EXPERIMENT No.

1.i. Preparation of Mohr’s salt

AIM: To prepare crystals of Mohr’s salt.
THEORY: Mohr’s salt i.e. ferrous ammonium sulphate [FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O] is a double salt. It can be prepared by making equimolar solutions of hydrated ferrous sulphate and ammonium sulphate
in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of FeSO4.7H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields light green crystals of Mohr’s salt.
FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2 SO4 FeSO 4. (NH4)2SO4. 6H2O + H2O

PROCEDURE:
1. Take roughly weighed 7 gm ferrous sulphate crystals and 3.5 g of ammonium sulphate crystals in about 20ml of hot water.
2. Add about 2 ml of dilute sulphuric acid, heat the solution to the boiling point and let boil for 2 to 3 min.
3. Filter the hot solution into a china dish, place the dish in cold water and allow cooling slowly. Crystals will begin to separate as the solution cools.
4. Crystalization will be complete when the contents of the dish acquire the temperature of water outside.
5. Separate the crystals by decanting mother liquor.
6. Place the crystals between the folds of filter paper and then record the yield.
RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Light green
NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGEDONT WRITE.
EXPERIMENT No.1

1.ii Preparation of Potash alum

AIM: To prepare crystals of Potash alum.
THEORY: Potash alum, a double salt, commonly known as fitkari has the formula K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O. It can be prepared by making equimolar solutions of potassium sulphate and aluminium
sulphate in minimum amount of water. A few ml of dil. H2SO4 is added to prevent the hydrolysis of Al2(SO4)3.18H2O. Cooling of the hot saturated solution yields colourless crystals of Potash alum.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3.18H2O + 6H2 O K 2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O

PROCEDURE
1.
Take 50ml of water in a beaker and add 13.6 g of Al2 (SO4)3 then add 5 drops of concH2SO4 and stir the contents until the salt dissolves.
2.
In a separate beaker dissolve 5 g of K 2 SO 4.in 50 ml of water by stirring.
3.
Transfer both the solutions in the china dish.
4.
Heat the solution to the crystallization point by placing a china dish over a sand bath.
5.
Place the china dish containing concn solution over the mouth of the beaker containing cold water.
6.
Leave it aside undisturbed for slow crystallization.
7.
Decant off the mother liquor.
8.
Wash the crystal with ice cold water.
9.
Dry the crystals by pressing them gently between folds of filter paper .
10.
Find out the weight of crystals using physical balance.
RESULT- Colour of the crystals: Colourless
NOTE – DRY THE CRYSTALS, PUT THEM IN A ZIP POUCH AND PASTE THEM IN YOUR FILES ON THE BLANK PAGE. DON’T WRITE
EXPERIMENT No.2
Paper Chromatography
AIM: To separate the coloured components present in a mixture of red and blue ink by ascending paper chromatography and find their Rf values.
THEORY: In this type of chromatography a special adsorbent paper (Whatman filter paper) is used. Moisture adsorbed on this Whatman filter paper acts as the stationary phase and the solvent acts as the
mobile phase. The mixture to be separated is spotted at one end of the paper. This paper is then developed in a particular solvent by placing the paper in a gas jar, taking care that the spot is above the
solvent. The solvent rises due to capillary action and the components get separated out as they rise up with the solvent at different rates. The developed paper is called a chromatogram. Rf (retention
factor) values are then calculated, which is the ratio of the distance moved by the component to the distance moved by the solvent front.
Rf = Distance travelled by the component
Distance travelled by the solvent front
PROCEDURE
1.Draw a baseline on a thin strip of chromatographic paper.
2. Add a drop of blue ink on a spot of base line. Dry it and repeat it four to five times. Repeat it with red ink.
3. Dip the paper straight in water .
4. Measure the distance of spots from baseline and distance travelled by solvent.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS: (ON THE BLANK PAGE, USING A PENCIL)
No SUBSTANCE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY Rf VALUE

