Chapter 5, Problem 1.

The equivalent model of a certain op amp is shown in Fig. 5.43. lk: (a) the
input resistance.
(b) the output resistance.
(c) the voltage gain in dB.

8x104vd

Figure 5.43 for Prob. 5.1

Chapter 5, Solution 1.

(a) Rin = 1.5 MΩ

(b) Rout = 60 Ω
(c) A = 8x104
Therefore AdB = 20 log 8x104 = 98.0 dB

Chapter 5, Problem 2

The open-loop gain of an op amp is 100,000. Calculate the output voltage when there are
inputs of +10 µV on the inverting terminal and + 20 µV on the noninverting terminal.

Chapter 5, Solution 2.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

= 105 (20-10) x 10-6 = 1V

Chapter 5, Problem 3

Determine the output voltage when .20 µV is applied to the inverting terminal of an op
amp and +30 µV to its noninverting terminal. Assume that the op amp has an open-loop
gain of 200,000.

Chapter 5, Solution 3.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

= 2 x 105 (30 + 20) x 10-6 = 10V

Chapter 5, Problem 4

The output voltage of an op amp is .4 V when the noninverting input is 1 mV. If the
open-loop gain of the op amp is 2 × 106, what is the inverting input?

Chapter 5, Solution 4.

v0 = Avd = A(v2 - v1)

v −4
v2 - v1 = 0 = = −2μV
A 2x10 6

v2 - v1 = -2 µV = –0.002 mV
1 mV - v1 = -0.002 mV
v1 = 1.002 mV
Chapter 5, Problem 5.

For the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.44, the op amp has an open-loop gain of 100,000, an
input resistance of 10 kΩ, and an output resistance of 100 Ω. Find the voltage gain vo/vi
using the nonideal model of the op amp.

Figure 5.44 for Prob. 5.5

Chapter 5, Solution 5.

I
R0
-
vd Rin

+ + +
Avd v0
-
vi + -
-

-vi + Avd + (Ri + R0) I = 0 (1)

But vd = RiI,

-vi + (Ri + R0 + RiA) I = 0

vi
I= (2)
R 0 + (1 + A)R i

-Avd - R0I + v0 = 0

(R 0 + R i A) v i
v0 = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I =
R 0 + (1 + A)R i
v0 R 0 + RiA 100 + 10 4 x10 5
= = ⋅ 10 4
v i R 0 + (1 + A)R i 100 + (1 + 10 5 )

10 9 100,000
≅ ⋅ 10 4 = = 0.9999990
(
1 + 10 5
) 100,001
Chapter 5, Problem 6

Using the same parameters for the 741 op amp in Example 5.1, find vo in the op amp
circuit of Fig. 5.45.

Figure 5.45 for Prob. 5.6

Example 5.1

A 741 op amp has an open-loop voltage gain of 2×105, input resistance of 2 MΩ, and
output resistance of 50Ω. The op amp is used in the circuit of Fig. 5.6(a). Find the closed-
loop gain vo/vs . Determine current i when vs = 2 V.
Chapter 5, Solution 6.
vi
+ -

R0
- I

vd
Rin

+ +
+ Avd
- vo
-

(R0 + Ri)R + vi + Avd = 0

But vd = RiI,

vi + (R0 + Ri + RiA)I = 0

− vi
I= (1)
R 0 + (1 + A)R i

-Avd - R0I + vo = 0

vo = Avd + R0I = (R0 + RiA)I

Substituting for I in (1),

⎛ R 0 + RiA ⎞
v0 = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ vi
⎝ R 0 + (1 + A)R i ⎠

= −
( )
50 + 2 x10 6 x 2 x10 5 ⋅ 10 −3
( )
50 + 1 + 2 x10 5 x 2 x10 6
− 200,000x 2 x10 6
≅ mV
200,001x 2 x10 6
v0 = -0.999995 mV
Chapter 5, Problem 7

The op amp in Fig. 5.46 has Ri = 100 kΩ, Ro = 100 Ω, A = 100,000. Find the differential
voltage vd and the output voltage vo.

+
–

Figure 5.46 for Prob. 5.7

Chapter 5, Solution 7.

100 kΩ

Rout = 100 Ω
10 kΩ 1 2

+
VS + +
– Vd Rin – AVd
+ Vout
–
–

At node 1, (VS – V1)/10 k = [V1/100 k] + [(V1 – V0)/100 k]

10 VS – 10 V1 = V1 + V1 – V0

which leads to V1 = (10VS + V0)/12

At node 2, (V1 – V0)/100 k = (V0 – (–AVd))/100

But Vd = V1 and A = 100,000,

V1 – V0 = 1000 (V0 + 100,000V1)

0= 1001V0 + 99,999,999[(10VS + V0)/12]

0 = 83,333,332.5 VS + 8,334,334.25 V0

which gives us (V0/ VS) = –10 (for all practical purposes)

If VS = 1 mV, then V0 = –10 mV

Since V0 = A Vd = 100,000 Vd, then Vd = (V0/105) V = –100 nV

Chapter 5, Problem 8
Obtain vo for each of the op amp circuits in Fig. 5.47.

Figure 5.47 for Prob. 5.8

Chapter 5, Solution 8.

(a) If va and vb are the voltages at the inverting and noninverting terminals of the op
amp.

va = v b = 0

0 − v0
1mA = v0 = -2V
2k
(b)
10 kΩ

-
2V +
ia va
- 2V
10 kΩ
+ +-
vb + + +
2 kΩ
vo va vo
1V + i
-

(a) (b)

Since va = vb = 1V and ia = 0, no current flows through the 10 kΩ resistor. From Fig. (b),

-va + 2 + v0 = 0 v0 = va - 2 = 1 - 2 = -1V
Chapter 5, Problem 9
Determine vo for each of the op amp circuits in Fig. 5.48.

+
–

Figure 5.48 for Prob. 5.9

Chapter 5, Solution 9.
(a) Let va and vb be respectively the voltages at the inverting and noninverting
terminals of the op amp

va = vb = 4V

At the inverting terminal,

4 − v0
1mA = v0 = 2V
2k
(b) 1V

+-
+ +
vb vo
- -

Since va = vb = 3V,

-vb + 1 + vo = 0 vo = vb - 1 = 2V
Chapter 5, Problem 10

Find the gain vo/vs of the circuit in Fig. 5.49.

Figure 5.49 for Prob. 5.10

Chapter 5, Solution 10.

Since no current enters the op amp, the voltage at the input of the op amp is vs. Hence

⎛ 10 ⎞ v o vo
vs = vo ⎜ ⎟= =2
⎝ 10 + 10 ⎠ 2 vs
Chapter 5, Problem 11
Find vo and io in the circuit in Fig. 5.50.

Figure 5.50 for Prob. 5.11

Chapter 5, Solution 11.

−
+
+ +
−
vo

10
vb = (3) = 2V
10 + 5

At node a,
3 − va va − vo
= 12 = 5va – vo
2 8

But va = vb = 2V,

12 = 10 – vo vo = –2V

va − vo 0 − vo 2 + 2 2
–io = + = + = 1mA
8 4 8 4

i o = –1mA
Chapter 5, Problem 12.

Calculate the voltage ratio vo/vs for the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.51. Assume that the op
amp is ideal. 25 kΩ

5 kΩ

–
+
vs + +
_ vo
10 kΩ
–

Figure 5.51 For Prob. 5.12.

Chapter 5, Solution 12.

This is an inverting amplifier.

