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本书版权归John Wiley & Sons Inc.所有
Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for
Advanced Distributed Systems
Meta‐Heuristic Algorithms for Advanced
Distributed Systems

Edited by

Rohit Anand
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus
(formerly G.B.Pant Engineering College)
Government of NCT of Delhi
New Delhi, India

Abhinav Juneja
KIET Group of Institutions
Ghaziabad, India

Digvijay Pandey
Department of Technical Education,
Government of Uttar Pradesh,
Kanpur, India

Sapna Juneja
Department of CSE (AI)
KIET Group of Institutions
Ghaziabad, India

Nidhi Sindhwani
Amity Institute of Information Technology
Amity University
Noida, India
Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Straive, Chennai, India

 v

Contents

About the Book xix

About the Editors xxi
List of Contributors xxiii
Preface xxxiii

1 The Future of Business Management with the Power of Distributed

Systems and Computing 1
Venkateswararao Podile, Nitin Kulshrestha, Sushmita Goswami, Lavanya
Durga, B. Rachanasree, T. Pavan Reddy, and P. Shreya Sarojini
1.1 ­Introduction 1
1.1.1 Distributed Systems in Business Management 2
1.2 ­Understanding Distributed Systems and Computing 2
1.2.1 Definition of Distributed Systems and Computing 5
1.2.2 Advantages for Business Management 5
1.2.3 Characteristics of Distributed Systems and Computing for Business
Management 6
1.3 ­Applications of Distributed Systems and Computing in Business
Management 6
1.3.1 Inventory Management and Supply Chain Optimization 7
1.3.2 Customer Relationship Management 8
1.3.3 Financial Management and Accounting 9
1.3.4 Data Analytics and Decision-Making 10
1.3.5 Collaboration and Communication Within and Across
Organizations 10
1.4 ­Limitations of Distributed Systems in Business Management 11
1.4.1 Security and Privacy Concerns 12
1.4.2 Technical Issues and Maintenance 13
1.4.3 Organizational and Cultural Challenges 14
1.4.4 Legal and Regulatory Compliance 14
vi Contents

1.5 ­Future Developments and Opportunities 15

1.5.1 Potential Future Developments and their Implications for Business
Management 16
1.5.2 Opportunities for Research and Innovation in the Field 16
1.6 ­Conclusion 17
­References 18

2 Applications of Optimized Distributed Systems in Healthcare 21

Ayush Thakur, Suruchi Verma, Nidhi Sindhwani, and Rashmi Vashisth
2.1 ­Introduction 21
2.2 ­Literature Survey 23
2.2.1 Need for Optimization of Distributed Systems 24
2.2.2 Performance Optimization of Distributed Systems 25
2.2.3 Characteristics of Optimized Distributed Systems in Healthcare 27
2.2.4 Applications of Optimized Distributed Systems in Healthcare 28
2.2.5 Technologies Being Used in Healthcare 31
2.2.5.1 Spark 31
2.2.5.2 Hadoop 31
2.3 ­Real Cases 32
2.4 ­Conclusion 34
­References 35

3 The Impact of Distributed Computing on Data Analytics and Business

Insights 39
Haider Mehraj, Vinay K. Nassa, A.S.K. Reddy, K.V.D. Sagar, Dilip K. Sharma,
Shyamasundar Tripathy, and Franklin J. Selvaraj
3.1 ­Introduction 39
3.1.1 Role of Distributed Computing in Data Analytics 40
3.1.2 Importance of Business Insights in Decision-Making 40
3.1.3 Overview of Distributed Computing and Data Analytics 41
3.2 ­Distributed Computing and Data Analytics 41
3.2.1 Distributed Computing 42
3.2.2 Overview of Data Analytics 43
3.2.3 Distributed Computing in Data Analytics 44
3.3 ­Business Insights and Decision-Making 45
3.3.1 Definition of Business Insights 46
3.3.2 Importance of Business Insights in Decision-Making 46
3.3.3 Applications of Business Insights and their Impact 47
3.4 ­Challenges and Limitations 47
 Contents vii

3.5 ­ he Impact of Distributed Computing on Data Analytics 48

T
3.5.1 Distributed Computing in Improvising Data Analytics 49
3.6 ­Conclusion 50
­References 50

4 Machine Learning and Its Application in Educational Area 53

Abhinav Tripathi, Yashasvi Singh, Arti Sharma, Ajay Kumar Shrivastava, and
Saurabh Sharma
4.1 ­Introduction 53
4.2 ­Previous Work 54
4.3 ­Technique 54
4.3.1 Machine Learning 54
4.3.2 Supervised Learning 55
4.3.3 Unsupervised Learning 55
4.4 ­Analysis of Data 56
4.5 ­Educational Data Mining 56
4.6 ­Hadoop Approach 57
4.7 ­Artificial Neural Network (ANN) 58
4.8 ­Decision Tree 59
4.9 ­Results/Discussion 59
4.9.1 Personalized Learning Through Adaptive Learning 59
4.10 ­Increasing Efficiency Using Learning Analytics 60
4.11 ­Predictive Analysis for Better Assessment Evaluation 61
4.12 ­Future Scope 61
4.13 ­Conclusion 61
­References 62

5 Approaches and Methodologies for Distributed Systems: Threats,

Challenges, and Future Directions 67
Bhawna and Veena Parihar
5.1 ­Introduction 67
5.2 ­Distributed Systems 68
5.3 ­Literature Review 69
5.4 ­Threats to Distributed Systems Security 70
5.4.1 Hacking 70
5.4.2 Malware 70
5.4.3 Denial of Service (DoS) Attacks 71
5.4.4 Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks 71
5.4.5 Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) 71
viii Contents

5.4.6 Insider Threats 71

5.4.7 Phishing 71
5.4.8 Ransomware 71
5.5 ­Security Standards and Protocols 72
5.5.1 ISO/IEC 27001 72
5.5.2 NIST SP 800-53 72
5.5.3 SOC 2 72
5.5.4 PCI DSS 72
5.5.5 IEC 62443 73
5.5.6 OWASP 73
5.5.7 Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies
(COBIT) 73
5.6 ­Network Security 73
5.7 ­Access Control 74
5.7.1 Role-based Access Control (RBAC) 74
5.7.2 Discretionary Access Control (DAC) 74
5.7.3 Mandatory Access Control (MAC) 75
5.8 ­Authentication and Authorization 76
5.9 ­Privacy Concerns 78
5.10 ­Case Studies 79
5.10.1 Equifax Data Breach 79
5.10.2 Target Data Breach 79
5.10.3 WannaCry Ransomware Attack 79
5.11 ­Conclusion 80
5.12 ­Future Scope 81
­References 81

6 Efficient-driven Approaches Related to Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

using Machine Learning Techniques 85
Ashima Arya, Swasti Singhal, and Rashika Bangroo
6.1 ­Introduction 85
6.2 ­Stochastic Optimization 86
6.2.1 Genetic Algorithm 87
6.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization 88
6.3 ­Heuristic Search 89
6.3.1 Heuristic Search Techniques 89
6.4 ­Meta-Heuristic 90
6.4.1 Structures of Meta-Heuristic 91
6.5 ­Machine Learning 94
6.5.1 Applications of Meta-Heuristic 98
­References 99
 Contents ix

7 Security and Privacy Issues in Distributed Healthcare Systems – A

Survey 103
Manish Bhardwaj, Samad Noeiaghdam, and Yu-Chen Hu
7.1 ­Introduction 103
7.1.1 Traditional Systems 105
7.1.2 Distributed Systems 106
7.2 ­Previous Study 106
7.2.1 Background and Definitions 108
7.3 ­Security and Privacy Needs 109
7.4 ­Security and Privacy Goals 111
7.5 ­Type of Attacks in Distributed Systems 114
7.5.1 Malicious Hardware 115
7.5.2 Malicious Programs 115
7.6 ­Recommendations and Future Approaches 116
7.7 ­Conclusion 117
­References 118

8 Implementation and Analysis of the Proposed Model

in a Distributed e-Healthcare System 123
Manish Bhardwaj, Sanjiv Sharma, and Amit K. Gupta
8.1 ­Introduction 123
8.2 ­Outmoded Systems 125
8.3 ­Distributed Systems 126
8.3.1 Peer-to-Peer Architecture 128
8.4 ­Previous Work 129
8.5 ­Service-Oriented Architecture of e-Healthcare 131
8.6 ­Implementation of the Proposed Model 133
8.6.1 Speech Software 134
8.7 ­Evaluation of the Proposed Model Performance 134
8.8 ­Conclusion and Future Work 135
­References 136

