui hän erääseen hollantilaiseen
laivanrakentajaan Karsten Brantiin, joka kulki hänen kanssaan
huvipurjehduksella ensin pienemmillä järvillä lähellä Moskoovaa.
Tärkein oli Perejasslav, (noin 20 penikulmaa Moskoovasta pohjoiseen
päin), jonka rannalle hän v. 1689 rakennutti laivaveistämön. Täällä
rakennettiin kolme laivaa äsken mainitun Karsten Brantin johdolla:
Pietari itse otti osaa työhön kirves kädessä. Kun ensimmäinen laiva
oli valmiiksi saatu vesille lykättäväksi, pidettiin suuria juhlallisuuksia,
joihin osaa ottamaan kutsuttiin Pietarin äiti ja puolisokin.

Kauvan ei hän tyytynyt näin ahtaisiin oloihin. Hän tahtoi päästä


itse merta näkemään, ja sentähden hän matkusti v. 1694
Arkangeliin, sillä Venäjällä ei siihen aikaan toista merisatamaa ollut.
Täällä hän osotti heti sangen suurta rohkeutta, ja eräällä matkalla
Solovetin luostariin oli laiva, jossa hän oli, kovassa myrskyssä
hukkumaisillaan; erään venäläisen laivamiehen rohkeus ja taitavuus
sen pelasti. Arkangelin kirkossa säilytetään vieläkin erästä ristiä,
jonka Pietari itse pelastumisensa muistoksi oli veistänyt. Arkangelissa
näki hän suurempia laivoja, etupäässä hollantilaisia; hän katseli ja
tarkasteli niitä, kyseli laivamiehiltä niiden rakennusta ja johtoa: itse
kiipesi hän mastoihin: hän tahtoi joka taholla perehtyä itsekin asiaan
eikä yksin tiedustella ja nähdä.

Täten Pietari vietti, ensimmäiset hallitusvuotensa; hän pysyi


erillään hallitusasiain johdosta, antautuen melkein yksinomaan omiin
mielitehtäviinsä, mutta samassa valmistellen itseänsä noita suuria
tehtäviä aikaansaadakseen, joita hän myöhemmin toteutti. Hän oli
ahkera, väsymätön, joka paikassa saapuvilla. Hänessä oli alati
toimintaa, vaikkei huvituksiakaan puuttunut. Pietari oli liiallinen
molemmissa suhteissa. Hän huvittelee itseänsä ystävineen väliin
yökaudet kesteissä, joissa juominen oli pääasia, mutta niiden tähden
hän ei koskaan laiminlyö tehtäviään päivällä. Aamulla on hän yhtä
virkeä ottamaan kirveen käteensä laivan laitoja veistääkseen, tai
sotaharjoituksiin, tai tiedustellakseen hollantilaisilta kauppasuhteita
ja kaupan salaisuuksia. Hänen ruumiinsa oli kestävä ja hänen
sielunsa jäntevä suuremmassa määrässä, kuin monen muun.
Pietari oppi tuntemaan eurooppalaisuutta omassa maassaan
ikäänkuin toisessa kädessä. Se ei tyydyttänyt häntä. Hän tahtoi
päästä katsomaan itse niitä maita ja oloja, joista tämä oli lähtenyt.
Sen vuoksi lähti hän opintomatkalle Länsi-Eurooppaan.

VIII. Ulkomaan matka.

Joulukuun 6 p:nä 1696 antoi Pietari virallisen tiedon siitä, että hän
tahtoi lähettää lähetyskunnan Saksan keisarin, Englannin ja Tanskan
kuninkaiden, paavin, Brandenburgin vaaliruhtinaan luo, Hollantiin,
sekä Venetian tasavallan hallitukselle. Tämän lähetyskunnan kautta
tahtoi Venäjä liittyä Euroopan länsivaltoihin ja tarkoitus olikin sangen
yleinen. Lähetyskunnan tuli näet valmistaa entistä ystävyyttä näiden
valtojen kanssa yleisiä kristikunnan asioiden edistämistä varten
Turkin sulttaania vastaan. Sotaa Turkkia vastaan kävivät tähän
aikaan sekä Venäjä että Itävalta. Sen ajan tapa hallituksien
esiintymisessä vaati sangen suurta loistoa ja komeutta, ja sitä täytyi
Venäjänkin osottaa varsinkin kun se nyt ensi kerran esiintyi
länsimaiden valtojen rinnalla.

