IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

(21EC741)
AS PER 2021 SCHEME
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
NEP, Outcome Based Education (OBE) and Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Module-1
Internet of Things: Introduction
Physical design
Logical design
Enabling technologies
Levels & deployment templates.

Varshini J S , Assistant Professor Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Introduction to Internet of Things

Internet of things comprises of the devices or things that have unique
identities which are connected to the internet. The existing devices like
networked computers or 4G enabled smart phones have some unique
identities connected to the internet while there are some devices like
Thermostats, utility meters, a Bluetooth connected headset, irrigation
pumps, sensors, control circuit of an electric car engine can also be
controlled and networked using internet.
Internet of Things is a new revolution in the capability of the endpoints
that are connected to the internet and is driven by the advancement in
Sensor Networks, Mobile Devices, Wireless communication, Networking
& Cloud Technologies. There are over 50 billion devices connected to the
internet.
SCOPE OF IoT
IoT connects things/devices, appliances, machines to the internet. The
scope is not just limited to connect these, IoT allows these things to
communicate, control and exchange data associated with the users. The
data from the devices is raw. Data has to processed into the useful
information for a specific application. The data has to be extracted from
lower level by filtering. The data has to be processed, categorized,
condensed and contextualized to get the useful information.

Information Knowledge
Information is Knowledge is
inferred from inferred from
data by filtering, information by
processing, organizing and
categorizing, structuring
Condensing and information to
contextualizing achieve
objectives
Figure 1.1: Inferring Information & Knowledge from Data
The information obtained need to be organized and structured to infer
the knowledge about the system and its users, its environment, its
operations and progress.
For example : An alert should be raised if the average temperature in last
five minutes exceeds 120F.

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Consider a series of raw sensor measurements generated by a weather

monitoring station ((72,45) ;(84,56)). Each tuple in this data represents
the temperature and humidity measured every minute. This data can be
averaged by taking last five data tuples. This information can be used to
infer the knowledge. Later on an alert can be raised if the average
temperature exceeds 120F. the alert can be conditioned on the user’s
geographical position.

Definition of IOT
A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring
capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication
protocols where physical and virtual things have identities, physical
attributes and virtual personalities and use intelligent interface and are
seamlessly integrated into the information network, often communication
data associated wit users and their environment.
Characteristics of IOT :
1. Dynamic and self-adapting : IOT devices have the capability of adapting
dynamically with the changing contexts and taken necessary actions
based on the sensed environment.
For example : the survelliance cameras can adapt their modes based on
whether its day or night.cameras will switch from lower resolution to high
resolution.
2. Self-configuring : IOT devices have self-configuring capability. They allow
large number of devices to work together. Example weather monitoring
system have the capability setup networking and fetch latest software
upgrades with minimal or no human intervention.
3. Interoperable communication protocols: IOT supports many
communication protocols.
4. Unique identity : Each IOT device has a unique identity and a unique
identifier (like IP addr or a URI) IOT devices interfaces allow users to query
the devices, monitor their status and control them remotely.
5. Integrated into Information network: IOT devices are usually integrated
into the information network that allows them to exchange data with
other devices and systems. Integration will make IOT systems smarter.
Example weather monitoring node can describe its monitoring
capabilities to another connected node so that they can exchange data
and communicate.

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

Physical Design of IOT

The things in IOT refers to IOT devices which have unique identities and
can perform operations like sensing, actuating an monitoring
capabilities.
IOT devices can exchange data with other connected devices and
applications and collect data from other devices and process the data and
perform tasks locally and other tasks within the IOT infrastructure.
Block diagram of a Typical IOT Device :

Fig: Generic Block diagram of an IOT device

An IOT device may consist of several interfaces for connecting with other
devices both wired and wireless.
The interfaces include
i. I/O interfaces for sensors
ii. Interfaces for internet connectivity
iii. Memory & storage interfaces
iv. Audio/video interfaces.

 An IOT device can collect data from various types of data from on board
or attached sensors such as temperature, humidity, light intensity.
 The sensed data can be communicated either to other devices or cloud
based servers/storage.
 IOT devices can be connected to actuators that allow them to interact
with other physical entities.