9 Leveraging Distributed Systems for Improved Educational

Planning and Resource Allocation 141
S. Durga, Priti Gupta, Latika Kharb, P.S. Ranjit, Venkata Harshavardhan
Reddy Dornadula, Kali Charan Modak, and Geetha Manoharan
9.1 ­Introduction 141
9.1.1 Overview of the Current State of Educational Planning and Resource
Allocation 142
9.1.2 The Potential Benefits of Leveraging Distributed Systems in
Education 143
x Contents

9.2 ­Theoretical Framework 144

9.2.1 Overview of Distributed Systems and their Key Concepts 145
9.2.2 Theoretical Basis for the Use of Distributed Systems in Education 146
9.2.3 Comparison of Different Distributed Systems Architectures 147
9.3 ­Distribution System in Education 148
9.4 ­Technical Aspects of Distributed Systems in Education 149
9.4.1 Infrastructure Requirements for Implementing Distributed Systems in
Education 150
9.4.2 Security and Privacy Concerns in Distributed Systems for
Education 151
9.4.3 Data Management and Analysis in Distributed Systems for
Education 152
9.5 ­Challenges and Limitations 153
9.5.1 Merits of Distributed Systems for Educational Planning and Resource
Allocation 154
9.5.2 Demerits of Distributed Systems for Educational Planning and
Resource Allocation 155
9.6 ­Discussion 155
9.7 ­Conclusion 156
­References 157

10 Advances in Education Policy Through the Integration of Distributed

Computing Approaches 161
W. Vinu, Luigi P.L. Cavaliere, K. Suresh Kumar, Y. Venkata Ramana, Kunjan
Shah, Kapil Joshi, and Nadanakumar Vinayagam
10.1 ­Introduction 161
10.1.1 Technology in Education Policy 162
10.1.2 Advances in Education Policy through Distributed Computing 163
10.2 ­Distributed Computing Approaches 164
10.2.1 Benefits of Education Policy 165
10.2.2 Types of Distributed Computing Approaches 166
10.3 ­Advances in Education Policy Through Distributed Computing
Approaches 167
10.3.1 Significant Impact on Education Policy 168
10.3.2 Improved Access 168
10.3.3 Personalized Learning 169
10.3.4 Data-Driven Decision-Making 170
10.4 ­Challenges: Privacy Concerns 171
10.4.1 Technical Requirements 172
10.4.2 Impact of Emerging Technologies and Use of Distributed
Computing 173
 Contents xi

10.5 ­ onclusion 174

C
­References 174

11 Revolutionizing Data Management and Security with the Power of

Blockchain and Distributed System 177
Radha R. Chandan, Fred Torres-Cruz, Ernesto N.T. Figueroa, Charles
I. Mendoza-Mollocondo, Dharini R. Sisodia, Tanweer Alam, and Mohit Tiwari
11.1 ­Introduction 177
11.1.1 Importance of Data Management and Security 178
11.1.2 Current State of Data Management and Security 178
11.2 ­Blockchain Technology 179
11.2.1 Benefits of Using Blockchain for Data Management and Security 180
11.2.2 Limitations of Using Blockchain for Data Management and
Security 181
11.3 ­Distributed System 182
11.3.1 Benefits of Using Distributed Systems for Data Management and
Security 182
11.3.2 Limitations of Using Distributed Systems for Data Management and
Security 183
11.4 ­Revolutionizing Data Management and Security with Blockchain
and Distributed Systems 184
11.4.1 Blockchain and Distributed Systems Can Revolutionize Data
Management and Security 184
11.4.2 Real-World Examples of Blockchain and Distributed Systems in Data
Management and Security 185
11.5 ­Challenges of Using Blockchain and Distributed Systems 186
11.5.1 Limitations of Using Blockchain and Distributed Systems 187
11.6 ­Discussion 187
11.7 ­Conclusion 188
­References 188

12 Enhancing Business Development, Ethics, and Governance with the

Adoption of Distributed Systems 193
Aarti Dawra, K.K. Ramachandran, Debasis Mohanty, Jitendra Gowrabhathini,
Brijesh Goswami, Dhyana S. Ross, and S. Mahabub Basha
12.1 ­Introduction 193
12.1.1 Distributed Systems for Business Development 194
12.2 ­Applications of Distributed Systems in Business Development 195
12.2.1 Characteristics of Distributed Systems 196
12.2.2 Benefits of Distributed Systems in Business Development 197
12.2.3 Applications in Business Development 198
xii Contents

12.3 ­ he Importance of Ethics in Distributed Systems 198

T
12.3.1 Ethics in Distributed Systems 199
12.3.2 Ethics to Business Development and Governance 200
12.3.3 Distributed Systems in Promoting Ethical Practices 201
12.4 ­Governance in Distributed Systems 201
12.4.1 Importance of Governance in Distributed Systems 203
12.4.2 The Benefits of Implementing Governance Mechanisms in Distributed
Systems 203
12.4.3 Examples of Governance Mechanisms in Distributed Systems 204
12.4.4 Limitations in Business and Governance 205
12.5 ­Conclusion 206
­References 206

13 Leveraging Distribution Systems for Advanced Fraud Detection and

Prevention in Finance 211
Venkateswararao Podile, Satish M. Dhoke, Shouvik K. Guha, Frakruddin
A. Ahmed, T.V.N.J.L. Haritha, V. Abhinav, and M. Anirudh
13.1 ­Introduction 211
13.1.1 Background on Fraud in Finance 212
13.1.2 Importance of Fraud Detection and Prevention 212
13.1.3 Distributed Systems and Their Potential for Fraud Detection and
Prevention 212
13.2 ­Benefits of Distributed Systems 213
13.2.1 Definition of Distributed Systems 213
13.2.2 Advantages of Distributed Systems 214
13.2.3 Types of Distributed Systems 215
13.3 ­Prevention Techniques 215
13.3.1 Rule-Based Systems 217
13.3.2 Machine Learning-Based Systems 217
13.3.3 Hybrid Systems 219
13.3.4 Limitations of Traditional Techniques 220
13.4 ­Leveraging Distributed Systems for Fraud Detection and
Prevention 220
13.4.1 Advantages of Distributed Systems for Fraud Detection and
Prevention 221
13.4.2 Applicability of Distributed Systems in Rule-Based Systems 221
13.4.3 Applicability of Distributed Systems in Machine Learning-Based
Systems 222
13.4.4 Applicability of Distributed Systems in Hybrid Systems 222
13.4.5 Challenges in Implementing Distributed Systems for Fraud Detection
and Prevention 223
 Contents xiii

13.5 ­Future Directions 223

13.5.1 Current Trends in Fraud Detection and Prevention 224
13.5.2 Future Directions for Leveraging Distributed Systems 224
13.6 ­Conclusion 225
­References 225

14 Advances in E-commerce Through the Integration of Distributed

Computing Approaches 229
Venkateswararao Podile, K. Suresh Kumar, Luigi P.L. Cavaliere,
Sri R.R. Annapureddy, Katakam V. Siva Praneeth, Kanamarlapudi
P.S. Sabareesh, and Devati B. Sambasiva Rao
14.1 ­Introduction 229
14.1.1 E-commerce and Its Growth 230
14.2 ­Distributed Computing Approaches for E-commerce 231
14.2.1 Types of Distributed Computing Approaches 231
14.2.2 Comparative Analysis of Distributed Computing Approaches 232
14.3 ­Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches in E-commerce 233
14.3.1 Benefits of Integrating Distributed Computing Approaches in
E-commerce 234
14.3.2 Challenges in Integrating Distributed Computing Approaches in
E-commerce 235
14.4 ­Advancements in E-commerce Through the Integration of Distributed
Computing Approaches 236
14.4.1 Improved Scalability and Flexibility 236
14.4.2 Enhanced Performance and Efficiency 237
14.4.3 Enhanced Security and Privacy 238
14.4.4 Enhanced Customer Experience 239
14.4.5 Cost Savings and Reduced Operational Complexity 239
14.5 ­Future Trends in the Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches
in E-commerce 240
14.6 ­Conclusion 241
­References 242

15 The Impact of Distributed Computing on Online Shopping and

Consumer Experience 245
K. Suresh Kumar, Luigi P.L. Cavaliere, Mano A. Tripathi, T.S. Rajeswari,
S.S.C. Mary, G.H.A. Vethamanikam, and Nadanakumar Vinayagam
15.1 ­Introduction 245
15.1.1 The Growing Trend of Online Shopping and the Importance of
Consumer Experience 246
15.1.2 Distributed Computing in Online Shopping Applications 247
xiv Contents