Suuri paljous, yli 200 henkilöä, tähän lähetyskuntaan liittyi. Frans


Lefort oli retkikunnan johtaja; hän, sivistynyt hovimies, hieno
käytökseltään ja komea ulkomuodoltaan, oli siihen erittäin sopiva.
Itse tsaari otti myöskin osaa lähetyskuntaan, mutta hän tahtoi vaan
kulkea muiden mukana mitäkään huomiota herättämättä. Hänen
tarkoituksensa oli, että hänen olonsa olisi salaisuutena, ja sentähden
hän kulkikin "Pietari Michailovin" nimellä, mutta vähitellen se kyllä
tuli tiedoksi. Lähdemme nyt kertomaan tästä merkillisestä matkasta,
joka oli ikäänkuin Venäjän ensimmäinen vieraissa käynti Euroopan
muiden kansojen luona.

Maaliskuun 6 p:nä 1697 lähti Pietari itse Moskoovasta; koko


joukko ei näet kulkenut yhdessä, vaan oli jaettu kolmeen osastoon,
eri miesten johdossa kukin. Wieniin hän ensin aikoi mennä, mutta
saatuaan kuulla, että keisarin kanssa oli jo tehty sopimus Turkkilaisia
vastaan, muutti hän suunnitelmansa Hollantiin ja Englantiin,
saadakseen näissä maissa oppia laivan rakentamista, jota hän
etupäässä halusi. Venäjän rajan yli kun oli kuljettu, tultiin ensin
Liivinmaalle, joka silloin kuului Ruotsin valtakuntaan; Pietari ei näet
tahtonut kulkea Puolan alueella, kun siellä paraillaan oli kuninkaan
vaali, ja silloin tavallisesti syntyi rauhattomuuksia. Riian kaupunki oli
ensimmäinen tärkein paikka, jonne Venäläisten joukko saapui.
Juhlallisesti otettiin heidät vastaan, mutta Pietari ei kuitenkaan ollut
tyytyväinen siihen kohteluun, mikä hänen osaksensa täällä tuli.
Suuret nälkävuodet, jotka Suomessa vv. 1695—97 hirmuisesti maata
näännyttivät, olivat Liivissäkin tuntuvia: ruokavarat olivat kalliita, ei
tahdottu saada tarpeeksi nopeasti hevosia koko suurta seuruetta
kuljettamaan. Ja Riian kuvernööri Erik Dalberg ei tsaarin mielestä
osottanut tarpeeksi kohteliaisuutta; ei ollut ilotulituksia eikä
sotaleikkejä, joita hän kaipasi. Hän moittii koko oloa ja elämää
Liivissä, ja vielä 13 vuotta myöhemmin Riiaa piirittäessään muistelee
hän tätä tylyyttä. "Niin suo meille Jumala, että saamme kostaa tuolle
kirotulle kaupungille", kirjoittaa hän v. 1700 suositulleen
Menschikoville, heitettyään itse kolme ensimmäistä kuulaa piiritystä
aljettaissa kaupunkiin.

Viikon Riiassa viivyttyään matkusti Pietari Kuurinmaalle, jossa


hänen Libaun kaupungissa täytyi pahojen säiden tähden oleskella
muutamia päiviä. Tällä ajalla seurusteli hän merimiesten kanssa,
kulki heidän seurassaan ravintoloissa; kukaan ei häntä tuntenut;
ainoastaan eräälle venäläiselle laivakapteenille sanotaan hänen
ilmoittaneen, kuka hän oli.