DIFFERENT SOLVENT
COMPONENTS

1 RED INK

2 BLUE INK

RESULT: (ON RULED SIDE) - Rf of blue ink =

Rf of red ink =
NOTE: PASTE THE CHROMATOGRAM ON THE BLANK SIDE AND MARK THE DISTANCE TRAVELLED BY THE INDIVIDUAL COMPONENTS AND THE SOLVENT FRONT USING A
PENCIL WRITE IN LEFT SIDE

EXPERIMENT No.3

Chemical Kinetics

AIM: To study the effect of variation of concentration on the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.
Appratus required: Test tubes , test tube stand, volumetric flask (250mL)-5, Chemicals required: 0.1 M Na2S2O3 and 1 M HCl , distilled water, Burette, Stop watch.

THEORY

The rate of reaction depends upon the concentration of the reactants.

The reaction between Na2S2O3 and HCl results in the formation of sulphur as shown below Na2S2O3 + HCl →2NaCl + S + SO2 +H2O
The rate of reaction can be easily studied by observing the rate at which the colloidal sulphur is precipitated.
Procedure:
1. Take 0.1M Na2S2O3 solution and distilled water in two different burettes. 2. Take 5 conical flask which is cleaned thoroughly with conc H NO3
4

3. Mark it as 1,2,3,4,5.Add 10ml,20ml,30ml,40ml,50ml Na2S2O3 solutions in different conical flask ie, 1,2,3,4,5 respectively.
4. To this add 40 ml,30 ml,20 ml,10ml distillled water to different conical flask ie 1,2,3,4 respectively
5. Draw a ‘X ‘ mark on a white paper keep the first conical flask on this mark. 6. Add one test tube of 1 M HCl into the conical flask , shake the flask and switch on the stopwatch , observe
the cross mark from top of the conical flask till the mark disappears. Notice the time ie the time taken for the mark to disappear.
7. Repeat this in all the other conical flasks ie. 2 3,4,5.ie.
Observations (WRITE IN LHS)

Sl No Vol of Volume of Time taken for the mark Concentration Of

Na2S2O3 distilled to Na2S2O3

water disappear
Draw a graph between conc. of Na2S2O3 in Y- axis (abscissa) and time in x- axis (ordinate)
RESULT
The rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid ----------with the decrease in the concn of sodium thiosulphate.

EXPERIMENT No.4

i. AIM: To test the presence of alcoholic group in the given test tubes of organic compounds
PROCEDURE:

Sl No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Test tube A Test tube B

1 To both of the given test tubes of Brisk effervescence No characteristic reaction Presence of alcohol group in test

organic compounds add a small piece of tube A

sodium

2 To both of the given test tubes of Fruity smell No characteristic reaction Presence of alcohol group in test

organic compounds add few drops of tube A

glacial

acetic acid + 1-2 drops of conc.

H2SO4 + warm it in a water bath for

5 min. Cool and pour into water

taken in different beakers.. Smell the

contents.

Result Presence of alcohol in test tube A

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL) LHS

ii. AIM: To test the presence of phenolic group in the given test tubes of organic compounds
PROCEDURE:

Sl No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Test tube A Test tube B

1 LITMUS TEST Blue litmus turns No characteristic Phenol

To both the test tubes containing red. reaction present. In test tube A
organic
compound add few drops of blue
litmus
solution.

2 NEUTRAL FeCl3 TEST A violet colouration No characteristic Phenol

To both the test tubes containing is obtained. reaction present. In test tube A
 organic
compound add few drops of neutral
FeCl3 solution.

3 LIEBERMANN NITROSO TEST A deep blue or No characteristic Phenol

To both the test tubes containing green colouration reaction present. In test tube A
organic compound add sodium nitrite is obtained which
+ conc. H2SO4 turns red on the
addition of water.
The blue or green
colour reappears
on the addition of
NaOH.