15.2 ­ enefits of Distributed Computing for Online Shopping 248

B
15.2.1 Distributed Computing for Improvising Online Shopping
Experiences 249
15.2.2 Impact of Distributed Computing on Consumer Experience 250
15.3 ­Limitations of Distributed Computing in Online Shopping 251
15.3.1 Technical Challenges 251
15.3.2 Limitations of Distributed Computing in Improving All Aspects of
Consumer Experience 253
15.3.3 Potential Drawbacks of Relying Heavily on Distributed Computing in
Online Shopping 253
15.4 ­Impact of Distributed Computing on Online Shopping Trends 254
15.4.1 Distributed Computing in Improvising Consumer Expectations 255
15.5 ­Ethical Implications of Distributed Computing in Online
Shopping 256
15.6 ­Conclusion 257
­References 257

16 Wireless Sensor-based IoT System with Distributed Optimization for

Healthcare 261
Rohit Anand, Digvijay Pandey, Deena N. Gupta, M.K. Dharani,
Nidhi Sindhwani, and J.V.N. Ramesh
16.1 ­Introduction 261
16.1.1 Wireless Sensor 261
16.1.2 Achieve Seamless Sensor-to-Cloud Solutions for a Range of
Applications 261
16.1.3 Some Examples of Wireless Sensors 262
16.1.4 The Different Types of Wireless Network Topologies 264
16.1.5 Traditional Wireless Sensor Protocols 265
16.1.6 LPWAN Standards for Wireless Sensors 266
16.1.7 Wireless Sensor Technology Fits into the IoT 267
16.1.8 Healthcare Monitoring Devices 269
16.1.9 Security Matters for IoT in Healthcare 273
16.1.10 Role of WSN in Healthcare 273
16.1.11 Role of Distributed Optimization for Healthcare 274
16.2 ­Literature Review 274
16.3 ­Challenges Faced by Existing Research 278
16.4 ­Proposed Research Methodology 278
16.5 ­Simulation of Research 279
16.5.1 Comparative Analysis of Energy Efficiency 279
16.5.2 Comparative Analysis of Delay 279
16.5.3 Comparative Analysis of Call Drop 281
 Contents xv

16.5.4 Comparative Analysis of Throughput 282

16.6 ­Conclusion 283
16.7 ­Future Scope 283
­References 284

17 Optimizing Financial Transactions and Processes Through the Power of

Distributed Systems 289
K. Bhavana Raj, Kamakshi Mehta, Someshwar Siddi,
M.K. Sharma, Dilip K. Sharma, Sunil Adhav, and José L.A. Gonzáles
17.1 ­Introduction 289
17.1.1 Importance of Distributed Systems 290
17.2 ­Overview of Financial Transactions and Processes 290
17.2.1 Definition of Financial Transactions and Processes 291
17.2.2 Challenges Faced in Financial Transactions and Processes 291
17.3 Distributed Systems in Finance 292
17.3.1 Benefits 294
17.3.2 Types of Distributed Systems Used in Finance 295
17.4 Blockchain Technology and Finance 295
17.4.1 Applications of Blockchain Technology in Finance 296
17.4.2 Benefits of Blockchain Technology for Financial Transactions and
Processes 297
17.5 ­Smart Contracts 297
17.5.1 Role of Supply Chain in Financial Transactions and Processes 298
17.5.2 Applicability of Supply Chain in Finance 299
17.6 ­Conclusion 299
­References 300

18 Leveraging Distributed Systems for Improved Market Intelligence and

Customer Segmentation 305
Luigi P.L. Cavaliere, K. Suresh Kumar, Dilip K. Sharma, Himanshu Sharma,
Sujay M. Jayadeva, Makarand Upadhyaya, and Nadanakumar Vinayagam
18.1 ­Introduction 305
18.1.1 Overview of Distributed Systems 306
18.1.2 Market Intelligence and Customer Segmentation 307
18.1.3 Importance of Leveraging Desford to Improve Market Intelligence and
Customer Segmentation 308
18.2 Distributed Systems for Customer Segmentation 309
18.3 Distributed Systems for Market Intelligence 310
18.3.1 Distributed Systems for Improvisation in Market Intelligence 310
18.3.2 Advantages of Distribution System in Market Intelligence 311
18.3.3 Disadvantages of Distribution System in Market Intelligence 311
xvi Contents

18.4 Distributed Systems for Customer Segmentation 311

18.5 ­Challenges in Integrating Distribution System in Market
Intelligence 312
18.5.1 Future Directions for Research and Development in This Area 313
18.6 ­Conclusion 316
­References 317

19 The Future of Financial Crime Prevention and Cybersecurity with

Distributed Systems and Computing Approaches 321
Veer B.P. Singh, Pratibha Singh, Shouvik K. Guha, Asif I. Shah, Abdullah
Samdani, M.Z.M. Nomani, and Mohit Tiwari
19.1 ­Introduction 321
19.1.1 Background on Financial Crime Prevention and Cybersecurity 322
19.1.2 Overview of Distributed Systems and Computing Approaches 323
19.2 ­Distributed Systems and Computing Approaches for Financial Crime
Prevention and Cybersecurity 326
19.2.1 Blockchain Technology and Its Applications in Financial Crime
Prevention and Cybersecurity 327
19.2.2 Distributed Ledgers and Their Role in Preventing Financial
Crimes 328
19.2.3 Distributed Computing Approaches for Cybersecurity 329
19.3 ­Challenges and Opportunities in Implementing Distributed Systems
and Computing Approaches 330
19.3.1 Regulatory and Compliance Issues 331
19.3.2 Interoperability and Standardization Challenges 332
19.3.3 Integration with Existing Systems and Infrastructure 333
19.3.4 Opportunities for Innovation and Efficiency 334
19.4 ­Benefits of Distributed Systems in Financial Crime Prevention 335
19.5 ­Limitations of Distributed Systems in Financial Crime Prevention 335
19.6 ­Conclusion 336
­References 337

20 Innovations in Distributed Computing for Enhanced Risk Management

in Finance 341
Venkateswararao Podile, Syed M. Faisal, Gangu N. Mandala, Shaik Altaf ,
Nayana Harshitha, Cheedella A.S. Lakshmi, and Chunduru R. Chandan
20.1 ­Introduction 341
20.1.1 Distributed Computing vs Traditional Risk Management 342
20.2 ­Theoretical Framework 343
20.2.1 Overview of Distributed Computing 344
20.2.2 Types of Distributed Computing Technologies for Finance Risk
Management 344
 Contents xvii

20.3 ­ omparison of Distributed Computing Approaches for Finance Risk

C
Management 345
20.4 ­Innovations in Distributed Computing for Enhanced Risk Management
in Finance 345
20.4.1 New Distributed Computing Techniques for Finance Risk
Management 347
20.4.2 Emerging Trends in Distributed Computing for Finance Risk
Management 347
20.5 ­Challenges and Limitations of Distributed Computing for Finance Risk
Management 348
20.5.1 Technical Challenges in Implementing Distributed Computing for
Finance Risk Management 349
20.5.2 Limitations of Distributed Computing for Finance Risk
Management 350
20.6 ­Future Directions 350
20.6.1 Selection of Distributed Computing Approach 351
20.6.2 Guidelines for Implementing Distributed Computing for Finance Risk
Management 352
20.7 ­Conclusion 353
­References 354

21 Leveraging Blockchain and Distributed Systems for Improved Supply

Chain Traceability and Transparency 359
Luigi P.L. Cavaliere, S. Silas Sargunam, Dilip K. Sharma,
Y. Venkata Ramana, K.K. Ramachandran, Umakant B. Gohatre, and
Nadanakumar Vinayagam
21.1 ­Introduction 359
21.1.1 Supply Chain Traceability and Transparency 360
21.1.2 Challenges in Achieving Traceability and Transparency in Traditional
Supply Chain Systems 361
21.1.3 Potential Benefits of Leveraging Blockchain and Distributed Systems in
Supply Chain 361
21.2 ­Overview of Blockchain and Distributed Systems 362
21.2.1 Fundamental Concepts of Blockchain Technology 363
21.2.2 Characteristics and Benefits of Distributed Systems 363
21.2.3 How Blockchain and Distributed Systems Can Enhance Supply Chain
Traceability and Transparency 365
21.3 ­Applications of Blockchain and Distributed Systems in Supply
Chain 365
21.3.1 Tracking and Tracing Goods and Raw Materials 365
21.3.2 Ensuring Product Authenticity and Preventing Counterfeit 366
21.3.3 Enhancing Visibility and Accountability in Supply Chain 366
xviii Contents

21.3.4 Enabling Secure and Efficient Data Sharing Among Supply Chain
Participants 367
21.4 ­Benefits and Limitations of Blockchain and Distributed Systems in
Supply Chain 368
21.4.1 Potential Advancements and Innovations in Blockchain and
Distributed Systems for Supply Chain 369
21.4.2 Implications for Supply Chain Stakeholders and Society 370
21.5 ­Conclusion 371
­References 371