Königsbergin kaupungissa tapasi Pietan Brandenburgin


vaaliruhtinaan Fredrikin. Tämä mies oli erittäin ulkonaista loistoa ja
komeutta rakastava, jonka vuoksi hän hankki itselleen myöhemmin
kuninkaan arvonkin. Pietarille ja hänen seurueelleen osotettiin
kaikellaista kohteliaisuutta ja loistoa: vaaliruhtinas näyttäytyi
komeilla hevosillaan, kuskeillaan ja palvelijoillaan; siellä oli musiikia,
kanuunan paukkinaa; metsästysretkillä käytiin, komeita pitoja
pidettiin j.n.e. Venäläiset esiintyivät komeissa itämaalaisissa
puvuissa, pitkissä jalokivillä ommelluissa kauhtanoissa. Venäläiset
herättivät täällä esiintymisellään huomiota; ei heiltä ollut odotettu
niin hienoa ja sivistynyttä käytöstä. Tsaari itse kuitenkin näytti tuota
rajua ja raakaa luontoansa, joka usein puhkesi esille. Hänen
nimipäivänään kesäkuun 29 p:nä tuli kaksi ylhäistä herraa
vaaliruhtinaan puolesta hänelle onnea toivottamaan. Päivällisen
jälkeen vetäytyivät nämät ulos itseänsä vilvoittelemaan, ja tämä
suututti Pietaria. Kun he olivat takaisin palanneet, sanoi hän
vihapäissään, että vaaliruhtinas oli hyvä mies, mutta hänen
neuvosherransa olivat piruja, katsoen samassa vihaisesti toiseen
heistä. Kävipä hän niin pitkälle, että työnsi toista kaksi kertaa rintaan
ja käski heidät menemään pois. Sen he tekivätkin.

Ei ainoastaan huveissa kulunut aika. Pietari oli jo täällä ruvennut


opintojaan alkamaan. Eräs etevä sotainsinööri opetti hänelle tykkien
hoitoa ja siihen kuuluvia asianhaaroja tuntemaan. Hän sai siitä
pergamentille kirjoitetun todistuksen, jossa sanotaan, että "Pietari
Michailov"; on perin pohjin perehtynyt sota-aseiden käyttämisessä.
Mutta Hollantiin hän riensi saadakseen siellä ryhtyä varsinaiseen
mielitehtäväänsä, laivanrakennukseen. Täällä hän viipyi kauemmin
kuin muualla. Venäläisten tuloa kaukaiseen länteen pidettiin
jonkinlaisena kummana; väkeä kerääntyi uteliaisuudesta
katselemaan näitä etäisiä vieraita. Muutamassa pikkukaupungissa
Hollannin rajalla eräs vaimo tunkeutui niitä lähelle, kysyäkseen
olivatko he kristityltä; huhu näet oli kertonut, että ne vähää ennen
Clevessä olivat ottaneet kasteen, mutta sitä ennen olleet pakanoita.
Se osottaa, kuinka hämärä käsitys Venäjän oloista siihen aikaan oli
Länsi-Euroopassa.

Pääasiallisesti oleskeli Pietari kahdessa kaupungissa;


Amsterdamissa, joka oli Hollannin tärkein kauppakaupunki ja
Zaandamissa, jossa myöskin oli suuria laivaveistämöitä. Täällä hän
jätti syrjään korkean asemansa, ryhtyi työmiehen tapaan
laivaveistämöllä työtä tekemään. Hän itsekin kirjoittaa patriarkka
Adrianille: "Me seuraamme Jumalan käskyä Aatamille ja teemme
työtä, ei pakosta, vaan voitolle päästäksemme sodassa Kristuksen
vihollisia vastaan. Tätä toivomasta en ennen viimeistä hengenvetoa
herkeä". Hän oli näet jo sotinut turkkilaisia vastaan, josta
myöhemmin kerromme, mutta laivaston hankkimisen piti hän
välttämättömänä saadakseen täydellisen voiton heistä. Hän oli,
kertovat näkijät, iloinen, ahkera, halukas työhön ja myöskin sukkela
oppimaan. Hän oli niinkuin muutkin työmiehet, eikä ollut siitä
millänsäkään, vaikka häntä toiset majesteetiksi puhuttelivat.
Zaandamissa hän tapasi erään sepän Gerrit Kist'en, jonka hän ennen
Moskoovassa oli nähnyt, ja tämän luokse hän meni asumaan. Samaa
huonetta ovat monet hallitsijat käyneet katsomassa, niinkuin
Itävallan Josef II, Ruotsin Kustaa III, Napoleon I puolisoineen; ja
vihdoin Venäjän keisari Aleksander II, perintöruhtinaana ollessaan.
Tämä huone oli, niinkuin Aleksanderin mukana oleva runoilija
Shukovskij saman huoneen seinään piirtämissä värsyissä sanoo,
ikäänkuin uuden Venäjän kehto.