25 vo
vo = − vs ⎯⎯ → = −5
5 vs
Chapter 5, Problem 13

Find vo and io in the circuit of Fig. 5.52.

Figure 5.52 for Prob. 5.13

Chapter 5, Solution 13.

+
−
+
+
− vo

By voltage division,

90
va = (1) = 0.9V
100

50 v
vb = vo = o
150 3

v0
But va = vb = 0.9 vo = 2.7V
3

vo v
io = i1 + i2 = + o = 0.27mA + 0.018mA = 288 μA
10k 150k
Chapter 5, Problem 14

Determine the output voltage vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.53.

Figure 5.53 for Prob. 5.14

Chapter 5, Solution 14.

Transform the current source as shown below. At node 1,

10 − v1 v1 − v 2 v1 − v o
= +
5 20 10

−
+
+
+
−

vo

But v2 = 0. Hence 40 - 4v1 = v1 + 2v1 - 2vo 40 = 7v1 - 2vo (1)

v1 − v 2 v 2 − v o
At node 2, = , v 2 = 0 or v1 = -2vo (2)
20 10

From (1) and (2), 40 = -14vo - 2vo vo = -2.5V

Chapter 5, Problem 15

(a). Determine the ratio vo/is in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.54.
(b). Evaluate the ratio for R1 = 20 kΩ, R2 = 25 kΩ, R3 = 40 2kOmega$.

Figure 5.54

Chapter 5, Solution 15

(a) Let v1 be the voltage at the node where the three resistors meet. Applying
KCL at this node gives

v1 v1 − vo ⎛ 1 1 ⎞ vo
is = + = v1 ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ − (1)
R2 R3 ⎝ R2 R3 ⎠ R3
At the inverting terminal,

0 − v1
is = ⎯
⎯→ v1 = −i s R1 (2)
R1
Combining (1) and (2) leads to
⎛ R R ⎞ v vo ⎛ RR ⎞
i s ⎜⎜1 + 1 + 1 ⎟⎟ = − o ⎯⎯→ = −⎜⎜ R1 + R3 + 1 3 ⎟⎟
⎝ R2 R3 ⎠ R3 is ⎝ R2 ⎠

(b) For this case,

vo ⎛ 20 x 40 ⎞
= −⎜ 20 + 40 + ⎟ kΩ = - 92 kΩ
is ⎝ 25 ⎠
Chapter 5, Problem 16

Obtain ix and iy in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.55.

Figure 5.55
Chapter 5, Solution 16

10k Ω

ix
5k Ω va iy
-
vb + vo

+ 2k Ω
0.5V
- 8k Ω

Let currents be in mA and resistances be in k Ω . At node a,

0.5 − v a v a − vo
= ⎯⎯→ 1 = 3v a − vo (1)
5 10

But
8 10
v a = vb = vo ⎯⎯→ vo = v a (2)
8+2 8
Substituting (2) into (1) gives
10 8
1 = 3v a − v a ⎯ ⎯→ va =
8 14
Thus,
0.5 − v a
ix = = −1 / 70 mA = − 14.28 μA
5
v − vb v o − v a 10 0.6 8
iy = o + = 0.6(vo − v a ) = 0.6( v a − v a ) = x mA = 85.71 μA
2 10 8 4 14
Chapter 5, Problem 17

Calculate the gain vo/vi when the switch in Fig. 5.56 is in:
(a) position 1 (b) position 2 (c) position 3

Figure 5.56

Chapter 5, Solution 17.

vo R 12
(a) G= = − 2 = − = -2.4
vi R1 5
vo 80
(b) =− = -16
vi 5
vo 2000
(c) =− = -400
vi 5
* Chapter 5, Problem 18.

For the circuit in Fig. 5.57, find the Thevenin equivalent to the left of terminals a-b.
Then calculate the power absorbed by the 20-kΩ resistor. Assume that the op amp is
ideal.
10 kΩ

2 kΩ
12 kΩ
a
–
+
2 mV _ 8 kΩ
20 kΩ

Figure 5.57 For Prob. 5.18.

Chapter 5, Solution 18.
We temporarily remove the 20-kΩ resistor. To find VTh, we consider the circuit below.

10 kΩ

2 kΩ
12 kΩ
–
+ +
+
2 mV _ 8Ω VTh

This is an inverting amplifier.

10k
VTh = − (2mV) = −10mV
2k

To find RTh, we note that the 8-kΩ resistor is across the output of the op amp which is
acting like a voltage source so the only resistance seen looking in is the 12-kΩ resistor.

The Thevenin equivalent with the 20-kΩ resistor is shown below.

12 kΩ a

I
+
–10 mV
_
20 k

I = –10m/(12k + 20k) = 0.3125x10–6 A

p = I2R = (0.3125x10–6)2x20x103 = 1.9531 nW

Chapter 5, Problem 19

Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 5.58.

Figure 5.58

Chapter 5, Solution 19.

We convert the current source and back to a voltage source.

4
24=
3

−
+ +
−

10k ⎛ 2 ⎞
vo = − ⎜ ⎟ = -1.25V
⎛ 4⎞ ⎝ 3⎠
⎜ 4 + ⎟k
⎝ 3⎠
v v −0
io = o + o = -0.375mA
5k 10k
Chapter 5, Problem 20

In the circuit in Fig. 5.59, calculate vo if vs = 0.

Figure 5.59

Chapter 5, Solution 20.

−
+
+ +
+
−
−
vo

At node a,

9 − va va − vo va − vb
= + 18 = 5va – vo - 2vb (1)
4 8 4

At node b,

va − vb vb − vo
= va = 3vb - 2vo (2)
4 2

But vb = vs = 0; (2) becomes va = –2vo and (1) becomes

-18 = -10vo – vo vo = -18/(11) = -1.6364V

Chapter 5, Problem 21.

Calculate vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.60.

10 kΩ

4 kΩ

–
+
3V +
+
+ vo
_
1V _ –

Figure 5.60 For Prob. 5.21.

Chapter 5, Solution 21.

Let the voltage at the input of the op amp be va.

3-v a va − vo 3-1 1− vo
va = 1 V, = ⎯⎯
→ =
4k 10k 4 10

vo = –4 V.

Chapter 5, Problem 22

Design an inverting amplifier with a gain of -15.

Chapter 5, Solution 22.

Av = -Rf/Ri = -15.
If Ri = 10kΩ, then Rf = 150 kΩ.
Chapter 5, Problem 23

For the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.61, find the voltage gain vo/vs.

Figure 5.61

Chapter 5, Solution 23

At the inverting terminal, v=0 so that KCL gives

vs − 0 0 0 − vo vo Rf
= + ⎯⎯⎯→ =−
R1 R2 Rf vs R1
Chapter 5, Problem 24
In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.62, find k in the voltage transfer function vo = kvs.

Figure 5.62

Chapter 5, Solution 24
v1 Rf

R1 R2

- vs + -
+
+
R4
R3 vo
v2 -

We notice that v1 = v2. Applying KCL at node 1 gives

v1 (v1 − v s ) v1 − vo ⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞⎟ v v
+ + =0 ⎯⎯→ ⎜ + + v1 − s = o (1)
R1 R2 Rf ⎜ ⎟
⎝ R1 R2 R f ⎠ R2 R f
Applying KCL at node 2 gives
v1 v1 − v s R3
+ =0 ⎯⎯→ v1 = vs (2)
R3 R4 R3 + R4

Substituting (2) into (1) yields

⎡⎛ R R R ⎞⎛ R3 ⎞ 1 ⎤
vo = R f ⎢⎜ 3 + 3 − 4 ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎥ v s
⎢⎣⎜⎝ R1 R f R2 ⎟⎠⎝ R3 + R4 ⎠ R2 ⎥⎦
i.e.
⎡⎛ R R R ⎞⎛ R3 ⎞ 1 ⎤
k = R f ⎢⎜ 3 + 3 − 4 ⎟⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − ⎥
⎢⎣⎜⎝ R1 R f R2 ⎟⎠⎝ R3 + R4 ⎠ R2 ⎥⎦
Chapter 5, Problem 25.

