BOLETIM DO INSTITUTO DE PESCA

Short Communication

Filling gap on the distribution of the Prochilodus lineatus

(Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in
southernmost Brazil and implications for the
species’ conservation
Fabiano Corrêa1* , Yan Gonçalves Gowert2 , Fernando Marques Quintela3 , Elmary da Costa Fraga4
1
Universidade Estadual do Maranhão – Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade, Ambiente e Saúde – Caxias (MA), Brazil.
2
Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – Laboratório de Ictiologia – Rio Grande (RS), Brazil.
3
Instituto Taxa Mundi – Lagoa Santa (MG), Brazil.
4
Universidade Estadual do Maranhão – Laboratório de Biologia Molecular – Caxias (MA), Brazil.
*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT
Studies on species distribution provide crucial information for political decision-making and conservation. In this
study, we present a distribution extension of the streaked prochilod Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) to
Mirim Lagoon, extreme south of Brazil. This species has high potential as a fishery resource for the region and is an
important organism in the energy flow of freshwater ecosystems. Following studies aiming to monitor the species
occurrence in Mirim-Patos Lagoon are highly recommended. Additionally, we highlight the importance of studies
dealing with ecological aspects such as monitoring of landings, reproduction, age and growth, and trophic aspects
of the species.
Keywords: Neotropical region; Rio Grande do Sul state; Mirim Lagoon.

Preenchendo lacunas na distribuição do Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837)

(Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) no extremo sul do Brasil e implicações para a
conservação da espécie
RESUMO
Estudos sobre a distribuição das espécies fornecem informações cruciais para a tomada de decisões políticas e
para a conservação. Neste estudo, apresentamos uma ampliação de distribuição do grumatã Prochilodus lineatus
(Valenciennes, 1837) para a Lagoa Mirim, no extremo sul do Brasil. Essa espécie tem alto potencial como recurso
pesqueiro para a região e importante no fluxo de energia dos ecossistemas de água doce. Estudos futuros visando
monitorar a ocorrência da espécie no sistema lagunar Patos-Mirim são altamente recomendados. Além disso,
destacamos a importância de estudos que abordem aspectos ecológicos, como monitoramento de desembarques,
reprodução, idade e crescimento e aspectos tróficos da espécie.
Palavras-chave: Região neotropical; Estado do Rio Grande do Sul; Lagoa Mirim.

Received: October 11, 2024 | Approved: May 9, 2025

Section editor: Rubia Yuri Tomita

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Filling gap on the distribution of the Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in southernmost Brazil and implications for the species’ conservation

