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?️EM Revision Booklet

The document outlines various environmental topics including rocks and minerals, energy sources, agriculture, water management, oceans, natural hazards, climate change, human population, and ecosystems. It discusses the types, uses, and environmental impacts of these areas, along with management strategies and sustainable practices. Key issues such as pollution, resource exploitation, and biodiversity loss are highlighted, along with potential solutions and conservation efforts.

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noor hifza hifly ghouse
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1 views

?️EM Revision Booklet

The document outlines various environmental topics including rocks and minerals, energy sources, agriculture, water management, oceans, natural hazards, climate change, human population, and ecosystems. It discusses the types, uses, and environmental impacts of these areas, along with management strategies and sustainable practices. Key issues such as pollution, resource exploitation, and biodiversity loss are highlighted, along with potential solutions and conservation efforts.

Uploaded by

noor hifza hifly ghouse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Tuesday, May 20, 2025 3:11 PM

1. Rocks and Minerals and Their Exploitation


• Rock Types:
○ Igneous (cooled magma), Sedimentary (layers), Metamorphic (heat/pressure).
• Uses: Building, fuel, industry (e.g. limestone for cement).
• Mining Methods:
○ Open cast, underground mining.
• Environmental Impacts:
○ Deforestation, pollution, habitat loss, dust, water contamination.
• Restoration: Refill, replant, reuse land.

⚡ 2. Energy and the Environment


• Non-Renewable:
○ Coal, oil, natural gas, uranium (nuclear).
• Renewable:
○ Solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, biomass.
• Issues:
○ Fossil fuel use → CO₂ → climate change.
• Energy Efficiency:
○ LED lights, insulation, efficient transport.

3. Agriculture and the Environment


• Types:
○ Subsistence vs. commercial, intensive vs. extensive.
• Inputs: Fertilizers, pesticides, water, machinery.
• Problems:
○ Soil erosion, deforestation, pollution (eutrophication), biodiversity loss.
• Solutions:
○ Crop rotation, organic farming, contour ploughing, agroforestry.

4. Water and Its Management


• Water Sources:
○ Surface water, groundwater, precipitation.
• Water Use:
○ Domestic, agriculture, industry.
• Pollution:
○ Sewage, industrial waste, fertilizers.
• Management:
○ Dams, treatment plants, drip irrigation, water recycling.

5. Oceans and Fisheries


• Resources:
○ Fish, salt, minerals, transport routes.
• Overfishing:
○ By-catch, juvenile fish capture, habitat destruction.
• Sustainable Practices:
○ Quotas, marine protected areas, aquaculture, gear limits.

6. Managing Natural Hazards


• Hazards:

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• Hazards:
○ Earthquakes, volcanoes, floods, droughts, hurricanes.
• Effects:
○ Death, destruction, displacement, food shortage.
• Management:
○ Forecasting, emergency planning, building codes, education.

• Structure:
○ Troposphere (weather), stratosphere (ozone layer).
• Pollutants:
○ CO₂, CH₄ (climate change), SO₂, NOx (acid rain), CFCs (ozone depletion).
• Climate Change Effects:
○ Sea level rise, extreme weather, ecosystem damage.
• Solutions:
○ Renewable energy, afforestation, carbon taxes.

8. Human Population
• Growth Patterns:
○ Exponential growth → pressure on resources.
• Population Structure:
○ Age pyramids show dependency ratio.
• Urbanization:
○ Slums, pollution, traffic, resource demand.
• Management:
○ Family planning, urban planning, education.

9. Natural Ecosystems and Human Activities


• Ecosystem Types:
○ Forests, deserts, wetlands, grasslands.
• Ecosystem Services:
○ Water purification, air, climate regulation, biodiversity.
• Threats:
○ Deforestation, pollution, invasive species.
• Conservation:
○ Protected areas, laws, reforestation, education.

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