Calculate vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.63.

12 kΩ
–
+
+
+
2V _ 20 kΩ vo

Figure 5.63 For Prob. 5.25.

Chapter 5, Solution 25.

This is a voltage follower. If v1 is the output of the op amp,

v1 = 2V

20k 20
vo = v1= (12)=1.25 V
20k+12k 32
Chapter 5, Problem 26

Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 5.64.

Figure 5.64

Chapter 5, Solution 26

vb - io
+ +
0.4V 5k Ω
- 2k Ω vo
8k Ω
-

8
v b = 0 .4 = vo = 0.8vo ⎯
⎯→ v o = 0 .4 / 0 .8 = 0 .5 V
8+2
Hence,
vo 0.5
io = = = 0.1 mA
5k 5k
Chapter 5, Problem 27.

Find vo in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.65.

16Ω
v1 v2 8 Ω
–
+
5V +
_ 24Ω 12Ω vo

Figure 5.65 For Prob. 5.27.

Chapter 5, Solution 27.

This is a voltage follower.

24
v1 = (5) = 3V , v2 = v1 = 3V
24 + 16
12
vo = (3V) = 1.8 V
12 + 8
Chapter 5, Problem 28
Find io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.66.

Figure 5.66

Chapter 5, Solution 28.

−
+

+
−

0 − v1 v1 − v o
At node 1, =
10k 50k

But v1 = 0.4V,

-5v1 = v1 – vo, leads to vo = 6v1 = 2.4V

Alternatively, viewed as a noninverting amplifier,

vo = (1 + (50/10)) (0.4V) = 2.4V

io = vo/(20k) = 2.4/(20k) = 120 μA

Chapter 5, Problem 29

Determine the voltage gain vo/vi of the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.67.

Figure 5.67

Chapter 5, Solution 29

R1 va
+
vb - +

+
vi R2 R2 vo
- R1
-

R2 R1
va = vi , vb = vo
R1 + R2 R1 + R2

R2 R1
But v a = vb ⎯
⎯→ vi = vo
R1 + R2 R1 + R2
Or
v o R2
=
vi R1
Chapter 5, Problem 30

In the circuit shown in Fig. 5.68, find ix and the power absorbed by the 20-Ω resistor.

Figure 5.68

Chapter 5, Solution 30.

The output of the voltage becomes

vo = vi = 12
30 20 = 12kΩ

By voltage division,

12
vx = (1.2) = 0.2V
12 + 60

vx 0.2
ix = = = 10μA
20k 20k

v 2x 0.04
p= = = 2μW
R 20k
Chapter 5, Problem 31

For the circuit in Fig. 5.69, find ix.

Figure 5.69

Chapter 5, Solution 31.

After converting the current source to a voltage source, the circuit is as shown below:

+
−
+
−

At node 1,
12 − v1 v1 − v o v1 − v o
= + 48 = 7v1 - 3vo (1)
3 6 12

At node 2,
v1 − v o v o − 0
= = ix v1 = 2vo (2)
6 6

From (1) and (2),

48
vo =
11
vo
ix = = 727.2μA
6k
Chapter 5, Problem 32

Calculate ix and vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.70. Find the power dissipated by the 60-kΩ
resistor.

Figure 5.70

Chapter 5, Solution 32.

Let vx = the voltage at the output of the op amp. The given circuit is a non-inverting
amplifier.

⎛ 50 ⎞
v x = ⎜1 + ⎟ (4 mV) = 24 mV
⎝ 10 ⎠
60 30 = 20kΩ

By voltage division,
20 v
vo = v x = x = 12mV
20 + 20 2
vx 24mV
ix = = = 600nA
(20 + 20 )k 40k

v o2 144 x10 −6
p= = = 204nW
R 60 x10 3
Chapter 5, Problem 33
Refer to the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.71. Calculate ix and the power dissipated by the 3-
kΩ resistor.

Figure 5.71

Chapter 5, Solution 33.

After transforming the current source, the current is as shown below:

+
−
+
−

This is a noninverting amplifier.

⎛ 1⎞ 3
v o = ⎜1 + ⎟ v i = v i
⎝ 2⎠ 2
Since the current entering the op amp is 0, the source resistor has a OV potential drop.
Hence vi = 4V.
3
v o = ( 4) = 6 V
2

Power dissipated by the 3kΩ resistor is

v o2 36
= = 12mW
R 3k

va − vo 4 − 6
ix = = = -2mA
R 1k
Chapter 5, Problem 34.

Given the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.72, express vo in terms of v1 and v2.

Figure 5.72

Chapter 5, Solution 34
v1 − vin v1 − vin
+ =0 (1)
R1 R2
but
R3
va = vo (2)
R3 + R 4

Combining (1) and (2),

R1 R
v1 − va + v 2 − 1 va = 0
R2 R2

⎛ R ⎞ R
va ⎜⎜1 + 1 ⎟⎟ = v1 + 1 v 2
⎝ R2 ⎠ R2

R 3v o ⎛ R ⎞ R
⎜⎜1 + 1 ⎟⎟ = v1 + 1 v 2
R3 + R 4 ⎝ R 2 ⎠ R2

R3 + R 4 ⎛ R ⎞
vo = ⎜⎜ v1 + 1 v 2 ⎟⎟
⎛ R ⎞ R2 ⎠
R 3 ⎜⎜1 + 1 ⎟⎟ ⎝
⎝ R2 ⎠

R3 + R 4
vO = ( v1R 2 + v 2 )
R 3 ( R1 + R 2 )
Chapter 5, Problem 35

Design a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 10.

Chapter 5, Solution 35.

vo R
Av = = 1 + f = 10 Rf = 9Ri
vi Ri
If Ri = 10kΩ, Rf = 90kΩ
Chapter 5, Problem 36

For the circuit shown in Fig. 5.73, find the Thèvenin equivalent at terminals a-b.
(Hint: To find RTh, apply a current source io and calculate vo.)

Figure 5.73

Chapter 5, Solution 36

VTh = Vab
R1
But vs = Vab . Thus,
R1 + R2
R + R2 R
VTh = Vab = 1 v s = (1 + 2 )v s
R1 R1
To get RTh, apply a current source Io at terminals a-b as shown below.

v1
+
v2 - a

+
R2
vo io
R1
-
b

Since the noninverting terminal is connected to ground, v1 = v2 =0, i.e. no current passes
through R1 and consequently R2 . Thus, vo=0 and
v
RTh = o = 0
io
Chapter 5, Problem 37

Determine the output of the summing amplifier in Fig. 5.74.

Figure 5.74

Chapter 5, Solution 37.

⎡R R R ⎤
v o = − ⎢ f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 ⎥
⎣ R1 R2 R3 ⎦

⎡ 30 30 30 ⎤
= − ⎢ (1) + ( 2) + (−3)⎥
⎣ 10 20 30 ⎦

vo = –3V
Chapter 5, Problem 38

Calculate the output voltage due to the summing amplifier shown in Fig. 5.75.

