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The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS), detailing their key functions such as process, memory, file, and device management, along with user interfaces. It also compares different file systems (FAT32, NTFS, EXT4) and distinguishes between system software and application software. Additionally, it covers types of operating systems, features of DOS, Windows, and UNIX, programming languages, computer viruses, and methods for virus detection and prevention.

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4 views6 pages

2

The document provides an overview of operating systems (OS), detailing their key functions such as process, memory, file, and device management, along with user interfaces. It also compares different file systems (FAT32, NTFS, EXT4) and distinguishes between system software and application software. Additionally, it covers types of operating systems, features of DOS, Windows, and UNIX, programming languages, computer viruses, and methods for virus detection and prevention.

Uploaded by

magallanes.princessizy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Operating Systems and File Management

An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources, providing services for application programs. It acts as an
intermediary between the user and the hardware, ensuring efficient execution of
processes and management of resources.

Key Functions of an Operating System:

Process Management – Controls execution of programs, manages CPU


scheduling, and handles multitasking.

Memory Management – Allocates and deallocates memory to processes,


prevents memory leaks, and ensures efficient usage.

File Management – Organizes, stores, retrieves, and protects files on storage


devices.

Device Management – Communicates with hardware devices (printers, hard


drives) using drivers.

User Interface – Provides Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) or Command-Line


Interfaces (CLI) for interaction.

File Management:

File management is a key component of the OS that handles how data is stored and
organized. It includes:

File Naming and Storage – Assigns names, locations, and access permissions.

File Organization – Uses directories and folders for systematic storage.

File Operations – Allows creation, deletion, modification, and access control.

File System Support – Different OSs support file systems like FAT32, NTFS,
EXT4 for storage structure.
FAT32, NTFS, and EXT4 – Simplified Comparison

File Max Max


Syste Best For File Partition Main Pros Main Cons
m Size Size
USB Works on most
No security,
drives, devices (Windows,
FAT32 4GB 2TB limited file
older macOS, Linux,
size
devices consoles)
Supports large Limited
Windows
files, security support on
NTFS internal 16TB 8PB
features, faster macOS and
storage
performance Linux
Not fully
Linux Fast, reliable, and
EXT4 16TB 1EB supported on
systems good for Linux
Windows

Quick Summary:

FAT32 → Best for USB drives & sharing files across devices.

NTFS → Best for Windows computers & secure storage.

EXT4 → Best for Linux systems & fast performance

Application Software vs. System Software

Software is broadly categorized into two types: System Software and Application
Software.

1. System Software

Controls and manages hardware and basic system operations.

Examples: Operating Systems (Windows, Linux, macOS), Utility Programs


(Antivirus, Disk Cleaners), Drivers (Graphics, Printer drivers).

Acts as a bridge between hardware and applications.

2. Application Software

Designed for end-users to perform specific tasks.

Examples: Microsoft Word (word processing), Photoshop (image editing),


Web Browsers (Chrome, Firefox).

Runs on top of the OS, depending on system software for execution.


Types of Operating Systems

Batch Processing OS – Executes batches of jobs without user interaction. Jobs


are processed sequentially, reducing CPU idle time.

Multiprogramming OS – Allows multiple programs to be loaded into memory


and executed concurrently, improving CPU utilization.

Time-Sharing OS – Provides multiple users access to a computer system by


quickly switching between tasks, giving the illusion of simultaneous
execution.

Features of DOS, Windows, and UNIX

DOS (Disk Operating System)

Command-line interface (CLI)

Single-tasking and single-user

Supports batch processing

Requires manual memory management

Windows OS

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Multi-user, multitasking capability

Plug-and-play hardware support

Built-in security features (firewall, user authentication)

UNIX OS

Multi-user and multitasking system

High stability and security

Command-line and graphical interface options

Used in servers, workstations, and enterprise application


OS Type
Windo GUI OS, Multi-User OS, Multiprogramming OS, Time-
ws Sharing OS
Multi-User OS, Multiprogramming OS, Time-Sharing OS,
Linux
Open-Source OS
Ubunt Multi-User OS, Multiprogramming OS, Time-Sharing OS,
u Open-Source OS

Programming Languages

Programming languages are used to write software and applications. They are
classified as:

Low-Level Languages – Machine language (binary) and Assembly language


(uses mnemonics).

High-Level Languages – More human-readable, such as C, Java, Python, and


PHP.

Compiler vs. Interpreter

Compiler – Converts entire source code into machine code before execution
(e.g., C, C++).

Interpreter – Translates and executes code line by line, without producing an


intermediate file (e.g., Python, JavaScript).

Computer Virus

A computer virus is a malicious program designed to disrupt, damage, or gain


unauthorized access to a computer system.

Different Types of Computer Viruses

File Infector Virus – Attaches to executable files (.exe, .com).

Boot Sector Virus – Infects the system's boot sector, making the computer
unable to start properly.
Macro Virus – Spreads through infected documents, exploiting macros in
applications like MS Word.

Trojan Horse – Disguised as legitimate software but performs malicious


activities.

Worms – Replicate themselves and spread across networks without needing


a host file.

Ransomware – Encrypts files and demands payment for decryption.

Spyware – Secretly gathers user data and sends it to attackers.

Detection and Prevention of Virus

Detection Methods

Use antivirus software (e.g., Windows Defender, Avast, Norton).

Monitor unusual system behavior (slow performance, pop-ups).

Scan files before downloading or opening email attachments.

Prevention Methods

Keep the operating system and software updated.

Avoid downloading files from untrusted sources

Enable firewall protection and secure network access.

Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication

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