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International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020)

ISSN No. (Print): 0975-8364
ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3255

Overview of Reference Current Extraction Techniques in Single Phase Shunt

Active Power Filter
K. Rameshkumar1 and V. Indragandhi2
1
Research Scholar, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India.
2
Associate Professor, School of Electrical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India.
(Corresponding author: V. Indragandhi)
(Received 23 December 2019, Revised 18 January 2020, Accepted 20 February 2020)
(Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net)
ABSTRACT: This manuscript gives a complete survey on commonly used reference current extraction
techniques in Single-Phase Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF). A single-phase shunt active filter usage is
increased considerably over the past few years in commercial and educational buildings to improve power
quality leads to achieve customer satisfaction. The performance of a shunt active power filter depends
largely on the extraction of harmonic current. To reproduce the exact inverse image of harmonics currents,
various reference current extraction techniques like PI control algorithm, PQ Theory, DQ Theory, and other
techniques are discussed. And the primary advantages and disadvantages of power filters are compared.
Eventually, the selection of DC-Link capacitor voltage and capacitance rating and filter inductance of the
SAPF was expansively appraised in detail. Almost all these research work-related papers have been
thoroughly examined, classified and listed for quick reference. It will offer a clear vision of the state-of-the-art
investigation advances in this field and then some suggestions are put forward for future research. In
further, it can be extended to the three-phase system to improve the power quality in various aspects.
Keywords: DC Link capacitor voltage control, Harmonics, Reference current extraction, Single phase shunt active
filter.
Abbreviations: PI Controller, Proportional Integral Controller; SAPF, Shunt active power filter; THD, Total harmonic
distortion, VSI, Voltage source inverter; STF, self-tuning filter.
I. INTRODUCTION greatly improve the speed of harmonic current
extraction with accuracy.
The active power filter concept was initially proposed in In this regards to increase the performance of the SAPF
1971 by Sasaki and Machida as a means of removing with unique benefits, researchers have been proposed
current harmonics [1-5]. The SAPF operate in different various extraction technique such as DC-Link PI control
operating conditions and higher frequencies effectively, technique [1,7-17], Sliding mode control [18-20],
which leads to giving enhanced performances. The
Repetitive based control [21, 22], Sensor less control
general aim of a SAPF is to reduce harmonic distortions [23-25], PQ theory [26-33], DQ theory [34-39] and One
caused by non-linear loads and improve power factors Cycle Control [40, 41]. The literature explored in this
for reactive loads. With the increase in the harmonics, paper involves publications from IEEE, IET, and
distortion causes few problems like vibration and Elsevier, etc. From the literature, the DC-link PI control
overheating of electrical equipment, blown capacitors, based extraction with a self-tuning filter (STF) algorithm
and malfunctioning of electronic circuits and power shows good performance in all aspects such as to
system protection devices. Hence to overcome the estimate the reference harmonic current accurately
above adverse effect an active power filter is proposed. even with distorted utility voltage. By comparing with the
Due to superior mitigation capabilities, SAPF technology conventional harmonic extraction algorithm, the DC-link
continues to advance. PI control based algorithm can identify and compensate
SAPFs are in different forms such as the way it the specific harmonic, better processing speed and
connected to the power system, based on power rating reduce the processor workload. This manuscript aims to
and speed of response. The single-phase active power review and discuss different extraction techniques
filter is typically used in lower power ratings. It is features and its drawbacks, and the selection of DC-
suitable for educational buildings and commercial with Link capacitor voltage and capacitance rating and filter
computers load [6, 7]. The efficient performance of a inductance of the SAPF was expansively appraised in
shunt active power filter mainly depends upon three detail. The findings of the study will help the researchers
areas. The first one is used to estimate the reference to select the most suitable extraction technique in SAPF
current; the second is the type of current controller applications.
used, and the third one is the selection of parameters in This manuscript is offered in three parts. Initially starting
SAPF [8]. with a classification of power filter, the following sections
The performance of the reference current extraction deal with the reference current extraction techniques
algorithm mainly depends on the fastness and accuracy used, and selection of parameters of single-phase
of harmonic current extraction. And the rapid SAPF with some suggestions are put forward for the
development of digital signal processing technology will
future research, finally, the concluding observations are
drawn.
Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 689
II. CLASSIFICATION OF POWER FILTERS filter based on power connection classified into three
categories such as passive, active and hybrid filters. In
The application of additional components in the power the first category, the passive filter was introduced as
system for the mitigation of harmonic, this approach is shown in Fig. 1 (b). The damping resistors, inductors, and
termed as power filters. Generally, the power filters are capacitors are connected either in series or in a parallel
classified into two types such as 1) classification based arrangement to design a passive filter for harmonic
on power rating and speed of response 2) classification compensation.
based on power connection as shown in Fig. 1. Power
Table 1: Comparison of Power Filters.
Type of Filter Advantages Disadvantages
• Harmonic reduction and reactive power • It causes unwanted resonance problem
compensation is possible • Incapable of adjusting to the varying conditions in the
• The absence of undesirable harmonics system and their size
Passive filter • Frequency tuning is less accurate and needs more
calculations
• Heavy and bulky.
• Harmonic suppression is fixed
• Compensate all harmonics with precise • High initial and running cost
control techniques • Required high rating of power converters
• Block resonance • Due to the usage of power electronic devices, the
• Tuning is simple and more accurate inherent harmonics are developed
Active filter
• It can be used when harmonic • Power converter switching loss is significant due to high
components vary randomly. voltage and high current.
• Harmonic suppression is adjustable
• Small size
• Effectually reduce the overall cost and • It required an additional transformer to couple the
capacity of the power converter. passive filter with the active filter
• compensating both current and voltage • Harmonic suppression is fixed
Hybrid filter
harmonics • Relatively poor dynamic performance and are less
• No resonance problem suitable for highly dynamic types of load.
• Better reactive power management

