Tense in English grammar refers to the time of action or state of being, indicated by the

verb. There are three main tenses:

1. Present – indicates an action happening now.

2. Past – indicates an action that already happened.
3. Future – indicates an action that will happen.

Each of these has four aspects:

Simple

Continuous (Progressive)

Perfect

Perfect Continuous

1. Simple Present Tense

Use: Regular habits, general truths, and present states.

Structure: Subject + base verb (s/es for he/she/it)

Examples:

1. She walks to school.

2. I read books.
3. They play football.
4. He drinks coffee daily.
5. We go to the park every Sunday.
6. The sun rises in the east.
7. Cows eat grass.
8. She speaks English fluently.
9. Water boils at 100°C.
10. He drives carefully.
 2. Present Continuous Tense

Use: Actions happening now or around now.

Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She is studying for exams.

2. I am writing a letter.
3. They are watching TV.
4. He is cooking dinner.
5. We are learning English.
6. The children are playing outside.
7. It is raining.
8. You are talking too fast.
9. I am reading a novel.
10. She is dancing on stage.

3. Present Perfect Tense

Use: Actions completed recently or with relevance to the present.

Structure: Subject + has/have + past participle

Examples:

1. She has finished her homework.

2. I have eaten lunch.
3. They have gone to the market.
4. He has written five novels.
 5. We have seen that movie.
6. I have never been to Paris.
7. She has broken her phone.
8. They have met the principal.
9. I have heard this song before.
10. He has left the office.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Use: Action that began in the past and is still continuing.

Structure: Subject + has/have been + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She has been reading for an hour.

2. I have been working all day.
3. They have been watching a movie.
4. He has been writing a book.
5. We have been playing since morning.
6. The baby has been crying
7. I have been learning Spanish.
8. She has been sleeping for 8 hours.
9. You have been running.
10. He has been teaching here since 2010.

5. Simple Past Tense

Use: Completed actions in the past.

Structure: Subject + verb (past form)

Examples:

1. She walked to the market.

2. I watched a movie yesterday.
3. They played cricket last week.
4. He wrote a poem.
5. We visited the zoo.
6. I saw her at the station.
7. She cleaned the room.
8. He bought a new car.
9. They went to Dubai.
10. I studied all night.

6. Past Continuous Tense

Use: Ongoing past action, often interrupted.

Structure: Subject + was/were + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She was studying when I called.

2. I was sleeping at 10 pm.
3. They were playing football.
4. He was reading a book.
5. We were watching TV.
6. I was cooking dinner.
7. The birds were flying.
8. She was singing a song.
9. It was raining yesterday.
10. He was talking to her.

7. Past Perfect Tense

Use: Action completed before another past action.

Structure: Subject + had + past participle

Examples:

1. She had left before I arrived.

2. I had finished my work.
3. They had gone to bed.
4. He had eaten dinner.
5. We had watched that film.
6. I had written the letter.
7. She had visited London.
8. He had lost his keys.
9. They had met before.
10. I had studied the topic.

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Use: Ongoing action before another past event.

Structure: Subject + had been + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She had been studying for hours.

2. I had been working all day.
3. They had been playing cricket.
4. He had been writing a letter.
5. We had been talking.
6. I had been sleeping.
7. She had been reading a book.
8. He had been painting the wall.
9. They had been waiting.
10. I had been thinking about it.
 9. Simple Future Tense

Use: Action that will happen in the future.

Structure: Subject + will/shall + base verb

Examples:

1. She will go to school.

2. I will call you later.
3. They will play cricket.
4. He will write a book.
5. We shall visit the zoo.
6. It will rain tomorrow.
7. You will like the movie.
8. I will help you.
9. He will travel next week.
10. She will dance at the party.

11. Future Continuous Tense

Use: Ongoing future action.

Structure: Subject + will be + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She will be studying at 8 PM.

2. I will be working tomorrow.
3. They will be watching a movie.
4. He will be sleeping.
5. We will be travelling.
6. I will be waiting for you.
7. She will be singing.
 8. He will be jogging in the park.
9. You will be attending the meeting.
10. It will be raining.

11. Future Perfect Tense

Use: Action that will be completed before a certain future time.

Structure: Subject + will have + past participle

Examples:

1. She will have finished the exam.

2. I will have completed my homework.
3. They will have reached by now.
4. He will have gone home.
5. We will have eaten lunch.
6. You will have read this book.
7. He will have cleaned the house.
8. I will have started my job.
9. She will have left.
10. They will have built the bridge.

11. Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Use: Action ongoing over time in the future.

Structure: Subject + will have been + verb+ing

Examples:

1. She will have been studying for 3 hours.

2. I will have been working here for 5 years
3. They will have been waiting.
 4. He will have been driving all day.
5. We will have been living here since 2010.
6. I will have been writing the report.
7. She will have been cooking.
8. He will have been practicing the piano.
9. They will have been traveling
10. I will have been reading the book.