Figure 5.75

Chapter 5, Solution 38.

⎡R R R R ⎤
v o = − ⎢ f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4 ⎥
⎣ R1 R2 R3 R4 ⎦
⎡ 50 50 50 50 ⎤
= − ⎢ (10) + ( −20) + (50) + ( −100)⎥
⎣ 25 20 10 50 ⎦

= -120mV
Chapter 5, Problem 39

For the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.76, determine the value of v2 in order to make
vo = -16.5 V.

Figure 5.76

Chapter 5, Solution 39

This is a summing amplifier.

⎛ Rf Rf Rf ⎞ ⎛ 50 50 50 ⎞
vo = −⎜⎜ v1 + v2 + v3 ⎟⎟ = −⎜ (2) + v 2 + (−1) ⎟ = −9 − 2.5v 2
⎝ R1 R2 R3 ⎠ ⎝ 10 20 50 ⎠

Thus,

v o = −16.5 = −9 − 2.5v 2 ⎯
⎯→ v2 = 3 V
Chapter 5, Problem 40.

Find vo in terms of v1, v2, and v3, in the circuit of Fig. 5.77.

+
– vo

R R R R1

v1 + + +
_ v2 _ _ v3 R2

Figure 5.77 For Prob. 5.40.

Chapter 5, Solution 40.

Applying KCL at node a, where node a is the input to the op amp.

v1 − v a v 2 − v a v 3 − v a
+ + = 0 or va = (v1 + v2 + v3)/3
R R R

vo = (1 + R1/R2)va = (1 + R1/R2)(v1 + v2 + v3)/3.

Chapter 5, Problem 41

An averaging amplifier is a summer that provides an output equal to the average of the
inputs. By using proper input and feedback resistor values, one can get
1
− vout = (v1 + v 2 + v3 + v 4 )
4

Using a feedback resistor of 10 kΩ, design an averaging amplifier with four inputs.

Chapter 5, Solution 41.

Rf/Ri = 1/(4) Ri = 4Rf = 40kΩ

The averaging amplifier is as shown below:

−
+

Chapter 5, Problem 42

A three-input summing amplifier has input resistors with R1 = R2 = R3 = 30 kΩ.

To produce an averaging amplifier, what value of feedback resistor is needed?

Chapter 5, Solution 42

1
Rf = R1 = 10 kΩ
3
Chapter 5, Problem 43

A four-input summing amplifier has R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = 12 kΩ. What value of feedback

resistor is needed to make it an averaging amplifier?

Chapter 5, Solution 43.

In order for

⎛R R R R ⎞
v o = ⎜⎜ f v1 + f v 2 + f v 3 + f v 4 ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 R2 R3 R4 ⎠

to become
1
vo = −(v 1 + v 2 + v 3 + v 4 )
4
Rf 1 R 12
= Rf = i = = 3kΩ
Ri 4 4 4
Chapter 5, Problem 44
Show that the output voltage vo of the circuit in Fig. 5.78 is
vo =
(R3 + R4 ) (R v + R v )
R3 (R1 + R2 )
2 1 1 2

Figure 5.78
Chapter 5, Solution 44.

−
+

v1 v 2
+
v b − v1 v b − v 2 R1 R 2
At node b, + =0 vb = (1)
R1 R2 1 1
+
R1 R 2

0 − va va − vo vo
At node a, = va = (2)
R3 R4 1+ R 4 / R3

But va = vb. We set (1) and (2) equal.

vo R v + R 1v 2
= 2 1
1+ R4 / R3 R1 + R 2

or
(R 3 + R 4 )
vo = (R 2 v1 + R1v 2 )
R 3 (R 1 + R 2 )
Chapter 5, Problem 45

Design an op amp circuit to perform the following operation:

vo = 3v1 - 2v2

All resistances must be ≤ 100 kΩ.

Chapter 5, Solution 45.

This can be achieved as follows:

⎡ R
v o = −⎢ (− v1 ) + R v 2 ⎤⎥
⎣R /3 R/2 ⎦

⎡R R ⎤
= − ⎢ f (− v1 ) + f v 2 ⎥
⎣ R1 R2 ⎦

i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/3, and R2 = R/2

Thus we need an inverter to invert v1, and a summer, as shown below (R<100kΩ).

−
+
−
+
Chapter 5, Problem 46

Using only two op amps, design a circuit to solve

v1 − v2 v3
− v out = +
3 2

Chapter 5, Solution 46.

v1 1 1 R R R
− vo = + ( − v 2 ) + v 3 = f v1 + x ( − v 2 ) + f v 3
3 3 2 R1 R2 R3
i.e. R3 = 2Rf, R1 = R2 = 3Rf. To get -v2, we need an inverter with Rf = Ri. If Rf = 10kΩ,
a solution is given below.

10 kΩ
30 kΩ
−
+
−
+
Chapter 5, Problem 47.

The circuit in Fig. 5.79 is for a difference amplifier. Find vo given that v1 =1V and v2 =
2V.
30 kΩ

2 kΩ

–
2 kΩ +
v1 +
+
_ +
v v2 vo
_
20 kΩ
–

Figure 5.79 For Prob. 5.47.

Chapter 5, Solution 47.

Using eq. (5.18), R1 = 2kΩ, R2 = 30kΩ, R3 = 2kΩ, R4 = 20kΩ

30(1+ 2 / 30) 30 32
vo = v2 − V1 = (2) − 15(1) = 14.09 V
2(1+ 2 / 20) 2 2.2
Chapter 5, Problem 48

The circuit in Fig. 5.80 is a differential amplifier driven by a bridge. Find vo.

Figure 5.80
Chapter 5, Solution 48.
We can break this problem up into parts. The 5 mV source separates the lower circuit
from the upper. In addition, there is no current flowing into the input of the op amp
which means we now have the 40-kohm resistor in series with a parallel combination of
the 60-kohm resistor and the equivalent 100-kohm resistor.

Thus, 40k + (60x100k)/(160) = 77.5k

which leads to the current flowing through this part of the circuit,
i = 5m/77.5k = 6.452x10–8

The voltage across the 60k and equivalent 100k is equal to,
v = ix37.5k = 2.419mV

We can now calculate the voltage across the 80-kohm resistor.

v80 = 0.8x2.419m = 1.9352mV

which is also the voltage at both inputs of the op amp and the voltage between the 20-
kohm and 80-kohm resistors in the upper circuit. Let v1 be the voltage to the left of the
20-kohm resistor of the upper circuit and we can write a node equation at that node.

(v1–5m)/(10k) + v1/30k + (v1–1.9352m)/20k = 0

or 6v1 – 30m + 2v1 + 3v1 – 5.806m = 0

or v1 = 35.806m/11 = 3.255mV

The current through the 20k-ohm resistor, left to right, is,

i20 = (3.255m–1.9352m)/20k = 6.599x10–8 A

thus, vo = 1.9352m – 6.599x10–8x80k

= 1.9352m – 5.2792m = –3.344 mV.
Chapter 5, Problem 49

Design a difference amplifier to have a gain of 2 and a common mode input resistance of
10 kΩ at each input.

Chapter 5, Solution 49.

R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, R2/(R1) = 2

i.e. R2 = 2R1 = 20kΩ = R4

R 2 1 + R1 / R 2 R
Verify: vo = v 2 − 2 v1
R1 1 + R 3 / R 4 R1

(1 + 0.5)
=2 v 2 − 2 v 1 = 2( v 2 − v 1 )
1 + 0 .5

Thus, R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, R2 = R4 = 20kΩ

Chapter 5, Problem 50
Design a circuit to amplify the difference between two inputs by 2.
(a) Use only one op amp.
(b) Use two op amps.