Ensin oleskeli Pietari Zaandamissa tuntemattomana, mutta


jouduttuaan tappeluihin kaupungin katupoikien kanssa, ilmoittautui
hän pormestarille, ja vähitellen tuli yleiseksi tiedoksi, että Venäjän
tsaari oli siellä. Uteliasta väkeä kerääntyi häntä katselemaan: niinpä
täytyi hänen kerran erästä laivaa vesille työnnettäissä piiloittautua,
kun ihmisiä tunkeutui niin paljon hänen ympärilleen. Sen vuoksi lähti
hän Amsterdamiin, jossa hän työskenteli Itä-Intian kauppaseuran
varvissa. Amsterdamin pormestari, Nikolaus Witsen nimeltään, oli
Pietarille hyvänä apuna. Tämä mies oli näet ennen itse ollut
Venäjällä Hollantilaisten kauppa-asiamiehenä, ja myöhemmin
hankkimiensa tietojen nojassa julaissut kirjoituksiakin Itä-Euroopan
oloista. Witsen hankki Pietarille tilaisuuden saamaan eteviä opettajia
ja edullisia työpaikkoja.

Eikä Pietarin huomio rajoittunut yksinomaan laivarakennukseen,


vaikka se kyllä oli tärkein: vaan hän hankki itselleen tietoja
luonnontieteissä, anatomiiassa ja fysiikassa y.m. Hän opiskeli
Hollannin etevimpien tiedemiesten johdolla näitä aineita, kävi heidän
luentojaan kuulemassa, työskenteli laboratooriumeissa. Hän
tarkasteli Hollannin taidokkaasti tehtyjä kanavia, jotka häntä paljon
miellyttivät: Amsterdamin rakennustapaa hän myöhemmin käytti
Pietaria rakennettaissa. Sitä paitsi liikkui Pietari joka paikassa ja
kaikissa tilaisuuksissa hän oli läsnä; hän käveli satamassa katsellen,
miten vipujen avulla tavaroita laivoista nostettiin; markkinoilla hän
torilla suurella mielihyvällä tarkasteli kaikellaisten silmänkääntäjien
temppuja; samoissa tilaisuksissa hän myöskin näki, miten hampaita
suusta otettiin, ja opinhaluinen kun oli, tahtoi hän itsekin tähän
taitoon harjaantua. Mutta hän joutui myöskin käymään teaattereissa
ja huveissa; ilotulituksia missä pantiin toimeen, oli hän saapuvilla.
Hän oli läsnä leikkisodissa, laivamanöövereissä, joita hänen
kunniakseen pantiin toimeen. Silloin tällöin tavattiin hänet kirkossa
protestanttista jumalanpalvelusta kuulemassa. Sanalla sanoen hänen
huomionsa kääntyi kaikkiin elämän oloihin. Hollannin pieni, mutta
vilkas ja ahkera kansa miellytti häntä paljon enemmän kuin
suurenmoinen loisto ja komeus ruhtinasten hoveissa. Tehtailijoiden,
insinöörien ja rakennusmestarien seurassa hän viihtyi paremmin kuin
hovimiesten parissa. Hollannin varakas porvaristo oli hänestä
suuriarvoisempi, kuin muiden maiden ylimistö. Amsterdamissa sai
Pietari todistuksen mestariltaan Klaus Poolilta, jossa sanotaan, että
"Pietari Michailov" on Elokuun 30 p:stä 1697 Tammikuun 5 p:ään
1698 laivarakennusmiehenä tehnyt työtä hänen johdollaan, ja on
hän oppinut veistämistä, osien yhteenliittämistä, höyläämistä,
puraamista j.n.e., on käyttäytynyt niinkuin siivon ja kelpo työmiehen
tulee; myöskin laiva-arkkitehtuuria ja piirustusten tekemistä on hän
harrastanut.