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

 Example : A relay switch connected to an IOT device can turn an

appliance on/off based on the commands sent to the device over the
internet.
IOT Devices

IOT devices can be found in many applications. Some of the assosciated

IOT devices are listed here.
 Home applicances
 Smart phones and computers
 Wearable electronics
 Automobiles
 Energy systems
 Retail payment status
 Printers
 Industrial machines
 Health care systems
 Surveillance systems
IOT Protocols
IoT protocol stack has 4 layers.namely,
1. Link layer
2. Network/internet layer
3. Transport layer
4. Application layer

1. Link layer:
This layer determines how the data is physically sent over the physical
layer or medium. In the physical layer, it may comprise of copper wire,
coaxial cable or a radio wave. The scope of this layer is to connect the
local network to which host is attached. The link layer determines how
the data is coded and signaled over the medium within the local network
where the host is attached.
Some of the link layer protocols are tabulated here :

protocol standard description

802.3 – Wired Ethernet 802.3- coaxial cable Data Rate :
Ethernet standard 802.3i – copper 10 Mbps to 40 Gbps
twisted
connections.

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802.3j
–fiber
optic
connections.
802.11- WLAN-Wireless 802.11a(operating 1 Mbps to 6.75
WiFi Local Area Netw frequency -5 GHz band) Gbps
802.11b(2.4 GHz)
802.11n(2.4/5 GHz)
802.11ac(5GHz)
802.16- wireless 802.16m 1.5 Mbps to 1
WiMax Broadband Gbps
standard
802.15.4- Low-rate standards for high level 40 Kbps to 250
LR-WPAN Wireless communication protocols Kbps
Personal Area such as Zigbee, LR-WPAN
Networks low cost and low speed
communication over
power constrained
devices.
2G/3G/4G- Mobile 2G (GSM & CDMA) 9.6
communication 3G(UMTS & CDMA2000) kps(2G) to
4G(LTE) 100 Mbps(4G)

2. Network layer :
This layer is responsible for sending IP datagrams from the source
network to the destination network. This layer does host addressing and
packet routing.
The datagram contains the source and destination addresses which are
used to route them from the source to destination across multiple
networks.
The protocols in this layer are tabulated below:

Protocol Description
IPv4 – the most deployed internet protocol.
Internet Protocol version 4 IPv4 uses 32 bit addressing scheme.
this does not guarantee delivery of packets
IPv6 – this uses 128 bit addressing scheme.
Internet Protocol version 6
6LoWPAN- 1. IP protocol to low power devices.
IPv6 over Low Power Wire 2. limited processing capability
Personal Area Network 3.operating freq is 2.4GHz range.
4.data rate of 250 kbps

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

3. Transport Layer:
This layer provides functions like Error Control, Segmentation, Flow
control and congestion control.

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 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

The protocols of this layer are tabulated below:

Protocol Description
TCP This is used by applications of HTTP, web brows
Transmission SMTP, FTP.
control TCP is a connection oriented and stateful
protocol protocol.
TCP ensures reliable transmission of
packets in-order.
TCP provides error detection
capability so that duplicate
packets can be discarded and
lost packets are retransmitted.
flow control capability
congestion control- avoids network congestion
UDP – Connectionless protocol.
User Datag Doesnot guarantee delivery of packets.
Protocol No ordered delivery
No duplicate elimination.