INTRODUCTION Patos Lagoon (Malabarba, 2020). Reliable information on the

geographical distribution and the identification of new areas
The Mirim Lagoon, located on the southernmost coastal
occupied by the species are fundamental to effective conservation
plain of Brazil, is a complex ecosystem that straddles the border
measures (Barbosa et al., 2020). Herein we present a new
between Brazil and Uruguay. This elongated body of water,
area of vouchered occurrence of P. lineatus in Mirim Lagoon,
which extends for 185 km, with a mean width of 20 km, has
which fills the gap about the known distribution of the species to
a total area of 3,749 km2 (Kotzian & Marques, 2004; Pieve
the southernmost region of Brazil.
et al., 2020). The Mirim Lagoon, as part of the Mirim Lagoon-
São Gonçalo hydrographic basin, is one of the most important
MATERIAL AND METHODS
freshwater ecosystems in the southernmost region of Brazil,
playing a pivotal role as a source of water for the local population Vila da Capilha beach is located at the eastern extreme of the
and the irrigation of agriculture (e.g., rice and soy). The lagoon Mirim Lagoon (Fig. 1), municipality of Rio Grande, southern
also has a crucial ecological function in the conservation of Rio Grande do Sul state. This beach is located close to the
the local flora and fauna, hosting a notable level of species BR-471 highway, which runs near the lagoon’s shoreline (Kunz
endemism (JICA & SCP-RS, 2000; Piedras et al., 2012). This & Castrogiovanni, 2020).
ecosystem is a fishing area for artisanal fishermen from different Vila da Capilha beach is an important area for tourism,
locations (municipalities of Pelotas, Arroio Grande, Jaguarão, which has been attracting growing numbers of visitors in recent
Rio Grande, and Santa Vitória do Palmar, in Rio Grande do Sul years, including both day-trippers and seasonal vacationers.
state, Brazil), where fishing is fundamental to the local economy This beach features a large stretch of sand with a gentle slope
and sustainability (Piedras et al., 2012). and a sandy bottom (Ceni & Vieira, 2013). The local habitat
The principal fishery resources exploited by the artisanal fishers is heterogeneous, with some areas of vegetation, and others
of the Mirim Lagoon are the trahira Hoplias aff. malabaricus with bare sand, which permits the use of different sampling
(Bloch, 1794), the silverside Odontesthes spp., and the catfishes procedures. Fish sampling was conducted using gillnets with
Pimelodus pintado (Azpelicueta, Lundberg & Loureiro, 2008), mesh sizes of 40, and 45 mm, 1.5 m in height, and a total
Rhamdia quelen (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), and Loricariichthys length of 25 m (SISBIO license, number: 80579-3), with the
anus (Valencinnes, 1840) (Piedras et al., 2012). These resources are assistance of two amateur fishermen who were fishing in the
highly seasonal. For example, trahira is harvested predominantly area. The nets remained in the water for 12 hours and were
during the austral summer, while R. quelen is captured more checked every six hours.
frequently in the winter (Piedras et al., 2012). Once captured, the specimen was stored on ice in a styrofoam
Characiformes is the most diverse order of neotropical cooler and transferred to the Ichthyology Laboratory at the
freshwater fish, with 2,334 described species (Toledo-Piza et al., Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, where it was identified
2024). Among the 24 characiform families, Prochilodontidae
using a taxonomic key (Graça & Pavanelli, 2007). The total
comprises 21 valid species (Toledo-Piza et al., 2024).
length was measured in millimeters (mm), and the total weight in
According to Soares et al. (2021), prochilodontids play an
grams (g), with an additional 38 morphological data, following
important role in the energy flow of aquatic ecosystems, by
Castro and Vari (2004) and Oliveira et al. (2010).
consuming basal material deposited on the bottom substrate,
which constitutes one of the primary sources of energy that
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
sustains food chains.
The prochilodontid Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, On 18th January 2024, we collected one specimen of
1837) has a tall, silvery body with dark longitudinal lines running P. lineatus (ICFURG: 2954) at the mouth of the Aguirre channel
along the flanks, between the series of scales, a dorsal fin with tiny (32°31’09.46” S, 52°34’55.39” W; Fig. 1), in the Vila da Capilha
dark spots, bifurcated caudal fin, and a complete lateral line with beach. Morphological data are shown in Table 1. This is the
44–50 scales, with transverse lines both above (7–10 series of first vouchered record of P. lineatus in the Brazilian segment of
scales) and below, with 6–9 series of scales (Britski et al., 2007; Mirim Lagoon. In relation to the closest localities of previous
Castro & Vari, 2004). Prochilodus lineatus is amply distributed records in a latitudinal axis, our collection site at Aguirre channel
in South America (Graça & Pavanelli, 2007; Nelson et al., 2016), is about 60 km northwest of Jaguarão River and 55 km south of
the ecoregion of the upper and lower Uruguay basin, and the Piratini River (Fig. 1).

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 Corrêa F, Gowert YG, Quintela FM, Fraga EC

54º0’W 52º0’W 54º0’0’’W 53º30’0’’W 53º0’0’’W 52º30’0’’W

30º0’S

32º0’0’’S
32º30’0’’S
32º0’S

33º0’0’’S
33º30’0’’S
34º0’S
34º0’0’’S

(a) (b) Km0 20 40 60

(c) (d) 124mm

Figure 1. (a) Location of the Mirim Lagoon (in blue) in Brazil/South America. (b) Locations of the existing records of the occurrence
of Prochilodus lineatus in the around region of the Mirim Lagoon (green dots), and the new occurrence (red star) at Vila da Capilha
beach. (c) The point at which the specimen presented here was collected (red arrow). (d) The Prochilodus lineatus specimen from
Vila da Capilha beach, total length = 372 millimeters. Photograph by Yan Gonçalves Gowert.