Chapter 5, Solution 50.

(a) We use a difference amplifier, as shown below:

−
+

R2
vo = (v 2 − v1 ) = 2(v 2 − v1 ), i.e. R2/R1 = 2
R1
If R1 = 10 kΩ then R2 = 20kΩ

(b) We may apply the idea in Prob. 5.35.

v 0 = 2 v1 − 2 v 2
⎡ R
= −⎢ (− v1 ) + R v 2 ⎤⎥
⎣R / 2 R/2 ⎦
⎡R R ⎤
= − ⎢ f (− v1 ) + f v 2 ⎥
⎣ R1 R2 ⎦
i.e. Rf = R, R1 = R/2 = R2

We need an inverter to invert v1 and a summer, as shown below. We may let R = 10kΩ.

−
+
−
+
Chapter 5, Problem 51

Using two op amps, design a subtractor.

Chapter 5, Solution 51.

We achieve this by cascading an inverting amplifier and two-input inverting summer as

shown below:

−
+
−
+

Verify:

vo = -va - v2
But va = -v1. Hence
vo = v1 - v2.
Chapter 5, Problem 52

Design an op amp circuit such that

vo = - 2v1 + 4v2 - 5v3 - v4

Let all the resistors be in the range of 5 to 100 kΩ.

Chapter 5, Solution 52

A summing amplifier shown below will achieve the objective. An inverter is inserted to
invert v2. Let R = 10 k Ω .
R/2 R
v1

R/5

v3 -
+ vo
v4 R
R
R
v2
- R/4

+
Chapter 5, Problem 53

The ordinary difference amplifier for fixed-gain operation is shown in Fig. 5.81(a). It is
simple and reliable unless gain is made variable. One way of providing gain adjustment
without losing simplicity and accuracy is to use the circuit in Fig. 5.81(b). Another way is
to use the circuit in Fig. 5.81(c). Show that:

(a) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(a),

v o R2
=
vi R1

(b) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(b),

v o R2 1
=
vi R1 1 + R1
2 RG

(c) for the circuit in Fig. 5.81(c),

v o R2 ⎛ R ⎞
= ⎜⎜1 + 2 ⎟⎟
vi R1 ⎝ 2 RG ⎠
Figure 5.81
Chapter 5, Solution 53.

(a)

−
+

At node a,
v1 − v a v a − v o R 2 v1 + R 1 v o
= va = (1)
R1 R2 R1 + R 2
R2
At node b, vb = v2 (2)
R1 + R 2

But va = vb. Setting (1) and (2) equal gives

R2 R v + R 1vo
v2 = 2 1
R1 + R 2 R1 + R 2
R
v 2 − v1 = 1 v o = v i
R2
vo R 2
=
vi R1
(b)

−
−
vi +
+

vo

v1 − v A v B − v A v A − v a
At node A, + =
R1 / 2 Rg R1 / 2

R1
or v1 − v A + (v B − v A ) = v A − v a (1)
2R g

v2 − vB vB − vA vB − vb
At node B, = +
R1 / 2 R1 / 2 Rg

R1
or v2 − vB − (v B − v A ) = v B − v b (2)
2R g

Subtracting (1) from (2),

2R 1
v 2 − v1 − v B + v A − (v B − v A ) = v B − v A − v b + v a
2R g
Since, va = vb,
v 2 − v1 ⎛⎜ R ⎞ v
= 1 + 1 ⎟ (v B − v A ) = i
2 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2R g ⎠ 2

vi 1
or vB − vA = ⋅ (3)
2 R
1+ 1
2R g
But for the difference amplifier,

R2
vo = (v B − v A )
R1 / 2
R
or vB − vA = 1 vo (4)
2R 2

R1 v 1
Equating (3) and (4), vo = i ⋅
2R 2 2 R
1+ 1
2R g
vo R 2 1
= ⋅
vi R1 R
1+ 1
2R g
 v1 − v a v a − v A
(c) At node a, =
R1 R2 / 2
2R 1 2R 1
v1 − v a = va − vA (1)
R2 R2
2R 1 2R 1
At node b, v2 − vb = vb − vB (2)
R2 R2

Since va = vb, we subtract (1) from (2),

− 2R 1 v
v 2 − v1 = (v B − v A ) = i
R2 2
− R2
or vB − vA = vi (3)
2R 1

At node A,

va − vA vB − vA vA − vo
+ =
R2 /2 Rg R/2
R2
va − vA + (v B − v A ) = v A − v o (4)
2R g

vb − vB vB − vA vB − 0
At node B, − =
R/2 Rg R/2
R2
vb − vB − (v B − v A ) = v B (5)
2R g
Subtracting (5) from (4),
R2
v B −v A + (v B − v A ) = v A − v B − v o
Rg
⎛ R ⎞
2(v B − v A )⎜1 + 2 ⎟ = − v o (6)
⎜ 2R ⎟
⎝ g ⎠

Combining (3) and (6),

− R 2 ⎛⎜ R ⎞
v i 1 + 2 ⎟ = −v o
R1 ⎜ 2R ⎟
⎝ g ⎠

v o R 2 ⎛⎜ R ⎞
⎟
= 1+ 2
vi R 1 ⎜⎝ 2R g ⎟
⎠
Chapter 5, Problem 54.

Determine the voltage transfer ratio vo/vs in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.82,
where R =10 kΩ.

+ –
+
+

vs R
vo
R
– –

Figure 5.82 For Prob. 5.54.

Chapter 5, Solution 54.

The first stage is a summer (please note that we let the output of the first stage be v1).

⎛R R ⎞
v1 = −⎜ v s + v o ⎟ = –vs – vo
⎝R R ⎠

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier

vo = (1 + R/R)v1 = 2v1 = 2(–vs – vo) or 3vo = –2vs

vo/vs = –0.6667.
Chapter 5, Problem 55

In a certain electronic device, a three-stage amplifier is desired, whose overall voltage

gain is 42 dB. The individual voltage gains of the first two stages are to be equal, while
the gain of the third is to be one-fourth of each of the first two. Calculate the voltage gain
of each.

Chapter 5, Solution 55.

Let A1 = k, A2 = k, and A3 = k/(4)

A = A1A2A3 = k3/(4)
20Log10 A = 42
Log10 A = 2.1 A = 102 ⋅1 = 125.89
k3 = 4A = 503.57
k = 3 503.57 = 7.956
Thus A1 = A2 = 7.956, A3 = 1.989

Chapter 5, Problem 56.

Calculate the gain of the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.83.

10 kΩ 40 kΩ

1 kΩ
20 kΩ
+ –
vi –
–

Figure 5.83 For Prob. 5.56.

Chapter 5, Solution 56.

Each stage is an inverting amplifier. Hence.

vo 10 40
= (− )(− ) = 20
vs 1 20
Chapter 5, Problem 57.

Find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.84.

25 kΩ 50 kΩ 100 kΩ 100 kΩ
vs1 +
– vo

–
–
50 kΩ 100 kΩ

50 kΩ

vs2

Figure 5.84 For Prob. 5.57.

Chapter 5, Solution 57.

Let v1 be the output of the first op amp and v2 be the output of the second op amp.

The first stage is an inverting amplifier.