22 Advances in Resource Management Through the Integration of

Distributed Computing Approaches 375
K. Jayalakshmamma Veena P. Vemuri, Elena Y. Zegarra,
Jitendra Gowrabhathini, Fred Torres-Cruz, Julio C.L. Huanca, and José
L.A. Gonzáles
2­ 2.1 Introduction 375
22.1.1 Definition of Resource Management 376
22.1.2 Overview of Distributed Computing Approaches 376
22.1.3 Significance 377
­22.2 Distributed Computing Approaches for Resource Management 377
22.2.1 Grid Computing 378
22.2.2 Applications in Resource Management 379
22.2.3 Cloud Computing 379
22.2.4 Edge Computing 380
­22.3 Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches for Resource
Management 381
22.3.1 Advantages Distributed Computing Approaches for Resource
Management 382
22.3.2 Challenges of Distributed Computing Approaches for Resource
Management 382
22.3.3 Techniques for Integrating Distributed Computing 383
2­ 2.4 Future Directions and Research Challenges 384
22.4.1 Emerging Trends 385
22.4.2 Limitations in Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches for
Resource Management 387
2­ 2.5 Discussion 388
­22.6 Conclusion 389
­References 390

Index 395
 xix

About the Book

The main aim of using a distributed system is to simplify the problem of computa-
tion by sharing a common objective and distribute the complex problem into
many simpler problems. The failure of each component is independent of the
failure of the other components, and hence a distributed system is very reliable.
Further, a distributed system may be scaled as per requirements. But a distributed
system suffers from overhead more than a basic centralized system, and there is
an issue of security and troubleshooting due to the distributed computing in
the system.
Meta‐heuristic techniques have a huge scope in optimization, and hence they
may be applied to increase the efficiency of the distributed system and also to mini-
mize cost and time. These intelligent techniques are based on global and local
search and are very simple to apply. Various kinds of meta‐heuristic techniques are
derived from nature, and hence a lot of development is going on in this field.
This book will focus on the existing/modified/innovative meta‐heuristic tech-
niques for optimization purposes in various kinds of distributed systems.
 xxi

About the Editors

Dr. Rohit Anand is currently working as an assistant professor in the Department

of Electronics and Communication Engineering at G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1
Campus (formerly G.B.Pant Engineering College), Government of NCT of Delhi,
New Delhi, India. He was awarded his PhD in the field of microwave and optimiza-
tion. He has more than 19 years of teaching experience, including teaching under-
graduate and graduate courses. He is a life member of the Indian Society for
Technical Education (ISTE). He has published 6 book chapters, 12 papers in
Scopus/SCI‐indexed journals, more than 20 papers in international conferences,
and 4 patents. He has chaired a session in fourteen international conferences. His
research areas include electromagnetic field theory, antenna theory and design,
optimization, wireless communication, image processing, optical fiber communi-
cation, IoT.

Dr. Abhinav Juneja is currently working as a professor at KIET Group of

Institutions, Ghaziabad, India. He has also worked as an associate director and
professor at BMIET, Sonepat. He has more than 19 years of teaching experience
teaching postgraduate and undergraduate engineering students. He completed
his doctorate in computer science and engineering from M.D. University, Rohtak,
in 2018 and has a master’s degree in information technology from GGSIPU, Delhi.
He has research interests in the fields on software reliability, IoT, machine learn-
ing, and soft computing. He has published several papers in reputed national and
international journals. He has been the organizer of several national and interna-
tional conferences. He has been a resource person for faculty development pro-
grams on recent issues related to cybersecurity. He is the reviewer of several
international journals of repute. He has been the mentor of several postgraduate
and undergraduate research‐oriented projects.

Dr. Digvijay Pandey is currently working as an acting head of department in the

Department of Technical Education, Kanpur, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India.
Before this, he joined TCS in 2012 as an IT analyst and worked on various US/UK/
xxii About the Editors

Canada projects until 2016. He is also a faculty member at IERT Allahabad. He has
teaching and industry experience of more than 11 years. He works as an editor for
a peer‐reviewed international journal. He has over 11 years of experience in the
field industry as well as teaching. He has written 16 book chapters and 70 papers
that have been published in Science Direct (Elsevier)/SCI/UGC/Scopus‐indexed
journals and also acts as an editor for a peer‐reviewed international journal. He has
presented several research papers at national and international conferences. He
has chaired sessions at IEEE International Conference on Advance Trends in
Multidisciplinary Research and Innovation (ICATMRI‐2020). He has four patents
that have been published in The Patent Office Journal and two that are currently
being processed in the Australian Patent Office Journal. He serves as a reviewer for
a number of prestigious journals, including Scientific Reports (nature Publication).
Clinical and Translational Imaging (Springer), ijlter (Scopus indexed), and a slew
of others. His research interests include medical image processing, image process-
ing, text extraction, information security, and other related fields.
https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=uie7AAYAAAAJ&hl=en
https://orcid.org/
0000‐0003‐0353‐174X.

Dr. Sapna Juneja is working as Professor in Department of CSE(AI) at KIET Group

of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India. She has more than 16 years of teaching experience.
She completed her doctorate and Master’s in Computer Science and Engineering
from M. D. University, Rohtak in 2018 and 2010 respectively. Her topic of research is
Software Reliability of Embedded System. Her areas of Interest are Software
Engineering, Computer Networks, Operating Systems, Database Management
Systems, Artificial Intelligence etc. She has guided several research thesis of UG and
PG students in Computer Science and Engineering. She is the reviewer of several
international journals of repute. She has published several patents. She has pub-
lished various research papers in the renowned National and International Journals.

Dr. Nidhi Sindhwani is currently working as an assistant professor at Amity

Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, India. She has her
PhD (ECE) from Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India. She has teaching
experience of more than 17 years. She is a life member of the Indian Society for
Technical Education (ISTE) and a member of IEEE. She has published 13 book
chapters, 10 papers in Scopus/SCIE‐indexed journals, and 4 patents. She has pre-
sented various research papers in national and international conferences. She has
chaired a session at twelve international conferences. Her research areas include
wireless communication, image processing, optimization, machine learning,
and IoT.
 xxiii

List of Contributors

V. Abhinav Shaik Altaf

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation Foundation
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India India

Sunil Adhav Rohit Anand

Faculty of Management (PG) Department of ECE
Dr. Vishwanath Karad G.B. Pant DSEU Okhla-1 Campus
MIT World Peace University (formerly GBPEC)
Pune, Maharashtra New Delhi
India India
and
Frakruddin A. Ahmed Department of Electronics and
School of Management Communication Engineering
Presidency University G.B. Pant Engineering College
Bangalore (Government of NCT of Delhi)
Karnataka New Delhi
India India

Tanweer Alam M. Anirudh

Islamic University of Madinah Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Department of Computer Science Foundation
Faculty of Computer and Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
Information Systems India
Madinah
Saudi Arabia
xxiv List of Contributors

Sri R.R. Annapureddy Chunduru R. Chandan

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation Foundation
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India India

Ashima Arya Radha R. Chandan

Department of Computer Science and School of Management Sciences (SMS)
Information Technology Department of Computer Science
KIET Group of Institutions Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
India
Aarti Dawra
Rashika Bangroo Manav Rachna International Institute
Department of Computer Science and of Research and Studies
Information Technology Faridabad, Haryana
KIET Group of Institutions India
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
India M.K. Dharani
Department of Artificial Intelligence
Manish Bhardwaj Kongu Engineering College
KIET Group of Institutions Erode, Tamil Nadu
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
India
Satish M. Dhoke
K. Bhavana Raj Moreshwar Arts Science and
Department of Management Studies Commerce College
Institute of Public Enterprise Department of Commerce
Hyderabad Jalna, Maharashtra
India India

Bhawna Venkata Harshavardhan Reddy

KIET Group of Institutions Dornadula
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Startups and IIC
India Chairman Office
Sree Venkateswara College of
Luigi P.L. Cavaliere Engineering
Department of Economics Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
University of Foggia India
Foggia
Italy
 List of Contributors xxv

