ENJOY - SCIENCE LABORATORY MANUAi X

EXPERIMENT t 4 A
,,,_.' ~.·· FOCAL LENGTH OF CONCAVE MIRROR
..
j. . . .

''

f ,d
?tcf11lll1l
. ~ the focal length of a rnncave mirror by, obtaining the image of a distant object
· Is
' t11S or l\1atena ' d:
Requrre

frJ•0 11~.,,•c
,, n1im>r, a spherical mirror holder, ,, while scre,•n rnade from cardbo.ird/foam board
1 •i t\\'l) \1,etcr scales {or one meter scale and a nieasuring lcipe)
,\!1l

,euJi1re:
Ra), from a ~ \1
a di,tant lrct

. ____ Principal a~ls

I I I I I I

II
Fig.14.1

Place the given concave mirror in the mirror holder.

Try to locate a distant object (a distant tree or a distant tower or a distant building) seen from
the window of your laboratory.

Keep a meter scale along the edge of your experimental table such that it should be in line
the direction of the distant object.

place the mirror holder with the concave mirror facing the distant object. Adjust and keep
the 5 cm mark of tl1e meter scale without disturbing the abo\'e mentioned setup.
hite cardboard/ foam board screen and place ii in front of the face of the concave
.• the white screen should face opposite to the direction of the distant object.
screen forward and backward, until you are able to catch a well-defined, sharp,
and inverted image on the screen.

zrlt !·•
 • Mm k. tlw pos1tinn ol tlw .._LHCn And nwac,utr the diGtancc between the concave 01 1rr
. 0
\Ill" "-U1{'{ n. 1ht~ d1i;,lt'mcr •q tlw foct1l ll'ngth of tlw given conceive mirror. Record the

ll'ngth l)I tlw m11 ro1

• RPpC'at th\! 0,pPtimcnt 101 nHu c Lime~ lo minimize the random error in the measured
length, b, p)J1: mg the mirror ,11 diffr1 ent loc,1tions (say nt IOcm, 15cm, 20 cm mark etc)
mNcr s('J1c. Obscn c <md record the focnl length in each cc1se.

Calculate_, the a\ cragc foc<1l length flom these vc1lucs.

0 ,.;.en t on:

Position of white Focal length of the

SI. Position of the concave mirror in
screen " B" concave mirror "8-A"
No. the meter scale mark" A"

5cm

2 10cm

15cm

4 20cm

Calculation of average focal length:

Result:
Average focal length of the given concave mirror = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm.

Precautions:
• Ensure whether the concave mirror is kept on a vertical plane .

Measure the focal length distance with a measuring tape; otherwise keep the b.ise o
•
mirror stand and the base of the white screen parallel to each other if you measure it

another meter scale.

• While taking measurement, observe vertically down to avoid any parallax error.

• Keep the base of the mirror stt1nd and screen in line with the meter scale, to record then

accurate focal length.

Use a concave mirror of short focal length. i.e. focal length should be within 20 cm.
 I XPI RIMI N1 AND LNJOY scmNCE LABORATORY MANlJ

EXP~R~MENT l
)(X: FOCAL LENGTH OF CONVEX LENS .::{_::(
Aim:
Tc1 dl.,tcrmine the f0c.1l length ul ,1 Clmvex !(,ns hy obtaining the im,1gc of c1 distant objec t

Appa1<1tus or 't\1ateri,lls Required:

A biconvex lens, a lens stand fitted with lens holdN, 8 white screen and a meter sca le.

Procedure:
• Place the giYcn con\"e, lens in the ]ens holder and try to locate a di stant object (a distant (
or a distant tower or a distant building) seen from the window of your laboratory.

• Keep a meter scale along the edge of your experimental table such that it should be in

with the direction of the distant object.

• Now place the lens in a vertical plane facing the distant object along the 10 cm mark o(
meter scale without disturbing the above mentioned setup.

• Keep the white cardboard/ foam board screen along the meter scale in such a way th
should face the distant object and also lie on the other side of convex lens. Move the sa
forward and backward until you are able to catch a well-defined, sharp, diminished
inverted image on the screen. Mark the position of the screen.