Tammikuun 6 p:nä 1698 oli Lefort'illa suuret juomapidot: ja


seuraavana päivänä tsaari lähti Englantiin, muassaan vaan 10
henkeä, muut jäivät Hollantiin. Englannin kuningas Vilhelm III oli
lähettänyt häntä vastaan kaksi sotalaivaa sekä yhden jahtilaivan.
Kanaalin yli päästyään saivat he Lontoossa Themse-virran rannalla
kolme huoneustoa käytettäväkseen. Englannissa täydensi Pietari
taitoansa laivanrakennuksessa, tarkasteli laivaveistämöitä ja
sotalaivoja ja niiden manööverejä, jotka häntä enemmän kuin
Hollantilaisten meritappelut miellyttivät. Hän harrasti myöskin
puutöitä. Eräässä Lontoon sanomalehdessä v:lta 1698 on tarkka
kertomus eräästä huonekalusta, jonka Pietari oli valmistanut. Tämän
ohessa oli niinkuin muuallakin, huvituksia ja pitoja; Englannin eteviä
miehiä kävi hänen puheillaan, muun muassa Canterburyn
arkkipiispakin, jotka kaikki kummeksivat tätä nerokasta barbaria, sillä
sellaisena Pietaria länsimaissa pidettiin.

Neljä kuukautta länsimaissa oleskeltuaan palasi Pietari Hollantiin,


mutta sieltä matkusti hän pian Dresdenin kautta Wieniin. Näissä
maissa hän ei enää saanut nähdä samallaisia oloja, eikä hänen
oppinsa, ollut yhtä suuri. Sotalaitoksen tutkiminen oli tärkein;
Dresdenissä oli hän muun muassa hämmästyttänyt asiantuntevia
huomautuksillaan kanuunien virheistä, joita katseltiin. Mutta
pääasiallisesti kuluivat päivät komeissa audiensseissa ja pidoissa,
seurustelussa hienossa maailmassa soiton ja tanssin mukana. Muun
muassa kerrotaan eräissä iltakesteissä Dresdenissä, jossa muiden
mukana oli kauneudestaan kuuluisa Aurora Königsmark läsnä,
tsaarin olleen niin hyvällä tuulella, että hän naisten läsnäollessa otti
rummun ja löi sitä niin taitavasti, että voitti suuressa määrässä
varsinaiset rummunlyöjät.

Wienissä vietettiin sangen suurella loistolla Pietarin nimipäiviä;


1,000 henkeä oli kutsuttu. Siinä oli musiikia, tanssia, soittoa ja
ilotulituksia. Komeissa päivällisissä, jotka Saksan keisari Leopold
myöhemmin piti venäläiselle lähetystölle, oli Pietarikin saapuvilla,
mutta hän seisoi aterian aikana Lefort'in tuolin takana; hän kun kulki
tuntemattomana eli "incognito", ei esiintynyt hallitsijana, Lefort kysyi
viimeistä viinilasia tarjottaessa, eikö hän saisi myöskin takana
olevalle "ystävälleen" sitä antaa, johon tietysti suostuttiin.