Lavanya Durga Brijesh Goswami

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Institute of Business Management
Foundation GLA University
KL University Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh India
India
Sushmita Goswami
S. Durga Institute of Business Management
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education GLA University
Foundation Mathura, Uttar Pradesh
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh India
India
Jitendra Gowrabhathini
Syed M. Faisal K L Business School
Department of Management Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Jazan University Foundation
Kabul K L University
Saudi Arabia Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh
India
Ernesto N.T. Figueroa
Universidad Nacional del Shouvik K. Guha
Altiplano de Puno The West Bengal National University
Academic Department of Computer of Juridical Sciences
and Statistics Engineering Kolkata, West Bengal
Puno India
Peru
Amit K. Gupta
Umakant B. Gohatre KIET Group of Institutions
Department of Electronics and Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
Telecommunications Engineering India
Smt. Indira Gandhi College of
Engineering Deena N. Gupta
Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra CDAC
India Mumbai, Maharashtra
India
José L.A. Gonzáles
Department of Business Priti Gupta
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru P.G. Department of Economics
Lima Bhupendra Narayan Mandal
Peru University (West Campus) P.G. Centre
Saharsa
India
xxvi List of Contributors

T.V.N.J.L Haritha Kapil Joshi

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Uttaranchal Institute of Technology
Foundation Uttaranchal University
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh India
India
Abhinav Juneja
Nayana Harshitha KIET Group of Institutions
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Ghaziabad
Foundation India
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India Sapna Juneja
Department of CSE(AI), KIET Group
Yu-Chen Hu of Institutions, Ghaziabad, India
Department of Computer Science and IITM Group of Institutions
Information Management Murthal
Providence University India
Taichung City
Taiwan Latika Kharb
Jagan Institute of Management Studies
Julio C.L. Huanca Rohini
Academic Department of Basic Sector-5
Sciences Delhi
Universidad Nacional de Juliaca India
Puno
Peru Nitin Kulshrestha
Christ (Deemed to be University)
Sujay M. Jayadeva Bengaluru, Karnataka
Department of Health System India
Management Studies
JSS Academy of Higher Education & Cheedella A.S. Lakshmi
Research Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Mysuru, Karnataka Foundation
India Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India
K. Jayalakshmamma
Government RC College of Commerce S. Mahabub Basha
and Management Department of Commerce
Bengaluru, Karnataka International Institute of Business
India Studies Bangalore
India
 List of Contributors xxvii

Gangu N. Mandala Kali Charan Modak

Department of Business IPS Academy
Administration Institute of Business Management and
Central Tribal University of Research
Andhra Pradesh Indore, Madhya Pradesh
Konda Karakam, Andhra Pradesh India
India
Debasis Mohanty
Geetha Manoharan Department of Commerce and
School of Business Management
SR University Kalinga University
Hyderabad, Telangana Raipur, Chhattisgarh
India India

S.S.C. Mary Vinay K. Nassa

Loyola Institute of Business Rajarambapu Institute of Technology
Administration Walwa, Maharashtra
Business Analytics India
India
Samad Noeiaghdam
Haider Mehraj Industrial Mathematics Laboratory
Department of Electronics and Baikal School of BRICS
Communication Engineering Irkutsk National Research Technical
Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University
University Irkutsk
Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir Russia
India
M.Z.M. Nomani
Kamakshi Mehta Faculty of Law
TAPMI School of Business Aligarh Muslim University
Manipal University Aligarh
Jaipur, Rajasthan India
India
Digvijay Pandey
Charles I. Mendoza-Mollocondo Department of Technical Education
Universidad Nacional del IET
Altiplano de Puno Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
Academic Department of Computer University
and Statistics Engineering Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
Puno India
Peru
xxviii List of Contributors

Veena Parihar J.V.N. Ramesh

KIET Group of Institutions Department of Computer Science and
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Engineering
India Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation
T. Pavan Reddy Vaddeswaram
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
Foundation India
KL University
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh P.S. Ranjit
India Department of Mechanical
Engineering
Venkateswararao Podile Aditya Engineering College
K. L. Business School Surampalem
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh
Foundation India
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India A.S.K. Reddy
Department of CS and AI
B. Rachanasree SR University
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Warangal, Telangana
Foundation India
KL University
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh Dhyana S. Ross
India Loyola Institute of Business
Administration (LIBA)
T.S. Rajeswari India
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation Kanamarlapudi P.S. Sabareesh
Department of English Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh Foundation
India Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
India
K.K. Ramachandran
Management/Commerce/ K.V.D. Sagar
International Business Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
DR. G R D College of Science Foundation
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu KL University
India Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
India
 List of Contributors xxix

Devati B. Sambasiva Rao Dilip K. Sharma

Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Department of Mathematics
Foundation Jaypee University of Engineering and
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh Technology
India Guna Madhya Pradesh
India
Abdullah Samdani
School of Law Himanshu Sharma
University of Petroleum & United World School of Business
Energy Studies Karnavati University
Dehradun Gandhinagar, Gujarat
India India

Saurabh M.K. Sharma

KIET Group of Institutions Department of Mathematics
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Chaudhary Charan Singh University
India Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
India
Franklin J. Selvaraj
Vignana Jyothi Institute of Sanjiv Sharma
Management KIET Group of Institutions
Department of Marketing Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
Hyderabad India
India
P. Shreya Sarojini
Asif I. Shah Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Xavier Law School Foundation
St. Xavier’s University KL University
Kolkata Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
India India

Kunjan Shah Ajay Kumar Shrivastava

Unitedworld School of Computational KIET Group of Institutions
Intelligence Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
Karnavati University India
Gandhinagar, Gujarat
India Someshwar Siddi
St. Martin’s Engineering College
Arti Sharma Secunderabad, Telangana
KIET Group of Institutions India
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh
India
xxx List of Contributors

Veer B.P. Singh Pratibha Singh

School of CSIT Department of CSE
Department of Cyber Security Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya
Symbiosis Skills Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh
and Professional University India
Kiwale, Pune
India Dharini R. Sisodia
Army Institute of Management &
Yashasvi Singh Technology
KIET Group of Institutions Department of Management
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh
India India

Swasti Singhal Katakam V. Siva Praneeth

Department of Computer Science and Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Information Technology Foundation
KIET Group of Institutions Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh India
India
K. Suresh Kumar
S. Silas Sargunam MBA Department
Department of Management Studies Panimalar Engineering College
Anna University Regional Campus Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu India
India
Ayush Thakur
Nidhi Sindhwani Amity Institute of Information
Amity Institute of Information Technology (AIIT)
Technology (AIIT) Amity University
Amity University Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Noida, Uttar Pradesh India
India
and Mohit Tiwari
Amity School of Engineering and Department of Computer Science and
Technology Delhi Engineering
Amity University Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of
Noida Engineering
India Delhi
India
 List of Contributors xxxi

Abhinav Tripathi Veena P. Vemuri

KIET Group of Institutions NKES College of Arts
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh Commerce
India and Science
Mumbai
Mano A. Tripathi India
Motilal Nehru National Institute of
Technology Y. Venkata Ramana
Department of Humanities and Social KL Business School
Sciences Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Allahabad Foundation
India Guntur, Andhra Pradesh
India
Fred Torres-Cruz
Academic Department of Statistics Suruchi Verma
and Computer Engineering Amity Institute of Information
Universidad Nacional del Technology (AIIT)
Altiplano de Puno Amity University
Puno Noida, Uttar Pradesh
Peru India

Shyamasundar Tripathy G.H.A. Vethamanikam

KL Business School Department of Business
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Administration
Foundation Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College
Guntur, Andhra Pradesh Sivakasi, Tamil Nadu
India India

Makarand Upadhyaya Nadanakumar Vinayagam

University of Bahrain Department of Automobile
College of Business Engineering
Bahrain Hindustan Institute of Technology
and Science
Rashmi Vashisth Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Amity Institute of Information India
Technology (AIIT)
Amity University
Noida, Uttar Pradesh
India
xxxii List of Contributors

W. Vinu Elena Y. Zegarra

Department of Physical Education Academic Department of Accounting
and Sports Sciences
Pondicherry University Universidad Nacional del
Pondicherry Altiplano de Puno
India Puno
Peru
 xxxiii

Preface

­ . The Future of Business Management with the

1
Power of Distributed Systems and Computing

Distributed systems and computing increase operations, decision-making, and

customer experience and will shape firm management in this chapter. Distributed
systems and computing improve corporate management scalability, flexibility,
availability, efficiency, and affordability. Inventory, supply chain, customer rela-
tionship, finance, accounting, data analytics, decision-making, collaboration, and
communication use distributed systems and computing. Edge computing, block-
chain, and AI in distributed systems and computing may affect business manage-
ment. We also cover distributed systems and computing research and innovation
prospects, such as developing new algorithms and protocols, exploring new appli-
cations, and evaluating their social and ethical impacts. Distributed systems and
computing enable digital-age firms to operate better and compete. Distributed
systems and computing pose several challenges and threats. Distributed systems
and computing and their difficulties can help businesses prosper in the digital age.

2. Applications of Optimized Distributed Systems

in Healthcare

This chapter discusses healthcare applications of optimized distributed systems.