50
v1 = − vs1 = −2vs1
25
The second state is a summer.

v2 = –(100/50)vs2 – (100/100)v1 = –2vs2 + 2vs1

The third state is a noninverting amplifier

100
vo = (1+ )v2 = 3v2 = 6vs1 − 6vs2
50
Chapter 5, Problem 58

Calculate io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.85.

Figure 5.85

Chapter 5, Solution 58.

Looking at the circuit, the voltage at the right side of the 5-kΩ resistor must be at 0V if
the op amps are working correctly. Thus the 1-kΩ is in series with the parallel
combination of the 3-kΩ and the 5-kΩ. By voltage division, the input to the voltage
follower is:

35
v1 = (0.6) = 0.3913V = to the output of the first op amp.
1+ 3 5

Thus
vo = –10((0.3913/5)+(0.3913/2)) = –2.739 V.

0 − vo
io = = 0.6848 mA
4k
Chapter 5, Problem 59.

In the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.86, determine the voltage gain vo/vs. Take R = 10 kΩ.

2R 4R

R R
–
+ –
+ +
vs + vo
_ –

Figure 5.86 For Prob. 5.59.

Chapter 5, Solution 59.

The first stage is a noninverting amplifier. If v1 is the output of the first op amp,

v1 = (1 + 2R/R)vs = 3vs

The second stage is an inverting amplifier

vo = –(4R/R)v1 = –4v1 = –4(3vs) = –12vs

vo/vs = –12.
Chapter 5, Problem 60.

Calculate vo/vi in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.87.

4 kΩ

10 kΩ

5kΩ
+
–
vi +
+
–
vo
2 kΩ
10 kΩ –

Figure 5.87 For Prob. 5.60.

Chapter 5, Solution 60.

The first stage is a summer. Let V1 be the output of the first stage.

10 10
v1 = − vi − vo ⎯⎯
→ v1 = −2vi − 2.5vo (1)
5 4

By voltage division,
10 5
v1 = vo = vo (2)
10 + 2 6

Combining (1) and (2),

5 10
vo = −2v1 − 2.5v0 ⎯⎯
→ v0 = −2vi
6 3

vo
= −6/10 = −0.6
vi
Chapter 5, Problem 61.

Determine vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.88.

20 kΩ 10 kΩ 40 kΩ
–0.2V

0.4 V 10 kΩ 20 kΩ
–
+ –
+ vo

Figure 5.88 For Prob. 5.61.

Chapter 5, Solution 61.

The first op amp is an inverter. If v1 is the output of the first op amp,

200
v1 = − (0.4) = −0.8V
100

The second op amp is a summer

−40 40
Vo = (0.2) − (0.8) = 0.8 + 1.6 = 2.4 V
10 20
Chapter 5, Problem 62

Obtain the closed-loop voltage gain vo/vi of the circuit in Fig. 5.89.

Figure 5.89
Chapter 5, Solution 62.

Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = output of the second op amp

The first stage is a summer

R2 R
v1 = − vi – 2 vo (1)
R1 Rf

The second stage is a follower. By voltage division

R4 R3 + R4
vo = v2 = v1 v1 = vo (2)
R3 + R4 R4

From (1) and (2),

⎛ R3 ⎞ R R
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ v o = − 2 v i − 2 v o
⎝ R4 ⎠ R1 Rf
⎛ R3 R2 ⎞ R
⎜⎜1 + + ⎟⎟ v o = − 2 v i
⎝ R4 Rf ⎠ R1
vo R 1 − R 2R 4R f
=− 2 ⋅ =
vi R1 R3 R2 R 1 (R 2 R 4 + R 3 R f + R 4 R f )
1+ +
R4 Rf
Chapter 5, Problem 63

Determine the gain vo/vi of the circuit in Fig. 5.90.

–
+

Figure 5.90

Chapter 5, Solution 63.

The two op amps are summers. Let v1 be the output of the first op amp. For the first
stage,

R2 R
v1 = − vi − 2 v o (1)
R1 R3

For the second stage,

R4 R
vo = − v1 − 4 v i (2)
R5 R6

Combining (1) and (2),

R4 ⎛ R2 ⎞ R ⎛R ⎞ R
vo = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ v i + 4 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ v o − 4 v i
R5 ⎝ R1 ⎠ R5 ⎝ R3 ⎠ R6
⎛ R R ⎞ ⎛R R R ⎞
v o ⎜⎜1 − 2 4 ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ 2 4 − 4 ⎟⎟ v i
⎝ R 3 R 5 ⎠ ⎝ R 1R 5 R 6 ⎠
R 2R 4 R 4
−
vo R 1R 5 R 6
=
vi R R
1− 2 4
R 3R 5
Chapter 5, Problem 64

For the op amp circuit shown in Fig. 5.91, find vo/vs.

Figure 5.91

Chapter 5, Solution 64

G4

G G3

G1
1 G 2
- -
+ 0V + v 0V + +
vs G2 vo
- -

At node 1, v1=0 so that KCL gives

G1v s + G4 vo = −Gv (1)

At node 2,

G2 v s + G3 v o = −Gv (2)
From (1) and (2),
G1v s + G 4 v o = G 2 v s + G3 v o ⎯⎯→
⎯ (G1 − G 2 )v s = (G3 − G 4 )v o
or
vo G1 − G2
=
v s G3 − G 4
Chapter 5, Problem 65

Find vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.92.

+
–

Figure 5.92

Chapter 5, Solution 65

The output of the first op amp (to the left) is 6 mV. The second op amp is an inverter so
that its output is

30
vo ' = − (6mV) = -18 mV
10
The third op amp is a noninverter so that

40 48
vo ' = vo ⎯
⎯→ vo = v o ' = − 21.6 mV
40 + 8 40
Chapter 5, Problem 66

For the circuit in Fig. 5.93, find vo.

Figure 5.93

Chapter 5, Solution 66.

− 100 100 ⎛ 40 ⎞ 100

vo = ( 6) − ⎜ − ⎟ ( 4) − ( 2)
25 20 ⎝ 20 ⎠ 10
= −24 + 40 − 20 = -4V
Chapter 5, Problem 67

Obtain the output vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.94.

Figure 5.94

Chapter 5, Solution 67.

80 ⎛ 80 ⎞ 80
vo = − ⎜ − ⎟ ( 0 .2 ) − ( 0 .2 )
40 ⎝ 20 ⎠ 20
= 3.2 − 0.8 = 2.4V
Chapter 5, Problem 68.

Find vo in the circuit in Fig. 5.95, assuming that Rf = ∞ (open circuit).

Figure 5.95

Chapter 5, Solution 68.

If Rq = ∞, the first stage is an inverter.

15
Va = − (10) = −30mV
5

when Va is the output of the first op amp.

The second stage is a noninverting amplifier.

⎛ 6⎞
v o = ⎜1 + ⎟ v a = (1 + 3)(−30) = -120mV
⎝ 2⎠
Chapter 5, Problem 69

Repeat the previous problem if Rf = 10 kΩ.

5.68 Find vo in the circuit in Fig. 5.93, assuming that Rf = ∞ (open circuit).

Figure 5.93

Chapter 5, Solution 69.

In this case, the first stage is a summer

15 15
va = − (10) − v o = −30 − 1.5v o
5 10

For the second stage,

⎛ 6⎞
v o = ⎜1 + ⎟ v a = 4 v a = 4(− 30 − 1.5v o )
⎝ 2⎠
120
7 v o = −120 vo = − = -17.143mV
7
Chapter 5, Problem 70

Determine vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.96.

Figure 5.96
Chapter 5, Solution 70.