Wienistä aikoi tsaari seuroineen matkustaa Italiaan, ensin


Venetsiaan, jossa vanhassa kauppakaupungissa hänellä olisi ollut
lisää oppimista; Venetsiassa jo tehtiin suuria valmistuksia tätä
varten; muun muassa aijottiin tsaarin läsnäollessa kuusi suurta
kanuunaa valaa, joihin tsaarin ylistystä koskettelevia kirjoituksia piti
piirrettämän. Mutta äkkiä hän muutti mielensä. Kotimaasta tuli ikäviä
uutisia; streltsit olivat alkaneet levottomuuksia ja sentähden ryhtyi
hän Heinäkuun 19 p:nä 1698 paluumatkalle.

IX. Venäläisiä lähetetään ulkomaille opintomatkoille.

Pietari ei tyytynyt siihen, että hän itse kävi seurueinensa


ulkomailla, vaan hän tahtoi, että sinne myöskin muita matkustaisi ja
että Venäjälle muuttaisi ulkomaalaisia. Mutta tässä kohden oli suuria
vaikeuksia voitettavana. Yleinen mielipide venäläisissä oli vielä toinen
kuin heidän tsaarillaan. Ulkomaalaisuutta pidettiin
jumalattomuutena, sinne matkustaminen oli syntiä, kerettiläisyyteen
joutuminen oli tarjolla; monet, varsinkin ylhäisten joukossa,
halveksivat ulkomaalaisuutta. Työttömään elämään tottuneet bojaarit
eivät myöskään mielellään ruvenneet merimieselämän vaivoihin tai
muihin raskaisiin töihin, jota ulkomailla vaadittiin. Lähteminen oli
sentähden useinkin vastenmielistä. Mutta tsaarin tahto oli ankara.
Hän teki matkasuunnitelmat ja opinharjoitukset hän sääsi. Tsaari piti
myöskin valvontaa, että hänen määräyksensä tulivat noudatetuiksi.
Kullakin piti olla palatessaan tyydyttävä todistus harjoittamastaan
opista. Rangaistus seurasi, jos ei tsaarin tahtoa täytetty;
niskoittelevan tavarat otettiin valtion omaksi. Siinä oli jotenkin paljon
ankaruutta, kun ottaa vielä huomioon, että asianomaiset tavallisesti
omalla kustannuksellaan olivat pakotetut matkansa suorittamaan.

Etupäässä laivain rakennukseen ja meritoimiin kuuluvia asioita


määräsi Pietari Venäläisiä ulkomailla harrastamaan. Venetsiaan,
Hollantiin ja Englantiin heitä useimmiten käsketään lähtemään.
Niinpä esim. sanotaan eräässä kreivi Tolstojta varten laaditussa
määräyksessä, että hänen tuli tutustua maantieteellisiin karttoihin,
kompassiin ja muihin merimiehille tarpeellisiin seikkoihin; hänen tuli
niinikään oppia ohjaamaan laivaa, purjeiden hoitoa ja taklausta; jos
mahdollista oli, tulisi hänen myös ottaa osaa meritappeluihin ja
hankkia todistuksia miten hän niissä oli suoriutunut. Mutta myöskin
sotalaitosta, rakennustaitoa, astronomiaa, matematiikkaa y.m.
käytännössä tarvittavia tietoja piti hankittaman. Useille pantiin
määräksi, että heidän tuli hankkia kaksi "mestaria" Venäjälle
muuttamaan. Tästä valtio korvaisi maksot. Vieraita kieliä oppimaan
ja tutkimaan, valtion hallintojärjestelmään perehtymään ja
valtiomiehiksi harjaantuakseen lähetettiin myöhemmin Venäläisiä
ulkomaille, mutta ensi aikoina olivat käytännölliset tiedot tärkeimmät.

Tavallisesti lähdettiin pakosta ulkomaille, mutta muutamat isät


lähettivät poikiansa vapaaehtoisestikin, että heistä muodostuisi hyviä
tsaarin ja valtion palvelijoita. Se oli heillä velvollisuudentuntoa. Olipa
sellaisiakin, vaikka harvassa, jotka sivistykselle antoivat arvon ja
yksinomaan sentähden halusivat jälkeläisilleen sitä. Eräs isä antaa
Hollannissa olevalle pojalleen neuvoja, että hänen pitäisi
joutohetkinä käydä seuroissa, teaattereissa, hankkia
"kavalierintapoja", harrastaa ratsastamista, tätäkin taitoa, jota
vanhan venäläisen käsityksen mukaan seurasi ikuinen rangaistus
helvetissä. "Ainoastaan tiedoilla", sanoo sama isä, "saatetaan
alkuperäisestä raakuudesta vapautua: luonnollinen ihminen,
jollaisena isä ja äiti hänet maailmaan synnyttää, ei tuo mitään
mukanaan".