Distributed systems, their architecture, and their uses in many industries are
introduced in the chapter. Telemedicine and big data analytics were developed to
address healthcare practitioners’ communication and service issues. Optimized
distributed systems with unrestricted parallel data processing, fault tolerance, and
higher availability were developed after these methods failed. These systems
improve patient care and lower healthcare costs, as described in the chapter.
xxxiv Preface

3. The Impact of Distributed Computing on Data

Analytics and Business Insights

Distributed computing affects data analytics and business insights. We define dis-
tributed computing and its significance in data analytics, emphasizing its benefits
for large-scale data processing. We also examine business insights and how data
analytics affects business operations. We then discuss how distributed computing
facilitates data analytics, highlighting the benefits of numerous popular systems.
We emphasize distributed computing for large-scale data processing, real-time
data analytics, and machine learning. Distributed computing for data analytics
and business insights has pros and cons. Scalability, latency, integration, and
maintenance might affect distributed computing for data analytics and business
insights. Distributed computing provides important insights into operations and a
competitive edge in their marketplaces, outweighing the hurdles.

4. Machine Learning and Its Application

in Educational Area

Machine learning (ML) is utilized to develop several sectors, including education,

which will profoundly revolutionize learning and teaching. Educational institu-
tions collect a lot of student data, which can be used to narrow down the changes
that will improve student success. Machine learning can help instructors enhance
student retention, grading, etc. Machine learning creates new insights. This chap-
ter addresses how machine learning can be used in education to solve student and
teacher issues and inform future research.

5. Approaches and Methodologies for Distributed

Systems: Threats, Challenges, and Future Directions

Distributed systems are widely used, raising security concerns. With more
internet-connected devices, security breaches are a huge concern. This chapter
covers distributed system security threats such as hacking, malware, and denial-
of-service assaults. We will also review distributed system security standards and
protocols, including industry and government proposals. We will also address dis-
tributed system security, including wireless communication and network integra-
tion. The chapter will also discuss distributed system access control mechanisms
like RBAC, DAC, and MAC. Finally, we will review the main distributed system
security issues and outline future study and development.
 Preface xxxv

6. Efficient-Driven Approaches Related to

Metaheuristic Algorithms Using Machine
Learning Techniques

Recent research on using machine learning (ML) to find effective, profitable, and
adaptive metaheuristics has grown. Many stochastic and metaheuristic algorithms
have delivered high-quality results and are cutting-edge optimization strategies.
This study lacks a comprehensive survey and classification, despite many methods.
This study examines numerous machine learning-metaheuristics combinations. It
applies synergy to the many ways to achieve this goal. Search component-specific
taxonomies are supplied. This taxonomy covers the optimization problem, minimal
metaheuristics, and raised components. We also want optimization scholars to use
machine learning techniques in metaheuristics. This chapter highlights unresolved
scientific questions that require further study.

7. Security and Privacy Issues in Distributed

Healthcare Systems – A Survey

Recent research on using machine learning (ML) to find effective, profitable, and
adaptive metaheuristics has grown. Many stochastic and metaheuristic algorithms
have delivered high-quality results and are cutting-edge optimization strategies.
This study lacks a comprehensive survey and classification despite many methods.
This study examines numerous machine learning-metaheuristics combinations. It
applies synergy to the many ways to achieve this goal. Search component-specific
taxonomies are supplied. This taxonomy covers the optimization problem,
minimal metaheuristics, and raised components. We also want optimization
scholars to use machine learning techniques in metaheuristics. This chapter
highlights unresolved scientific questions that require further study.

8. Implementation and Analysis of the Proposed

Model in a Distributed e-Healthcare System

Designing complex, distributed services like e-healthcare is difficult. Service-

oriented design supports modular design, application integration and interoperation,
and software reuse, enabling such systems. Open standards like XML, SOAP, WSDL,
and UDDI enable interoperability between services on different platforms and
applications in different programming languages under a service-oriented
architecture. This chapter describes designing, deploying, invoking, and managing
xxxvi Preface

a decentralized electronic healthcare system using the service-oriented architecture.

Our e-healthcare solution helps patients, medical staff, and patient monitoring
devices. Because it supports text, graphics, and speech, the technology is more
client-friendly than current e-healthcare systems.

9. Leveraging Distributed Systems for Improved

Educational Planning and Resource Allocation

This chapter reviews distributed systems’ educational planning and resource allo-
cation benefits and drawbacks. Distributed systems that optimize resource con-
sumption and provide personalized learning might help educational institutions
plan and allocate resources. The research examines distributed system architec-
tures and emphasizes infrastructure requirements for successful education imple-
mentation. Distributed system data management and analysis are also mentioned.
Distributed education systems face security and privacy issues, according to the
research. Distributed systems’ benefits outweigh their drawbacks, and with effec-
tive planning and administration, educational institutions may overcome them to
improve student outcomes. Distributed systems can improve academic achieve-
ments, personalize and collaborate on learning, and increase access to education,
according to the chapter. Educational institutions could consider distributed sys-
tem adoption to improve collaboration and communication, resource allocation,
and digital education access.

10. Advances in Education Policy Through

the Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches

Distributed computing advances education policy, according to this chapter. The

chapter introduces technology’s role in education policy and how distributed
computing may solve many of the education sector’s problems. The second sec-
tion defines distributed computing and gives education policy examples.
Distributed computing improves access, personalized learning, and data-driven
decision-making in education policy, as discussed in the third section of this chap-
ter. Distributed computing in education policy presents privacy and technological
issues, which is discussed in the fourth section. Distributed computing benefits
must be realized without sacrificing student and instructor privacy and security.
These technologies may improve distributed computing in education policy as
they grow. Distributed computing could transform education policy and student
results.
 Preface xxxvii

11. Revolutionizing Data Management and Security

with the Power of Blockchain and Distributed System

Modern organizations must secure and manage sensitive data. However,

conventional centralized systems lack security and transparency. Blockchain
technology (BT) and distribution systems (DS) may solve these problems. BT
and DS may improve data management and security, as explored in this chapter.
It begins by highlighting the necessity of data management and security in
modern organizations. Additionally, it examines blockchain technology’s
scalability, interoperability, data management, and security difficulties. We
examine the benefits and drawbacks of blockchain technology and distribution
systems for data management and security. The chapter concludes with future
research topics and the possible influence of these technologies on data
management and security. Researchers, practitioners, and decision-makers
interested in data management and security might use this chapter. We should
expect more transparency, security, and efficiency in managing sensitive data
with this new method.

12. Enhancing Business Development, Ethics, and

Governance with the Adoption of Distributed Systems

Distributed systems could transform business operations, ethics, and governance.

Decentralization, transparency, and security enable new business models, cut
costs, and increase efficiency in distributed systems. Ethical and governance prac-
tices can help organizations use distributed systems responsibly and sustainably.
This chapter summarizes distributed system concepts and applications in busi-
ness development, ethics, and governance. It explains distributed systems,
describes their properties, and explores their business growth benefits. The
research also studies how distributed systems promote ethics in corporate devel-
opment and governance. The study also defines governance in distributed sys-
tems and analyzes its importance, benefits, and possible solutions. The review
study also discusses distributed systems’ constraints in commercial development,
ethics, and governance. Technical complexity, scalability, interoperability, regula-
tory issues, and governance issues must be handled. By understanding these chal-
lenges, organizations may employ distributed systems to improve governance,
ethics, and growth. Distributed systems can significantly change how firms are
founded, run, and regulated while encouraging moral behavior and participant
confidence.
xxxviii Preface

13. Leveraging Distribution Systems for Advanced

Fraud Detection and Prevention in Finance

Fraud in the financial sector is rising due to the prevalence of financial crimes
worldwide. Fraud detection (FD) and prevention are crucial to financial integrity
and protecting organizations and individuals from financial losses. Distributed
systems’ (DSs) ability to analyze enormous amounts of data and perform real-
time analysis makes them an attractive FD and prevention solution. DSs, a com-
puter network, collaborate to complete a task. Scalability, fault tolerance, and
high performance are their benefits. DSs can overcome the disadvantages of rule-
based and machine learning-based FD methods. In this chapter, rule-based,
machine learning-based, and hybrid FD and preventative techniques and their
pros and cons are discussed. Then, it investigates how DSs can be used for FD
and prevention in rule-based and mixed systems. The chapter concludes by dis-
cussing FD and preventive DS implementation issues and potential prospects.
DSs for FD and prevention can increase these systems’ accuracy and efficiency,
improving financial security and reducing financial losses. However, DS imple-
mentation brings various problems, including data privacy concerns, security
hazards, and the requirement for specialized skills and resources. Overcoming
these obstacles and improving DSs for FD and prevention will be the focus of
future research.