Fig : IOT protocol Stack

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4. Application layer:
This layer defines how the applications interfaces with the lower layer
protocols to send the data over the network.
The few application layer protocols are listed below:
Protocol Description
HTTP This is the foundation of the WWW. HTTP includes
Hypertext commands like GET, PUT,POST,DELETE,HEAD,TRACE.
Transfer This follows request-response model, where a client sends
Protocol requests to a server using commands.
http protocol uses URI to identify HTTP Resources.
COAP- this is for Machine to Machine(M2M) applications.
Constrained this is a web transfer protocol which uses request respo
Application mode.
protocol this runs on UDP.
this includes commands like GET, PUT,POST,DELETE,
WebSocket This allows full duplex communication over a single socket this
is used to sending messages between client and server this is
based on TCP. This is used when stream of messa
to be sent back and forth between the client and server.
MQTT-Messa A light weight messaging protocol based on publish subscribe
Queue model.
Telemetry the client connects to the server and publishes message topics
Transport on the server. The broker forwards the messages to clients
subscribed to topics.
It is well suited for constrained envt.
The devices have limited processing and memory resources.
XMPP- this is used for real time communication and streaming X data
Extensible between network entities.
Messaging The applications involve messaging, presence, data
Presence syndication, gaming, multiparty chat and voice/video calls this
Protocol uses client server model and also server to server
communication paths.
DDS- data centric middleware standard for device to device and M2M
Data communications.
Distribution It uses publish-subscribe model. ensures
Service quality of service.
AMQP- application layer protocol for business messaging. supports
Advanced both point to point and publisher/subscribe
Message models, routing, queueing.
Queueing
protocol

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Logical Design of IOT:

Logical design of an IOT refers to the abstract representation of the
entities and the processes.

The logical Design comprises of the function blocks of IOT.

IOT Functional Blocks:
An IOT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide
capabilities for Identification, Sensing, Actuation, Communication and
management a shown below :

i. Devices : An IOT system comprises of devices that can sensing, Actuation

, Monitoring and control functions.
ii. Communication: This block handles the communication for the IOT
system.
iii. Services : An IOT system includes services such as Device monitoring,
device control services, data publishing services and data discovery
services.
iv. Management : This block includes various functions to govern the IOT
system.
v. Security : security involves Authentication, Authorization, message and
content integrity and data security.
vi. Application : this provides an interface that the users can use to control
and monitor various aspects of the system.

Fig : Functional Block of IOT

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IOT Communication Models

The different communication models involves:
1. Request-Response Model
2. Publish – Subscribe Model
3. Push pull Model
4. Exclusive Pair Model

1. Request-Response Model
i. Request Response Model is a communication model.
ii. Client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the
requests.
iii. When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the
data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response and then
sends the response to the client.
iv. It is a stateless communication model

Fig : Request - Response Communication Model

2. Publish – Subscribe Model :
i. This is a communication model that involves publishers, brokers and
consumers.
ii. Publishers are the source of data.
iii. Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker.
iv. Consumers will subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.
v. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher, it sends the
data to all the subscribed consumers.

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Fig : publish- service communication Model

3, Push-Pull Communication Model :
Push pull is a communication model in which the data producers push
the data to queue.
The consumers pull the data from the queues.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and
consumers.
Queue also act as a buffer which helps when there is a mismatch
between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at
which the consumers pull data.

Fig : Push Pull Communication Model

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4. Exclusive Pair Model:

i. This is a bi-directional fully duplex communication model.
ii. This uses persistent connection between the client and server.
iii. The connection remains open when the connection is setup.
iv. The client and server can send messages to each other after connection
setup.
v. Exclusive pair is a stateful communication model.

Fig : Exclusive Pair communication Model

IOT Communication APIs:

There are two specific API s.
1. Rest-based communication APIs
2. Web socket based communication APIs
1. Rest-based communication APIs
Rest is a Representational State Transfer, is a set of architectural
principles by which web services and web API s are designed. These API
s focus on how resource states are addressed and transferred. There are
constraints applied to the components, connectors and data elements.
The REST architectural constraints are as follows:

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Client-server: this ensures the separation of concerns. For example:

clients should not be concerned with the storage of data because it’s a
concern of server.
Stateless: Each request from client to server must contain all the
information to understand the request and cannot take advantage of
any stored context on the server.
Cache-able: This constraint requires that the data within a response to
a request be labeled as cache-able or non-cache-able. If a response is
cache-able, then a client cache is given the right to reuse that response
data for later. Caching can partially or completely eliminate some
interactions and improve efficiency and stability.
Layered System: layered system constrains the behavior of components
such that each component cannot see the components other than the
immediate layer (with which it is interacting)
Uniform Interface: This constraint ensures the communication between
a client and a server must be uniform. Resources are identified based
on the requests requested by the client. When a client holds a resource,
A client has all the information required to update or delete the
resource.
Code on demand: servers can provide executable code or scripts for
clients to execute.
A RESTful web service is a web API implemented using HTTP and REST
principles. The below figure shows the communication between client
and server using REST APIs.