Prochilodus lineatus is a migratory species (Burns et al., it would appear reasonable to assume that P. lineatus migrates
2024; Loureiro et al., 2023), which breeds primarily between to Mirim Lagoon possibly to reproduce, after developing in
October and December. Both Burns et al. (2024) and Loureiro tributary rivers of the basin.
et al. (2023) reported that in Uruguay, adult P. lineatus inhabits In a study of the species richness and abundance of fish at
large rivers and streams, while juveniles are found more three points in the Mirim Lagoon, Moura et al. (2012) recorded
frequently in wetlands, channels, and marginal lagoons. The a total of 30 species, but not P. lineatus. Ceni and Vieira (2013)
individuals so far captured in Mirim Lagoon presented a total used several different sampling methods to survey the fish fauna
length between 340 and 540 mm (Burns et al., 2024; present at Vila da Capilha beach and identified the total of 24 species,
study), a size class that corresponds to sexual maturity for both but lacking P. lineatus records. The first published record of
females and males (Vicentin et al., 2012). Given these patterns, P. lineatus from the southernmost region of Brazil was obtained

Bol. Inst. Pesca, 2025, 51: e940 | https://doi.org/10.20950/1678-2305/bip.2024.51.e940 3/6

Filling gap on the distribution of the Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1837) (Characiformes, Prochilodontidae) in southernmost Brazil and implications for the species’ conservation

Table 1. Morphological data of the Prochilodus lineatus specimen collected from the mouth of Aguirre channel at Vila da Capilha
beach, in the Mirim Lagoon, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. The total weight is presented in grams (g), while the other morphological
data are expressed in millimeters (mm).
Morphological data Description of the variables Measurement
Total weight Weight of the individual, with the viscera intact 742.7 g
Total length From the tip of the snout to the end of the caudal fin 372 mm
Standard length From the tip of the snout to the insertion of the caudal fin 310
Height of the head Measured by a vertical line at the posterior edge of the left eye 47
Height of the body Measured by a vertical line in front of the dorsal fin 103
Height of the caudal peduncle Smallest height of the caudal peduncle 36
Base of the anal fin From the base of the first ray to the base of the last ray 31
Base of the dorsal fin From the base of the first ray to the base of the last ray 49
Length of the base of the anal fin From the anterior to the posterior edge of the anal fin 47
Length of the base of the dorsal fin From the anterior to the posterior edge of the dorsal fin 46
Length of the head From the tip of the snout to the extremity of the operculum in a horizontal line 72
Length of the upper mandible From the pre-maxillary symphysis to the posterior extremity of the maxilla 20
Length of the anal fin Distance between the origin and the extremity of the anal fin 44
Length of the dorsal fin Distance between the origin and the extremity of the dorsal fin 64
Length of the pectoral fin Distance between the origin and the extremity of the pectoral fin 57
Length of the pelvic fin Distance between the origin and the extremity of the pelvic fin 58
Length of the snout From the tip of the snout to the anterior edge of the eye 23
Length of the peduncle caudal From the end of the anal fin to the beginning of the caudal fin 38
Diameter of the orbit From the anterior to the posterior edge of the eye 9
Dorsal-pectoral distance (anterior) Distance between the beginning of the dorsal fin and the anterior pectoral fin 81
Dorsal-pelvic distance (anterior) Distance between the beginning of the dorsal fin and the anterior pelvic fin 98
Dorsal-anal distance (anterior) Distance between the beginning of the dorsal fin and the anterior anal fin 147
Dorsal-pectoral distance (posterior) Distance between the end of the dorsal fin and the beginning of the pectoral fin 130
Dorsal-pelvic distance (posterior) Distance between the end of the dorsal fin and the beginning of the pelvic fin 95
Dorsal-anal distance (posterior) Distance between the end of the dorsal fin and the beginning of the anal fin 107
Distance of the isthmus Distance from the tip of the snout to the isthmus 52
Dorsal-peduncle distance (upper) Distance between the end of the dorsal fin and the upper end of the peduncle 133
Dorsal-peduncle distance (lower) Distance between the end of the dorsal fin and the lower end of the peduncle 143
Distance between the dorsal and
Measured from the posterior base of the dorsal fin to the adipose fin 5
adipose fins
Interorbital distance Shortest dorsal distance between the eyes 34
Isthmus-pelvic fin distance Distance between the isthmus and the pelvic fin 28
Pelvic-anal distance Distance anterior of the pelvic fin e anterior anal fin 91
Pre-anal distance From the tip of the snout to the anal fin 246
Pre-dorsal distance From the tip of the snout to the dorsal fin 128
Pre-nasal distance From the tip of the snout to the nostril 18
Pre-pelvic distance From the tip of the snout to the pelvic fin 148
Pre-ventral distance From the tip of the snout to the ventral fin 148