14. Advances in E-commerce Through the Integration

of Distributed Computing Approaches

Distributed computing in e-commerce has improved digital enterprises. This

chapter describes distributed computing approaches, their benefits, problems,
and e-commerce integration issues. The concept of Distributed Computing
improves scalability, flexibility, performance, efficiency, security, privacy, cost sav-
ings, operational complexity, and customer experience. The chapter also explores
cloud computing, big data, and artificial intelligence trends in e-commerce dis-
tributed computing. Distributed computing is helpful for e-commerce enterprises,
but they must consider hazards and take precautions. This chapter discusses the
pros, cons, and future of distributed computing in e-commerce. This chapter can
help firms comprehend this integration and use its benefits to stay competitive in
the digital age.
 Preface xxxix

15. The Impact of Distributed Computing on Online

Shopping and Consumer Experience

Distributed computing affects online purchasing and consumer experience.

Distributed computing lets online shopping platforms analyze and store vast vol-
umes of data, speed up websites, and improve security. Thus, people demand
smooth, personalized online shopping experiences that fit their needs. Distributed
computing technology and online purchasing platforms are introduced in the
chapter. Distributed computing affects website speed, personalization, and secu-
rity; can increase expenses and technology dependence, as discussed in this chap-
ter; and has transformed online shopping expectations by making it faster and
more personalized. Websites must now load quickly, offer appropriate recommen-
dations, and protect personal data. Retailers that fail to match these standards risk
losing customers to competitors with a better online buying experience. While
overusing this technology may have problems, it benefits shops and consumers.
Distributed computing may shape the future of internet shopping as technology
advances.

16. Wireless Sensor-Based IoT System with

Distributed Optimization for Healthcare

WSNs are geographically distributed, purpose-built sensors that monitor and

record environmental parameters and wirelessly communicate data to a central
server connected to the internet in the IoT. IoT devices can assist hospitals beyond
patient monitoring. IoT sensors can track wheelchairs, defibrillators, nebulizers,
oxygen pumps, and other medical devices in real time. Healthcare requires scat-
tered optimization. Healthcare IoT is hard for WSNs. Thus, WSN-based IoT and
healthcare consider traditional research methodologies.

17. Optimizing Financial Transactions and Processes

Through the Power of Distributed Systems

Distributed systems (DSs) improve FT efficiency, according to this chapter.

like supply chains and blockchain technology can increase FT, process, secu-
rity, transparency, and cost. This chapter defines, challenges, and solves FT
xl Preface

and processes and uses DSs for payment processing, digital identity verifica-
tion, supply chain financing, and insurance. These systems have scalability,
interoperability, legal compliance, security, and user acceptance challenges.
This chapter discusses BT and SC definitions, properties, benefits, and finance
application cases, as well as DSs’ financial potential and challenges. The chap-
ter improves DS and processes for researchers, programmers, and practition-
ers. To maximize system utilization, the chapter discusses removing various
barriers.

18. Leveraging Distributed Systems for Improved

Market Intelligence and Customer Segmentation

DS increases market intelligence and client segmentation. Market intelligence,

customer segmentation, and DS research follow. It provides advantages and disad-
vantages of DS for market intelligence. DS’s real-time customer behavior research
and customized marketing methods boost client segmentation. This chapter
examines R&D challenges and directions. It recommends market intelligence and
customer segmentation research using artificial intelligence, machine learning,
blockchain technology, data visualization, ethics, and governance in DS. It shows
various systems’ pros and cons.

19. The Future of Financial Crime Prevention and

Cybersecurity with Distributed Systems and
Computing Approaches

Technology has enabled new financial crime prevention and cybersecurity

methods. Distributed systems and computing can improve financial transaction
security and efficiency. This chapter reviews blockchain technology and distrib-
uted ledgers for financial crime prevention and cybersecurity. It also tackles
regulatory and compliance difficulties, interoperability and standardization
issues, and system and infrastructure integration. These technologies improve
transparency, minimize fraud, and other financial crimes, and boost financial
industry innovation, yet they also have drawbacks. By tackling the issues holisti-
cally, these technologies can be used to their full potential while minimizing
their drawbacks. Financial professionals and cybersecurity enthusiasts will ben-
efit from this chapter.
 Preface xli

20. Innovations in Distributed Computing

for Enhanced Risk Management in Finance

Distributed computing may improve financial risk management. Comparing tra-

ditional risk management systems to distributed computing-based ones sets the
chapter’s goals. Finance risk management and distributed computing theory are
covered in this chapter. Innovative strategies and trends in financial risk manage-
ment include distributed computing architectures and frameworks. Distributed
computing for finance risk management has technical challenges. Finally, finance
risk management and distributed computing best practices are provided. This
chapter suggests adopting and implementing a distributed computing solution for
finance risk management and discusses distributed computing technologies in
finance risk management, including pros, cons, and best practices.

21. Leveraging Blockchain and Distributed Systems

for Improved Supply Chain Traceability
and Transparency

In this chapter, distributed systems (DS) and blockchain improve supply chain
(SC) traceability and transparency. As systems become more complicated and
global, stakeholders lose visibility and accountability. SC data is protected by
blockchain and DS. Food safety, traceability, counterfeiting, efficiency, and trans-
parency are improved by SC blockchain and DS. The chapter then explores SC
blockchain and DS applications including tracking commodities and raw materi-
als and product validity. DS, AI, IoT, blockchain, and SC smart contracts. Finally,
these technologies’ effects on SC stakeholders and society, including the need for
standardization, regulation, efficiency, transparency, and accountability, are
examined. SC traceability and transparency may be enhanced with blockchain
and DS. These technologies can improve SC for businesses and customers, despite
their limitations. SC should use blockchain and DS.

22. Advances in Resource Management Through

the Integration of Distributed Computing Approaches

This chapter discusses resource management for grid, cloud, and EC. These tech-
nologies lack flexibility, scalability, data analysis and processing, resource
xlii Preface

scheduling, administration, monitoring, data protection, and management.

Researchers are creating distributed computing resource allocation algorithms.
Distributed computing resource management changes organizational computer
infrastructure. Networks and systems process data, increase computer infrastruc-
ture, and save money. These technologies are necessary for future research,
despite their shortcomings.
 1

The Future of Business Management with the

Power of Distributed Systems and Computing
Venkateswararao Podile1, Nitin Kulshrestha2, Sushmita Goswami3,
Lavanya Durga4, B. Rachanasree4, T. Pavan Reddy4, and
P. Shreya Sarojini4
1
K. L. Business School, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Christ (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3
Institute of Business Management, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
4
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, KL University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

1.1 ­Introduction

Distributed systems and computing have become increasingly prevalent in the

business world, transforming the way organizations manage their operations,
data, and communications. The benefits of these technologies are clear, including
improved efficiency, agility, and cost savings, which have led to their widespread
adoption. This chapter aims to explore the potential of distributed systems and
computing in shaping the future of business management. The fundamental con-
cepts of distributed systems and computing find their applications in various
areas of business management, including inventory management, customer rela-
tionship management (CRM), financial management, data analytics, and collabo-
ration. We will also examine the challenges and risks associated with these
technologies and explore real‐world examples of their successful implementation.
As the field of distributed systems and computing continues to evolve, there is
great potential for further advancements and opportunities for innovation.
Therefore, we will discuss emerging trends and technologies in this field and their
potential implications for the future of business management. A comprehensive

Meta-Heuristic Algorithms for Advanced Distributed Systems, First Edition. Edited by Rohit
Anand, Abhinav Juneja, Digvijay Pandey, Sapna Juneja, and Nidhi Sindhwani.
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2 1 The Future of Business Management with the Power of Distributed Systems and Computing

understanding of the power of distributed systems and computing in business

management and its potential to transform the way organizations operate in the
future [1–3].

1.1.1 Distributed Systems in Business Management

Due to their capacity to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of various busi-
ness operations, distributed systems and computing have grown in significance in
the field of business management. Through the use of these technologies, busi-
nesses are able to distribute their computing resources among various platforms,
such as cloud platforms, edge devices, and peer‐to‐peer networks, processing and
storing massive amounts of data in real time. The ability to optimize supply chain
and inventory management processes is one of the main benefits of distributed
systems and computing in business management. Due to the real‐time tracking of
inventory levels and shipments made possible by these technologies, businesses
are better able to adapt to demand changes and better manage their resources.
Customers should be treated with more personal attention, and businesses should
offer them services that are more pertinent to their needs. This makes financial
reporting, forecasting, and analysis more effective. Distributed systems and com-
puting can also facilitate data analytics and decision‐making by giving organiza-
tions access to real‐time data and cutting‐edge analytical tools. This enhances an
organization’s capacity to respond to changes in the business environment by ena-
bling quick and effective decision‐making. Distributed systems and computing
can facilitate easier information and resource sharing among teams, enhancing
collaboration and communication both within and between organizations. As a
result, the organization may experience increased productivity and innovation.
The value of distributed systems and computing lies in their capacity to increase
the accuracy, agility, and efficiency of various business operations, giving organi-
zations a competitive edge in the market [4, 5].

