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Harmonic Filter

The document discusses the selection of capacitor ratings for detuned harmonic filters used in power factor correction for systems with nonlinear loads. It provides calculations for determining necessary capacitor reactance and output at different voltages, emphasizing the importance of selecting capacitors rated for higher voltages. Additionally, it compares operating costs between different types of capacitors, highlighting the impact of energy consumption on overall costs.

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4 views6 pages

Harmonic Filter

The document discusses the selection of capacitor ratings for detuned harmonic filters used in power factor correction for systems with nonlinear loads. It provides calculations for determining necessary capacitor reactance and output at different voltages, emphasizing the importance of selecting capacitors rated for higher voltages. Additionally, it compares operating costs between different types of capacitors, highlighting the impact of energy consumption on overall costs.

Uploaded by

4usangeet
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Harmonic Filter (Detuned) – Selection of capacitor rating

Detuned filter are designed to used for power factor correction in systems where
harmonics are generated by nonlinear loads, each step of detuned filters consists of a
capacitor and a series reactor connected in series. These two from a series resonant circuit
tuned at a frequency below the lowest harmonics frequency present in the system
normally the 5th (250Hz) . Detuned filter also removes lower order harmonics from the
system to some extent. This will helps to offset the Resonance effect for longer trouble
free operation.
When a reactor connected in series with capacitor total reactance of inductance +
capacitance (Xc -XL) decreases i.e. (Xc -XL) hence the voltage across cap.
Increases. As below

Where P = de-tuning factor ( 7% 0r 5.67%)


Vsyst = System Voltage
Vc = Capacitor Voltage,
= 440 (100/100-7)
= 473.1 V
Considering above Over voltage and system voltage variation capacitors should always
be selected for higher voltages e.g. selected voltage 525V.
Now when the voltage is selected, and if the system requirement is of 25 KVAr at
440V.we should calculate the necessary KVAr out put required from the capacitor at
selected voltage.
Out –Put at 440V bus = 25 KVAR
Reactance of capacitor Xc 440 = (KV)² / MVAr
= (0.44)² / 0.025
= 7.744 Ω
If reactor is connected in series with capacitors and voltage selected is 525 Volt and if we
put same 25KVAr then Xc 525 = 11.025 Ω
Inductance of 25 kVAr 7% series reactor = 1.856 mH
i.e XL = 2лf L
= 0.565 Ω
So net impedance seen by 440V Bus when the reactor is connected with capacitor rated
25KVAr, 525 Volt is used
= ( Xc – XL)
= 10.46 Ω
Out – Put at 440V Bus = (KV)² / (Xc-XL)
= (0.44)² / 10.46
= 0.01854 MVAr
= 18.54 KVAr
There fore to get the same kvar output Xc should be 7.744+.565 = 8.309 Ω

to get this Xc AT 525 V,


MVAr required = (0.525)² / 8.309
= 0.03317 MVAr
= 33.17 KVAr

Conclusion : capacitor rated voltage,output with reactor = 525 V, 33.17 kvar with 7%
detuned filter having inductance 1.8 mH

Note:
for best results we require some data such as load details, existing power factor, required
new power factor, toal harmonic distortion, individual harmonic details etc. This data can
be obtained from a harmonic analyser.

Reference Table for Out Put of reactors in mH ( mili-Henry)

S.No Detuned Filter Out Value Capacitor output Capacitor output


factor Put / KVAr in mH at rated Voltage at rated Voltage
480V 525V
01 5.67% 5 KVAr 7.412 5.61 3.67
02 5.67% 7.5KVAr 4.941 8.42 5.50
03 5.67% 10 KVAr 3.706 11.23 7.33
04 5.67% 12.5 KVAr 2.965 14.03 9.17
05 5.67% 25 KVAr 1.482 28.07 18.33
06 5.67% 50 KVAr 0.741 56.13 36.67
07 5.67% 75 KVAr 0.494 84.20 55.00
08 5.67% 100 KVAr 0.371 112.26 73.34
09 7.00% 5 KVAr 9.282 5.53 3.71
10 7.00% 7.5 KVAr 6.188 8.3 5.56
11 7.00% 10 KVAr 4.641 11.07 7.42
12 7.00% 12.5 KVAr 3.713 13.83 9.27
13 7.00% 20 KVAr 2.32 22.00 14.83
14 7.00% 25 KVAr 1.856 27.67 18.54
15 7.00% 50 KVAr 0.928 55.34 37.08
16 7.00% 50 KVAr 0.619 83.01 55.62
17 7.00% 100 KVAr 0.464 110.68 74.16
Capacitor KVAr Out – Put calculation at lower than rated Voltages

As a general in India the system voltage calculation of various Public sectors and private
sectors is done on the basis of 415/433/440 Volts, 3Ø, 50 Hz. This rating of medium
voltage does not remains same for every 10 Industries.
But normally the Capacitor available for Power Factor Improvement is designed at 440
Volts. It is so that to meet the requirements of different system voltages.
Suppose we have a Capacitor of 10KVAr Rated Out – Put at 440Volts. And we need to
calculate the rated out – put at 415Volts .
We must know the micro farad (μF) values of each of the Capacitor, which we will be
calculating by the following formula:

For 10KVAr, value of Capacitance (C) at 440 Volt is


C = (10 X 10)9 / 4x3.14x50x440x440
C = 82.2 μF

Now we know that a 10 KVAr Rated Capacitor gives a out - put of 82.2 μF at 440 Volts
Using this result we will calculate the KVAr Out – Put at 415 Volts. The same can be
calculated with sufficient accuracy from the following formula:

Where
Q is expressed in KVAr
UN is expressed in V; and
Ca, Cb and Cc are expressed in μF
For a given 3Ø, Delta connected Capacitor Ca, Cb and Cc are equal.