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 Corrêa F, Gowert YG, Quintela FM, Fraga EC

by Burns and Cheffe (2018), from two locations on the Piratini CONFLICT OF INTEREST
River (Fig. 1), with specimen CIMC 58073, collected in
Nothing to declare.
February 1999 (31°51’43”S, 52°47’59”W), and FURG 2721,
collected in November 2006 (32°0’36”S, 52°26’10”W).
Burns and Cheffe (2018) subsequently recorded P. lineatus DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
on the floodplain of the São Gonçalo channel (31°47’01”S, All data were generated or analyzed in this study.
52°14’29”W) in July 2010 (Fig. 1), showing an expansion of
the species within the system. In 2021 and 2022, specimens of
AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS
P. lineatus were collected in the Jaguarão River and at three
points in Mirim Lagoon on the Uruguayan territory (Burns et al., Conceptualization: Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G., Quintela,
2024), but the authors did not record the species in Mirim F.M., Fraga, E.C.; Methodology: Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G.;
Lagoon on the Brazilian territory. It should also be mentioned Investigation: Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G.; Formal analysis:
that Basaglia (2008) investigated artisanal fishing patterns Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G.; Data curation: Corrêa, F., Gowert,
in the Mirim Lagoon, particularly in the municipalities of Y.G.; Supervision: Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G., Quintela, F.M.,
Arroio Grande (Santa Isabel), Jaguarão, and Santa Vitória do Fraga, E.C.; Resources: Corrêa, F.; Writing – original draft:
Palmar (Curral Alto and Porto), and reported Prochilodus sp. Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G., Quintela, F.M.; Writing – review &
in the catches. However, no specimen was photodocumented editing: Corrêa, F., Gowert, Y.G., Quintela, F.M., Fraga, E.C.;
or deposited in a scientific collection, which impedes any Final approval: Corrêa, F.
confirmation of this record.
The historical character of P. lineatus records in Mirim FUNDING
Lagoon specimens from Cebollatí River in Uruguay from 1935
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível
led Burns et al. (2024) to hypothesize that the species is native
Superior
to this basin. It is also noteworthy the occurrence of P. lineatus
specimens in the fish collection of adjacent Patos Lagoon, Grant No.: 8888.7.715387/2022-00
a system connected to Mirim Lagoon by the São Gonçalo Universidade Estadual do Maranhão
channel, commissioned by Emperor Dom Pedro II in 1865 Grant No.: 18/2023
(Malabarba, 1989). Therefore, the very punctual records of P.
lineatus in the densely sampled Patos-Mirim basin (Bertaco ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
et al., 2016) indicate that the species is not well-established in
We thank the fishermen Augusto Volz and Adalberto Magnus
this system. Indeed, the occurrence and expansion of species
for their help in capturing the specimen. We are grateful to the
in an environment can directly influence local biodiversity by
anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions for the
either promoting ecological stability or causing imbalances
improvement of the paper.
(Socolar et al., 2016).
We highlight that the conservation status of the species
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