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MC - 4 Receiver Structure - 4.3 equalization= linear-ZFE and adaptive, DFE

Equalization techniques in mobile communication, specifically Linear-Zero Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), Adaptive Equalizer, and Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE), are essential for mitigating inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath fading. ZFE completely removes ISI but amplifies noise, while Adaptive Equalization adjusts to changing channels but is computationally complex. DFE effectively removes ISI using past decisions without amplifying noise, though it can suffer from error propagation, making the choice of technique dependent on channel conditions and system requirements.

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4 views

MC - 4 Receiver Structure - 4.3 equalization= linear-ZFE and adaptive, DFE

Equalization techniques in mobile communication, specifically Linear-Zero Forcing Equalizer (ZFE), Adaptive Equalizer, and Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE), are essential for mitigating inter-symbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath fading. ZFE completely removes ISI but amplifies noise, while Adaptive Equalization adjusts to changing channels but is computationally complex. DFE effectively removes ISI using past decisions without amplifying noise, though it can suffer from error propagation, making the choice of technique dependent on channel conditions and system requirements.

Uploaded by

Ritesh Mahajan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Equalization Techniques ZFE DFE

generate notes:
MAKE DETAILED(only for exam point of view) NOTES on topic: "equalization: linear-ZFE and adaptive, DFE" of
chapter: "Receiver Structure", for MOBILE COMMUNICATION subject in my engineering

Equalization: Linear-ZFE and Adaptive, DFE

Chapter: Receiver Structure

Subject: Mobile Communication

1. Introduction to Equalization

Equalization is a technique used in communication systems to mitigate the effects of inter-symbol interference (ISI)
caused by multipath fading and frequency-selective channels. It helps improve the performance of the receiver by
reconstructing the original transmitted signal.

Key Objectives of Equalization:

To compensate for channel-induced distortions.

To reduce ISI and enhance data recovery.

To improve bit error rate (BER) performance.

Equalization is classified into two major types:

1. Linear Equalization
Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE)

Adaptive Equalizer

2. Non-Linear Equalization

Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)

2. Linear Equalization

Linear equalization is based on the principle of applying a filter to the received signal to compensate for the channel
effects. The output is obtained by performing a linear operation on the received signal.

2.1 Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE)

The Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZFE) is a type of linear equalizer that completely removes ISI by applying the inverse of
the channel frequency response.

Working Principle:

The ZFE uses an inverse filter to force the ISI to zero.

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It applies a filter H −1 (f ) to the received signal to compensate for the channel transfer function H(f ).

The equalized signal is given by:

Y (f ) = X(f )H(f )H −1 (f ) = X(f )

where X(f ) is the transmitted signal.

Advantages of ZFE:
✔ Complete removal of ISI.
✔ Simple to implement.
Disadvantages of ZFE:
✖ Amplifies noise, especially in channels with deep fading.
✖ Not suitable for channels with high noise levels.
2.2 Adaptive Equalizer

Adaptive Equalization is a type of equalizer that dynamically adjusts its filter coefficients based on the changing
channel conditions. It is commonly used in wireless communication where the channel varies over time.

Working Principle:

Uses an adaptive algorithm to update the equalizer coefficients.

Algorithms such as Least Mean Squares (LMS) and Recursive Least Squares (RLS) are used to minimize the
error between the transmitted and received signals.

It continuously tracks channel variations and updates the filter accordingly.

Advantages of Adaptive Equalization:


✔ Adapts to time-varying channels.
✔ Provides better performance in mobile environments.
Disadvantages of Adaptive Equalization:
✖ Requires a training sequence, which reduces spectral efficiency.
✖ Computationally complex and power-consuming.
3. Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) (Non-Linear Equalization)

The Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE) is a non-linear equalizer that uses past decisions to remove ISI instead of
applying a direct inverse of the channel response.

Working Principle:

The DFE consists of two filters:

1. Feedforward Filter (FFF): A linear filter that processes the received signal to remove precursor ISI.

2. Feedback Filter (FBF): Uses previously detected symbols to remove postcursor ISI.

The output of the decision device is fed back to cancel ISI from past symbols.

Advantages of DFE:
✔ Does not amplify noise like ZFE.
✔ Provides better performance in channels with deep fades.

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Disadvantages of DFE:
✖ Error propagation: If a decision is incorrect, it can lead to further errors.
✖ Requires additional complexity in implementation.
4. Comparison of Equalization Techniques

Feature ZFE (Zero-Forcing) Adaptive Equalizer DFE (Decision Feedback)


Type Linear Linear Non-linear

ISI Removal Complete Partial Effective with feedback


Noise Amplification High Moderate Low
Complexity Low High Moderate

Suitable for Fixed Channels Time-Varying Channels Fading Channels


Error Propagation No No Yes

5. Conclusion

ZFE is simple but suffers from noise enhancement.

Adaptive Equalization provides a balance between performance and adaptability in time-varying channels.

DFE reduces noise amplification but is prone to error propagation.

The choice of equalization technique depends on the channel conditions and the system requirements.

These equalization techniques play a crucial role in mobile communication systems, improving signal reception and
enhancing overall data transmission reliability.

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