Hyöty ei näistä matkustuksista aina ollut sellainen, kuin tsaari


tarkoitti. Vastenmielisesti kun moni lähti, ei oppiminenkaan käynyt
halulla. Kieli oli vierasta monelle, sivistyskanta oli niin alhainen,
etteivät kyenneet ymmärtämään länsimaiden kehittyneempiä oloja.
Pietari itse ei osannut antaa arvoa hienommalle sivistykselle, ei
taiteille, eikä hallintokaan silloin vielä hänen huomiotaan kiinnittänyt:
Hänen kasvatuksensa oli puutteellinen ollut; ja sivistystä ei hän
hakenut sen jalostavan voiman vuoksi, joka sillä ihmishenkeen on,
vaan käytännöllisen edun vuoksi. Kuvaavaa on hänen käyntinsä
Lontoossa ollessaan Englannin kuninkaan luona. Linnassa oli paljon
komeita tauluja, suurimpien mestarien teoksia; Pietarin huomio ei
niihin ollenkaan kääntynyt; mutta kuninkaan huoneessa näki hän
uunin päällä erään pienen koneen, joka osotti tuulen suunnan, ja
tätä hän suurella uteliaisuudella rupesi tarkastamaan. Hänelle jäi sen
vuoksi hämäräksi, käsittämättömäksi hienompi sivistys. Hänen
olentonsa ja tapansa ei muuttunut; hän pysyi intohimoisena,
aistillisuuteen taipuvaisena henkilönä koko elinaikansa. Mutta monet
muut eivät saattaneet omistaa itselleen käytännöllistäkään puolta
lähimainkaan siinä määrässä kuin Pietari. Useat kulkivat paikasta
toiseen, mitään saamatta aikaan, joivat ja kuluttivat rahansa ja
panivat kaikellaisia rauhattomuuksia toimeen; he näyttivät kyllä
useinkin kotimaansa raakoja tapoja Länsi-Euroopassa. Hollannissa
olivat kaikki siellä oleskelevat Venäläiset määrätyt erään ruhtinas
Ivan Lvovin valvonnan alle; mutta hän valittaa tsaarille, että
opintomatkalla olevat Venäläiset elävät hurjasti, tekevät velkoja ja
uhkaavat itse hänenkin, inspehtoorinsa, elämää. Englannista
kirjoittaa siellä oleva valvoja, ettei hän saata saada mitään aikaan
opintoja varten sinne tulleiden Venäläisten kanssa; he eivät tahdo
mennä oppiin mestarien luo, eikä sitoutua mihinkään toimeen; sitä
vastoin tahtovat he päästä kotiin lähtemään ilman mitään aihetta ja
vaativat vielä suuria rahasummia paluumatkaa varten; ei pyynnöt
eikä uhkaukset ole mitään vaikuttaneet. Hurjuudessa oli yksi
Venäläisistä puhkaissut erään Englantilaisen silmän, josta viimeksi
mainittu vaati 500 puntaa. Samantapaista menettelyä kerrotaan
muualtakin. Useat arvattavasti palasivat jotenkin samallaisina
kotimaahansa kuin olivat sieltä lähteneetkin.

Harvassa oli sellaisia matkustajien joukossa, jotka osasivat tehdä


havaintoja kuulemastaan ja näkemästään. Sellainen oli esim. äsken
mainittu kreivi Tolstoj, joka matkusteli Puolassa, Saksassa ja
Italiassa. Hän huomaa eri kansojen luonteet, tavat ja ominaisuudet
sekä arvostelee niitä; hän tarkastelee komeita rakennuksia;
oikeudenkäynnissä hän on saapuvilla j.n.e.; hän osasi omistaa ja
arvostella sitä mitä hän näki.