Fig. 1 (a) Classification based on power rating and speed of response.

Fig. 1 (b) Classification based on power connection.

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 Fig. 2. Reference Current Estimation Techniques for SAPF.
The different designing methods reported in the A. Unit template technique or Proportional integral based
literature comprises series, shunt, single tuned, double- control technique
tuned, low pass, high pass, LCL and LLCC filter. In the This control method is mainly used in a single-phase
second category, the active power filters were and three-phase shunt active power application for
developed; they are the grouping of power electronic generation reference current. Fig. 3 refers to the
switching devices and passive energy storage elements, different outer voltage loop controllers used in the unit
namely inductors and capacitors. Depending on the type template technique.
of load, the active power filter is classified as a single-
phase, three-phase without neutral, and three-phase
with neutral. Depending on the supply system the APF
topologies are classified as series, shunt, and
combination of both [2].
In the third category, the combination of the passive and
active filter was developed, providing better harmonics
and reactive power compensation. Several
combinations are possible for a hybrid of an active and
passive filter. A detailed classification of power filters is Fig. 3. Different outer voltage loop controllers
shown in Fig. 2 (a). In Table 1 the merits and demerits in unit template technique.
of power filters are discussed. Both voltage-source
inverters and current-source inverters apply to SAPF. (a) Proportional Integral (PI) Algorithm: The
However, the voltage-source inverter is more preferred fundamental principle of this extraction technique is to
due to their inherent advantages of higher efficiency, regulate capacitor voltage by using the PI control
lower cost, and smaller size as compared to current- scheme. Initially, the capacitor voltage is compared with
source converters [6]. a reference value and fed to a PI controller. The output
of the PI controller is taken as the peak value of the
III. REFERENCE CURRENT EXTRACTION reference source current (Isp, ref). Then the output of
TECHNIQUE OF SAPF the PI controller is multiplied by a unity amplitude of sine
Generally, many reference current extraction algorithms wave to obtain the sinusoidal reference source current
are used to derive the reference current signal for the (Is, ref). The signal of the supply voltage is used to
control of SAPF. These are classified into two types generate the sine wave, with unity amplitude and in
such as time domain and frequency domain based phase with the mains voltage as shown in Fig. 4. In the
control technique. Time-domain techniques are based control strategy which is generally composed of two
on an instantaneous approximation of reference control loops. An outer voltage loop is used to regulate
compensating signal in the form of current and voltage the DC-link voltage while an inner current loop is used
signals from biased and harmonically polluted current for regulating the SAPF current [1, 8-10].
and voltage signals. These methods are applicable for
both single-phase and three-phase systems.
The frequency-domain technique is based on the
Fourier analysis of distorted current and voltage signals
to extract the reference compensating signals. Fourier
transformation is used to separate the harmonically
polluted current and voltage signals and combined to
generate the reference compensating signal. The
frequency domain-based control algorithm is mainly Fig. 4. PI control algorithm.
used in PQ instruments to monitor the power quality.
But these control algorithms are not preferred for real- Many research papers described different unit sine
time control of SAPF when compare to time domain function generation method. Out of all, the following three
because of its slow response, High memory requirement methods are commonly used in literature. Based on [9,
and requiring heavy computation burden [7]. The 10], a unity sine wave u (t) is estimated by using supply
detailed classification of time and frequency domain voltage (Vs) and its peak value (Vsm). The phase- locked
methods are shown in Fig. 2. loop (PLL) is used to generate unity sine wave u (t) from
the source voltage [11].

Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 691
The self-tuning filter (STF) algorithm to generate the unit transient state condition. And the response of the FO-PI
sine function from the distorted grid voltage gives a controller is good in a transient state and a steady-state
uniform reference source current [12, 13]. In this method, condition, but it causes dramatic degradation control
two input signals are required; the first one is the performances due to the usage of approximation
measured distorted supply voltage, which is considered technique and fractional calculus theory in the controller.
as an in-phase component (Uα), and the second one is So, to overcome these two drawbacks, the conventional
the quadrature-phase component (Uβ), which can be PI controller is used in steady-state operating conditions
created for the STF by phase-shifting Uα by 90°. Then to attain better power quality and decision- maker
the distorted free voltages (Vα, Vβ) can be attained by switches to the FO-PI controller when external
processing the distorted voltages (Uα, Uβ) with the help disturbances are detected. This method offers improving
of STF technique. As represented as settling time of Vdc with low damping, and it can manage

Vα =  Uα − Vα + Vβ
ω effectively with the external disturbance.
(1)
 

Vβ =   Uβ − Vβ + Vα
ω Afghoul et al., (2016) used fractional order PI controller
(2)
 (FO-PI) in the voltage control loop for controlling single-
Then the Vα can be considered as phase shunt active filter. In this study, author emphasized
Vs = Vα (3) that fractional- order PI control is more effective than the
Finally, the unity sine function to be obtained by dividing conventional PI which confirms the high performance in
Vs with the peak value of supply voltage. steady and transient state conditions [16].
(b) Soft computing technique: A fuzzy logic control Liu and Fei (2017) proposed a fractional-order PID
algorithm is used to control the SAPF. The algorithm controller for the current compensation of active power
consists of three main stages: fuzzification, rule base, and filter (APF). From the results, the method has stronger
defuzzification. It consists of two inputs and one output robustness and higher compensation accuracy,
variable with seven fuzzy sets, which can be converted compared to the double loop PID method [17].
into linguistic variables. The DC- Link capacitor voltage
B. Sliding mode control
error ( ) and change of DC Link capacitor voltage error
In general, the sliding mode control is concerned with
( ) are taken as inputs of the fuzzy logic controller.
() = (, −  )
forcing one variable or more to follow a specific trajectory
(4)
or sliding surface as shown in Fig. 5. In active power filter
=( () − ( − 1) (5) application to forcing the source current to be the same
The fuzzy logic controller output is multiplied by a unit shape of the reference current and in phase with the
signal to obtain the reference source current. The supply voltage. So, the trajectory of source current can be
advantage of Fuzzy based SAPF is that the algorithm expressed as
gives better performance under transient and load varying  = ∗ =  (6)
conditions [14]. where  is a scaling factor and it is a slow varying variable
A hybrid algorithm is used to control the SAPF, which is which is based on the real power demand of the load.
the combination of artificial neural network (ANN) and The source current is on the sliding surface then the
Fuzzy logic control. In this control an ANN is trained to sliding surface  can be written as
choose the optimal membership function of the fuzzy  =  −  = 0 (7)
logic controller. In this system, the inputs to the ANN
algorithm are error( ) and changing error, and the ANN
The nonlinear control law which is used to apply the
sliding mode control method to the single phase SAPF
output is fed as input the fuzzy system. The output of the can be expressed as follows
ANFIS algorithm consists of the magnitude of the 1, "or  > 0 (
=!
−1, " or  < 0.
reference source current. It needs to be multiplied by a (8)
unit vector template to obtain the source current The conventional sliding mode control method, the
reference [14]. compensator of the inner current control loop is not
A combination of fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm is required, and it provides better performance in normal
referred to as GAFIS based DC- link control is used in supply conditions. However, in distorted supply
SAPF. In this system, the GA has been applied to obtain conditions, supplementary analog circuitry also to be
the optimal membership function. The ANFIS controller needed to sustain the estimated features [18].
output is used to obtain the source current reference. In The author introduced the new improved Quasi-steady
transient conditions, the capacitor voltage is settled within sate (QSS) sliding mode controller for controlling the
a few cycles without any overshoot [14]. single-phase SAPF as shown in Fig. 6. This SAPF gives
(c) Switched fractional controller: The author proposes low grid current harmonics, the capability to keep the
switched fractional controller for single- phase SAPF system past behavior, avoid no requirement of an analog
application. It consists of a conventional PI controller, multiplier in the outer control loop and simple
fractional- order PI controller, and a decision- maker. The implementation of the control algorithm. The trajectory of
fuzzy logic controller act as a decision- maker which is source current can be expressed as
used to switch the conventional PI controller operation  = ∗ = 〈* . 〉 (9)
into a fractional- order PI (FO-PI) controller operation Sliding surface  can be written as
during a changing of normal to the abnormal condition of  =  − ∗ =  − 〈* . 〉 (10)
DC-Link voltage in SPSAPF [15]. where control variable
Generally, the response of a conventional PI controller is
good in a steady-state conditions, but it is limited in

Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 692
 Fig. 5. Sliding mode control of SAPF

Fig. 6. Quasi-steady state sliding mode controller.

Fig. 7. PQ Theory based SAPF.

Fig. 8. DQ Theory based SAPF.

In this case, the reference source current is generated not possible during non-sinusoidal reference conditions.
without sensing the supply voltage. In this case, the band So, to achieve zero steady-state error, the repetitive
pass filter is used to get the value of〈* . 〉. It has to be controller along a conventional PI controller is used. The
adjusted to the supply frequency value to eliminate all the repetitive controller is nothing other than an FIR filter of N
harmonic current components excluding the fundamental taps.
component. In this method, D flip flop is used to control The implementation of the original repetitive controller
the maximum switching frequency [19]. requires a high number of filter taps are required. To
Fei et al., proposed a novel adaptive sliding mode reduce the number of taps, a modified repetitive controller
technique with an application to single-phase shunt active is proposed by the author in [22]. This method is more
power filer to track the reference currents, thus improving suitable for DSP implementation since the halved number
harmonic treating performance. From the results, the of taps and less computational time.
controller has rabid compensation ability under different
D. Sensor less control
conditions of nonlinear loads [20].
These control methods are simple to implement and do
C. Repetitive based control not require complex computation for reference to the
A repetitive-based control SAPF is introduced by author current generation. Also, it has the advantage of only by
in [21]. The selected current harmonics produced by sensing the supply voltage or source current and dc- link
distorting loads are compensated by this method. By voltage for reference current generation. The voltage
using a PI controller to achieve zero–steady-state error is sensor less method has over current protection

Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 693
techniques and uses low precision current sensors for A double synchronous reference frame (DSRF) method
current measurement. The virtual impedance strategy is proposed by the author for the control of SAPF. In this
based on the emulation of a virtual negative inductance to method, the fictitious phase signal is generated by using
cancel the effects of LF and guarantee close-to-unity a low pass filter, and two SRFs are used to generate the
power factor [23]. It tends to present faster dynamics and reference current for harmonic compensation. The poor
is more susceptible to electromagnetic noise interference. enactment in reactive power compensation, high
Samet Biricik presented for the control of a supply voltage computation problems, and excessive complexity are
sensor less single- phase SAPF to minimize the source the main drawbacks of the DSRF method [35].
current harmonics. This control technique is simple in Double-frequency oscillation cancellation (DFOC)
circuit with effective suppression of harmonics. In method is proposed to cancel the undesirable double-
addition, the switching loss is also reduced by using a frequency oscillation; it does not require a fictitious
half-bridge VSI, where only two power switches and two signal, simple control algorithm, exhibits frequency
drive circuits are used [24]. independent operation, better stability, and fast transient
A sensor less second-order generalized integrator control response [36]. The second- order generalized
method is proposed to control of SAPF for power quality integrators (SOGI), and a phase- locked loop (PLL) are
improvement. The proposed does not require voltage used, it has low computation burden, and it is used for
sensor and PI regulator which will reduce the burden of highly distorted conditions. However, more SOGI blocks
the controller [25]. are needed for the level of distortion of load current. The
DQ reference frame controller for shunt active filter
E. PQ Theory under a distorted voltage condition was discussed [37,
A Generalized Theory of the Instantaneous Reactive 38]. The SRF control strategy of SAPF integrated with a
Power in Three-Phase Circuits", also known as p-q
photovoltaic system based on PSO MPPT technique
Theory is proposed by for three phase system [26]. It was with active power line conditioning was presented [39].
originally developed for three-phase systems. The author
has effectively used the concept of PQ theory for a single- G. One Cycle Control
phase system [27], even though the main consideration One cycle control method is introduced to control of
was dedicated to harmonic compensation using a hybrid single phase SAPF [40]. Which is reducing the switching
APF. Related work for the utilization of the single-phase losses and improved efficiency by using unipolar
p-q theory for reactive power compensation particularly in operation. The controller consisting of the single
three-phase systems. Also, the modification of this integrator with reset, flip flops, comparators, and logic
method is used in a single-phase shunt and series active circuits. Multipliers were not required. In this scheme, out
filters [28]. The distortion in the primary supply voltage of four switches, only two switches are working at
may result in the inadequate compensation of source switching frequency while the remaining two switches are
current for using the original three-phase and single- stationary on or off throughout the complete half line
phase p-q theories. To overcome the problem the cycle. This control scheme has a fast transient response
modified single-phase p-q theory for harmonic and does not require any usage of Phase Locked Loop
compensation under highly distorted supply voltage (PLL). The design of PLL is somewhat difficult in
conditions is proposed [29]. In this method, the sensed distortions in the grid voltage condition, and its
supply voltage is applied to a single-phase phase-locked implementation increases the computation overhead on
loop (PLL) to generate a unity fundamental component of the DSP controller [41].
the distorted supply voltage [30-33]. The Fig. 7 shows the
block diagram of PQ Theory- based SAPF. IV. SELECTION OF PARAMETERS IN SINGLE
PHASE SAPF
F. Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) or DQ theory
Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) or DQ Theory is The DC- link capacitor supplies or absorbs the energy
used to extract the reactive and harmonic componentswhenever there is a sudden change in the active power
are extracted from the load current. The active demand of the load. During these conditions, the
component is obtained from the DC bus voltage capacitor supports the load demand for the half period of
the supply frequency. DC link ripple increases by
controller. The two- phase stationary reference frame
signal consisting of direct (d axis) and indirect orreducing the dc link capacitance value. So, proper
selection of the DC- Link capacitor gives better
quadrature (q axis) component. Also, the PLL is used to
compensation.
estimate the utility grid phase angle for the generation of
sin (θ) and cos (θ) coordinates. The selection of filter inductance is also a vital role for
tracking of given reference current in SAPF. If the value
A d-q transformation for harmonic extraction strategy of
of filter inductance is too large, then a large value of DC
single- phase active filter as shown in Fig. 8. It is
implemented by using Hilbert transform, to convert Link voltage value is needed to achieve better
compensation. Otherwise, if a filter inductance is to low
instantaneous single- phase voltage and current are into
complex vectors on the instantaneous foundation, andthe average switching frequency of the inverter is high.
Which causes increasing electromagnetic interference
these complex vectors are converted into the d-q axis
and switching losses [47-49].
components. It has some disadvantages: the use of the
Several research papers [3, 4, 11, 23, 40-46] described a
Hilbert transform requires a high computational load for
the generation of fictitious phase signal, and grid different selection of DC- link capacitance rating and filter
frequency variation can introduce an error in the inductance value as shown in Table 2. From the previous
reference current calculation [34]. discussion, it can be concluded that each of every
proposed control technique has its characteristics, pros,
and cons.
Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 694
V. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND SUGGESTIONS a suitable choice for the SAPF applications. However,
FOR THE FUTURE RESEARCH one of the drawbacks of this method is not suitable for
the distorted grid voltage condition. To fix this problem,
In the previous sections, various extraction methods are a self-tuning filter (STF) algorithm is used to generate
studied, and significant advantages and disadvantages the unit sine function from the distorted grid voltage to
were discussed in Table 1. This table gives a better idea
give a uniform reference source current. Therefore the
to the researcher to select the optimal extraction DC- link PI control based extraction with self-tuning filter
technique for designing a SAPF. With the investigation (STF) algorithm shows good performance in all aspects
of different extraction methodologies, it is concluded that such as to estimate the reference harmonic current
DC link voltage control based extraction methodology is accurately even with the distorted utility voltage.
Table 2: Comparison of selection of DC link capacitor rating, filter inductor and DC link capacitor reference
voltage from research survey.