ConH'x

Principal uiis
------- -------·
Rays Focus
from a
di~tant object

I I I I I I I I I I I ]
~ f ~ l\1elre ~ale

Fig. 14.2

.....- .•
'•• "pg'; •••
 at~f11\IAMll~IO\ \(IJ\JII
r I 01 ~IOJ

Meac;;urc the di~tance bl lw , -e-:r ----·--~~~,___..__..-.-.1~--,,r

lengf h
. l1en convrx le n and th rh I th f Xc3
of the gl\ en com ex lenc:; R ' n n i
. lcorll th1 focal kngth
Repeat the expl't imenl ~
. or more tin1L• to nurnml th random ~,or in tho m d r d foca
length, ll\ plaung the J,,n 5 I d'fI f
a fercnt locdtionr. ( av at 15cm 20 ,m and 25 m mark ng.s 0
the metl,r scale. Observe an 1 ' he
c l record the corresponding d, tan e betwe n th !ld t
screen (focal length) in each ca, se.

Calculate the a\·crage foct1l lcr, gth frorn Ihese values.

set\ ation :

Position of white
SI. Position of convex lens along Focal length of convex
the meter scale mark A" II screen along the meter
\0, lens "B-A"
scale mark B" II

10cm

15 cm

3 20 cm

4 25 cm

lesUlt:
• Average focal length of the given convex lens = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ cm.

Precautions:
Ensure whether the convex lens in the lens holder is kept in a vertical plane.

While taking the measurement observe vertically down to avoid any parallax error.

• Keep the base of lens stand and screen in line with the meter scale, to record the accurate
focal length.

Measure-the focal length only when you are able to rccei\ ea "ell-defined sharp image on
the screen.

Ensure a very minimum lighting in the laboratory to get a \\ ell-defined image for the distant
object.
 f .4ND ENJOY· SCIENCE LA BORA l'Ol{Y MANUAi X

EXPERIMENT 15
f;fRACTION OF LIGHT TI-IROUGH A GLASS SLAB

fo tr,KC tlw path of a ray nf ltghl pnssing obliquC1ly through a rcctc1ngular glass slab for
diffct'l'nt crnglcs of incidence

To 111e,1surc the angle of incidence, angle of refraction, angle of emergence for different
angles of incidence and to interpret the result

s or Materials Required:
rawing board, a sheet of paper, board pins, thin and strong bell pins, a rectangular glass slab
a protractor are required.

Fix a sheet of white paper on the drawing board with the help of drawing pins at the four
corners of the sheet.

Place a glass slab at the centre of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD with fine pencil.

Remove the glass slab. Draw a line XO making an angle of 40°with the normal (MN) at the
point 0. This is going to be the angle of incidence for the light entering the glass slab.

Put the glass slab back in position on the boundary line. Fix two pins P 1 and P 2 vertically on
the line XO at least 5 cm apart and one pin close to the slab.

Look for the image of these pins in the slab from the opposite side BC of the glass slab
and fix two pins P3 and P-1, so that they are in the line with the image of p and p as seen
1 2
through the slab and at least 5 cm apart.
X
N

Air
D
.... Glass
....
....
....
\1
....
....
....
....
....
13 Air '

M'
Fig. 15.3
y
 . A"-'I) ENJOY. SCIENCE LABORATORY MA1i.,
1,lJA
FXPHUMI N1 I'\ J

l t •n the emergent rav. Draw a norn, 1

• Join the point at tlw locations ,1i P1 .md 111 to O 1 a, • a to
at tlw point O' . Jnin O'O to gel llw ,efrttded r,iy.
. f iction 'r' and the angle of emerg
• M(\,surc the angle 1,f incidcnn' 'i', ,rnh Ie O( ,er. ence'
.. l i.1 1w 1 peqwndicular from O' on XO pr0d
using .-t protr.1et-or. Prnduce XO f1,rw,lt'd ,11ll t ' ' Uc
to mret it ,,t P.1 hen O'P j,_ called the l,1teral dist,rnce.
I f 'ncidence so· .ind 60.
• Repe.-tt the c,periment with two nwn: ang cs o 1 •

Obsen alion:

SI. Angle of
Angle of incidence Angle of refraction Deviation
"\o. emergence

1 40"

3 60°

Result and Conclusion:

• The paths of different rays of light through a glass slab are recorded in different sheets f
different angles of incidences.

• Report on the relation between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and the angle
emergence based on different sets of observations taken.

• As Lr< Li in each case, the ray entering from air (rarer medium) to glass (denser medi
bends tm\·ards normal.

• As Li = Le, the emergent ray emerging out of the rectangular glass slab, is parallel to, b
laterally displaced with respect to the incident ray.