Mutta olkoonpa niinkin, ettei kaikilla ollut yhtä suurta hyötyä, että
etupäässä käytännöllinen puoli Euroopan sivistyksestä tuli Venäjän
hyväksi, oli se kuitenkin tärkeä, se oli suuri askel lähentämään sitä
Euroopaan. Näiden tietojen kautta Venäjä saattoi käyttää edukseen
omia apulähteitään, hankkia aineellisia voimia, joiden avulla se voi
kohota suuruuteensa.

Niinkuin jo on mainittu; tahtoi Pietari myöskin saada enemmän


ulkomaalaisia Venäjälle, etupäässä käytännöllistä väkeä. Hän oli itse
matkoillaan värvännyt sellaisia henkilöitä. Sinne kutsuttiin
arkkitehtiä, lakimiehiä, mekaanikkoja Ranskasta, upsieria armeijaan,
insinööriä kanavia kaivamaan, lääkäriä y.m. Kaikki tänne tulijat eivät
olleet varsin kehuttavia miehiä. Onnensa hakijoita ne usein olivat,
sellaisia, jotka eivät kotimaassaan tulleet toimeen. Venäjä oli silloin
jonkinlainen Amerikka, jonne mentiin rahoja ja etuja hankkimaan;
hyviä palkkoja ja muita etuja näet luvattiin sinne siirtyville. Mutta
eipä se aina niin hyvää ollut. Venäläiset ylipäänsä vihasivat
ulkomaalaisia, vehkeilivät niitä vastaan, tekivät heidän olonsa
tukalaksi; luvattuja etuja eivät aina saaneet nauttia; siitä syntyi
paljon rettelöitä ja kiistoja, ja moni palasi tyytymättömänä
kotimaahansa takaisin, mutta usea jäi kuitenkin sinne asumaan ja
auttamaan taidollaan Venäjän kehitystä.

X. Ensimmäiset uudistustoimet.

Elokuun 25 p:nä illalla saapui Pietari pääkaupunkiinsa Moskoovaan


ja lähti sieltä heti Preobrashenskiin. Seuraavana aamuna tuli korkeita
virkamiehiä hänen luoksensa onnea toivottamaan hyvin päättyneen
matkan johdosta. Tsaari oli hyvällä tuulella, iloinen ja ystävällinen;
vanhan venäläisen tavan mukaan lankesivat onnittelijat maahan
hänen eteensä ja hän taas kohotti heidät ylös sekä suuteli heitä.
Mutta tämän itämaalaisen kunnianosotuksen päätyttyä tarttui tsaari
saksiin ja leikkasi useammilta läsnäolevilta parrat pois; muiden
muassa menetti sotamarsalkka Schein partansa.

Tämä ensimmäinen hyvinkin mielivaltainen toimi oli ikäänkuin


enteenä siitä, että uusi aika oli alkamassa. Ennen ulkomaan
matkaansa ei Pietari ollut paljon asioihin puuttunut; hän oli
ainoastaan hankkinut oppia itselleen; mutta nyt oppiaika päättyy ja
hän rupeaa saamaansa oppia kansansa ja valtionsa eduksi
käyttämään. Hän ryhtyi hallitsemaan ja tästä lähin se oli hän yksin,
joka kaikki määräsi. Pietari esiintyi ikäänkuin muinais-roomalainen
diktaattori, joka kaiken vallan valtiossa oli saanut. Hän ei säästänyt
mitään; ei valitukset eikä pyynnöt häneen vaikuttaneet. Sillä hän
katsoi velvollisuutensa vaativan sitä mitä hän teki. Venäjän kansa ei
hänen toimiansa ymmärtänyt; se näki niissä vaan mielivaltaisuutta,
pyhyyden loukkaamista, uskonnon sokaisemista ja tsaarin oman
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