1.2 ­Understanding Distributed Systems

and Computing

Distributed systems and computing are a type of computing model that involves
multiple computer systems working together to achieve a shared goal. In this
model, tasks are divided into smaller, more manageable pieces and distributed
across different systems that are connected by a network. This allows the systems
to collaborate and work together more efficiently, which can improve the overall
performance of computing tasks. In cloud computing, for example, a shared pool
of computing resources, including servers, applications, and storage, is accessed
 1.2 ­nderstandingDistributedSystemsandComputing 3

on‐demand through the Internet. Edge computing, on the other hand, involves
processing data and running applications closer to the source of the data, which
can reduce latency and improve efficiency. Peer‐to‐peer networks allow devices to
share resources and computing power, which can improve the resilience and effi-
ciency of the system. However, distributed systems and computing also present
challenges and risks, such as security vulnerabilities, data privacy concerns, and
interoperability issues. Therefore, businesses need to carefully evaluate and plan
for the adoption of distributed systems and computing to ensure its successful
implementation and long‐term sustainability [6–8].
Let’s understand this with an imaginary example
Suppose a clothing retailer is experiencing stockouts and overstock issues in its
supply chain, resulting in lost sales and increased inventory costs. The retailer
decides to implement a distributed system to better manage its inventory and
improve its supply chain. The distributed system utilizes a network of sensors
placed throughout the supply chain, which collects and transmits data on inven-
tory levels, sales trends, and production schedules. This data is then processed
and analyzed in real time using advanced data analytics algorithms, allowing the
retailer to make more accurate and timely decisions regarding inventory manage-
ment and production scheduling.
As a result, the retailer is able to reduce its inventory costs by 20%, increase its
sales by 15%, and improve its on‐time delivery rate by 10%. The implementation of
the distributed system also results in a more efficient and streamlined supply
chain, reducing lead times and improving overall customer satisfaction. This
example highlights how distributed systems and computing can be applied to
improve business management by providing real‐time insights and enabling more
efficient and effective decision‐making. The retailer was able to achieve these
improvements by utilizing a distributed system that allowed for real‐time moni-
toring of inventory levels at each store. With this information, the retailer was able
to optimize its inventory levels and reduce the amount of excess inventory, which
in turn reduced inventory carrying costs. In addition to better inventory manage-
ment, the retailer also used the distributed system to improve its supply chain
management. By monitoring the supply chain in real time, the retailer was able to
identify bottlenecks and other issues that were causing delays in the delivery of
products. By addressing these issues, the retailer was able to improve its on‐time
delivery rate by 10%. Finally, the retailer was able to increase its sales by 15% by
leveraging the data provided by the distributed system.
Table 1.1 and Figure 1.1 show the sales volume of three products across two
sales channels: online and in‐store. For example, Product 1 had sales of 500 units
online and 300 units in‐store, for a total of 800 units sold. Similarly, Product 2 had
sales of 750 units online and 400 units in‐store, for a total of 1150 units sold. These
sales figures could be used to inform decisions about how to allocate inventory,
4 1 The Future of Business Management with the Power of Distributed Systems and Computing

Table 1.1 Sales volume of three products across two sales channels: online and
in-store.

Product Sales channel Sales volume

Product 1 Online 500

In‐store 300
Product 2 Online 750
In‐store 400
Product 3 Online 1000
In‐store 800

Sales volume
1200

1000
1000
800
800
750
600

400 500
400
200 300

0
Product 1 Product 1 Product 2 Product 2 Product 3 Product 3

Figure 1.1 Sales volumes.

allocate marketing budgets, or make other business decisions related to prod-

uct sales.
In the aforementioned illustration, distributed systems are essential for effec-
tive inventory management and supply chain optimization. The manufacturer
can gather and analyze production and transportation data by utilizing distrib-
uted systems and computing to get a better understanding of their inventory levels
and supply chain performance. Real‐time data can be gathered from numerous
sources using the distributed system, which then allows for quick processing and
analysis using cutting‐edge analytics software to produce insights and forecasts.
This enables the manufacturer to make data‐driven decisions about inventory
levels, production plans, and transportation routes in real time, which can aid in
 1.2 ­nderstandingDistributedSystemsandComputing 5

supply chain optimization and cost savings. Additionally, utilizing distributed sys-
tems can improve coordination and communication throughout the entire supply
chain. Increased trust and cooperation among supply chain participants may
result from this, which may further boost efficiency and cut costs. In general, dis-
tributed systems and computing have the potential to revolutionize supply chain
optimization and inventory management in the manufacturing sector, assisting
companies in cutting costs, boosting productivity, and maintaining their competi-
tiveness in a market that is changing quickly.

1.2.1 Definition of Distributed Systems and Computing

Distributed systems and computing are a type of computing model that involves
multiple computer systems working together to achieve a shared goal. The sys-
tems are connected through a network and can be physically located in differ-
ent geographic locations. In a distributed computing system, tasks are broken
down into smaller pieces and distributed across different systems, allowing the
workload to be spread out and completed more efficiently. In client–server
architectures, one or more central servers provide services to multiple clients,
while in peer‐to‐peer networks, all nodes in the network are connected and can
share resources with one another. Cloud computing involves accessing shared
resources, including computing power, applications, and storage, on demand
through the Internet. It has also become more accessible due to advancements
in technology, such as improvements in networking and cloud computing plat-
forms. The adoption of distributed systems and computing has led to improve-
ments in efficiency, scalability, and cost savings for businesses. However, it also
presents challenges, such as the need for specialized expertise and potential
security and privacy concerns [9, 10].

1.2.2 Advantages for Business Management

1) Scalability: Distributed systems and computing can easily scale to handle
increasing workloads, as new computing nodes can be added to the network as
needed. This allows businesses to handle larger volumes of data and requests
without being limited by their infrastructure.
2) Fault tolerance: Distributed systems and computing are designed to be fault
tolerant, meaning that if one node fails or experiences issues, the other nodes
can continue to function and provide services. This improves reliability and
ensures that the business can continue to operate even in the event of system
failures.
3) Flexibility: Distributed systems and computing offer greater flexibility in terms
of resource allocation, as computing resources can be allocated dynamically
6 1 The Future of Business Management with the Power of Distributed Systems and Computing

based on the current workload. This allows businesses to optimize resource

usage and minimize waste, which can result in cost savings.
4) Cost savings: By utilizing shared resources, businesses can reduce their infra-
structure costs and only pay for the computing resources they need at any
given time. This can result in significant cost savings over traditional computing
models.

1.2.3 Characteristics of Distributed Systems and Computing

for Business Management
1) Decentralization: Distributed systems and computing are designed to be decen-
tralized, with no central authority or control. Instead, each node in the net-
work is responsible for its own processing and decision‐making.
2) Resource sharing: Distributed systems and computing rely on resource sharing,
where different computing nodes can share processing power, storage, and
other resources to achieve a shared goal.
3) Communication: Distributed systems and computing rely on communication
between nodes in the network, which is facilitated through messaging proto-
cols and other communication mechanisms.
4) Autonomy: Each node in a distributed system is autonomous, with its own pro-
cessing power and resources. This allows the system to be more fault tolerant
and resilient.
5) Heterogeneity: Distributed systems and computing can include different types
of hardware and software, making it possible to utilize a wide range of
resources and capabilities in the network.

1.3 ­Applications of Distributed Systems and

Computing in Business Management

Distributed systems and computing have numerous applications in business man-

agement. Here are some examples [11–14]:
1) Big data analytics: Large data volumes can be processed quickly and effectively
by businesses using distributed systems and computing for big data analytics.
Businesses can gain insights that can guide decision‐making, enhance cus-
tomer experiences, and boost operational efficiency by analyzing data from
various sources.
2) Cloud computing: A type of distributed computing known as “cloud com-
puting” enables companies to pay‐as‐you‐go access computing resources via
the Internet. Businesses may benefit from the adaptability, scalability, and
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18 Pomponacius Pompanacius
18 orignators originators
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20 aferwards afterwards
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23 ENTITULED ENTITLED
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31 Pignes Vignes
32 be he
35 thep they
41 conseqently consequently
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43 connexion connection
45 Quiautem Qui autem
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47 RELIGON RELIGION
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