The output of amplifier A is

30 30
vA = − (1) − (2) = −9
10 10

The output of amplifier B is

20 20
vB = − (3) − (4) = −14
10 10

−
+

10
vb = (−14) = −2V
60 + 10

vA − va va − vo
At node a, =
20 40

But va = vb = -2V, 2(-9+2) = -2-vo

Therefore, vo = 12V
Chapter 5, Problem 71

Determine vo in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.97.

+
–

Figure 5.97
Chapter 5, Solution 71

20k Ω
5k Ω 100k Ω

- 40k Ω
+
+ v2
2V 80k Ω -
- 10k Ω + +

vo
20k Ω
-

- 10k Ω
+ v1 +
- v3

+
3V 50k Ω
- 30k Ω

20 50
v1 = 3, v2 = − (2) = −8, v3 = (1 + )v1 = 8
5 30
⎛ 100 100 ⎞
v o = −⎜ v2 + v3 ⎟ = −(−20 + 10) = 10 V
⎝ 40 80 ⎠
Chapter 5, Problem 72
Find the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig. 5.98.

Figure 5.98
Chapter 5, Solution 72.

Since no current flows into the input terminals of ideal op amp, there is no voltage drop
across the 20 kΩ resistor. As a voltage summer, the output of the first op amp is
v01 = 0.4

The second stage is an inverter

250
v2 = − v 01
100
= −2.5(0.4) = -1V

Chapter 5, Problem 73
Determine the load voltage vL in the circuit of Fig. 5.99.

Figure 5.99
Chapter 5, Solution 73.

The first stage is an inverter. The output is

50
v 01 = − (−1.8) + 1.8 = 10.8V
10
The second stage is
v 2 = v 01 = 10.8V
Chapter 5, Problem 74

Find io in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.100.

Figure 5.100

Chapter 5, Solution 74.

Let v1 = output of the first op amp

v2 = input of the second op amp.

The two sub-circuits are inverting amplifiers

100
v1 = − (0.6) = −6V
10
32
v2 = − (0.4) = −8V
1 .6
v − v2 −6+8
io = 1 =− = 100 μA
20k 20k
Chapter 5, Problem 75
Rework Example 5.11 using the nonideal op amp LM324 instead of uA741.

Example 5.11 - Use PSpice to solve the op amp circuit for Example 5.1.
Chapter 5, Solution 75.

The schematic is shown below. Pseudo-components VIEWPOINT and IPROBE are

involved as shown to measure vo and i respectively. Once the circuit is saved, we click
Analysis | Simulate. The values of v and i are displayed on the pseudo-components as:
i = 200 μA

(vo/vs) = -4/2 = –2

The results are slightly different than those obtained in Example 5.11.
Chapter 5, Problem 76

Solve Prob. 5.19 using PSpice and op amp uA741.

5.19 Determine io in the circuit of Fig. 5.57.

Figure 5.57

Chapter 5, Solution 76.

The schematic is shown below. IPROBE is inserted to measure io. Upon simulation, the
value of io is displayed on IPROBE as

io = -374.78 μA
Chapter 5, Problem 77
Solve Prob. 5.48 using PSpice and op amp LM324.

5.48 The circuit in Fig. 5.78 is a differential amplifier driven by a bridge. Find vo.

Figure 5.78
Chapter 5, Solution 77.
The schematic for the PSpice solution is shown below.

Note that the output voltage, –3.343 mV, agrees with the answer to problem, 5.48.
Chapter 5, Problem 78

Use PSpice to obtain vo in the circuit of Fig. 5.101.

Figure 5.101

Chapter 5, Solution 78.

The circuit is constructed as shown below. We insert a VIEWPOINT to display vo.

Upon simulating the circuit, we obtain,

vo = 667.75 mV
Chapter 5, Problem 79
Determine vo in the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.102 using PSpice.

+
–

Figure 5.102
Chapter 5, Solution 79.

The schematic is shown below. A pseudo-component VIEWPOINT is inserted to display

vo. After saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,

vo = -14.61 V
Chapter 5, Problem 80.

Use PSpice to solve Prob. 5.61.

Chapter 5, Solution 80.

The schematic is as shown below. After it is saved and simulated, we obtain

vo = 2.4 V.
Chapter 5, Problem 81

Use PSpice to verify the results in Example 5.9. Assume nonideal op amps LM324.

Example 5.9 - Determine vo and io in the op amp circuit in Fig. 5.30.

Answer: 10 V, 1 mA.

Chapter 5, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. We insert one VIEWPOINT and one IPROBE to
measure vo and io respectively. Upon saving and simulating the circuit, we obtain,
vo = 343.4 mV

io = 24.51 μA
Chapter 5, Problem 82

A five-bit DAC covers a voltage range of 0 to 7.75 V. Calculate how much voltage each
bit is worth.

Chapter 5, Solution 82.

The maximum voltage level corresponds to

11111 = 25 – 1 = 31

Hence, each bit is worth (7.75/31) = 250 mV

Chapter 5, Problem 83

Design a six-bit digital-to-analog converter.

(a) If |Vo| = 1.1875 V is desired, what should [V1V2V3V4V5V6] be?
(b) Calculate |Vo| if [V1V2V3V4V5V6] = [011011].
(c) What is the maximum value |Vo| can assume?

Chapter 5, Solution 83.

The result depends on your design. Hence, let RG = 10 k ohms, R1 = 10 k ohms, R2 =

20 k ohms, R3 = 40 k ohms, R4 = 80 k ohms, R5 = 160 k ohms, R6 = 320 k ohms,
then,

-vo = (Rf/R1)v1 + --------- + (Rf/R6)v6

= v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4 + 0.0625v5 + 0.03125v6

(a) |vo| = 1.1875 = 1 + 0.125 + 0.0625 = 1 + (1/8) + (1/16) which implies,

[v1 v2 v3 v4 v5 v6] = [100110]

(b) |vo| = 0 + (1/2) + (1/4) + 0 + (1/16) + (1/32) = (27/32) = 843.75 mV

(c) This corresponds to [1 1 1 1 1 1].

|vo| = 1 + (1/2) + (1/4) + (1/8) + (1/16) + (1/32) = 63/32 = 1.96875 V

Chapter 5, Problem 84
A four-bit R-2R ladder DAC is presented in Fig. 5.103.

(a) Show that the output voltage is given by

⎛V V V V ⎞
− Vo = R f ⎜ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 ⎟
⎝ 2 R 4 R 8R 16 R ⎠

(b) If Rf = 12 kΩ and R = 10 kΩ, find |Vo| for [V1V2V3V4] = [1011] and [V1V2V3V4] =
[0101].

Figure 5.103
Chapter 5, Solution 84.

For (a), the process of the proof is time consuming and the results are only approximate,
but close enough for the applications where this device is used.

(a) The easiest way to solve this problem is to use superposition and to solve
for each term letting all of the corresponding voltages be equal to zero.
Also, starting with each current contribution (ik) equal to one amp and
working backwards is easiest.

+
−

+ + +
− − −

For the first case, let v2 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i1 = 1A.

Therefore, v1 = 2R volts or i1 = v1/(2R).

Second case, let v1 = v3 = v4 = 0, and i2 = 1A.

Therefore, v2 = 85R/21 volts or i2 = 21v2/(85R). Clearly this is not

th
(1/4 ), so where is the difference? (21/85) = 0.247 which is a really
good approximation for 0.25. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Now for the third case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.