Active voice and passive voice

Definition:

Active Voice

Active voice is when the subject of the sentence performs the action. It makes the
sentence clear, strong, and direct. For example, in the sentence “The cat chased the
mouse,” the subject (the cat) is doing the action (chasing). Active voice is commonly used
in everyday writing and speaking.

Formula

Structure: Subject + Verb + Object

Definition

Passive Voice

Passive voice is when the subject of the sentence receives the action rather than doing it.
The focus is more on the action or the receiver of the action than the doer. For example,
“The mouse was chased by the cat” shows that the mouse (subject) is receiving the action.
Passive voice is often used when the doer is unknown or unimportant.

Formula

Structure: Object + form of “to be” + past participle + (by Subject)

Active Voice – 10 Examples:

1. The teacher explains the lesson.

2. She writes a letter.
 3. They built a house.
4. He eats an apple.
5. We watched a movie.
6. I cleaned the room.
7. The dog chased the cat.
8. He repaired the car.
9. The students answered the questions.
10. She reads a book.

Passive Voice – 10 Examples:

1. The lesson is explained by the teacher.

2. A letter is written by her.
3. A house was built by them.
4. An apple is eaten by him.
5. A movie was watched by us.
6. The room was cleaned by me.
7. The cat was chased by the dog.
8. The car was repaired by him.
9. The questions were answered by the students.
10. A book is read by her.

Direct and indirect object

Definition:

In a sentence, direct and indirect objects are types of noun phrases that receive the
action of the verb.

Direct Object: The thing or person that receives the action directly.
(Answers: What? Or Whom?)
Example: She kicked the ball.

Indirect Object: The person or thing that receives the direct object.
(Answers: To whom? Or For whom?)
Example: She gave her friend a gift.

Examples with Both Objects:

1. He gave his sister a book.

Direct Object: a book

Indirect Object: his sister

2. They sent the teacher an email.

Direct Object: an email

Indirect Object: the teacher

3. She told me a story.

Direct Object: a story

Indirect Object: me

4. We bought our parents a gift.

Direct Object: a gift

Indirect Object: our parents

5. I showed my friend the photo.

Direct Object: the photo

 Indirect Object: my friend

Article definition
Definition of Article:
An article is a word that comes before a noun and shows whether the noun is specific or
general. In English, there are three articles: a, an, and the.

“A” and “an” are indefinite articles, used for general or non-specific nouns.

(e.g., a cat, an apple)

“The” is a definite article, used for specific nouns that are already known to the listener or
reader.

(e.g., the sun, the book you gave me)

Parts of speech
Parts of speech are the basic types of words used to form sentences in English. Each word
in a sentence belongs to one of these categories based on its role. There are 8 main parts of
speech:

1. Noun – Names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Example: dog, school, honesty

2. Pronoun – Replaces a noun to avoid repetition.

Example: he, she, it, they

3. Verb – Shows action or a state of being.

Example: run, eat, is, was

 4. Adjective – Describes a noun or pronoun.

Example: big, red, beautiful

5. Adverb – Describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb.

Example: quickly, very, silently

6. Preposition – Shows the relationship between a noun (or pronoun) and another
word.

Example: in, on, at, under

7. Conjunction – Connects words, phrases, or clauses.

Example: and, but, because

8. Interjection – Expresses emotion or sudden feeling.

Example: wow!, oh!, ouch!

Examples of each

. Noun (names of people, places, things, ideas)

1. The teacher is explaining the lesson.

2. I want to visit London one day.
3. He bought a new book.
4. Honesty is the best policy.
5. She ate a red apple.

2. Pronoun (replaces a noun)

1. He is playing football.
2. She loves dancing.
3. It is raining outside.
4. They are my best friends.
5. We will go to the zoo tomorrow.
4. Verb (action or state)
1. I run every morning.
2. She writes a diary daily.
3. The baby sleeps peacefully.
4. He is my brother.
5. Children jump on the bed.

5. Adjective (describes a noun)

1. She wore a red dress
2. He is a tall boy.
3. We saw a happy dog.
4. The small kitten is cute.
5. She gave a clever answer.

6. Adverb (modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs)

1. He ran quickly to catch the bus.
2. She is very intelligent.
3. The baby slept peacefully.
4. He speaks loudly in class.
5. I always brush my teeth.

6. Preposition (shows relationship)

1. The keys are on the table.
2. The cat is hiding under the bed.
3. She lives in New York.
4. The ball is between the boxes.
5. We will meet at 5 PM.

6. Conjunction (joins words or sentences)

1. I like tea and coffee.
2. He is smart, but lazy.
3. Do you want juice or milk?
4. She stayed home because it was raining.
5. Although he was tired, he kept working.

7. Interjection (expresses feelings)

1. Wow! That’s a beautiful painting.
2. Oh! I forgot my keys.
3. Ouch! That really hurt.
4. Hurray! We won the match.
5. Alas! The dog died.