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Fig : Request-response model used by REST

RESTful web service is a collection of resources which are represented
by URIs (Universal Resource Identifiers). RESTful web API has a base
URI.
The clients send requests to these URIs using methods defined by the
HTTP protocol (ex. GET,PUT,POST,DELETE).
This web service will also support various internet media types like
JSON. IP for smart objects Alliance has published an Application
framework that defines a RESTful design for use in IP smart object
systems.

HTTP Resource Actions Examples

Method Type
GET collection URI lists all the http://example.com/api/tasks
resources in (list all tasks)
a
collection
GET Element URI Get http://example.com/api/tasks/1
information get the information about task-1
about a
resource
POST collection URI create a new http://example.com/api/tasks
resource (create a new task from data
provided in the request )
PUT collection URI replace the http://example.com/api/tasks/
entire (replace entire collection with data
collection provided in the request)
with another
collection
PUT Element URI Update a http://example.com/api/tasks/1
resource (update task-1 with data provided
the request)
DELETE collection URI delete the http://example.com/api/tasks/
entire (delete all tasks)
collection
DELETE Element URI delete http://example.com/api/tasks/1
resource (delete task-1)

Fig: HTTP Request methods and actions

GET Method:
The GET method is used to request data from a specified resource. It
appends the query string to the URL, making it visible in the browser's

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address bar.

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This method is suitable for retrieving information without causing any

side effects on the server's data.
GET requests are only used to request data (not modify).

POST Method:
POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource.
POST requests do not remain in the browser history.
POST request repeatedly have side effects of creating the same resource
multiple times.

PUT Method:
PUT is used to send data to a server to create/update a resource.
PUT requests are idempotent. That is, calling the same PUT request
multiple times will always produce the same result.

HEAD Method:
HEAD is almost identical to GET, but without the response body.

DELETE Method:
The DELETE method deletes the specified resource.

2. Websocket-based communication APIs

Websocket API s allow bi-directional, full duplex communication
between clients and servers.
Websocket APIs follow exclusive pair communication model.
Websocket do not require a new connection to be setup for each
message to be sent.
Websocket communication begins with a connection setup request sent
by the client to the server.
If the server supports websocket protocol, the server responds to the
websocket handshake response. After the connection is setup, the client
and server can send data/messages to each other in full-duplex mode.
This APIs reduce the network traffic and latency as there isno overhead
for connection setup and termination requests for each message.
Websocket is suitable for IOT applications that have low latency or high
throughput requirements.

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Fig : Exclusive pair Model used by Websocket APIs

IOT Enabling Technologies:

IoT is enabled by several technologies including wireless sensor networks,
cloud computing, big data analytics, embedded systems, security
protocols and architectures, communication protocols, web services,
mobile internet and semantic search engines.
The following technologies which play a key-role in IOT

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i. Wireless sensor networks:

A WSN comprises of distributed devices with sensors which are used to
monitor the environmental and physical conditions.
WSN consists of a number of end nodes and routers and a coordinator.
End nodes have several sensors attached to them.
End nodes can also act as routers, Routers are responsible for routing
the data packets from end nodes to the coordinator. The coordinator
collects the data from all the nodes. Coordinator acts as a gateway that
connects the WSN to the Internet.
 Weather monitoring systems use WSNs in which the nodes collect
temperature, humidity and other data, which is aggregated and analyzed.
 Indoor air quality monitoring systems use WSNs to collect data on the
indoor air quality and concentration of various gases.
 Soil moisture monitoring systems use WSN to monitor soil moisture at
various locations.
 Smart grids use WSNs for monitoring the grid at various points.
 Structural health monitoring systems use WSNs to monitor the health of
structures(building, bridges) by collecting vibration data from sensor
nodes deployed at various points in the structure.
WSNs are enabled by communication protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4,
Zigbee. This operates at 2.4 GHz and offers 250 kbps and range from 10
to 100 mts.
WSN are self-organizing networks, large number of nodes, reconfiguring
and robust.
ii. Cloud computing:
Cloud computing involves provisioning of computing, networking and
storage resources on demand and provides resources as metered services
to the users. This is pay per model. Cloud computing resources are
provisioned on-demand by the users. The cloud service providers serve
multiple users using multi-tenancy.
Multi-tenant allows multiple users to be served by the same physical
hardware (virtualization).
There are different cloud models
 Infrastructure as a service (Iaas) – Iaas provides computing and storage
resources to the users. The resources are provided with virtual machine

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instances and virtual storage. Users can start, stop, configure and
manage these.
 Platform as a service (Paas) – Paas provides the users the ability to
develop and deploy application in the cloud using the development tools,
APIs, software libraries and services provided by the cloud service
providers(CSP). The CSP manages the infrastructure like servers,
network, operating systems and storage. The users are responsible for
developing, deploying, configuring and managing applications.
 Software as a service (SaaS) – SaaS provides the users a complete
software application or the user interface to the application. Applications
are provided to the user through a thin client interface (ex. browser).saas
application are platform independent and can be accessed from various
client devices such as workstations, laptop, tablets and smart phones,
running different operating systems.

iii. Big Data Analytics:

Big data is defined as collections of data sets whose volume, velocity or
variety is very large that it is difficult to store, manage, process and
analyze the data using traditional databases and data processing tools.

The characteristics of big data include:

1. Volume: this refers to massive scale data that is difficult to store, manage
and process using traditional databases. The volumes of data generated
by modern IT, Industrial and healthcare systems is growing exponentially
and there is a need to extract valuable insights from the data to improve
business processes, efficiency and service to consumers.
2. Velocity: velocity is another important characteristic of data data. Velocity
refers to how fast the data is generated and how frequently the data
varies. Modern IT, Industrial and other systems are generating data at
increasingly higher speeds.
3. Variety: Variety refers to different forms of the data. Big data can be
structured or unstructured data including text data, image, audio, video
and sensor data.
iv. Communication protocols:
Communication protocols are the backbone of IoT systems and enable
network connectivity and coupling to applications. These allow devices to
exchange data over the network. These protocols define the data
exchange formats, data encoding, addressing schemes for devices and

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routing of packets from source to destination. Some additional functions

include sequence control, flow control and retransmission of lost packets.
v. Embedded systems:
An Embedded system is a computer system that has computer
hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks. Embedded
systems are designed to perform a specific set of tasks. The components
of an embedded system include microcontroller, memory
(RAM,ROM,Cache), networking units (Ethernet, WiFI adapters),
Input/output units (display, keyboard etc)

IoT Levels & deployment Templates

An IoT system comprises of the following components:
1. Device: An IOT device allows identification ,remote sensing,actuating and
remote monitoring capabilities.
2. Resources: these are software components on the IoT device for
accessing, processing and storing sensor information, controlling
actuators connected to the device and enables network access for the
device.
3. Controller service: this is a native source that runs on the device and
interacts with the web services. This sends data from the device to the
web service and receives commands from the application for controlling
the device.
4. Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the
data generated by the iot device.
5. Web service: These serve as the link between the IOT device, application,
database and analysis component. Web service can be implemented
using HTTP & REST principles or websocket protocol.
6. Analysis component: this component is responsible for analyzing the IOT
data and generate results in a form which are easy to understand.
Analysis can be done on local storage or cloud. The results can be stored
either locally or cloud database.
7. Application: IoT application provide an interface to use, control and
monitor IoT system. Users can also view the status of the system and the
processed data.