 Therefore, v3 = 8.5R volts or i3 = v3/(8.5R). Clearly this is not
th
(1/8 ), so where is the difference? (1/8.5) = 0.11765 which is a really
good approximation for 0.125. Since this is a practical electronic circuit,
the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Finally, for the fourth case, let v1 = v2 = v4 = 0, and i3 = 1A.

Therefore, v4 = 16.25R volts or i4 = v4/(16.25R). Clearly this is not

th
(1/16 ), so where is the difference? (1/16.25) = 0.06154 which is a
really good approximation for 0.0625. Since this is a practical electronic
circuit, the result is good enough for all practical purposes.

Please note that a goal of a lot of electronic design is to come up with

practical circuits that are economical to design and build yet give the
desired results.

(b) If Rf = 12 k ohms and R = 10 k ohms,

-vo = (12/20)[v1 + (v2/2) + (v3/4) + (v4/8)]

= 0.6[v1 + 0.5v2 + 0.25v3 + 0.125v4]

For [v1 v2 v3 v4] = [1 0 11],

|vo| = 0.6[1 + 0.25 + 0.125] = 825 mV

For [v1 v2 v3 v4] = [0 1 0 1],

|vo| = 0.6[0.5 + 0.125] = 375 mV

Chapter 5, Problem 85.

In the op amp circuit of Fig. 5.104, find the value of R so that the power absorbed by the
10-kΩ resistor is 10 mW. Take vs = 2V.

R 10kΩ
+
_ vs
40 kΩ

Figure 5.104 For Prob. 5.85.

Chapter 5, Solution 85.

This is a noninverting amplifier.

vo = (1 + R/40k)vs = (1 + R/40k)2

The power being delivered to the 10-kΩ give us

P = 10 mW = (vo)2/10k or vo = 10 − 2 x10 4 = 10V

Returning to our first equation we get

10 = (1 + R/40k)2 or R/40k = 5 – 1 = 4

Thus, R = 160 kΩ.

Chapter 5, Problem 86
Assuming a gain of 200 for an IA, find its output voltage for:
(a) v1 = 0.402 V and v2 = 0.386 V
(b) v1 = 1.002 V and v2 = 1.011 V.

Chapter 5, Solution 86.

vo = A(v2 – v1) = 200(v2 – v1)

(a) vo = 200(0.386 – 0.402) = -3.2 V

vo = 200(1.011 – 1.002) = 1.8 V

Chapter 5, Problem 87
Figure 5.105 displays a two-op-amp instrumentation amplifier. Derive an expression for
vo in terms of v1 and v2. How can this amplifier be used as a subtractor?

Figure 5.105
Chapter 5, Solution 87.

The output, va, of the first op amp is,

va = (1 + (R2/R1))v1 (1)

Also, vo = (-R4/R3)va + (1 + (R4/R3))v2 (2)

Substituting (1) into (2),

vo = (-R4/R3) (1 + (R2/R1))v1 + (1 + (R4/R3))v2

Or, vo = (1 + (R4/R3))v2 – (R4/R3 + (R2R4/R1R3))v1

If R4 = R1 and R3 = R2, then,

vo = (1 + (R4/R3))(v2 – v1)

which is a subtractor with a gain of (1 + (R4/R3)).

Chapter 5, Problem 88

Figure 5.106 shows an instrumentation amplifier driven by a bridge. Obtain the gain vo/vi
of the amplifier.

Figure 5.106
Chapter 5, Solution 88.

We need to find VTh at terminals a – b, from this,

vo = (R2/R1)(1 + 2(R3/R4))VTh = (500/25)(1 + 2(10/2))VTh

= 220VTh

Now we use Fig. (b) to find VTh in terms of vi.

+−

va = (3/5)vi, vb = (2/3)vi

VTh = vb – va (1/15)vi

(vo/vi) = Av = -220/15 = -14.667

Chapter 5, Problem 89.

Design a circuit that provides a relationship between output voltage vo and input voltage
vs such that vo = 12vs – 10. Two op amps, a 6-V battery and several resistors are
available.

Chapter 5, Solution 89.

A summer with vo = –v1 – (5/3)v2 where v2 = 6-V battery and an inverting amplifier
with v1 = –12vs.
Chapter 5, Problem 90

The op amp circuit in Fig. 5.107 is a current amplifier. Find the current gain io/is of the
amplifier.

Figure 5.107
Chapter 5, Solution 90.

Transforming the current source to a voltage source produces the circuit below,

At node b, vb = (2/(2 + 4))vo = vo/3

−
+
+
−
+

vo

At node a, (5is – va)/5 = (va – vo)/20

But va = vb = vo/3. 20is – (4/3)vo = (1/3)vo – vo, or is = vo/30

io = [(2/(2 + 4))/2]vo = vo/6

io/is = (vo/6)/(vo/30) = 5
Chapter 5, Problem 91

A noninverting current amplifier is portrayed in Fig. 5.108. Calculate the gain io/is. Take
R1 = 8 kΩ and R2 = 1 kΩ.

Figure 5.108

Chapter 5, Solution 91.

−
+ v

io = i1 + i2 (1)

But i1 = i s (2)

R1 and R2 have the same voltage, vo, across them.

R1i1 = R2i2, which leads to i2 = (R1/R2)i1 (3)

Substituting (2) and (3) into (1) gives,

io = is(1 + R1/R2)

io/is = 1 + (R1/R2) = 1 + 8/1 = 9

Chapter 5, Problem 92

Refer to the bridge amplifier shown in Fig. 5.109. Determine the voltage gain vo/vi .

Figure 5.109

Chapter 5, Solution 92

The top op amp circuit is a non-inverter, while the lower one is an inverter. The output
at the top op amp is

v1 = (1 + 60/30)vi = 3vi

while the output of the lower op amp is

v2 = -(50/20)vi = -2.5vi

Hence, vo = v1 – v2 = 3vi + 2.5vi = 5.5vi

vo/vi = 5.5
Chapter 5, Problem 93

A voltage-to-current converter is shown in Fig. 5.110, which means that iL = Avi if R1R2 =
R3R4. Find the constant term A.

Figure 5.110
Chapter 5, Solution 93.

−
+

+ +
+

At node a, (vi – va)/R1 = (va – vo)/R3

vi – va = (R1/R2)(va – vo)

vi + (R1/R3)vo = (1 + R1/R3)va (1)

But va = vb = vL. Hence, (1) becomes

vi = (1 + R1/R3)vL – (R1/R3)vo (2)

io = vo/(R4 + R2||RL), iL = (R2/(R2 + RL))io = (R2/(R2 + RL))(vo/( R4 + R2||RL))

Or, vo = iL[(R2 + RL)( R4 + R2||RL)/R2 (3)

But, vL = iLRL (4)

Substituting (3) and (4) into (2),

vi = (1 + R1/R3) iLRL – R1[(R2 + RL)/(R2R3)]( R4 + R2||RL)iL

= [((R3 + R1)/R3)RL – R1((R2 + RL)/(R2R3)(R4 + (R2RL/(R2 + RL))]iL

= (1/A)iL
Thus,
1
A =
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ R + RL ⎞⎛ R 2RL ⎞
⎜⎜ 1 + 1 ⎟⎟ R L − R 1 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎜⎜ R 4 + ⎟⎟
⎝ R3 ⎠ ⎝ R 2R 3 ⎠⎝ R2 + RL ⎠

Please note that A has the units of mhos. An easy check is to let every resistor equal 1-
ohm and vi equal to one amp. Going through the circuit produces iL = 1A. Plugging into
the above equation produces the same answer so the answer does check.