= 8.8 KVAr

So to get the Same 10KVAr Out – Put at 415Volts with Capacitor rating 440V following
KVAr should be selected:
10/0.88= 11.36 KVAr

There fore for the 440V system voltage if 10KVAr Out – Put is required, at 415V system
voltage 11.36 KVAr will be required of 440V Rated Voltage Capacitor.
Common Load Vs Operating Power Factor
Equipment Power Factor (CosØ)
Motor operating
At No Load 0.17
At 50% Load 0.73
At 76% Load 0.80
At 100% Load 0.85
Incandescent Lamp 1
Fluorescent Lamp 0.5
Discharge Lamp 0.4 to 0.6
Electric resistance furnace 1
Induction furnace 0.8
Dielectric heating furnace 0.85
Resistance welding machines 0.8 to 0.9
Stationary single-phase Arc welding units 0.5
Rotary arc welding units 0.7 to 0.9
Arc welding transformer – rectifiers 0.7 to 0.8
Arc furnace 0.8

Power Factor Initial without Capacitor


Industry Power Factor (CosØ)
Textile 0.65 – 0.75
Chemical 0.75 – 0.85
Machine Shop 0.4 - 0.65
Arc Welding 0.35 – 0.4
Arc Furnace 0.7 – 0.9
Coreless induction furnaces and heaters 0.15 – 0.4
Cement plants 0.78 – 0.8
Garment factories 0.35 – 0.6
Breweries 0.75 – 0.8
Steel plants 0.6 – 0.85
Collieries 0.6 – 0.8
Brick works 0.6 – 0.75
Cold storages 0.7 – 0.8
Foundries 0.5 – 0.7
Plastic moulding plants 0.6 – 0.75
Printing 0.55 – 0.7
Quarries 0.5 – 0.7
Rolling mills( Steel, Paper,etc.) 0.3 – 0.75

Operating Cost Calculation of Capacitors


If in an Electrical installation 1000 KVAr are operated for about 6000 Hrs per year.
Assuming the life expectancy of the capacitors as 10 years and calculating the operating
cost of MPP-HD-XL capacitors verses MD Type Capacitors.
Energy consumed by the capacitors for its own operation is calculated as follows:

MD Type Capacitors:-
Energy consumed =

= ( 1.5 x 1000 x 6000 x 10 ) / 1000


= 90000 kwH

MPP-HD-XL Type Capacitors:-


Energy consumed =

= ( 0.5 x 1000 x 6000 x 10 ) / 1000


= 30000 kwH

Consequently, the excess energy consumption due to the MD capacitors shall be


= 90000 – 30000
= 60000 kwH

This energy consumed can be converted into cost using a weighted average energy
charge of Rs.5 per kwH.
Consequently, the extra cost shall be
= Rs.5 x 60000
= Rs.3,00,000

So the total cost of using capacitor comprises of : Purchase Cost + Operating Cost
Thus the operating cost must be considered and evaluated carefully for which type of
capacitors shall be used. By the above example it is explained that lower will be the
losses lower will be the operating cost.
Operating Cost Calculation of Capacitors.

If in an Electrical installation 1000 KVAr are operated for about 6000 Hrs per year.
Assuming the life expectancy of the capacitors as 10 years and calculating the
operating cost of MPP-HD-XL capacitors verses All PP/ FILM FOIL Type
Capacitors.
Energy consumed by the capacitors for its own operation is calculated as follows:

All PP/ FILM FOIL Type Capacitors:-


Energy consumed =

= ( 0.8 x 1000 x 6000 x 10 ) / 1000


= 48000 kwH

MPP-HD-XL Type Capacitors:-


Energy consumed =

= ( 0.5 x 1000 x 6000 x 10 ) / 1000


= 30000 kwH

Consequently, the excess energy consumption due to the All PP/ FILM FOIL
capacitors shall be
= 48000 – 30000
= 18000 kwH

This energy consumed can be converted into cost using a weighted average energy
charge of Rs.5 per kwH.
Consequently, the extra cost shall be
= Rs.5 x 18000
= Rs.90,000

So the total cost of using capacitor comprises of : Purchase Cost + Operating Cost
Thus the operating cost must be considered and evaluated carefully for which type of
capacitors shall be used. By the above example it is explained that lower will be the
losses lower will be the operating cost.

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