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2. Introduction to Electric Circuits (Ch. 2)

The document outlines key concepts in electrical engineering, focusing on circuit elements, including voltage and current sources, resistors, and Kirchhoff's laws. It discusses the construction of circuit models and the analysis of circuits with dependent sources. Additionally, it provides practical examples, such as heating with electric radiators, and emphasizes the application of Ohm's law in circuit analysis.

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1 views

2. Introduction to Electric Circuits (Ch. 2)

The document outlines key concepts in electrical engineering, focusing on circuit elements, including voltage and current sources, resistors, and Kirchhoff's laws. It discusses the construction of circuit models and the analysis of circuits with dependent sources. Additionally, it provides practical examples, such as heating with electric radiators, and emphasizes the application of Ohm's law in circuit analysis.

Uploaded by

nasirianna011
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Circuit Elements

by Kibok Lee
School of Electrical Engineering

1
Circuit Elements

• Lecture outline
• 2.1 Voltage and Current Sources
• 2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)
• 2.3 Construction of a Circuit Model
• 2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws
• 2.5 Analysis of a Circuit Containing Dependent Sources

3
Basic Circuit Elements

• There are five ideal basic circuit elements


• Voltage sources
Active elements
• Current sources
• Resistors
• Inductors Passive elements
• Capacitors

4
Heating with Electric Radiators

• You want to heat small garage using a couple of electric radiators


• Power and voltage requirements for each radiator: 1,200W and 240V
• Which wiring should be used?

5
Voltage and Current Sources

• An electrical source is a device capable of converting nonelectric


energy to electric energy and vice versa
• Electric sources either deliver or absorb electric power

- “Ideal” voltage source: a circuit element that


maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals
(regardless of the current across them)

- “Ideal” current source: a circuit element that


maintains a prescribed current across its terminals
(regardless of the voltage across them)

6
Dependent Sources

• An independent source establishes a voltage or current in a circuit w/o relying


on voltages or currents elsewhere (previous slide)
• A dependent source establishes a voltage or current whose value depends on
the value of a voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit

7
Examples of Voltage and Current Sources

• Each source supplies voltage across the


same pair of terminals, marked as ‘a’ & ‘b’
• This requires that each source supplies the
same voltage with the same polarity

An ideal voltage (or current) source


supplies the same voltage (or current)
regardless of the current (or voltage)
8
Examples of Voltage and Current Sources

• Testing interconnections of ideal sources


• Using the definitions of the ideal independent
and dependent sources, “state which
interconnections are valid” and “which violate
the constraints” imposed by the ideal sources

9
Electrical Resistance

• Resistance

Figure The circuit symbol for a resistor having a resistance R.

10
Ohm’s Law
𝑣 = the voltage in volts
𝒗 = 𝒊𝑹 𝑖 = the current in amperes
𝑅 = the resistance in ohms

Circuit symbol
Two possible reference choices for the for an 8Ω resistor
current and voltage at the terminals of
a resistor, and the resulting equations 11
Ohm’s Law

𝒗 𝑣 = the voltage in volts


𝒊= 𝑖 = the current in amperes
𝑹 𝑖 = the resistance in ohms

The reciprocal of the resistance is referred to as conductance, which is


symbolized by the letter G, and is measured in Siemens (S)
𝟏
𝑮= 𝐒
𝑹

𝑖 2
𝑝 = 𝑖2𝑅 = Power in a resistor in terms of current
2 𝐺
𝑣
𝑝= = 𝑣 2𝐺 Power in a resistor in terms of voltage
𝑅
12
Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law)

• Calculating voltage, current, and power

13
Construction of a Circuit Model

• Constructing a circuit model of a flashlight

Circuit symbols:
(a) Short circuit,
(b) Open circuit,
(c) Switch

The arrangement of
A circuit model for a flashlight flashlight components 14
Kirchhoff’s Laws: KCL

• Node
• A point in a circuit where two or more circuit elements join
• Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)
• The algebraic sum of all currents at any node equals zero

15
Kirchhoff’s Laws: KCL

• For the circuit below, we can identify seven unknowns:

• From algebra, you know that to find n unknown quantities you must solve n
simultaneous independent equations
• From our discussion of Ohm’s law, you know that three of the necessary
equations are 𝑣1 = 𝑖1 𝑅1 , 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑖𝑐 𝑅𝑐 , 𝑣𝑙 = 𝑖𝑙 𝑅𝑙
• Where are four other equations?
• Applying KCL to the four nodes in the circuit

16
Kirchhoff’s Laws: KCL

• Loop
• The one which is obtained by starting at an arbitrary node and then tracing
through selected circuit elements such that we return to the starting node w/o
passing through any intermediate node more than once

17
Kirchhoff’s Laws: KVL

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)


• The algebraic sum of all the voltages around and
closed path (i.e., loop) in a circuit equals zero

• Example
• We elect to trace the closed path clockwise,
assigning a positive algebraic sign to voltage
drops (e.g., starting at node ‘d’)

18
Examples on Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Using KCL
• Sum the current at each node in the circuit
• Note that there is no connection dot(·) in the center of the diagram, where the
4Ω branch crosses the branch containing the ideal current source 𝑖𝑎

19
Examples on Kirchhoff’s Laws

• Using KVL
• Sum the voltage around each designed path in the circuit

20
Analysis of a Circuit with Dependent Sources

• We want to use Kirchhoff’s laws and Ohm’s law to find 𝒗𝒐


• Once we know 𝑖𝑜 , we can calculate 𝑣𝑜 using Ohm’s law
• Once we know 𝑖Δ , we know the current supplied by the dependent source 5𝑖Δ
• The current in the 500 V source is 𝑖Δ

21
Analysis of a Circuit with Dependent Sources (Cont’d)

• Apply KVL around the 1st loop ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙(1)


• Apply KVL around the 2nd loop
• No equation: we don’t know the voltage value across the dependent current
source
• Apply KCL at the node b ∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙∙(2)

• Solve (1) and (2):

1st loop 2nd loop 22


Analysis of a Circuit with Dependent Sources

• Applying Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws

23
Questions?

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