• Angle of refraction Lr increases with the increase in angle of incidence Li .

Precautions:
• The tips of pins P1, P2, P3, and P-1 should be sharp .

• These pins fixed on the sheet of paper may not be exactly perpendicular to the plane of I
drawing board. Thus, if their heads appear to be collinear, their feet may not be so. It mus
therefore, is important to look at the feet of pins and their images while ascertaining c
linearity between them.

• The mark of the foot of a pin on the paper must be considered while marking its position .
 ;ENJOY - SCIENCE LABORATORY MANUAL X

~ the co-linearity of pins and images, the eye should be kept at some distance from
ao that the feet of all of them can be seen simultaneously in the same straight line.
fixing the pins P1 and P 2 or the pins P 3 and P 4 care should be taken to maintam a
of about 5 cm between the two pins. This would help in tracing the direction of
t ray anti that of emergent ray with greater accuracy.

e of incidence should preferably be between 30" and 6ft'.

lines should be drawn, using a sharp pencil.

VIVA-VOCE
 Hl~IIN'I' \Np I NIO\
1•1 S{'ll·N( I I
, AH01u101n ~tANUJ\1 x

RF}~RA , EXPERIMENT16
CflON OJ~ LIGJ JT THHOUGii A PRISM
l-'

l11lt\h1•1h 1,l'llli I
' n 1 ,, ~ 11 1
' • 1
1 • r,on
1·Ig11l ll111111gli 11 gli1sR 11 iw11 ,111d lo 11H ,1Gun• lite t1r1gll' of 'evia
1
l,,l.,r,1tu~
r
m M.ul'1 i''''"'., l'\l'l} \I .II t'd:
\ gl., . . ~ pri~n, d1 ' . .
• '
1
"mg lin,lld, wliil(• 11,1p1·1·, i11llw~iVl' l1q)1' 111· drnwing pins, hot1rc.l / bell pms, zi
Oh'.1Slll'lth' S1' ,1 1\ ) I11 1 1
l' • ' ' ' :::. , 11 1 1•111 ti ,111d .t p111l1.11 l111 ,111• r1•q11ir1·d.
,,~ l'(htrt":

•
r.1k1' ,, whit1' !:-lWl'I ,,1 11•'1'1'1' ,md pin llw f(lur n,n11·rs u~ing board pins on" drawing board .
Pbti' 1h1' gl.ls~ 11 rism ,,t tlw c1•nlrl' of thl' p,, 1wr. Tr.tee the outline of the prism and mark it as ABC.
7 ,)kl' tlw prism 1,ut irnm 1lw d1-.1wing boMd ,rnd mark a point "D" on the side AB of th e
outliiw m,nl--ing nl llw prism such lhtll Dis kJC'1ll•d jusl c1bovc the mid point of AB as shown
in tlw figun' bclov, Fig. 16.2.
• Pl.le\\ ,l prnl1"t1Ch)r ,11 D and mark ,1 point al 90°. From the point D draw a normal through
this point m.nkl•d ,1t 90°. Also jusl extend the normal below the line AB towards the point F
as shown in the Fig. 16.2.
A

Incident
Emergent
ray
B C ray
Fig. 16.2

• Place the protractor with the 0-0 line along the normal. Measure the angle 30° and mark the
angle of incidence. Now draw the incident ray PiP2.
• Fix two pins perpendicular to the plane of paper at the incident ray P1P2 at a distance of
5 cm from each other.
Now place the prism on this outline ABC. \'ic,, these two pins P1 and 1'2 from the side AC
through the prism. Placr two pins P3 and P4 so th,11 P1, r 2, r 3 and P4 are all lie on the same
straight line i.e. P1, P2, P3 and P4 are collinear.
move the prism and the pins. Join the pin pricks and extend the line to meet the outline of the
m on the side AC at E. Join DE so that DE represents the refracted ray through the prism.
1-11.-~
 I \Pl RI \fl, I \ "ll I ~JO\ ',( II N{ I l ABORATOR
~ , . ; : . ~ ~ - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - . . . . , ~ ~ \\t\~tA
L t Ib 1 I 'I • t ,, D"
• e r e the imgle of 1cfrt1dion duting the rdt\1ction l '\CI oin ° ·
1oi n Ihe pm pt il ks I', ,111 d p 1rom thr point I to represr n t the emergent ray .
• 4
'\ '"' pmd uc e Ihe ind d cn t ,·,11 ,md thr enwr~en t r,n b,tc k" a nl finto Ihe
d ·outline of th e pr·
•
"1c h"' 1,1\ s " ill meet at a point ' o· . rhe rx tern a I n nglc so orme ,s called the • n "

de, 1<1hon O . gle

th
Repeat the e,pc1 inwnt for different an.,1,,s
o of incidence, plot
f f e correspondtng
. d refra Cled r
Jnd emergent ta, ' and me.1su re the corresponding angles o re r ,,ct ,on an angles of d~lat(

• labulatc thec:.e angles measured.