Authors Equation Variables

S. No.
2 /012 .20 × 10 45
Chatterjee et al., - = /012= Maximum active power rating of the load
9:;,<=> 6

6
71 − 8 ? @ ,0AB = Minimum DC link capacitor voltage
1.
(1999) [3]
9:;
-
/C /C=active power of non -linear load
=
2.
Pottker & Barbi, 2"DABE (,012
6
− ,0AB
6
) "DABE =supply frequency
0.5  ∆J012 =Maximum current ripple
(1997) [4]
FG =
∆J012 "K
,LEG ≥ N(1 + O)K
ConsiderN = 2; K= Peak value of supply voltage
O= Voltage variation (10%)
,LEG = 2K
N= voltage factor (1.5 < N < 2.5)
Rahmani et al.,
3.
O = maximum value of Vdc voltage ripple.
(2003) [44]
∆Q012
- > ∆Q012=Maximum energy variation
O 
6

-
/S TK= Sampling Time
≥
Qiao et al., (2004) 2. "DABE . ( C012
6
− C0AB
6
) /S = Maximum output power
4.
[40] C,012 , C,0AB = Peak to peak of the output voltage
1 η max (XL0
6
) η= efficiency, "
FG ≥ . . TK DABE =line frequency
2 max (/S )
,LEG = 1.6 ∗ K,ZE1[
0 ≤  ≤ ]^L1_E
-
a
2 82` − 6 ? T1X ]^L1_E =Rated value of collector-to-emitter
=
(1.60 )6 − (1.40 )6
voltage of power semiconductor switches
Mishra & ` = KVA of the system,
-
T1X = time period of sag
5. Karthikeyan (2009)
c
[43] 2 82` − 6 ? TdEDD TdEDD = time period of swell
=
(1.80 )6 − (1.60 )6

f0
FG =
4ℎ"d012 )6
-
6  = supply voltage,
Mahanty (2014) 2π   1
= i 6 j  =supply current
6.
h  − ,0AB
[42] 6

0.7 ∗ JK6
6
-,0AB =
Krishnamoorthy et 0.5 ∗ / ∗ 3 ∗ 2πf / = Maximum load
K6
7.
F,0AB =
al., (2011) [46]
0.5 ∗ / ∗ 3 ∗ 2πf
o o
Anjana et al., 3 Nn J] 6 6
= source voltage time period
8. (2016) [11] - = J] = compensating current
,LEG
6
− 
6
Nn = overloading factor

Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 695
 ,LEG ,012 = Supply maximum peak voltage
5
Angulo et al.,
≥ p,012 + nG,012 q nG,012 = maximum inductor voltage drop
9. (2012) [23] 4 ∆J = current ripple

FG ≥ FG = filter inductance
4∆J "
/= real power required by the load
6
FG ≥ ℎ=harmonic order of load current
Sreeraj et al.,
h/ℎ
10.
 = supply voltage
(2013) [41]
5
,LEG > (  )
Zainuri et al., 4 JABv = Injection or filter current
_
11. frs tux JABv (w)t ∆,012 = maximum ripple voltage of DC link
-,0AB ≥
(2016) [45]
∆,012
VI. CONCLUSION [3]. Chatterjee, K., Fernandes, B. G., & Dubey, G. K.
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filter inductor in the SAPF system will give better compensation-considerations on basic design. IEEE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
universal active power filter for single-phase reactive
The authors would like to thank the Management of VIT power and harmonic compensation. In Power
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How to cite this article: Rameshkumar, K. and Indragandhi, V. (2020). Overview of Reference Current Extraction
Techniques in Single Phase Shunt Active Power Filter. International Journal on Emerging Technologies, 11(2): 689–
698.

Rameshkumar & Indragandhi International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11(2): 689-698(2020) 698