Result - Presence of phenol in test tube A

iii. AIM: To test the presence of aldehydic group in the given test tubes of organic compounds
PROCEDURE:

Sl No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Test tube A Test tube B

1 Schiffs test A red/ pink/violet colouration is No characteristic reaction Presence of aldehyde in test tube A

To both of the given test tubes obtained

of organic compounds add

Schiff’s reagent

2 TOLLEN’S TEST To both of the given Silver mirror is formed in the inner No characteristic reaction Presence of aldehyde in test tube A

test tubes of organic compounds walls of test tube

add Tollen’s reagent (amm.

silver nitrate

solution) few drops of NaOH and heat

on water bath

RESULT: Presence of Aldehyde in test tube A.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

+ - -
1. RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)2] + 3OH → RCOO + 4NH3 + 2Ag ↓ + 2H2O

iv . AIM: To test the presence of Carboxylic acid in the given test tubes of organic compounds
PROCEDURE:

Sl No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Test tube A Test tube B

1 LITMUS TEST No characteristic Blue litmus turns Carboxylic acid is

To both the test tubes containing reaction red. present. In test tube A
organic
compound add few drops of blue
 litmus
solution.

2 Sodium bicarbonate test . Brisk effervescence is obtained. Carboxylic acid is

No characteristic present. In test tube B
To both of the given test tubes
reaction
of organic compounds add aq.
NaHCO3

3 ESTER TEST No characteristic A fruity smell is obtained Carboxylic acid is

To both of the given test tubes of
reaction present. In test tube B
organic
compounds add a few drops of alcohol +
2-3 drops of conc. H2SO4 + heat on a

water bath. Cool the contents and pour

them into cold water taken in different
beakers.

Result - Presence of carboxylic acid in test tube B

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
1. RCOOH + NaHCO3 → RCOONa + H2O + CO2↑

v: AIM: To test the presence of amines in the given test tubes of organic compounds
PROCEDURE:

Sl No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Test tube A Test tube B

1 Carbylamine test An offensive smell is No characteristic reaction Presence of amine in test tube A

To both of the given test tubes obtained

of organic
compounds add CHCl3 +
Alc.KOH. And Heat

2 A]zo dye test A red or orange dye is obtained No characteristic reaction Presence of amine in test tube A

To both of the given test tubes of

organic compounds add dil.HCl
and cool in ice. Add ice cold
NaNO2

solution to it. Mix well. Add

ice cold phenol

RESULT: : (ON RULED SIDE ) Amino group is present in test tube A.

EQUATIONS: (ON BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)
R-NH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → R- N≡ C + 3KCl + 3H2O

Isocyanide
or carbylamine
 EXPERIMENT No. 5-i.

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/10 solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Using this, calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.

APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Mohr’s salt, weighing machine volumetric flask(standard flask), funnel, distilled water, chemical dilute H2SO4, beakers, conical flask, burette,

pipette, clamp stand, KMnO4 solution.

-1
THEORY- (a) Mohr’s salt having the formula FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O has molar mass 392gmol . It is a primary standard. Its equivalent mass is 392/1 = 392 as its n factor is 1 as per the
2+ 3+ -
following reaction: Fe → Fe + e

PROCEDURE:
.
Place a paper on the weighing balance ,make the reading zero

Add 3.92g Mohr’s salt in small amounts to the paper.

.
Remove the salt from weighing machine.

Using a funnel, transfer the Mohr’s salt to the volumetric flask.

.
Add about 5ml. of dilute H2SO4 to the flask followed by distilled water and dissolve the Mohr’s salt.

Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.

.
The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY-

The reaction between KMnO4 and Mohr’s salt is a redox reaction and the titration is therefore called a redox titration Mohr’s salt is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.

KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the medium; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral medium. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore dil. H2SO4 is added to

the conical flask before starting the titration.

IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:

+
-- 2+
Reduction Half: MnO4 + 8H + 5e → Mn + 4H2O

Oxidation Half: 5Fe

2+ 3+
→ 5Fe + 5e -
+
-
Overall Equation: MnO4 + 8H + 5Fe
2+ 2+ 3+
→ Mn + 5Fe + 4H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink

PROCEDURE-

.Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.

Pipette out 10ml. of Mohr’s salt solution into the conical flask.

Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4.

.Keep a white glazed tile (white paper) under the burette and place the conical flask on it.

Note down the initial reading of the burette.

.Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.

Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.

This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.

.Repeat the experiment until concordant values are obtained.

LHS OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Volume of Mohr’s salt solution taken = V2mL

S.No BURETTE READINGS VOLUME OF KMnO4

INITIAL FINAL USED V1 (mL)

Concordant Value =V1 mL=

CALCULATIONS: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

Using formula: (KMnO4 ) a1M1V1 = a2M2V2(Mohr’s salt)

Where a1=5 (for KMnO4), V1= , M1 =? a2 =1 (for), V2 = 20ml,

M1 =1X0.1X 20 = 2

5V1 5V1

Strength of KMnO4= M 1 X Molar Mass. of KMnO4(158)

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)- 1.The Molarity of KMnO4 = -----M

2. The strength of KMnO4 = -------g/L

EXPERIMENT No. 5-ii

AIM – (a) To prepare 100ml of M/20 solution of oxalic acid. (b)Using this calculate the molarity and strength of the given KMnO4 solution.
APPARATUS AND CHEMICALS REQUIRED- Oxalic acid, weighing machine, volumetric flask( standard flask), funnel, distilled water, beakers, conical flask, burette, pipette, clamp stand ,dilute
H2SO4, KMnO4 solution.
-1
THEORY- (a) Oxalic acid is a dicarboxylic acid having molar mass 126gmol . It is a primary standard and has the molecular formula COOH-COOH.2H2O. Its equivalent mass is 126/2 = 63 as its
+ -
n factor is 2 as per the following reaction. COOH-COOH → 2CO2 + 2H + 2e .
 PROCEDURE:

.Place a paper on the weighing balance ,make the reading zero

Add 0.63 g oxalic acid in small amounts to the paper.

Remove the salt from the weighing machine.

.Using a funnel, transfer the oxalic acid to the volumetric flask.

Add a few drops of distilled water to dissolve the oxalic acid.

.Make up the volume to the required level using distilled water.

The standard solution is prepared.

(b) THEORY-

The reaction between KMnO4 and oxalic acid is a redox reaction and the titration is therefore called a redox titration. Oxalic acid is the reducing agent and KMnO4 is the oxidizing agent.

KMnO4 acts as an oxidizing agent in all the medium; i.e. acidic, basic and neutral medium. KMnO4 acts as the strongest oxidizing agent in the acidic medium and therefore dil. H2SO4 is added to
0
the conical flask before starting the titration. The titration between oxalic acid and KMnO4 is a slow reaction, therefore heat the oxalic acid solution to about 60 C to increase the rate of the

reaction.

IONIC EQUATIONS INVOLVED:

+ - 2+
-
Reduction Half: MnO4 + 8H + 5e Mn + 4H2O] X 2

2 - -
Oxidation Half: C2O4 - 2CO 2 + 2e ] X 5

+ 2 2+
-
Overall Equation: 2MnO4 + 16H + 5C2O4 - 2Mn + 10CO2 + 8H2O

INDICATOR- KMnO4 acts as a self indicator.

END POINT- Colourless to light pink

PROCEDURE-

.Fill the burette with KMnO4 solution.

Pipette out 20ml. of oxalic acid solution into the conical flask.
0
Add half a test tube of dil. H2SO4 and heat the solution to about 60 C to increase the rate of the reaction.

.Keep a white paper (White glazed tile) under the burette and place the conical flask on it.

Note down the initial reading of the burette.

.Run down the KMnO4 solution into the conical flask drop wise with shaking.

Stop the titration when a permanent pink colour is obtained in the solution.

This is the end point. Note down the final burette reading.
.Repeat the experiment until three concordant values are obtained.

OBSERVATION TABLE: (TO BE PUT UP ON THE BLANK SIDE USING A PENCIL)

LHS
Volume of Oxalic Acid solution taken = V2mL

S.No BURETTE READINGS VOLUME OF KMnO4

INITIAL FINAL USED V1 (mL)

Concordant Value =V1mL

RESULT- (ON RULED SIDE)-

1.The Molarity of KMnO4 = -------M

2. The strength of KMnO4 = -------g/L