Obsen ation :

50°

4 60°

Result and conclusion:

Paths of light passing through the prism were traced for various angles of incidence
•
their corresponding angles of deviation were measured.
It is observed that w hen the angle of incidence "i" increases, then the value of de,iation
•
increases and becomes a minimum and then it increases again.

Precautions:
• While viewing the collinearity of pins and images, the eye should be kept at a dbtJncefn
the pins so that all of them can be seen simultaneously. The collinearit) of pins fiwdono
side of the glass prism and the images of pins on the other side could also 1:R confinne.l
moving the head slightly on either side while viewing them. A II the pins and i01,,g,s ,,f pi
would appear to move together if they are collinear.
1be pins P , P , P and P fixed on the pa per may not be e,ac t Iv perpend ku l.ir (on erticth
4
2 th3e paper. It is therefore
1 of
the plane desirable to look at the feet of the pin' or
es while establishing their collinearity. That is w lw the position of e,,ch pin ,s n,,irl
the pointed tip of the pins on the paper.
· t· f ti · · i 1·curac
er to locate t I1cci irec 1011 o 1e me" cnt ray and the refracted rav with greater•'
1
· I) dP , · 100 ~ho
jstance between tl1e P' ns I a 11 2; an ct that between p 3 and p4 shou Id not '" ·
large. A separatton of nearly 5 cm between the pins would be sufficient
gle of incidence should be between 30° and 600.

.......
'•• •1ro-•
.:, •
 a>pper sulphate
dl8appears and reddilllh
brown copper parhcles
settle down at the 7n
/
bottom of the beaker. (u

Solution rem ains

i
No change
colourless.

solution
Green colour of ferrous Changes
Zinc can d
sulphate disappears.
from ferrou
Iron metal is settling
solution.
down at the bottom of
the beaker.
Zn+ Fe504 -z~ ...
Fe
Solution remains No change Copper cannot d 'F .K
colourless. zinc from zinc su.lp te
solution.
Solution remains N o change Copper c,umot di.,p ..i.ce
colourless. aluminium tron1
.1luminium. sulph..1k
solution.
Solution re m a ins No ch.rnge Copper '-'•111ni..1t d1-..pl..1'-e
colourless. iron hom iwn sulF'h.1tt.•
solution.
Alununium \.",lll 1.lispl.1ct.•

urless. Zinc meta I zinc fwm /.lll\. sulph,1tt•

ling down at the solutillll.

2AI + JZnSO-l •
3Zn + Al:!.{S04 h
 Appearance
coJour of n1etal
Salt change of surface
solution solution
Metal in which ChanrV1 es Alumin•lLJn1
added Blue colour of copper co,· c:,1n
·
r)PCr f 'on, d"tsp1
Copper sulph,1le di-,,,ppears. su lphJ.t Copp rlcQ
,\lt1t11inillt11 e sot 0t
tJtio
-.ulph,1ll.! n,e brO\''n coloured 2AI +'"'(' n.
copper p,1rticles settle
.) uso
4

~
,1 L LhL' bt1l to111 of the
beaker- Al2(SO ) -. 3c
1------i------4------------t------- Grcen colour of
Changes I Alumin•
4 ::\
iro 11 f and"
i-

ferrous sulphate •urn c

,\luininium Fcrrou disappears. Iron nm, iron su1ph
solution ' Pl,,,
sulphate
metal is settling at the 2 · •~
bottom of the beaker. AI + 3FeSO
--t ---;----r-z;,::-::=:=-:--r.--:- --LA..I.2(S04h 4- 1Fe1-
t) canr,
I Zinc Solution remains No chano,•
ron cannot .
zinc fro m zinc 1
Iron sulphate
sulphate colourless. I
di'-pl41u~ zinc
from zinc

I I t ,
Iron Copper

sulphate

so4-+ Cu+