Differences between REST & Websocket

Sl REST Websocket
No

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1 The services are stateless. The services are stateful. The server
Each request contains all maintains the state and is aware of the
the information needed to open connection.
process. Requests are
independent to one another
2 The services operate over HTT websocket services are bi-directional.
requests are unidirectional. The client and server both can
request is always sent by send messages.
a client and the server
response to the requests.
3 REST services follow a websocket services follow a full duplex
request- communication.
response communication
model
4 Each HTTP request involves single TCP connection.
involves setting up a new TCP
connection.
5 Each request carries websocket does not involve overhead of
HTTP headers, the header headers. Web socket is suitable f real time
overhead is more hence it is n applications.
suitable for real time
applications.
6 scalability is easy. scalability is cumbersome.

IOT Level-1
i. An Level-1 IoT system has a single node/device which performs
sensing, actuation, stores data, performs analysis and hosts the
application.
ii. This is suitable for modeling low cost and low complexity systems.
iii. The data involved is not big.
iv. The analysis requirements are not computationally intensive.
For example : IoT system for home automation
The system consists of single node that allows controlling the lights and
appliances in a home remotely. These are interfaced with electronic
relay switches. The status is maintained in the local database. The
REST services are deployed for retrieving and updating the status. The
application has a user interface for controlling the lights or appliances.
The device is connected to internet, the app can be accessed remotely.

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IOT Level-2
 A level-2 IoT system has a single node which performs sensing
and/or actuation and local analysis.
 Data is big and stored in the cloud.
 Applications are also cloud based.
 The primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive
and can be done locally.
 For Example : Smart Irrigation system – A single node monitors
the soil moisture level and controls the irrigation system. The soil
moisture data is collected from the sensor. The controller service
monitors continuously. The irrigation system will be turned on if
the moisture level drops below the threshold. The actuators like
solenoid valves are used to control the irrigation system.
 A cloud based REST web service is used for storing and retrieving
moisture data.
 A cloud based application is used for visualizing the moisture
levels over a period of time which helps in making decisions and
schedules of irrigation system.

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IOT Level-3
 This system has a single node that performs sensing and /or
actuation.
 Data and application are cloud based.
 Data involved is big.
 The analysis requirement are computationally intensive.

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For example :
IOT system for tracking package. The system consists of a single node
for a package which monitors the vibration levels for a package being
shipped. The device uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for
monitoring vibration levels. The controller service sends the sensor data
to the cloud in real time using websocket service. The analysis
components in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels become
greater than a threshold.
IOT Level-4
 This level IoT System has multiple nodes.
 Data and application are cloud based.
 This has cloud based observer nodes, which can subscribe to and
receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices.
 Observer nodes will process information.
 The data involved is big.
 The analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

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 Example : IoT system for Noise Monitoring

The IoT system has multiple nodes placed in different locations for
monitoring noise levels in an area. The sound sensors are
employed. Each node has its own controller service which sends
data to the cloud. The data and analysis are done in the cloud
database. A cloud based app is used for visualizing the aggregated
data.
IOT Level-5
 This IoT level has multiple nodes and one coordinator node.
 The end nodes perform sensing and/or actuation.
 Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to
the cloud.
 Data storage and application is cloud based.
 Data involves is big.
 The analysis requirement are computationally intensive.

Varshini J S , Assistant Professor Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

For Example: IoT system for forest fire detection.

The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations. the
nodes are equipped with sensors that can monitor temperature,
humidity and carbon dioxide levels in a forest. The coordinator node
collects the data from the end nodes and acts as a gateway that
provides internet connectivity. The data and application are cloud
based.
IOT Level-6
 This system has multiple independent end nodes which performs
sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud.
 Data and application are cloud based.
 The centralized controller sends control commands, updates the
status of all the end nodes.

Varshini J S , Assistant Professor Dept.of ECE

 IOT & WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS 21EC741

For example: IoT system for weather monitoring.

This system consists of multiple node sensors placed in different
locations for monitoring temperature , humidity and pressure in an
area. The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using a
websocket service. A cloud based app is used for visualizing the data.

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Varshini J S , Assistant Professor Dept.of ECE